ULCERATIONS AND EROSIONS OF THE ORAL leukemia MUCOSA Gastroenteric diseases Traumatic etiology Crohn’s disease mechanical (decubital ) coeliac disease chemical, electric, thermal damage, burns irradiation Immunological and other diseases Precancerous and neoplastic erosive, ulcerative lichen Reiter’s syndrome discoid lupus erythematosus Wegener’s granulomatosis erythroleukoplakia midline carcinoma and other malignant tumors mixed connective tissue disease multiple myeloma aphthous non-Hodgkin Behcet’s disease Graft versus host disease Recurrent minor aphtha Histiocytosis x major aphtha eosinophilic granuloma herpetiform aphtha Letterer-Siwe disease Skin and oral diseases Hand-Schüller-Christian syndrome oral erosive, ulcerative lichen Infectious diseases lichenoid reaction ulcerative gingivostomatitis vulgaris ulcerative necrotizing gangrenous stomatitis bullous primary herpetic stomatitis cicatricial pemphigoid labial herpes benign pemphigoid of the varicella exudative herpes zoster hereditary epidermolysis bullosa hand foot and mouth disease Lyell’s syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis) herpetiform HIV infection linear IgA disease infectious mononucleosis Systemic diseases cytomegalovirus infection tuberculosis Diseases of the blood and the hemopoietic organs syphilis sideropenia (anemia) leprosy aplastic anemia leishmaniasis neutropenia blastomycosis agranulocytosis sporotrichosis 540 CHAPTER 19

histoplasmosis uremia mucormycosis psoriasis vulgaris paracoccidioidomycosis linea alba Drugs cytostatic and other drugs Fox-Fordyce papules (yellow-white) indomethacin xanthoma (yellow-white) methyldopa Precancerous lesions, conditions and tumors gold keratoses (leukoplakias) Other submucosal fibrosis lingual infarction (ischemic necrosis) lupus erythematosus sialometaplasia epidermoid carcinoma (Ackerman-tumor) ACUTE MULTIPLE ULCERS Other drugs and chemicals (aspirin, phenol, trichloroacetic acid, herpetiform aphthous ulcer silver nitrate, etc.) primary infection skin transplant in the mouth secondary herpes simplex infection hairy (non-HIV infected) herpangina hand foot and mouth disease herpes zoster RED LESIONS varicella traumatic erythema multiforme allergic reaction (contact) drug-related enanthema WHITE LESIONS herpetic stomatitis sporotrichosis CONGENITAL gonococcal infection infectious mononucleosis pachonychia congenita irradiation mucositis oral mucosal exfoliative leukoedema scurvy () planocellular cancer congenital dyskeratosis anemia (iron deficiency) focal palmoplantar and oral mucosa pernicious anemia syndrome folic acid deficiency Darier’s disease neutropenia leukemia AQUIRED hemorrhagic purpura Infectious capillary hemangioma candidiasis (acute pseudomembranous candidiasis) soft tissue plasmacytoma Candida leukoplakia porphyria chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Sjögren’s syndrome (AIDS) Reiter’s syndrome Koplik’s spots acute-chronic atrophic candidiasis mucosal symptoms of syphilis lichen planus (atrophic) verruca vulgaris ulceronecrotic stomatitis rhombica mediana papilloma pemphigus-pemphigoid angular Non-infectious materia alba combustion (e.g. pizza burn) RED AND WHITE LESIONS palatine migratory erythema et labiorum (cheek and biting) morsicatio friction morsicatio buccarum et labiorum (cheek and lip biting) smoker’s keratosis acute pseudomembranous candidiasis migratory glossitis lichen planus allergic stomatitis (fibrinoid pseudomembrane) stomatitis nicotina pyostomatitis vegetans lupus erythematosus DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES 541

