Danubian Horseman from Novo Mesto?

DANUBIAN HORSEMAN FROM NOVO MESTO ?

Biba Teržan University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Maja Bricelj Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Abstract: In the article we present one of the graves from the oldest part of the necropolis Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, that is, from the flat cremation cemetery dating to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age period. In view of the grave-goods, grave construction and position of the burial 33 within the already explored part of the necropolis, we infer that the buried individual – horseman – had an eminent position in the community of that time. The grave-goods point to connections with middle and lower Danube area on one hand, while on the other they demonstrate relations with the west, that is, with the region of northern Italy.

Keywords: Urnfield culture, Early Iron Age, Dolenjska region, Novo mesto, grave of horseman, Basarabi culture, Bosut group

Biba Teržan, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Zavetiška 5, SLO-1000 Ljubljana, [email protected] Maja Bricelj, Original scholarly article Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, UDC: 903.5”638”(497.4) Regional Office Ljubljana, Received: 21.11.2019. Tržaška cesta 4, SLO-1000 Ljubljana, Accepted: 15.01.2020. [email protected] АРХАИКА 7–8/2019–2020 ARCHAICA 7–8/2019–2020

PODUNAVSKI KONJANIK IZ NOVOG MESTA?

Biba Teržan Univerzitet u Ljubljani, Filozofski fakultet, Odeljenje za arheologiju, Ljubljana, Slovenija Maja Bricelj Zavod za zaštitu kulturne baštine Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Apstrakt: U radu predstavljamo jedan od grobova iz najstarijeg dela nekopole Kapiteljska njiva u Novom mestu – iz ravne nekopole sa kremacijama, koja se datuje u kasno bronzano i starije gvozdeno doba. Na osnovu grobnih priloga, grobne konstrukcije i položaja groba 33 u okviru do sada istraženog dela nekropole, zaključujemo da je sahranjena osoba, konjanik, imala istaktnut položaj u zajednici tog vremena. Grobni prilozi ukazuju na veze sa srednjim i donjim Po- dunavljem sa jedne strane, dok sa druge oni pokazuju odnose sa zapadom, tj. sa oblašću severne Italije.

Ključne reči: kultura polja sa urnama, starije gvozdeno doba, oblast Dolenjska, Novo Mesto, konjanički grob, kultura Basarabi, bosutska grupa.

Biba Teržan, Univerzitet u Ljubljani, Filozofski fakultet, Odeljenje za arheologiju, Zavetiška 5, SLO-1000 Ljubljana, [email protected] Maja Bricelj, Originalni naučni rad Zavod za zaštitu kulturne baštine Slovenije, UDK: 903.5”638”(497.4) Regionalna kancelarija u Ljubljani, Primljeno: 21.11.2019. Tržaška cesta 4, SLO-1000 Ljubljana, Prihvaćeno: 15.01.2020. [email protected]

80 The prehistoric settlement above the meander of the river Krka, on the wider area of the present-day city of Novo mesto, occupies an important place within the Dolenjska group of the Southeastern Alpine Hallstatt culture, as was defined in the works of Stane Gabrovec (Gabrovec 1964–65; Gabrovec 1966; Gabrovec 1987; Gabrovec 1999). Together with settlements of Stična and Vače, Novo Mesto represents one of the centres of Hallstatt culture, what is evident from its extensive necropolises with flat cremation graves and family-clan based tumuli, which contain relatively rich grave-goods. The economic foundation for the settlement prosperity was most probably laid by iron production, but also with trade and transport of goods, as can be inferred e.g. from the depictions on the Situla Art objects.1 The settlement developed namely at the crossroads of various trade routes, leading from practically all possible directions: the most important was the route extending from the Pannonian Basin and Danube region, along the rivers of Sava and Krka across Novo mesto to the west, all the way to Italy; the second route connected the Western Balkan territories, across the Bela krajina region and Novo mesto with the Western and Central Europe. The so-called Amber road, leading from the Baltic region across the Moravian Gate and along the Eastern Alps to the north Adriatic region, or at least one of its branches, also had to pass nearby, as is amply shown by the opulent amber jewellery discovered in numerous graves from Novo mesto (Križ 2006, 96–131, Figs. on pp. 86, 103, 107, 126, 129–131, Cat. figs. 227–231, 237–239, 241–243 etc.). The archaeological complex Novo mesto represents one of the best researched Iron Age sites in Slovenia, as the archaeological excavations in the city and its surroundings take place without interruption already for almost half a century.2 Only at the location Kapiteljska njiva the research conducted up to 2016 uncovered over 40 Hallstatt-period tumuli containing around 1100 inhumation graves and approximately as much as 300 flat cremation graves

