Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 278-283

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.031

A Brief Review on Chrysanthemum : Macrosiphoniella sanbornii (Gillette) and its Management

M. Saicharan1*, V. Anitha2, D.Sridevi3 and Lalitha Kameshwari4

1Department of Entomology, Agriculture Polytechnic, Siddipet, PJTSAU, India 2AINP on Pesticide Residues, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India 3Department of Entomology, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India 4Department of Horticulture, SKLTHU, Hyderabad, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds

Floriculture in India is still in its infancy. Raising of flowers for commercial purpose is Chrysanthemum , Distribution, still limited to progressive gardeners around big cities. The aesthetic sense of people to Relative incidence decorate their home and hearth with flowers is increasing day by day. As the demand for and Management fresh flowers is on the increase, more and more area is being brought under floriculture, ornamental trees and shrubs etc. Chrysanthemum is one of the most important crops under Article Info floriculture, having high cut flower production however, productivity and marketability are decreasing considerably due to pest damage, particularly by aphids causing Accepted: economic loss to the growers. Hence it is imperative to know something about the aphids 04 March 2019 that attack and affect yields of chrysanthemum in brief. Available Online: 10 April 2019

Introduction Chrysanthemum ranks second to rose among top ten cut flowers in the world trade of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora flower crops preferred particularly for its Borkh) gets its name from the Greek words range of shapes and size of flower, brilliant Chryos – golden, anthos – flower, it belongs color tones and long lasting flower life to the family Asteraceae. Chrysanthemums (Brahma, 2002). In India it has been were cultivated in China as early as 15th recognized as one among the five century BC. The plants were used as herbs commercially important flower crops and the roots and leaves were eaten. The plant (Janakiram et al., 2006). Profitable production migrated to Japan several centuries later and of chrysanthemum is constrained by several thrived in the temperate climates of Asia. factors, the most important being damage Presently 2000 varieties are grown around the caused by insect pests such as aphids, world and in India about 1000 varieties are caterpillars, mites, whiteflies, thrips and leaf grown (Datta and Bhattacharjee, 2001). miner. Among these pests, chrysanthemum 278

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 278-283 aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanborni Gillette) beauty and value of cut flowers (Zahedi, causes direct damage through feeding and 1999). Pal and Sarkar (2009) reported indirectly by sooty mold formation (Agrios, Macrosiphoniella sanbornii as the major 1988). The quality of these flowers is affected sucking pest of chrysanthemum in hilly by many and diseases causing regions of West Bengal area by conducting economic loss to the growers. Hence it is field surveys. imperative to know something about the pests which despoil and damage these plants and Oetting et al., (1977) reported that aphid methods to combat the same (Butani, 1974). damage could be observed throughout the In this context, to achieve satisfactory year on chrysanthemum but generally they suppression of Chrysanthemum aphids were more numerous and damage would be Macrosiphoniella sanbornii (Gillette), severe during cooler months while Soglia et studying their distribution w.r.t weather al., (2002) observed that the increase of factors, relative incidence on different temperature from 150 C to 300 C caused a cultivars and evaluation of newer insecticides significant reduction in the nymphal period of are necessary. Therefore, the available aphids from 13.5 days to 5 days. Das and literature related to the present study has been Biswas (1992) studied M. sanbornii, a pest of reviewed under the following heads. chrysanthemum over four generations. There was no difference between generations, and Distribution of Chrysanthemum aphids and they found that temperature, relative humidity effect of weather factors on incidence of and dew point had no effect on fecundity. Chrysanthemum aphids. Jaskiewicz et al., (2001) reported that Relative incidence of aphids on cultivars of Chrysanthemum aphid (Macrosiphoniella chrysanthemum sanbornii) acts as a vector for tomato aspermy Efficacy of different insecticides against cucumo virus (TAV) and chrysanthemum B chrysanthemum aphid. carlavirus (CHVB).