MOST COMMON IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES Addison’s disease hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) Atopic allergic diseases – triggered by foreign antigen hyperthyroidism and mucositis idiopathic hypoparathyroidism eczema, urticaria, asthma idiopathic and drug induced thrombocytopenic purpura food allergy drug associated leukopenia drug allergy pemphigus vulgaris angioneurotic – anaphylactic shock mucosal pemphigoid Autoimmune diseases (endogen, antigen) aphtha systemic lupus erythematosus epidermolysis bullosa acquisita systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) lichen planus Sjögren’s syndrome multiform erythema rheumatoid arthritis Kawasaki’s disease (mucocutaneous lymph node polyarteritis nodosa (periarteritis) syndrome) dermatomyositis herpetiform dermatitis mixed connective tissue disease Behcet’s syndrome reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome) Autoimmune diseases with specific autoantigens Papillon-Lefevre syndrome pernicious anemia Wegener’s granulomatosis hemolytic anemia Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF COMMON VESICOBULLOUS SKIN AND ORAL DISEASES

Exudative Benign mucosal Herpetiform Pemphigus erythema Lichen planus pemphigoid dermatitis multiforme

Age middle-aged elderly young adult middle-aged middle-aged

Sex women women man man women

Predisposing – – drugs, infections, gluten sensitive drugs factors herpes simplex enteropathy

Oral mucosal erosions, blisters blisters (sometimes swollen with blisters, ulcers white lesions, red symptoms for a short amount filled with blood), yellowish brown lesions, erosions, of time, Nikolsky’s Nikolsky’s sign serosanguineous rarely blisters sign is positive might be positive , large erosions in the first Skin symptoms loose blisters rare, mildthird of the mouth itching vesicles itching brownish or rarely blisters, bluish red papulae round iris pattern with shiny surface

Other sites in the all over the body conjunctiva on flexor side of on extensor side of on flexor side of body the forearm, on the extremities, on the wrist, on back of the hands, the elbow, on the extensor side of the on palm of the abdomen, on scalp shin hands, on mucosae (conjunctiva, anogenital region)

Vesicobullous diseases cicatricial pemphigoid paraneoplastic pemphigus herpetic stomatitis (primary) epidermolysis bullosa acquisita labial herpes (recurring) linear IgA disease herpangina herpetiform dermatitis hand foot and mouth disease bullous lichen herpes zoster erythema multiforme varicella stomatitis venenata (allergic) pemphigus vulgaris stomatitis medicamentosa (drug – systemic) bullous pemphigoid toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s syndrome) 542 CHAPTER 19

GINGIVAL SWELLINGS gestational granuloma fibroepithelial polyp Drug associated granuloma fissuratum Cyclosporine verruca vulgaris Phenytoin Focal epithelial (Heck’s disease) Antihypertensive drugs (calcium antagonists) Accumulated condyloma Nifedipine carcinoma OTHER LOCALIZED AND GENERALIZED non-Hodgkin lymphoma SWELLINGS Burkitt’s lymphoma multiple myeloma gestational tuberous sclerosis chronic ‘hyperplastic’ gingivitis Cowden’s syndrome Wegener’s granulomatosis congenital gingival fibromatosis Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome sarcoidosis Crohn’s disease amyloidosis Paget’s disease scurvy fibrous dysplasia leukemic infiltration acromegalia exostosis (multiple) (neonate – adult) mucocele eruption cyst odontogenic cysts exostosis (tori)

LESIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA ASSOCIATED WITH HIV-INFECTION

Group 1. Group 2. Group 3. Highly associated Rarely associated Probably associated candidiasis atypical ulcer bacterial infections (gingivitis; periodontitis excluded) acute pseudomembranous diseases of the salivary glands Actinomyces israelii () candidiasis hyperplastic candidiasis dry mouth (decreased function) Enterobacter coli (infected with uni-, or bilateral salivary gland swelling Klebsiella pneumoniae Candida albicans) hairy leukoplakia thrombocytopenic purpura Mycobacterium tuberculosis HIV gingivitis virus infection (other than Epstein-Barr cat scratch disease viruses) HIV necrotizing gingivitis cytomegalovirus infection adverse drug reactions (ulcerative, multiform erythema, lichenoid reaction) HIV periodontitis herpes simplex virus infection exacerbation of apical periodontitis Kaposi’s sarcoma human papilloma virus (-like lesions) mycotic infections (other than candidiasis) non-Hodgkin lymphoma Accumulated condyloma Cryptococcus neoformans focal epithelial hyperplasia Geotrichum candidum verruca vulgaris Histoplasma capsulatum herpes zoster Mucoraceae (mucormycosis) varicella Aspergillus flavus Melanotic hyperpigmentation Neurological diseases facial nerve paresis trigeminal nerve neuralgia osteomyelitis sinusitis submandibular cellulitis epithelial carcinoma DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES 543