1 For the mineral sources and metal ore in the Dolenjska region cf. Dular and Tecco Hvala 2007, 50–51, 176–178, 191–195, 212–217, Figs. 18; 101; 110–113; 124; and for the communication and transport also cf. Dular and Tecco Hvala 2007, 217–236, Figs. 126–128. For the figural frieze on the situla cf. Knez 1986, Appendix 3. 2 Excavations were conducted at first by the curator of Museum of Dolenjska, Tone Knez, and then by his successor, Borut Križ. АРХАИКА 7–8/2019–2020 ARCHAICA 7–8/2019–2020 from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age as well as over 700 cremation graves dating to the La Tène period.3 Even though the Museum of Dolenjska puts a great deal of effort into publishing their excavations and several volumes on the excavated Hallstatt-period tumuli and La Tène graves have already appeared, the majority of the excavated material at the moment still undergoes the process of museum and conservation treatment. The flat cremation graves from Kapiteljska njiva, which pose particularly important questions as regards the origin and beginnings of the Hallstatt period in the Dolenjska region, unfortunately still await the integral publication. Only several graves have been published already by Knez (Knez 1966), while further selected objects were presented at exhibitions in the Museum of Dolenjska (Križ 1995; Križ et al. 2009, 68–79, 231–248). However, a systematic description and treatment of the first 54 graves from Kapiteljska njiva has been carried out as a part of undergraduate thesis at the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana.4 In the present contribution5 we wish to discuss in more detail one of these graves, that is, the grave 33 from Kapiteljska njiva. This grave of a horseman contains grave-goods, which clearly demonstrate that his origin should be searched in the middle Danube region. Accordingly, we find the subject appropriate to present it in honour of the esteemed colleague. Grave 33 had been placed within the group of flat cremation graves at the southern edge of the Kapiteljska njiva plateau, which later was covered by the tumulus III (Fig. 1). The Hallstatt-period tumuli II and III namely spread over the considerable extent of the entire southern part of the flat urnfield cemetery. Within the tumuli, the Hallstatt-period inhumation graves have been arranged in a circle and only some of them disturbed the older cremation graves, whereas other cremation burials – such as the case of the grave 33 – remained completely intact. Also, in the case of cremation graves some sort of circular arrangement can be discerned within the single groups, which, as we tried to demonstrate, were at least partly covered by the later tumuli (Fig. 1). Such observations lead us to see continuity in burial at the necropolis, with changes in the mode of burial and partly also in the grave-good compositions, although the latter in early Hallstatt-period graves remain to a large extent similar to those from graves of the final Late Bronze Age phase. However, the necropolis of Novo mesto is no exception in this case, as examples of cremation graves under tumuli from the incipient phase of the Early Iron Age are known also from several other sites of the Dolenjska Hallstatt-period group, either in the Bela krajina or Dolenjska regions e.g. from sites of Podzemelj (Gabrovec 1964–65, 32– 34, T. 1; Dular 1978, 9–11, T. 35/1–3), Metlika (Grahek 2004, 116–124, Figs. 10–13),

3 Križ and Stipančić 2016 (with the history of research and the list of publications). 4 Bricelj 2003. The material has been given at our disposal by Borut Križ from the Dolenjski Museum at Novo mesto for what we wish to thank once more on this occasion. 5 We would like to thank Miha Kunstelj (Vrhnika) for the English translation of the article. The figures were prepared by Maja Bricelj, with the help of Eva Zorc and Nataša Svenšek.

82 Biba Teržan, Maja Bricelj DANUBIAN HORSEMAN FROM NOVO MESTO?

Figure 1. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, ground-plan of the necropolis section with indicated flat cremation graves and outlines of Hallstatt-period tumuli nos. II, III and IV (after Bricelj 2003, Appendix 7.3). Brezje pri Trebelnem (Kromer 1959, 19, 21–22, T. 14; 18–19), Stična (Gabrovec 1999, 179; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 76–78, T. 58–59) etc. The discussed grave 33 was covered with a thicker stone slab, while on the grave bottom lay another thinner stone slab, on which a large belly-shaped urn was placed. The bottom of the grave reached a depth of 90 cm under the field surface, what resulted in the fact that the urn has been relatively well preserved. This is otherwise a rare instance at the treated site, as usually the upper parts of urns have been swept away due to the modern tillage of the fields. A richly decorated deep dish has been found on top of the urn from grave 33, while the urn itself contained, besides cremated remains, also two ceramic vessels and several bronze, iron and bone objects (Fig. 2).6 1. Urn vessel in the form of a large bellied pot with everted rim and four tongue-shaped lugs, which are connected between each other with applied rib decorated with fingertip impressions. On its outer side the vessel is greyish-black in colour, while its interior is dark red. Height: 59,2cm; rim diameter: 38cm; max. diameter: 58cm; bottom diameter: 15,2cm (Fig. 2/4).

