Meg-Army-Lists-47-India-2021-01.Pdf

Army Lists India

Edited by Richard Jeffrey-Cook. Contributions from Simon Hall, Nik Gaukroger and Lance Flint. Front image by Simon Clarke. Contents

The lists are divided into three sections, Maximus, Magna and Pacto. Within each section are the following lists:

• Anuradhapura Kingdom 161 BCE to 1070 CE • Tamil Indian 275 to 1450 CE • Gupta Indian 320 to 550 CE • Late Classical Indian 543 to 1212 CE • Empire of Harsha 555 to 647 CE • Rajput Indian 600 to 1244 CE • Chola Empire 980 to 1279 CE • Muslim Indian Sultanates 1192 to 1526 CE • Vijayanagar 1336 to 1526 CE

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. 6. Points are shown for troops with all mandatory characteristics applied. Points have been rounded to the nearest whole number. If quality or shooting skill is downgraded, then the points (including the points for any optional characteristics) will need to be adjusted. 7. An army entirely of Cavalry, Chariots, Camelry or Infantry with the Dismounted characteristic may choose the No Camp option.

Where allies are allowed, they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is enough allowance for a UG after the core army itself has taken the minimum. For example: An army has 4-12 cavalry (UG size 4,6) and 18-32 spearmen (UG size 6,8,9) as compulsory troops with 2 internal allies. The core army must take 4 cavalry and at least 18 spearmen. The first ally must take 4 cavalry and at least 9 spearmen. The second ally must take 4 cavalry but cannot take the 9 spearmen as this would exceed the 32 spearmen limit for the army. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Poor quality TuGs in Pacto must start with 2 or 3 elements. TuGs downgraded from Average quality must start with 2 elements, except where they are already allowed 3 elements. Poor quality SuGs or Average quality downgraded to Poor may start with 1, 2 or 3 elements.

As a courtesy to your opponent, when you deploy your troops you should describe it fully; type, training, quality, protection, melee weaponry, shooting skill and weaponry, characteristics, and which ally if appropriate. You should also explain how any unusual troop types in your army function and any special rules including Stakes, Caltrops, Barricades and Obstacles and troop types such as Battle Wagons. Friendly and Scenario Games

Feel free to vary the troop classifications for friendly and scenario games. An interesting aspect of scenario games can be to see what the effect is from representing troops in a different manner.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Historical Introduction

The Gupta empire dominated northern India during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The empire faced numerous invasions by a branch of the Huns in the north-west. The invasions led to the collapse of the Gupta empire and India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha, who established his empire in the first half of the 7th century. The empire of Harsha was short-lived, and the area again collapsed into regional kingdoms.

The first clash between a ruler of an Indian kingdom and the Arabs took place in 643 CE, when Arab forces defeated Rutbil, King of Zabulistan in Sistan. By 653 CE they bordered the Kingdoms of Kapisa, Zabul and Sindh in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Kabul Shahi kings and their Zunbil kinsmen blocked access to the Khyber Pass and Gomal Pass routes into India for the next 217 years. It wasn’t until 710 CE that the Arabs entered Al Hind (India) and the Indus valley through Sindh. For the next 30 years the Arabs campaigned against the Rajput kingdoms in the Indus valley, reaching the foothills of Kashmir. In 739 CE they invaded the Deccan but were decisively defeated at Navsari by the viceroy Avanijanashraya Pulakesi of the Chalukya Empire serving Vikramaditya II. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert.

The Arabs continued to control areas of Sindh and the Punjab and raided the ports of Gujarat. The Saffarid Dynasty occupied Kabul in 871 CE. A new chapter of Muslim conquests began when the Samanid Dynasty took over the Saffarid Kingdom and Sabuktigin,founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, seized Ghazni. Ghaznavid rule in North-western India lasted over 175 years, from 1010 to 1187 CE.

The Gurjara-Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River. They were involved in a three-way struggle for control of northern and central India in the 9th century. The other empires were the Pala Empire, based in Bengal and the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan. The Rashtrakutas had overthrown the Chalukyas of Badami.