XEROSTOMIA (DRY MOUTH) rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus Physiological causes hemochromatosis long speech mouth breathing OROPYROSIS (BURNING MOUTH) Lack of salivary glands (agenesia) GLOSSOPYROSIS (BURNING ) Nasal congestion Local irritation nasopharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia (adenoid) allergy to denture materials (monomer) deviated nasal septum ill-fitting denture nasal polyps (Angle II.) mouth rinse (corticosteroid) allergic rhinitis Infections Age of patient candidiasis HIV infection and respiratory tract diseases Deficiencies bronchitis iron deficiency (sideropenia) bronchial asthma vitamin B deficiency (pernicious anemia) pneumonia 12 folic acid deficiency Anticholinergic drugs vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency atropine and its derivatives vitamin B3 (nicotine acid) deficiency antidepressant drugs vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency antihistamines Psychogenic causes antiemetics cancerophobia tranquillizer distress Sympatomimetics depression bronchodilators (e.g. Bricanyl) hypochondria appetite reducers (amphetamine) vegetative neurosis Other drugs Local and systemic diseases lithium diabetes mellitus disopyramide gastric illnesses (hyper- or hypoacidity), chronic gastritis cytostatics gastroesophageal reflux disease Dehydration trigeminus neuralgia diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled) xerostomia diabetes insipidus periodontologic diseases vomiting, diarrhea hypothyroidism severe hemorrhage angioneurotic edema lingua fissurata Psychogenic causes Hunter’s glossitis distress mercury poisoning depression antibiotic therapy hypochondria galvanism Diseases and harms affecting organ systems and organs liver and gall bladder diseases sialolithiasis ulcerative colitis Sjögren’s syndrome (sicca syndrome) arteriosclerotic diseases sarcoidosis allergy irradiation lymphogranulomatosis HIV infection chronic pyelonephritis bone marrow transplant menopause epidemic (transient) Drugs hyperparathyroidism sodium lauryl sulfate uremia chlorhexidine myelodysplastic syndrome aspirin iron deficiency hydrogen peroxide avitaminosis chronic sialoadenitis scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) submucosal fibrosis amyloidosis 544 CHAPTER 19

HYPERPIGMENTATION Mucocutaneous diseases lichen ruber planus CONGENITAL lupus erythematosus nevi racial pigmentation lentigo maligna ephelis (freckle) lentigo maligna melanoma Peutz-Jeghers syndrome malignant melanoma xeroderma pigmentosum scleroderma neurofibromatosis herpetiform dermatitis naevus pigmentosus colour changes of exogenous origin, tattoo blue naevus lead amalgam AQUIRED ink Endocrine diseases carborundum Addison’s disease Others Cushing’s syndrome AIDS hyperthyroidism cosmetics (cosmetic chloasma) Nutritional factors scurvy HYPOPIGMENTATION pellagra vitamin A deficiency GENERALIZED MELANOCYTE DEPLETION Internal diseases Albinism biliary cirrhosis hemochromatosis Endocrinopathies Simmonds’ disease Chronic renal failure hypopituitarism Chronic hepatic disease (chloasma hepaticum) Hormone-induced WELL DEFINED FOCAL MELANOCYTE DEPLETIONS chloasma gravidarum Vitiligo hormonal chloasma diabetes mellitus chloasma climacterium pernicious anemia Physical factors Addison’s disease ionizing radiation hyperthyroidism thermal harm (smoker’s melanosis) hypoparathyroidism UV light Hashimoto’s thyroiditis tuberous sclerosis Drug-induced leprosy antimalarial drugs hydantoin derivates contraceptives HYPER- AND HYPOPIGMENTATIONS tetracyclines lupus erythematosus sulfonamides dermatomyositis cytostatics congenital dyskeratosis Bleomycin graft versus host disease corticosteroids (corticosteroid-induced chloasma) heavy metals, drugs and poisoning silver, bismuth, lead, mercury, arsenic DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES 545