6 Some objects have been already published by Križ 1995, 25, Figs. 3–4; 34–35 Nos. 22–28; Križ, Stipančić, Škedelj Petrič 2009, 68–69, 75, 243, Fig. 4.6: 1–6.

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2. Deep dish with a cylindrical neck, decorated with horizontal grooves on the shoulders and the maximum diameter of the vessel, below which is a line of impressed dots and triple hanging garlands. Below the rim and on the neck the vessel is decorated with several hatched triangles, while a motif of Maltese cross appears on its neck as well. The vessel colour is greyish-black. Height: 12cm; rim diameter: 14cm; bottom diameter: 9,9cm (Fig. 2/3). 3. Biconical vessel with everted rim, decorated on its maximum diameter with a line of stamped small circles. Another zone with decoration lies just below the rim of the vessel and is composed of five triangle motifs, made from three impressed small circles. The colour of the vessel is greyish-black, while the impressed decoration is filled with white in- crustation. Height: 7,6cm; rim diameter: 7,4cm; max. diameter: 10cm; bottom diameter: 3cm (Fig. 2/2). 4. Dish with inverted and obliquely grooved rim and lug on its maximum diameter, featuring two holes. The vessel is greyish-black in colour and is graphite-coated. Height: 6,1cm; rim diameter: 17cm; bottom diameter: 6,8cm (Fig. 2/1). 5. Bronze pin with a cone-shaped head. Length: 19,3cm (Fig. 2/7). 6. Fragments of an iron pin. Total length of all three frag.: 9,5cm (Fig. 2/6). 7. Fragments of a horse-bit – bone cheek-piece. Frag. length: 7,1cm (Fig. 2/5). The urn in the form of a large oval pot – pithos, which features a rib with impressions, positioned approximately in the middle of vessel, that is, on its maximum diameter (Fig. 2/4), represents a characteristic ceramic shape from the end of the Late Bronze and the beginning of the Early Iron Age and can be placed in the Ha B3/Ha C1 period. Examples of such vessels can be found both in Novo mesto (Knez 1966, T. 5/2; 7/1, 3; 9/3; 12/1, 3) as well as at other sites, from Podzemelj and Metlika in the Bela krajina region all the way to Ljubljana.7 In contrast, the richly decorated deep dish is a real exception among the pottery assortment of the Dolenjska region (Fig. 2/3). It could potentially be compared, as far as its proportions and decoration is concerned, to the dish example from the grave 250 in Ljubljana, which features a decoration of hatched triangles on the shoulders. The same grave contained also a two-looped bow fibula with a high triangular foot, whose place of origin should be searched in the very area of central Balkans.8 However, much better analogies for the dish from grave 33 at Novo mesto can be found on the

7 It is not our intention here to list all of them, but just some characteristic peaces, cf. Dular 1982, 19, 107, Fig. 11/1; T. 1/1; Dular 1973, 547, T. 2/1; Grahek 2004, T. 8:/14; 9/10; Stare 1954, T. 54/1; Puš 1982, T. 12/7; 14/9; 22: 1 etc. 8 Puš 1971, T. 50/7–8. Unfortunately, the vessel is poorly preserved, therefore its form is not entirely clear. For the two-looped fibulae with smooth bow of circular or rhombic cross- section and with markedly high triangular foot cf. Gabrovec 1970, 24–27, Maps 5–6; Vasić 1999, 49–51, T. 25/292, 294, 295; 26/304, 306, 310–311; Škvor Jernejčić 2017, 129–130, Sl. 8.

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Figure 2. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, grave 33. 1–4 ceramic, 5 bone/antler, 6 iron, 7 bronze. (after Bricelj 2003, Pl. 17). territory of the Basarabi culture, especially within the Bosut culture group. Much has been written already about the Basarabi culture or its highly characteristic decorated pottery, which was distributed from the Black Sea coast to the margin of Eastern Alps.9 Accordingly, without discussing the problems of Basarabi cul-

9 About the Basarabi-culture there exists an enormous bibliography; here we could cite it just to the certain extent: Hänsel 1976, 172–191, T. 68; XVIII; Map 6; Vulpe 1986; Jevtić 1996;