Further south and east were the Chalukyas of Vengi. In the 970’s the Rashtrakuta empire collapsed and much of its territory was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Both the Rashtrakuta empire and the Chalukyas of Kalyani faced threats from the Tamil kingdoms to the south and east. The Pandyas ruled much of southern India from the 6th to 9th centuries but from around 880 CE onwards they fell under the growing influence of the Chola Empire. The southern empires periodically invaded Sri Lanka which was controlled by the Anuradhapura Kingdom but were unable to establish a permanent presence on the island.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 © Simon Hall Maximus Army Lists

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Maximus Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1600 1400 n/a n/a 800 700 Talented 1150 900 850 700 650 600 Competent 700 550 600 450 300 250 Mediocre 400 250 400 250 100 50 Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior Unfortified 126 210 294 Fortified 288 480 672 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when Flexible 252 420 588 defending and a mobile camp when invading. Mobile 198 330 462 No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending No camp 486 N/A N/A and no camp at all when invading. UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna and Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 161 BCE to 1070 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 CHARIOTS Average Experienced Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Chariots (before 480 CE) Short Spear - 115 Devastating Chargers 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Bow (13) 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 85 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 6 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 6,8 Formed Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers protected by pavises -Pavise62- 6,8 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 8 Royal troops and INFANTRY Average - 6 - Melee Expert 86 - 6,8,9 mercenaries Formed Flexible Protected - 18 Mercenary archers (from 480 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 CE) Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average - 0 Southern hill tribesmen - Devastating Chargers 60 - 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected - 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best militia archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 48 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Poorer militia archers - - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 48 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom Allies Pallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE) Historical Notes The Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom. Troop Notes The Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Tamil Indian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 275 CE to 1450 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Tamil Indian Historical Notes This list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411. Troop Notes Armies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version Adjusted end date.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Gupta Indian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 320 CE to 550 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 12 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers --94- 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 18 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 12 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Armoured lancers Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 9 Javelinmen --53 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 60 INFANTRY Average - 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22) 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 30 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 90 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 Notes The number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 6 or 9.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Gupta Indian Historical Notes At the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE. Troop Notes The Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 543 CE to 1212 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 4 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Additional elephants (Palas ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 only) Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 6 Guard cavalry (Gurjara- CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Pratiharas only) Formed Loose Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 12 Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 - 6,8 only) Formed Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 6 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 64 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 18

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --57 4,6 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Allies Rajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Notes Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes This list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri. The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty. The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani. The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas. The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas. The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian Troop Notes According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 555 CE to 647 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - Up to half CAVALRY Average - 8 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 24 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels Short Spear - 85 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 64 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 9 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --57 4,6 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 Allies Pandyas allies - Tamil Indian Historical Notes The Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor. Troop Notes During his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants. Historical Enemies Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Rajput Indian

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 600 CE to 1310 CE Sub-Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Desert, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average - 8 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 30 CAVALRY Superior - Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - Up to half Upgrade best cavalry as CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32) 4 heroic Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels (Bhatti only) Short Spear - 85 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 64 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --57 4,6 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 24

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Rajput Indian INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 35 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 9 Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE) CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Mongol cavalry Short Spear - 135 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Dismountable (3) 8 Allies Late Classical Indian allies Tibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE) Notes Bhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies. Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list. Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry. Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes From the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included: Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203. Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire. Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Rajput Indian Troop Notes The Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version Reduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Chola Empire

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 980 CE to 1279 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 4 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 8 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 6,8 Formed Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average - 12 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 86 - 6,8,9 Formed Flexible Protected - 36 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 36 INFANTRY Average - 0 Vassal state swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Vassal state archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 18 Allies Hoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Chola Empire Historical Notes The Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula. Troop Notes The Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants. Historical Enemies Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 1192 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Plains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (Rathor)Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Additional elephants (from ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 1206 CE) Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average - - Shove 324 - 2,3,4 armour Tribal Loose Fully Armoured - Any CAVALRY Superior Experienced 4 Mamluks Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 4,6 Drilled Loose Protected Bow 16 Before 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 8 ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalry - - 94 Melee Expert (15) 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 36 CAVALRY Average Skilled Upgrade Turkish cavalry - - 129 Melee Expert (15) 4,6 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Up to half CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 ex-Ghurid cavalry Short Spear - 85 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 6 From 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 8 Jagirdars Short Spear - 125 - 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Bow 36 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade jagirdars Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Bow Up to half -----

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates

Neo-Muslims (Delhi CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 Short Spear - 135 4,6 Dismountable (3) CE) Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 8 Hindu paik or Habashi INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 -4,6 bodyguards (from 1266 CE) Formed Flexible Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Swordsmen (from 1206 CE) - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers (before 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 9 Spearmen (before 1206 CE) Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 36 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers (from 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 64 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 9 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --57 4,6 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 -6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 9 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --28-6 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 12 Handgunners (from 1470 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 --34- 6 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 6 Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE CAVALRY Average - 0 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4,6 Formed Loose Protected - 8