RARE DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA

Disease Cause Symptoms Pyostomatitis vegetans Intestinal diseases (ulcerative colitis) Intraepithelial vesiculation, formation, Ulcers Bullous epidermolysis Autosomal recessive hereditary disease Subepithelial bulla formation with scar with severe collagen deficiency tissue formation due to mild trauma Reiter’s disease Reaction conjunctivitis after infection, Painless zig-zagged white lesions urethritis, arthritis Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhea Oropharyngeal erythema-ulcers Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Nodes in the oral cavity, ulcers Paraneoplastic pemphigus Lymphoreticular tumors, sarcomas Vesiculo-bullous lesions, ulcers IgA pemphigus Autoimmune Vesiculo-bullous lesions similar to pemphigus vulgaris Keratosis follicularis (Darier’s disease) Autosomal dominant genetic disease Hyperkeratosis pebble-like white spots and intraepithelial bulla formation

MANDIBULAR CYSTS Odontogenic cysts NON-ODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF THE gingival MANDIBULAR BONE eruption (dentigerous) Benign – primary tumors hemangioma (central) Inflammatory central granuloma radicular osteoma Non-odontogenic cysts melanotic neuroectodermal tumor nasopalatine cyst Malignant – primary tumors nasolabial osteosarcoma Cysts without epithelial lining (pseudocyst) chondrosarcoma aneurysmal bone cyst Ewing’s sarcoma solitary (simple bone cyst) multiple myeloma amyloidosis Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma, COMMON ODONTOGENIC TUMORS Hand-Schüller-Christian syndrome, Letterer-Siwe disease) Benign epithelial neoplasms metastatic carcinoma ameloblastoma SWELLINGS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS Benign connective tissue tumors odontogenic Inflammatory diseases odontogenic myxoma epidemic parotitis () Hamartomas bacterial recurring parotitis actinomycosis Malignant neoplasms of dermal origin Sjögren’s syndrome odontogenic carcinoma sarcoidosis Heerfordt’s syndrome (uveoparotitis) SWELLINGS OF THE MANDIBULAR BONE tuberculosis syphilis (TUMORS) AIDS gonorrhoea (gonococcal parotitis) odontogenic tumors infectious mononucleosis giant cell lesions primary, non-odontogenic bone tumors Tumorous diseases cysts (mostly odontogenic) benign and malignant tumors of the salivary glands fibroosseous lesions leukemia chronic osteomyelitis metastatic neoplasms Hodgkin’s disease 546 CHAPTER 19

Non-Hodgkin’s disease diphtheria lymphosarcoma cat scratch disease Diseases of organ systems and organs Lyme disease cirrhosis (alcoholic) actinomycosis uremia leprosy diabetes mellitus Mycotic infections hemolytic anemia histoplasmosis acromegalia blastomycosis myelofibrosis (parotis) sporotrichosis Other other systemic mycoses sialolithiasis Parasite infections Mikulicz’s disease toxoplasmosis Urbach-Wiethe disease sialosis DRUGS Drugs phenytoin phenylbutazone penicillin (rare) chlorhexidine non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs iodine preparation antimalarial drugs thiouracil phenylbutazone catecholamines sulfonamides TUMORS phenothiazine Primary: insulin Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma plasmocytoma ENLARGED LYMPH NODES leukemia Secondary: INFECTIOUS DISEASES carcinoma (oral, skin, salivary gland) Virus infections mesenchymal tumors (sarcomas) herpetic stomatitis Burkitt’s lymphoma herpes zoster Sezary’s syndrome cytomegalovirus infection malignant melanoma infectious mononucleosis HIV infection OTHER rubeola (measles) sarcoidosis hand, foot and mouth disease immune deficient diseases rubella (German measles) connective tissue diseases Bacterial infections histiocytosis tooth originating tonsil, nasal, sinus, face, scalp infections hyperthyroidism tuberculosis and atypical Mycobacterium infections agranulocytosis syphilis aphthous stomatitis gonorrhoea exudative erythema multiforme tularemia Waldenström macroglobulinemia