85 АРХАИКА 7–8/2019–2020 ARCHAICA 7–8/2019–2020 ture and its ceramic any further, we would rather like to elaborate on the position of the dish from grave 33 at Novo mesto. In view of its proportions, the dish from Novo mesto (Fig. 2/3) can best be related with vessel from Zemun, at the site Asfaltna baza right above the river Danube (grave 1),10 as well as from Romanian sites of Remetea Mare and Berzasca. Among these three examples, one features a similarly executed decoration of hatched triangles on the vessel rim, while the other two show hanging garlands on their maximum diameter and horizontal grooves on the shoulders (Gumă 1993, Pls. 60/21, 25; 78/4). In the same manner are decorated also dishes from Gomolava, Siga near Bela Crkva and Feudvar near Mošorin, the shoulders of which likewise bear the ornament of hanging garlands (Fig. 3/3–6) (Medović 1978, T. 9/4–5; 66/7; Vulpe 1986, 79–80, Abb. 8/20; 9/21). In addition to dishes, decoration of horizontal grooves on the maximum diameter and shoulders appears often on amphorae and vessels with conical necks, which as a rule feature also the ornamentation in Basarabi manner. Such are, for example, the vessels from Bosut group sites11 in the Vojvodina region, at Vašica – Gradina on Bosut, Gomolava, Vojlovica, Pančevo, Vršac etc. (Fig. 3/1– 2) (Medović 1978, T. 60/4–7; 61/2; 67/1; Medović i Medović 2011, Figs. 135b: 1–2, 4, 6–7, 9), and in the South-Western Romania, at sites Gornea, Căuniţa de Jos, Moldova Veche, Bernadea etc. (Vulpe 1986, Abb. 6/26, 29; 8/22; Gumă 1993, Pls. 51/3, 4, 8; 65/1; 95/5; Ursuţiu 2002, Pls. 133/3; 140/3; 155; 176/2). Further analogies can be found in the area of the Iron Gates, among the vessels from the necropolis Vajuga – Pesak (Popović i Vukmanović 1998, T. 33/1, 11; 27/11; 22/12; 12/5; 4/1). As already mentioned, the garlands, standing or hanging hatched triangles and series of three triangles represent a characteristic and frequent decoration on the Basarabi pottery. The same is true of the so-called Maltese cross motif, which can appear both as a single element or in series.12 The distribution map, made by Alexandrine Eibner and complemented by Maja Kašuba, clearly demonstrates that the motif is dispersed from the Black Sea to the Eastern Alps, that is, over the entire area of circulation of the pottery decorated in Basarabi manner (Eibner 2001, Map 1; Kašuba 2011, 237–238, 247–248, Abb. 1). Geographically the nearest examples to the discussed dish from Novo mesto,

Garašanin and Roman 1996 (collection of scientific papers discussing the Basarabi culture); Roeder 1997; Eibner 2001, 182–189, Maps 1–2; Kašuba 2007; Kašuba 2011; Echt 2016. 10 Petrović 2010, 223–224, T. 78/1, Fig. 132 (regrettably, the vessel drawing on the T. 78/1 is deficient, as the horizontal grooves are not delineated, even though they can be clearly discerned on the photography at fig. 132). 11 For the Bosut group as part of the Basarabi cultural complex see e.g. Medović 1978, 60–63; Gumă 1981; Vulpe 1986. 12 The Maltese cross-motif is at this period wide spread ornamentation, often also on metal items, but here we are interested only on ceracmics: Medović 1978, T. 65/2; 67/3; Popović 1981, T. 46/19, 22–25; Vulpe 1986, Abb. 4/13; 9/22; 10/12; Gumă 1993, Pls. 62/4; 63/1; Roeder 1997, 614, Abb. 9/1; Medović, Medović 2011, Figs. 82/4; 101/2; 135a/17–18, 28; Popović, Vukmanović 1998, T. 12/5; 33/11; Kašuba 2011, 239–243, Abb. 2–5.

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Figure 3. Amphorae vessels from Bela Crkva (1) and Vršac (2) and deep dishes from Feudvar near Mošorin (3), Remetea Mare (4-5) and Berzasca (6) (after Medović 1978, Pls. 61/2, 4; 66/7; Gumă 1993, Pls. 60/21, 25; 78/4). Not to scale. which feature a Maltese cross motif decoration, can be found at Borštek near Metlika in the Bela krajina region on the one hand (Dular 1973, 557–558, Map 3, T. 3/1), while on the other the motif appears also at Breg/Frög near Rožek/Rosegg in the Carinthia region.13 In both cases the motif decorates vessels with conical neck – urns, which, however, judging by the type and proportions of the vessels, are locally produced. The same cannot be said for the dish from grave 33 at Novo Mesto (Fig. 2/3), which clearly stands out from the local repertoire, both as far as the form or the decoration is concerned. As mentioned already above, the best analogies come from sites of the Bosut group culture, therefore the origin of the dish from Novo mesto in the same region does not seem to be contestable. The small biconical vessel from grave 33 likewise represents a particularity within the territory of Dolenjska as regards its form and decoration (Fig. 2/2). Similar, although of more rounded form, is a small vessel from the opulent grave 7 in Ormož (Tomanič-Jevremov 1988–1989, 281–284, T. 14/3), the grave-goods

13 Teržan 1990, 71–75, 190–196, Fig. 53/1; Tomedi 2002, 241–243, T. 41/1. It should be mentioned that in the tumuli from Breg/Frög various vessel types, decorated in the Basarabi manner, are attested (kantharoi, dishes on a high foot, vessel stands).