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates Notes Before 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight. Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken. From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic. Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry. Historical Notes In 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857. Troop Notes Unlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides." Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam. The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz). Historical Enemies Ghurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid Changes from last version Added neo-Muslims.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Vijayanagar

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1336 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 4 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3,4 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3,4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 4,6 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 8 Muslim trained cavalry (from CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear - 125 - 4,6 1400 CE) Formed Loose Protected Bow 12 Upgrade Muslim trained CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4,6 cavalry as mercenaries Formed Loose Protected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average - 12 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 6,8,9 Tribal Flexible Protected - 36 INFANTRY Average Experienced 12 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 6,8 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 60 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Spearmen --53 6,8,9 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 18 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --47 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --57 4,6 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 40 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 9

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Vijayanagar INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 25 - 6,9 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 18 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --28- 6 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 12 Historical Notes The Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century. Troop Notes Vijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics. Historical Enemies Tamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAXIMUS © Simon Hall Magna Army Lists

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Magna Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 1280 1120 n/a n/a 640 560 Talented 920 720 680 560 520 480 Competent 560 440 480 360 240 200 Mediocre 320 200 320 200 80 40 Camps Type of camp Poor Average Superior Unfortified 126 210 294 Fortified 288 480 672 A flexible camp is deployed as a fortified camp when Flexible 252 420 588 defending and a mobile camp when invading. Mobile 198 330 462 No camp deploys a poor mobile camp when defending No camp 486 N/A N/A and no camp at all when invading. UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Magna are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Version 2021.01: 1st January 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 161 BCE to 1070 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 CHARIOTS Average Experienced Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Chariots (before 480 CE) Short Spear - 115 Devastating Chargers 4 Formed Loose Protected Bow (13) 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 85 4 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 4 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 4 Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers protected by pavises -Pavise62- 4 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 4 Royal troops and INFANTRY Average - 4 - Melee Expert 86 - 4,6 mercenaries Formed Flexible Protected - 12 Mercenary archers (from 480 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 4 CE) Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Southern hill tribesmen - Devastating Chargers 60 - 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best militia archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 32 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Poorer militia archers - - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 32 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom Allies Pallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE) Historical Notes The Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom. Troop Notes The Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Tamil Indian

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Tamil Indian Historical Notes This list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411. Troop Notes Armies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version Adjusted end date.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Gupta Indian

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers --94- 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 8 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Armoured lancers Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 6 Javelinmen --53 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 40 INFANTRY Average - 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22) 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 20 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 60 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 Notes The number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 6.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Gupta Indian Historical Notes At the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE. Troop Notes The Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Additional elephants (Palas ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 2,3 only) Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 CAVALRY Average - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4 Guard cavalry (Gurjara- CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4 Pratiharas only) Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 8 Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 - 4 only) Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 4 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 44 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 12

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 4 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Allies Rajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Notes Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes This list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri. The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty. The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani. The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas. The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas. The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian Troop Notes According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 555 CE to 647 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - Up to half CAVALRY Average - 4 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 16 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels Short Spear - 85 - 4 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 44 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 4 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 Allies Pandyas allies - Tamil Indian Historical Notes The Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor. Troop Notes During his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants. Historical Enemies Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Rajput Indian

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average - 4 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 20 CAVALRY Superior - Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 4 Formed Loose Protected - Up to half Upgrade best cavalry as CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32) 4 heroic Formed Loose Protected - 4 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels (Bhatti only) Short Spear - 85 - 4 Tribal Loose Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 44 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 4 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 16

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Rajput Indian INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 6 Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE) CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Mongol cavalry Short Spear - 135 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Dismountable (3) 4 Allies Late Classical Indian allies Tibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE) Notes Bhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies. Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list. Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry. Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes From the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included: Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203. Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire. Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Rajput Indian Troop Notes The Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version Reduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Chola Empire