LESIONS PRONE TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION

Lesion Etiology Risk of malignant transformation Leukoplakia (homogenous) Not known Low – it might recess Leukoplakia (non-homogenous) Not known High Erythroplakia Idiopathic – tobacco, alcohol, etc. Very high Smoker’s keratosis (pipe) Heavy smoking, pipe Low Mawa-betel High Tertiary syphilis Treponema pallidum High Congenital dyskeratosis Genetic High Lichen planus Idiopathic (diabetes, psychological Low instability, hypertension, etc.) Discoid lupus erythematosus Autoimmune Low for lips and skin Chronic candidiasis Candida albicans Low Tobacco keratosis Smokeless tobacco Low DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES 547

PARANEOPLASTIC DISEASES (SYNDROMES) erythema nodosum AND SYMPTOMS acanthosis nigricans eruptive angiomatosis herpes zoster erythroderma pemphigus vulgaris (pemphigoid) hypertrichosis Cowden’s syndrome rhinophyma Peutz-Jeghers syndrome vasculitis AIDS urticaria Sweet’s syndrome hereditary benign telangiectasia congenital dyskeratosis celiac disease vitiligo ulcerative dermatitis (pyoderma gangrenosum) palmoplantar erythema glucagonoma syndrome seborrheic verruca sebocystomatosis (Gardner’s syndrome) palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (keratoderma)

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Index

A allergological examinations 20 Bell’s palsy 74,321 alveolar carcinoma 469 benign hereditary telangiectasia 316 Abrikossoff’s tumor 371 amalgam 183 benign lymphogranulomatosis 246 acanthosis amelanotic pigmented nevus 383 benign migratory glossitis 135 acanthosis 523 ameloblastoma 389 - 390 benign mucosal pemphigoid 233 acetylsalicylic acid 169 amidazophen – allergic 201 benign symmetric lipomatosis 356 acinic cell carcinoma 487 amyloidosis 145, 265 beta-blockers 180 Ackerman tumor 475 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 318 betel nut 423 acne vulgaris 330 anemia 303,305 bifid uvula 33 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 98 anemia after anesthesia 180 bilateral tongue hypertrophy 143 acrodermatitis enteropathica 264 aneurysm biliary cirrhosis 274 acromegaly 251 arteriovenous 365 bites 150 acrylate denture – allergic 195 angina bullosa haemorrhagica 317 blackhead 330 actinic (solar) keratosis 445 angiokeratoma circumscriptum 375 blastomycosis 113 425 angiomatosis 367 blue nevus 383 actinic keratosis 425 angioneurotic edema 192 Bohn’s nodules 399 actinomycosis 74 angiosarcoma 501 bones 148 acute actinic cheilitis 121 angular cheilitis 118 Bonnevie-Ulrich’s syndrome 47 acute atrophic (erythematous) candidiasis 103 angular stomatitis 118 Bowen’s disease 423 acute bacterial (suppurative) parotitis 65 25 bronchial asthma 279 acute bacterial parotitis 282 ankylopoietic spondylitis 323 bronze diabetes 271 acute cheilitis due to radiotherapy 121 anular lichen 428 163 acute deep glossitis 135 aphtha buccal cancer 464 acute intrinsic nephritis 293 herpetiform 208 buccal cellulites 67 acute lymphadenitis 63 major 206 bulbar paralysis 321 acute lymphoblastic leukemia 517 aplastic anemia 303 bull neck 75 acute lymphonodular pharyngitis 90 apoplexy 317 bullous and atrophic lichen 434 acute monocyte leukemia 517 argentum nitricum 170 bullous lichen 431 acute myeloblastic leukemia 514 argyria 338 bullous mechanical trauma 148 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis argyriasis 338 bullous pemphigoid 232 58 arteriovenous aneurysm 365 Burkitt’s lymphoma 510 acute pseudomembranous candidiasis 101 arthritis 211 burning 165 acute uremia 293 psoriatic 329 acute urticaria 126 rheumatoid 216 adamantinoma 389 aspergillosis 112 C addison’s disease 258 aspirin 169 adenocarcinoma atheroma 402 calcifying epithelioma 353 basal cell 490 atrophic and hypertrophic lichen 433 canalicular adenoma 360 clear cell 491 atrophic and reticular lichen 433 cancer solid 489 atrophic lichen 431 buccal 464 485 atrophodermia 42 floor of the mouth 462 adenoma gingival 466 basal cell 359 hypopharyngeal 473 canalicular 360 B skin 477 malignant pleomorphic 488 tungue 460 pleumorphic 357 barbiturate – alergic 200 cancer of the lower lip 453 sebaceous 352 basal cell adenocarcinoma 490 cancer of the maxillary sinus 474 adenosquamous carcinoma 474 359 cancer of the upper lip 457 adrenocortical hyperfunction 257 basal cell carcinoma 479 cancrum oris 59 adrenocortical insufficiency 258 basal cell nevus syndrome 42 Candida cheilitis 426 agranulocytosis 307 basalioma 479 Candida endocrinopathy syndrome 109 AIDS 98 pigmented 483 Candidal leukoplakia 105,417 albinism 340 ulcerating 481 candidiasis 141,144 alcohol 172 basalioma solidum 479 acute atrophic 103 alcoholic menthol solution 173 basaloid 472 chronic atrophic 104 Algopyrin – allergic 201 Basedow’s disease 254 chronic hyperlastic 105 allergic cheilitis 126 battery acid 171 chronic mucocutaneus 108 allergic 194 B-cell lymphoma 513 chronic multifocal 106 allergic glossitis 131 B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 507 capillary hemangioma 360 allergic vascular purpura 202 Behçet’s syndrome 209 capillary lymphangioma 369 554 INDEX