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of which contained several vessels characteristic of the Ruše Urnfield group and varied jewellery. Among the latter, iron torques and bracelets as well as the spectacle fibula14 appear, which clearly indicate that the grave should be placed on the very transition between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age period (Tomanič-Jevremov 1988– 1989, T. 13–17). Better, although not completely corresponding, are two vessel analogies, one from the Hungarian site Zaránk, Erki-halom, which is part of the Füzesabony-Mezőcsát group (Patek 1989–1990, 69, T. 27/8), and the other from the distant Cotu Morii in Moldova (Lász- ló 2003, 174–175, Abb. 11/3). Figure 4. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, grave 33, Taking into account the decora- fragments of a bone/antler cheek-piece tion motif of triangle designated (photo by M. Bricelj). with three dots or circlets, the parallels can be found also in the settlement Kalakača by the river Danube (Medović 1988, 188, Fig. 170/3). This is why we assume that the origin for the small biconical vessels should likewise be sought in the eastern regions of the Carpathian Basin. The dish with inverted rim, decorated with oblique grooves (Fig. 2/1), can be characterised as a vessel type recurrent both in the Urnfield period and in the beginning of the Early Iron Age across the Dolenjska region and beyond, as for example in the Dobova or Ruše group (Črešnar 2010, 23–26, Fig. 8: Sz 3; Dular 1982, 76, T. 26/253–257). However, the distinct decoration of deep and densely executed grooves is reminiscent of the ornamentation style on dishes typical for the area of the Dalj and Bosut groups and/or the Basarabi culture.15 A special find in the cremation grave 33 are the bone fragments, for which we presume that they most probably represent upper parts of a horse-bit or cheek-piece.

14 For the spectacle fibula, whose origin should be also searched in the Danube area (type Šarengrad, variant Sinošević) cf. Pabst 2012, 25–27, 376 (Liste 2), Karte 2. 15 The parallels are so many, that we could cited here just some characteristic dishes from well known archaeological sites: Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, T. 24/1–2; 82/3; 111/5–6; Medović 1978, 35–36, T. 50/1–3; 124; Gumă 1981, 59, Fig. 11; Gumă 1993, Pls. 51/1–2, 5–6; 76/3; 77/1–2 etc.; Medović i Medović 2011, Figs. 94/3, 5; 99/3; 101/10.

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They are decorated with incised zig-zag lines, forming a kind of ornamentation bands of irregular rhombuses, among which there are circlets with a central dot. One of the cheek-piece fragments ends in a conical, facetted head (Figs. 2/5 and 4). The horse cheek-pieces made from bone or antlers have a very long tradition. In the Carpathian Basin as well as beyond the Carpathians, that is, on the territory of Ukraine or in the northern Black Sea region, horse-bits similar to the example from Novo mesto appear already in the Early Bronze Age period and remain in use up to the end of the Early Iron Age (Hüttel 1981, 66–108; Dietz 1998, 130–132, 150–159; Mathe 1988, Pl. Figure 5. Bronze cheek-pieces: Barajevo (1), Šarengrad 28/1). Surprisingly, similar – Baščine (2–3), Žabotin, kurgan 524 (4–5) and skilfully shaped endings of Medvin, Gorčakov les II, kurgan 2 (6) (after Vasić cheek-pieces can be found in i Kapuran 2007, Fig. 2; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Pl. some of the antler horse-bits 130/10–11; Dietz 1998, Pl. 34/484–486). Not to scale. of the Spiš type, which are though dated to the Br A2/B1 period (according to the chronological scheme of Reinecke) or in the Early Danubian III period (FD III; according to Hänsel) (Hänsel 1968, 19–23, Abb. 2; Hüttel 1981, 82–90, T. 8/71–72). Nevertheless, the decorated examples of Bronze Age horse-bits feature a completely different ornamentation and motifs,16 therefore it is certain that the cheek-piece from Novo mesto cannot represent a relic from the Early Bronze Age. More telling are the related cheek-piece endings in the form of vertically partitioned conical heads on the bronze horse-bits from Barajevo in northern Serbia (Fig. 5/1) (Vasić i Kapuran 2007, 37–42, Fig. 2) and from the hoard Šarengrad – Bašćine (Fig. 5/2–3) (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Pl. 130/10–11; Teržan 2017, 124, Abb. 6/5–7), which can be classified as type Ia according to Kossack or as type I according to Metzner-Nebelsick (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 214–217, 507–508, Abb. 97–99). Somewhat more distant analogies represent the examples from kurgan 524 at Žabotin and from Medvin, Gorčakov les in Ukraine (Fig. 5/4–6),