Distribution of Chrysanthemum aphids and Sadegian et al., (2003) determined biological effect of weather factors on incidence of characters and reproductive rates of Chrysanthemum aphids Chrysanthemum aphids on 2-4 leaved seedlings during august and September The Chrysanthemum aphid Macrosiphoniella months of 1999-2000. The mean temperatures sanbornii (Gillette) is a wide spread pest on were 26.430 C and 25.380 C, respectively and cultivated chrysanthemum throughout the relative humidity were 43.5%, 28.6%, world. It is a holocyclic species with East respectively. Generation numbers, Asian origin (Heie, 1995). It feeds mainly on developmental time, daily fecundity, total young leaves and developing flower buds and fecundity and adult longevity in field could become very abundant on them. In case conditions were found to be 15, 8.94, 2.71, of high infestation, the aphid causes 2.91 and 20.4, respectively. significant damage which results in deformation and disturbance of flower Relative incidence of aphids on cultivars of development and it also act as vector to Vein chrysanthemum mottle and Virus B (Blackman and Eastop, 1984). All these factors together cause In order to find resistance source, fifty two significant economic damage to germplasm collections of chrysanthemums chrysanthemum crops by decreasing their were evaluated under polyhouse conditions in

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 278-283 pots at IIHR, Bangalore. Significant chrysanthemum pests. No chemical pesticide variations were recorded among the was applied throughout the growing season genotypes in their susceptibility to aphid. Ten and numerous parasitoids and predators of collections viz., Anuradha, Aparjitha, Asha, Liriomyza trifolii, Myzus persicae and Chandi, F-52, Heritage, PC-31, Rangoli, Peridrama soucia were recovered but pest Redstone and Ushakiran were found to be suppression was not up to the limits. He resistant. Among the rest, 21 collections were concluded that additional biorational or moderately resistant, 16 were susceptible and chemical methods are necessary to control the 5 were highly susceptible (Ramireddy and pest complex of chrysanthemum. Hincapie et Janakiram, 2004). al., (1990) evaluated the effectivity of V. lecanii against Myzus persicae collected from Mao et al., (2013) evaluated 29 chrysanthemum. Three strains of fungus were chrysanthemum varieties against used VL-A, isolated from M.persicae, VL-GC susceptibility to aphids in the field. They isolated from Erinnyis ello and VL-MR from divided cultivars into 4 grades as highly Trialeurodes vaporarium. VL-A caused 100% resistant (HR), moderate resistant (MR), mortality compared with 37.5% from VL-GC moderate susceptible (MS) and highly and 30% for VL-MR. Sopp et al., (1990) susceptible (HS). The results showed that 12 observed reduction in aphid population on cultivars were highly susceptible and 2 chrysanthemum crop, when they applied cultivars were highly resistant. blastospores of Verticillium lecanii by an ultra low volume electrostatically charged rotary Saicharan et al., (2017) recorded relative atomizer. Helyer et al., (1992) noticed incidence of aphids on fifteen germplasm integrated control of Aphis gossypii, accessions grown at Floricultural Research Macrosiphoniella sanborni and thrips on station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad at chrysanthemum using Verticillium lecanii fortnight intervals. The selected cultivars applied at higher humid conditions at included 5 yellow, 5 white and 5 red coloured fortnightly intervals. Helyer (1993) reported chrysanthemums. Among the five that addition of rapeseed oil (codacide oil) to cultivars which recorded highest mean aphid the Verticillium lecanii formulation increased population PAU-B-107, Ratlam selection its efficiency. were white flowered, Poonam, Raichur were yellow coloured cultivars and Akitha was red Albert (1999) conducted a field experiment flowered. Similarly the five cultivars which on chrysanthemum and he found that repeated recorded lowest aphid population count Red introduction of beneficial and integration of gold and Priya were red flower cultivars, pesticides with botanicals (Neem Azal T/s) IIHR-6, Kadapa local were white coloured could control pest population below optimum and Aparjitha was the yellow coloured level and he concluded that application of cultivar, from which it can be inferred that beneficial and botanicals would reduce yearly there was no clear affinity to colour by the consumption of chemical insecticides by aphids. about 80 percent. Koul (1999) observed the growth regulatory and antifeedant effects of Efficacy of different insecticides against purified azadirachtin and neem seed extracts chrysanthemum aphid on Macrosiphum rosae and Macrosiphoniella sanbornii by leaf disc choice tests and it was Hara and Matayoshi (1990) conducted a field noted that formulated neem seed extracts was experiment to evaluate biological control of highly deterrent and growth regulatory to both