carbolic acid 169 chronic lymphocytic leukemia 519 Down’s syndrome 50 carbuncle 57 chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis 256 drug-induced allergy 198 carcinoma chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis 108 drug-induced avascular bone necrosis 181 acinic cell 487 chronic multifocal candidiasis 106 drug-induced cheilitis 123 adenoid cystic 485 chronic myelogenous leukemia 518 drug-induced gingival hyperplasia 178 alveolar 469 chronic pancreatitis 276 drug-induced hyperpigmentation 336 basal cell 479 chronic sclerous glossitis 140 drug-induced thrombocytopathy 313 basaloid squamous 472 cicatricial mucosal pemphigoid 233 Duhring’s disease 234 central mucoepidermoid 492 clear cell adenocarcinoma 491 dyscoria 52 cystic basal cell 480 cleft lip 30 dyscrania 47 destructiv basal cell 483 cleft lip (bilateral) 28 dyskeratosis congenita 27 double 478 cleft lip (unilateral) 28 dyskeratosis follicular 26 eccrine 491 clinical examination 15 dysplastic nevus 383 lobular 488 clinodactylia 52 Merkell cell 523 clotting disorders 313 mucoepidermoid 491 coated tongue 132 E multiple basal cell 480 cold sore 83 nasopharyngeal 474 colitis 298 eccrine carcinoma 491 nodular basal cell 479 combustion 165 ectodermosis erosiva pluriorificialis 241 odontogenic 469 comedo 330 eczema 55 primer sqamous, of the salivary glands 493 commissural cheilitis 118 chronic degenerative 188 sclerosing basal cell 481 common acne 330 impetiginous 189 secondary 521 common wart 93 seborrheic 187 spinocellular 460 computed tomography 21 eczema herpeticum 85 superficial basal cell carcinoma 480 congelation 165,167 efflorescences 19 synchronous 478 38 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 48 tongue and tonsil 472 congenital leukokeratosis 24 electric burns 167 verrucous 475 congenital lip pits 23 electric current 165 carcinoma in situ 423 congenital 31 - 32 elephantiasis gingivae 39 carcinoma of the uvula 473 congenital nevus 382 encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis 35 carotene jaundice 271 contagious impetigo 55 enteropathy caused by sensitivity to gluten 300 cat scratch disease 80 continental tongue 135 eosinophilic granuloma 247 cavernous hemangioma 361 Cook’s aphtha 208 ephelis 384 cavernous lymphangioma 369 corpus alienum 148 epidemic parotitis 100 celiac disease 300 corsodyl 182 epidermal cyst 403 cementifying fibroma 350 cotton roll stomatitis 158 epidermolysis bullosa 41 central giant cell tumor 379 Cowden syndrome 33,526 epilepsy 320 central mucoepidermoid carcinoma 492 Cowden’s syndrome 45 epithelioma adenoides cysticum 353 cerebriform (plicated) tongue 142 146 epithelioma of Malherbe 