16 Cf. e.g. Hüttel 1981, T. 5–11.

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which belong to the type 4 according to Dietz and can be placed in view of the accompanying grave-goods into the Žabotin phase – in the pre-Scythian or proto-Scythian horizon, that is, within the 8th century BC (Dietz 1998, 126– 127, T. 34/484–486; 62 J). The bone or horn cheek- pieces with more oval or globular endings from Saharna Mara, the eponymous site of the Cozia-Saharna culture in Moldova, are dated by Maja Kašuba in the middle phase of the Černogorovka culture, encompassing approximately the period from the second Figure 6. Horse-bit (1) and horn objects with incised half of the 9th to the early 8th decoration from Batina (2–4) and Doroslovo (5–7) century BC.17 Similar cheek- (after Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Pls. 7/9; 29/1–3; Trajković 2008, 330). Not to scale. piece examples are known from Zemun, Asfaltna baza (Petrović 2010, 94–96, T. 36/1, Fig. 141) and from Batina (Fig. 6/1) (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 601, T. 7/9) and even from an Early Iron Age settlement at Kučar near Podzemelj in Bela krajina (Grahek and Kovač 2020). At Batina also pieces made from antler (Fig. 6/2–4) have been found, whose function is not entirely clear yet (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 618, T. 29/1–3). Possibly they belonged to a specific type of horse-bits either they represent still unfinished objects or items of some other function. However, the decoration present on them is almost identical to the example from the grave 33 at Novo mesto. Similar pieces, made from deer antlers and decorated with almost the same motif, are attested among finds from the graves at Đepfeld near Doroslovo (Fig. 6/5–7), which are placed in the late phase of the necropolis, that is, approximately in the 7th century BC (Trajković 2008, 299–300, Grave 137, 11–13; 326, 330, Reproduction 1963/10; Vasić 2008, 231). Exactly the antler pieces from Batina and Doroslovo with their execution and decoration suggest that the provenience of the bone cheek-piece from Novo mesto should

17 Kašuba 2000, 324–325, Figs. 30/6; 39/7; Pl. 11. Identical or similar forms of bone and horn cheek-pieces can be found as well at the site Babadag or within the Babadag culture group; see Jugănaru 2005, Fig. 50.

90 Biba Teržan, Maja Bricelj DANUBIAN HORSEMAN FROM NOVO MESTO?

Figure 7. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, vessels with incised decoration from graves 12 (1), 28 (2), 36 (3), 43 (4), 40 (5), 53 (6) and 51 (7) (after Bricelj 2003, Pls. 6/2a–b; 15/1; 19/1a; 22/1b; 20/3; 27/1a–c; 25/2a–b). be searched – similarly as for the previously discussed vessels – in the area of the middle Danube. While the vessels and horse cheek-piece from the grave 33 at Novo mesto can be related with relatively distant Danube area, the bronze pin with a small cone-shaped head directs our attention towards other regions (Fig. 2/7). Such pins are designated as the Vadena type and have been treated already in several studies, the latest of which was done by Brina Škvor Jernejčič.18 They can be

18 Škvor Jernejčič 2014, 144–151, 162, Fig. 7 (with references to older studies by M. Guštin, S. Gabrovec, L. Carancini etc.).

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Figure 8. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, ground-plan of the necropolis section with indicated graves, which contained vessels with incised decoration (●), and their division in three grave-groups (adjusted after Bricelj 2003, Appendix 7.5). characterised as a typical part of male attire on a relatively extensive territory, encompassing various groups between the Dolenjska cultural group and Este culture together with the wider area of northern Adriatic and south-eastern Al- pine regions. Above all, these pins can be found in graves from the initial phase of the Early Iron Age. They could probably be seen as a reflection of close connections among the representatives of aforementioned communities and as a result of the consolidation of „political” circumstances in the formative phase, when new ethnic and cultural groups began to take shape. In the grave 33 from Novo mesto we can therefore observe the duality of discussed period: burial mode in the grave urn and pin with cone-shaped head represent local elements with ties towards west, whereas the supposed bone cheek-piece and at least two out of three vessels originate from the east – from the middle Danube region. The horseman was then buried according to the established customs of the local community from Novo mesto, while the vessels probably indicated his descent. His high standing within the community of Novo mesto is indicated by the position of his grave on the necropolis. In the immediate vicinity of the grave three further graves were located, which contained vessels decorated with hatched triangles (graves 12, 36, 40; Fig. 7/1, 3, 5 and Fig. 8) (Bricelj 2003, T. 6/2; 19/1; 20/3; Appendix 7), that is, with a motif attested also on the deep dish from grave 33 (Fig. 2/3).