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 980 CE to 1279 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 4 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 4 Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 8 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 86 - 4,6 Formed Flexible Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 24 INFANTRY Average - 0 Vassal state swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Vassal state archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 12 Allies Hoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Chola Empire Historical Notes The Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula. Troop Notes The Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants. Historical Enemies Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay Changes from last version None.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Additional elephants (from ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 2,3 1206 CE) Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average - - Shove 324 - 2,3 armour Tribal Loose Fully Armoured - Any CAVALRY Superior Experienced 4 Mamluks Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 4 Drilled Loose Protected Bow 12 Before 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 4 ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalry - - 94 Melee Expert (15) 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Skilled Upgrade Turkish cavalry - - 129 Melee Expert (15) 4 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Up to half CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 ex-Ghurid cavalry Short Spear - 85 - 4 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 4 From 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 4 Jagirdars Short Spear - 125 - 4 Formed Loose Protected Bow 24 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade jagirdars Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4 Formed Loose Protected Bow Up to half -----

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates

Neo-Muslims (Delhi CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 Short Spear - 135 4 Dismountable (3) CE) Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 4 Hindu paik or Habashi INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 -4 bodyguards (from 1266 CE) Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 0 Swordsmen (from 1206 CE) - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers (before 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 6 Spearmen (before 1206 CE) Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers (from 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 44 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 4 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 -4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --30-4 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 8 Handgunners (from 1470 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 --39- 4 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 4 Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE CAVALRY Average - 0 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 4 Formed Loose Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates Notes Before 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight. Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken. From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic. Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry. Historical Notes In 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857. Troop Notes Unlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides." Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam. The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz). Historical Enemies Ghurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid Changes from last version Added neo-Muslims.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Vijayanagar

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1336 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 2 Elephants - Shove 240 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 2,3 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 2,3 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 4 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Muslim trained cavalry (from CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear - 125 - 4 1400 CE) Formed Loose Protected Bow 8 Upgrade Muslim trained CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 4 cavalry as mercenaries Formed Loose Protected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average - 8 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 4,6 Tribal Flexible Protected - 24 INFANTRY Average Experienced 8 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 4 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 40 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Spearmen --53 4,6 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 4 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 4 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 4 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 MAGNA © Simon Hall Vijayanagar INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 4,6 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 12 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --30- 4 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 8 Historical Notes The Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century. Troop Notes Vijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics. Historical Enemies Tamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version None.

Calculating points Army points are calculated as follows: Generals - Pacto Army Commander Sub-general Ally general Type of general Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Professional Instinctive Legendary 640 560 n/a n/a 320 280 Talented 460 360 340 280 260 240 Competent 280 220 240 180 120 100 Mediocre 160 100 160 100 40 20 Camps Camps are not included in Pacto games.

UGs For each UG multiply the cost shown in the list (adjusting for any optional characteristics) by the number of bases.

Notes 1. Points values for skirmishers in Pacto are greater than in Maximus as SuGs shoot at full effect with only two ranks. 2. For further details on how points are calculated visit the Mortem et Gloriam website.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 161 BCE to 1070 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 1 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 CHARIOTS Average Experienced Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Chariots (before 480 CE) Short Spear - 115 Devastating Chargers 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Bow (13) 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry Short Spear - 85 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 2 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 1,2 Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers protected by pavises -Pavise62- 1,2 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 4 Royal troops and INFANTRY Average - 2 - Melee Expert 86 - 1,2 mercenaries Formed Flexible Protected - 6 Mercenary archers (from 480 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 CE) Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average - 0 Southern hill tribesmen - Devastating Chargers 60 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Best militia archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Poor Experienced 0 Poorer militia archers - - 35 Combat Shy (-9) 2,3 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 16 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom Allies Pallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE) Historical Notes The Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the succeeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom. Troop Notes The Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Chola Empire Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 275 CE to 1450 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Tamil Indian Historical Notes This list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100. The Pandyas re-emerged as the Chola empire failed from 1216 to about 1345 when they succumbed to Vijayanagar. This list also includes the Sinhalese kingdoms of Polonnaruwa, Dambadenlya, Gampola and Kotte.Kotte was invaded by forces disembarked from a Ming treasure fleet in 1410 or 1411. Troop Notes Armies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Ming Chinese; Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version Adjusted end date.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 320 CE to 550 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Horse archers --94- 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 6 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 4 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Armoured lancers Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 4 Javelinmen --53 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 20 INFANTRY Average - 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 67 Combat Shy (-22) 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 10 INFANTRY Average Experienced 2 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 30 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4 Notes The number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a TuG of 3 if Poor, or 1/2 spearmen and 1/2