353 cervicofacial cellulitis 67 Crohn’s disease 295 Epstein’s pearls 399 cervicofacial emphysema 186 crusta sebacea 189 159 chancriform pyoderma 62 cunnilingus 156 epulis granulomatosa 378 cheilitis 127 Cushing’s syndrome 257 erosive leukoplakia 415 chronic 121 cutaneous horn 443 eruption cyst 397 drug-induced 123 308 eruptive angiomas 526 granulomatous 122 cylindroma 485 erysipelas 61 lupus 127 cystic basal cell carcinoma 480 erythema chronicum migrans 74 plasma cell 128 cystic hygroma 370 erythema migrans 135 retinoid 125 cystic lymphangioma 368 erythema multiforme 237 cheilitis due to chronic liver diseases 126 cysts 396 erythroderma 524 cheilitis due to diabetes 124 cytological examinatio 20 erythroleukoplakia 415 cheilitis due to uremia 125 cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 92 erythroplakia 421 cheilitis glandularis 119 cytostatic drugs 179 erythroplasia 421 cheilitis granulomatosa 122 Ewing sarcoma 502 cheilitis in pemphigus 126 excisional 20 cheilitis medicamentosa 123 D exfoliative cheilitis 117 cheilo-gnatho-palatoschisis 28 exfoliative cytology 20 cheiloschisis 30 damage caused by surgical hooks 159 exostosis 394 chemical injuries 168 Darier’s disease 26 explorative biopsy 20 46 deficiency of the parathyroid gland 256 extramedullary plasmocytoma 513 chewing gum – allergic 196 denture granuloma 159 extraoral examination 17 chickenpox 55,99 denture stomatitis 104 extraoral odontogenic fistula 76 chloasma 334 depigmentation after a skin disease 342 extreme ameloblastoma 390 chloasma climacterium 336 depigmentation after radiotherapy 343 exudative psoriasis 329 chloasma cosmeticum 336 dermatitis chloasma gravidarum 335 seborrheic 189 chloasma hepaticum 334 dermatitis herpetiformis 234 F chondrosarcoma 502 dermatofibroma 353 chrome sulphuric acid 171 dermatomyositis 217 facial hemihypertrophy 32 chronic actinic cheilitis 425 dermoid cyst 401 factitious trauma 160 chronic atrophic candidiasis 104 destruction of the bone and soft tissue 160 factitious ulceration 322 chronic cheilitis 121 destructive (terebrant/mutilating) basal cell Fallot tetralogy 51 chronic cheilitis due to radiotherapy 121 carcinoma 483 fellatio 151 chronic cheilitis in leukemia 127 diabetes mellitus 260 Felty’s syndrome 216 chronic degenerative eczema 188 diapneusis 164 fibroepithelial polyp 350 chronic gastritis 294 diffuse palmoplantar keratosis 44 fibroepithelioma 350 chronic glossitis 140 Diphedan 178 fibrolipoma 351 chronic hepatic porphyria 269 Diphtheria 75 fibroma 349 chronic hyperplastic candidiasis 105,417 double carcinoma 478 cementifyting 350 chronic and irritation 446 double lips 29 giant cell 350 INDEX 555