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Two further groups of cremation graves, which were situated farther away, included one or two graves each, with vessels bearing incised decoration – either of double zig-zag band (grave 43) or of hatched ladder-like motif (grave 53) or of hatched triangles (grave 51) (Fig. 7/4, 6, 7) (Bricelj 2003, T. 22/1; 25/2; 27/1; Appendix 7). The layout of the three rather separated groups of graves (Bricelj 2003, 77–78) and the specific vessel decoration, leads us to infer that these grave-groups represent three closely related, Figure 9. Novo mesto, Kapiteljska njiva, ground-plan possibly family communities, of the necropolis section with the grave 33 in the which had been connoted by middle of the overlaid tumulus III (adjusted after similarly decorated vessels. Bricelj 2003, Appendix 7.3 and Škvor Jernejčič 2014, Among them, judging by the Fig. 11). grave-goods, stood out the very grave of horseman. Even more telling appears the fact, that after two or three generations, the grave 33 and surrounding cremation burials have been covered by a tumulus with concentrically and tangentially arranged inhumation graves (Fig. 9). Yet, the newly formed tumulus kept its central part, which was located above the grave 33 marked with a stone slab, intact, that is, the centre of the tumulus remained „empty”. When burying their dead in the tumulus, the position of the grave 33 therefore was consciously left untouched, it was only overlaid, probably in the sense of honouring their forefathers, possibly even the great-grandfather of the family buried in the tumulus 3 (Bricelj 2003, 78, Appendix 7.3; Škvor Jernejčič 2014, 148, Fig. 11). However, the case of the grave 33 from Novo mesto is not an isolated example within the formative phase of the Dolenjska Hallstatt culture group, which demonstrates connections with the middle and lower Danube regions. As this is not the place to enumerate and discuss once again other such instances in full,19 let us conclude with the following thesis: The grave of horseman from Novo Mesto is another testimony to the turbulent period of migrations and

19 About the topic there exist numerous studies, we could mention here just a few: see e.g. Dular 1973, 554–562, Maps 3–4; Guštin 1974; Teržan 2009, 202–209, Abb. 15; Teržan 2015; Teržan 2017, 120–135; Abb. 5, 10.

93 АРХАИКА 7–8/2019–2020 ARCHAICA 7–8/2019–2020 confrontation of martial powers among various actors in the time from the middle of the 9th and through the 8th century BC. Only with the acculturation of immigrants on one hand and with gradual predomination of new social norms on the other, step-by-step it came to the consolidation of circumstances, what led to the formation and subsequent prosperity not only of the Dolenjska cultural group, but also of numerous other communities of the Hallstatt-culture across the wider eastern Alpine, Pannonian and western Balkan territories.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Biba Teržan Maja Bricelj

Podunavski konjanik iz Novog mesta?