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Gupta Indian Historical Notes At the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the Ganges River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as Alchon Huns, broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions left northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the Roman empire. The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE. Troop Notes The Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use by this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. Historical Enemies Classical Indian; Kushan or Indo-Scythian; Hephthalite; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 543 CE to 1212 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 1 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Additional elephants (Palas ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 1,2 only) Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 2 Guard cavalry (Gurjara- CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Pratiharas only) Formed Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (10), 0 Cavalry --85 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-28) 4 Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 - 1,2 only) Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 2 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 22 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 6

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 1,2 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Allies Rajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Notes Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes This list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri. The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the Sena Dynasty. The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to Alexander the Great. “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani. The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas. The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas. The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian Troop Notes According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Tamil Indian; Gupta Indian; Late Classical Indian; Empire of Harsha; Rajput Indian; Chola Empire; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 555 CE to 647 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 1 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - Up to half CAVALRY Average - 2 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 8 CAVALRY Superior - 0 Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 2 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels Short Spear - 85 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 22 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Javelinmen --53 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 1,2 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4 Allies Pandyas allies - Tamil Indian Historical Notes The Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. Its most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor. Troop Notes During his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants. Historical Enemies Late Classical Indian Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 600 CE to 1310 CE Sub-Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Desert, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any CAVALRY Average - 2 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 10 CAVALRY Superior - Best cavalry Charging Lancer - 147 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - Up to half Upgrade best cavalry as CAVALRY Superior - 0 Charging Lancer Fanatic 231 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 heroic Formed Loose Protected - 2 CAMELRY Average - 0 Camels (Bhatti only) Short Spear - 85 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 22 INFANTRY Average - 0 Bladesmen - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 1,2 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 8

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Rajput Indian INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Slingers - Combat Shy 43 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Sling 4 Mongol contingent (from 1299 to 1301 CE) CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Mongol cavalry Short Spear - 135 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Dismountable (3) 4 Allies Late Classical Indian allies Tibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE) Notes Bhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies. Mongols must be commanded by a Professional ally general who, optionally, can also command other troops from the list. Mongol cavalry dismounted as equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow, infantry. Only one external ally may be taken. Historical Notes From the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu North India. Dynasties included: Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centred around Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the Ghaznavids which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203. Chavda (690 to 942). Centred around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire. Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centred around Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centred around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centred on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centred around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244). Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynasty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Rajput Indian Troop Notes The Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders. Historical Enemies Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid; Arab Indian; Khurasanian Dynasties; Ghaznavid; Ghurid; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates Changes from last version Reduced number of fanatics. Changed end date to 1310 CE. Added option for Mongol contingent.

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 980 CE to 1279 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 1 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Royal elephants - Shove 336 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 4 INFANTRY Superior - 0 Guard infantry - Melee Expert 121 - 1,2 Formed Flexible Protected - 4 INFANTRY Average - 4 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 86 - 1,2 Formed Flexible Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 54 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Formed Loose Unprotected Bow 12 INFANTRY Average - 0 Vassal state swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Vassal state archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 6 Allies Hoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE)

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Chola Empire Historical Notes The Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsula. Troop Notes The Chola dynasty had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants. Historical Enemies Anuradhapura Kingdom; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Chola Empire; Indonesian or Malay Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 1192 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Plains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (Rathor)

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 0 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Additional elephants (from ELEPHANTS Average - 0 - Shove 240 - 1,2 1206 CE) Tribal Loose Protected - 2 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average - - Shove 324 - 1,2 armour Tribal Loose Fully Armoured - Any CAVALRY Superior Experienced 2 Mamluks Short Spear - 175 Melee Expert (32) 1,2 Drilled Loose Protected Bow 6 Before 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 2 ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalry - - 94 Melee Expert (15) 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Skilled Upgrade Turkish cavalry - - 129 Melee Expert (15) 1,2 Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow Up to half CAVALRY Average Unskilled 0 ex-Ghurid cavalry Short Spear - 85 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin 2 From 1220 CE CAVALRY Average Experienced 2 Jagirdars Short Spear - 125 - 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Bow 12 CAVALRY Average Experienced Upgrade jagirdars Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Bow Up to half -----