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 278-283 species and effective concentrations to at the recommended dose of 25 g a.i. ha-1 was produce 50% feeding deterrence were 0.80 quite promising in reducing aphid population. and 0.84 percent respectively. Sabir et al., (2012) conducted experiments to Sharma et al., (2000) reported that the study the efficacy of individual and integrated insecticides Spark (triazophos + deltamethrin) treatments for the management of key insect and Malathion are equieffective and better pests of chrysanthemum and results revealed than Dipel, Nimbecidin and Econim in that in all the tested insecticides, the controlling chrysanthemum aphid. Sudan et integrated treatments were most effective in al., (2005) found that Chrysanthemum aphid, comparison to the individual interventions Macrosiphoniella sanbornii could be and combined treatment of phospomidon and successfully controlled by a combined cypermethrin was the most effective against application of Beauveria bassiana and the key pests, viz., aphid and caterpillar. In imidacloprid (0.025-0.05 μg/ml). Kumar et chrysanthemum aphid control, the al., (2007) reported that combined effectiveness of individual treatments of formulation consisting of methanolic extract agricultural spray oil and azadirachtin were of neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanj decreased immediately after two days of (Pongamia pinnata Pierre) was very effective spraying, whereas combined treatment of both against control of Tetranychus sp. and showed very effective results. Saicharan et Macrosiphoniella sanbornii on al., (2017) have observed that, among applied chrysanthemum. treatments imidacloprid was the most effective treatment in reducing aphid Chavan et al., (2008) revealed that both the population by 92.31 per cent which was a liquid formulations of Verticillium lecanii significant reduction over untreated control as irrespective of dosage tested had shown compared to the other treatments. The next significantly higher efficacy in controlling effective treatments were Verticillium aphids. Formulation A registered 68.23 to followed by azadirachtin (68.54%), two 89.54 percent mortality and Formulation B sprays of azadirachtin (68.49%) and recorded 70.28 to 96.70 percent kill of the Verticillium followed by karanj oil (67.34%) pest. Kimbaris et al., (2010) tested which were all significantly different from comparative toxicity of five essential oil each other. Two sprays of Verticillium were vapours against chrysanthemum aphid found to significantly reduce aphid population Macrosiphoniella sanbornii and coccinellid over control but was least effective (64.66%) predators Coccinella septumpunctata and in comparison to rest of the treatments. Adalia bipunctata. It was found that not only aphids were susceptible to the essential oils References but also coccinellid predators. Kathiriya and Bharpoda (2010) concluded that neem based Agrios, C.N. 1988. Plant Pathology. formulations Neem Azal – F 5% EC and Academic Press, San Diego, Econim 1% EC were better in suppressing California. (3): 379-390. chrysanthemum aphid population compared Albert, R. 1999. Integrated pest management to other neem based formulations. Preetha et in Dendranthema indicum. Bulletin al., (2012) tested bioefficacy of imidacloprid OILB/ SROP. 22(1): 1-4. belonging to chloronicotinyl group with Blackman, R.L and Eastop, V.F. 1984. systemic properties against cotton aphid and Aphids on world crops, John Wiley the results revealed that imidacloprid 17.8 SL and sons, Chichester, UK. 47-49.

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How to cite this article:

Saicharan, M., V. Anitha, D.Sridevi and Lalitha Kameshwari. 2019. A Brief Review on Chrysanthemum aphid: Macrosiphoniella sanbornii (Gillette) and its Management. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(04): 278-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.031

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