Rezime

Nakon pola veka arheoloških istraživanja, arheološki kompleks Novog mesta jedno je od najbolje istraženih nalazišta iz gvozdenog doba u Sloveniji, a brojna praistorijska nalazišta sa obe strane reke Krke svedoče o dugotrajnoj upotrebi ovog područja. Opsežne nekropole sa ravnim spaljenim grobovima i rodovsko-porodičnim grobnim humkama svedoče o važnosti naselja u okviru dolenjske kulturne grupe jugoistočne alpske halštatske kulture, kako ju je obrazložio Stane Gabrovec. Ravni spaljeni grobovi iz Kapiteljske njive, koji po- stavljaju naročito važna pitanja o formiranju i počecima halštatskog perioda u Dolenjskoj, još nisu sistematično objavljeni, osim pojedinačnih grobova i prva 54 groba koji su obrađeni u okviru diplomskog rada na Odseku za arheologiju Univerziteta u Ljubljani. U radu je prikazan spaljeni grob 33 s Kapiteljske njive, koji se nalazio u grupi ravnih spaljenih grobova uz južnu ivicu platoa koji su kasnije prekrive- ni gomilom III (sl. 1). Grob 33 bio je prekriven debljom kamenom pločom, a na dnu groba položena je tanka kamena ploča iznad koje je postavljena velika trbušasta urna sa prilozima od keramike, bronze, gvožđa i kosti (sl. 2). Urna u obliku velikog ovalnog lonca (sl. 2/4) je tipični keramički oblik s kraja kasnog bronzanog doba i početka starijeg gvozdenog doba, dok duboka i bogato ukrašena zdela (sl. 2/3) po svom obliku i dekoraciji predstavlja osobenost među keramičkim repertoarom dolenjske regije. Iako se neke paralele mogu naći u ljubljanskoj nekropoli (grob 250), u Beloj krajini (Borštek pri Metliki) i u Ko- ruškoj (Breg/Frög kod Rožeka/Rosegg), najbolje analogije postoje na području kulture Basarabi, odnosno, kod Bosutske grupe. Ukrašavanje oboda posude sa šrafiranim trouglovima, ukras visećih girlanda na trbuhu i horizontalnih kane- lura na ramenima posuda zastupljeni su, npr. u Gomolavi, Zemunu (Asfaltna baza), Feudvaru kod Mošorina, Sigi kod Bele Crkve i na rumunskim nalazišti- ma kao što su Remetea Mare i Berzasca (sl. 3/3–6). Identična dekoracija pojavljuje se na amforama i posudama sa koničnim vratom, npr. na posudama sa Vašice – Gradine na Bosutu, Gomolave, Vojlovice, Vršca (sl. 3/1–2) i na rumunskim nalazištima kao što su Gornea, Căuniţa de Jos, Moldova Veche, Ber- nadea itd. Takođe je potrebno naglasiti i motiv takozvanog malteškog krsta koji se pojavljuje na celom području rasprostiranja keramike ukrašene u Basarabi stilu, tj. od Crnog mora do istočnoalpskog regiona.

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Čak i za malu bikoničnu posudu iz groba 33 na Kapiteljskoj njivi (sl. 2/2) smatramo da treba potražiti provenijenciju u istočnim delovima Karpatske kotline, što se odnosi i na zdelu sa uvučenim, koso kanelovanim obodom (sl. 2/1). Iako je taj oblik posuda čest na nalazištima kasnog bronzanog i ranog gvozdenog doba u dolenjskoj, dobovskoj i ruškoj kulturnoj grupi, ovakav na- čin dekorisanja sa veoma dubokim i gustim kanelovanjem podseć a na zdele iz daljske i bosutske grupe. Osobenost u grobu 33 predstavljaju takođe koštani fragmenati za koje možemo pretpostaviti da su delovi konjskih trenzli odnosno psalija. Njihov ukras sastoji se od urezanih cik-cak linija koje tvore romboidne oblike, u čijoj sredini se nalaze urezani krugovi sa tačkom u sredini, dok se jedan od koštanih fragmenata završava u obliku vertikalno razvedene kapice koničnog oblika (sl. 2/5 i 4). Psalije napravljene od kosti ili roga za vođenje konja imaju veoma dugu tradiciju u Karpatskom basenu, već od ranog bronzanog doba nadalje, ali se po ukrasu i obliku razlikuju od onih iz Novog mesta. Međutim, završeci psalija sličnog oblika kao na primerku iz groba 33 mogu se naći na bronzanim psalijama iz Podunavlja, tipa Ia odnosno I (prema Kossacku odnosno Metzner-Nebelsick), i severne crnomorske zone (sl. 5), tipa 4 (prema Dietz), koje su datirane otprilike u vremenski okvir kasnog IX i VIII veka pre n. e. Međutim, s obzirom na karakteristički ukras primerka iz Novog mesta, poređenja se mogu naći uglavnom na nalazištima u Podunavlju, kao što su npr. Batina i Doroslovo, gde su pronađeni predmeti od roga, ukrašeni na potpuno identičan način (sl. 6). Dok se posude i konjska trenzla iz groba 33 u Novom mestu mogu povezati sa relativno udaljenim podunavskim područjem, bronza- na igla sa malom koničnom glavom, poznata kao tip Vadena (sl. 2/7), usmerava nam pogled u drugom pravcu – prema zapadu. Naime, ovaj tip igle ukazuje na povezanost sa estenskom kulturom, uključujući šire područje severnog Jadrana i istočnih Alpa. Grob 33 iz Novog mesta tako nam ukazuje na dihotomiju ovog perioda: način ukopa u grobnu urnu i prilog igle sa koničnom glavicom lokalni su elementi koji imaju vezu sa zapadom, dok koštane trenzle i najmanje dve od tri posude potiču sa istoka – iz Podunavlja. Konjanik je, dakle, sahranjen po ustaljenom običaju lokalne zajednice u Novom mestu, a na njegovo istočno poreklo verovatno ukazuju posude i konjska oprema.

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