Neo-Muslims (Delhi CAVALRY Average Skilled Melee Expert (15), 0 Sultanate from 1294 to 1311 Short Spear - 135 1,2 Dismountable (3) CE) Formed Flexible Unprotected Bow 4 Hindu paik or Habashi INFANTRY Superior - 0 - Melee Expert 121 -1,2 bodyguards (from 1266 CE) Formed Flexible Protected - 2 INFANTRY Average - 0 Swordsmen (from 1206 CE) - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 8 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Archers (before 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 6 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 4 Spearmen (before 1206 CE) Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers (from 1206 CE) --48Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 22 INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 Spearmen Short Spear - 70 Pavise (12) 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected Javelin 4 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 1,2 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 -1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 4 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --30-1,2 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 4 Handgunners (from 1470 INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 --39- 1,2 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 2 Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE CAVALRY Average - 0 Cavalry Charging Lancer - 105 Melee Expert (23) 1,2 Formed Loose Protected - 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates Notes Before 1220 CE this army may use Feigned Flight. Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken. From 1340 CE, Elephants may be given Unskilled Firearms shooting characteristic. Neo-Muslims dismount as the equivalent Formed Loose, Experienced Bow infanry. Historical Notes In 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assassination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire which lasted until 1857. Troop Notes Unlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. In the Zafar-Náma by Sharaf-ud-dín ‘Ali Yazdi there is the following description "The enemy's great reliance was on his enormous war elephants, 120 in number. They were covered with armour, and on their backs was a kind of litter or cage, in which crossbowmen and discus-throwers were concealed. Sharp poisoned points were fastened firmly to their tusks. Rocket-men (takhsh-afgan) and grenade-throwers (ra'd-andáz) marched by their sides." Neo-Muslims were Mongols who had converted to Islam. The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Gunpowder skirmishers include "grenade" throwers (ra'd-andaz), firework throwers (atash-baz) and those using hand-held rockets (taksh-andaz). Historical Enemies Ghurid; Mongol Conquest; Chagatai Khanate; Tamil Indian; Late Classical Indian; Rajput Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar; Bamarised Shan Kingdoms; Timurid Changes from last version Added neo-Muslims.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1336 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals

Type Training and Quality Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Base Optional Min Name Formation Protection Weaponry Weaponry Characteristics PTS Characteristics Max UG Size ELEPHANTS Average - 1 Elephants - Shove 240 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 3 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Average Experienced - Shove 270 - 1,2 accompanying foot Tribal Loose Protected Bow Any ELEPHANTS Superior - 0 Upgrade elephants - Shove 336 - 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected - 2 CAVALRY Average Unskilled Melee Expert (23), 0 Cavalry --85 1,2 Formed Loose Protected Javelin Shoot & Charge (10) 4 Muslim trained cavalry (from CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear - 125 - 1,2 1400 CE) Formed Loose Protected Bow 4 Upgrade Muslim trained CAVALRY Average Experienced 0 Short Spear Melee Expert 148 - 1,2 cavalry as mercenaries Formed Loose Protected Bow 2 INFANTRY Average - 4 Swordsmen - Melee Expert 76 - 1,2 Tribal Flexible Protected - 12 INFANTRY Average Experienced 4 Archers - - 48 Combat Shy (-14) 1,2 Tribal Loose Unprotected Bow 20 INFANTRY Average Unskilled Shoot & Charge (6), 0 Spearmen --53 1,2 Tribal Loose Protected Javelin Combat Shy (-22) 6 CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), 0 Light cavalry --55 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin Combat Shy (-4) 2 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY Average Experienced Cantabrian (16), --70 1,2 horse archers Skirmisher Unprotected Bow Combat Shy (-4) All or none INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing archers - Combat Shy 50 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Bow 4

Version 2021.01: 1st Janaury 2021 PACTO © Simon Hall Vijayanagar INFANTRY Average Experienced 0 Skirmishing javelinmen - Combat Shy 28 - 1,2 Skirmisher Unprotected Javelin 6 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Average Unskilled 0 --30- 1,2 (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Unprotected Firearm 4 Historical Notes The Vijayanagara Empire dominated the Deccan from 1336 until approximately 1660, with the last century being a period of weakened influence. It was founded by Harihara or Hakka, and his brother Bukka Raya. Its capital city was Vijayanagara, which they founded in 1336. For two centuries, the Vijayanagar Empire dominated all of southern India. The empire also acted as the main opponent to blunt the advances of the five main Muslim Sultanates from the north and fought a series of wars with the Bahmani Sultanate for control of the Deccan. The Empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in the early 16th century. Troop Notes Vijayanagar was unusual amongst southern Indian armies in that it paid more attention to its cavalry arm, importing large numbers of horses at vast expense. They also bought in Muslim mercenary cavalry and trained some of its own cavalry in Muslim tactics. Historical Enemies Tamil Indian; Muslim Indian Sultanates; Vijayanagar Changes from last version None.