peripherial odontogenic 350 peripherial giant cell 376 I symmetric peripherial 354 postextraction 377 fibro-osseous lesions 406 pyogenic 375 idiopathic facial palsy 321 fibrosarcoma 498 teleangiectatic 375 idiopathic gingival fibromatosis 39 fibrous developmental malformation and granulomatous cheilitis 122 idiopathic melanin pigmentation 334 palatal torus 39 graphite 184 idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura 309 fibrous dysplasia 406 imaging studies 20 fibrous epulis 378 immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical fibroxanthosarcoma 500 H staining 20 fights 147 immunological examinations 20 fine needle aspiration 20 hairy leukoplakia 450 immunosuppressive drugs 179 fishbone 147 hairy tongue 137 impetiginous eczema 189 fissure cheilitis 120 hand, foot and mouth disease 96 incisional biopsy 20 31,141 Hand-Schüller-Christian disease 247 incomplete bifid tongue 31 fistula granuloma 377 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 256 incomplete cleft palate 28 floor of the mouth cancer 462 Heck’s disease 96 incomplete triple bifid tongue 31 fluorouracil 170 Heerfordt’s syndrome 283 increased salivary flow 286 focal epithelial hyperplasia 96 hemangiofibroma 364 indomethacin – allergic 200 folic acid deficiency 263 hemangiolymphangioma 369 infarction of the tongue 277 follicular lymphoma 509 hemangioma 365 infectious mononucleosis 90 follicular pyoderma 63 capillary 360 inflamed atheroma 77 folliculitis 55 cavernous 361 inflammation and irritation, chronic 446 following Candida infection 107 hemangiopericytoma 497 inflammatory pseudotumor 408 foreign body 148 hematological examinations 20 influenza 100 foreign body granuloma 249 hematoma 149 injuries caused by electric current 167 foreign body tattoo 185 hemochromatosis 271 intradermal pigmented nevus 382 Fox-Fordyce’s granules 23 hemophilia 313 intraoral examination 16 freckle 384 hemorrhage caused by anticoagulants 313 intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia freezing 167 hemorrhagic cheilitis in multiple myeloma 128 367 frictional keratosis 163 hemorrhagic sarcoma 503 iodine 173 Frictional keratosis 412 Henoch-Schönlein purpura 316 iron deficiency anemia 301 frozen section 20 hepatic cirrhosis 274 irritant fibroma 156 furuncle 57 hepatic coagulopathy 276 irritation hyperplasia caused by 160 hepatitis 272 irritative leukokeratosis 412 hepatitis C viral infection 273 G hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 314 hereditary pseudohemophilia 312 J gangrene 59 herpangina 90 Gardner’s syndrome 54 herpes 55 Jadassohn’s nevus 38 gastritis 294 herpes gladiatorum 86 jejunal phlebectasia 300 gastroduodenal conditions 294 83 juvenile pemphigus vulgaris 231 gastroesophageal reflux disease 294 herpes simplex impetiginosa 85 juvenile scleroderma 215 135 herpes zoster 87 german measles 98 herpetiform aphtha 208 Germicid – allergic 201 hidradenoma 352 K giant cell fibroma 350 hidrocystoma 352 gigident disinfectant – allergic 195 high-grade malignancy 502 Kaposi’s sarcoma 503 gingisol – allergic 197 histological examination 20 keloid 351 gingival cancer 466 histoplasmosis 113 keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma 477 gingival cyst of the adult 399 history 15 keratoacanthoma 444 gingival cyst of the newborn 399 HIV 98 keratocarcinoma 444 gingival hyperplasia due to Phenytoin 178 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 505 keratosis glandular fever 90 homogenous leukoplakia 409 actinic (solar) 445 397 hormonal chloasma 335 frictional 163 glomangioma 364 hot surfaces 165 radiogenic 426 glomus tumor 364 Hutchinson’s freckle 439 keratotic papilloma 346 glossiopathies 129 hyalinosis of the skin and mucosae 267 kissing disease 90 glossitis hydrochloric acid 169 acute deep 135 hydrogen peroxide 171 allergic 131 hygroma L chronic 140 cystic 370 chronic sclerous 140 hypercarotinemia 271 labium duplex 29 leukemic 143 hyperpigmentation after a systemic or laboratory examinations 19 plasmacellular 146 malignant disease 339 lactea 189 psoriatic 144 hyperpigmentation after skin disease 339 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 247 syphilitic interstitial 142 hyperpigmentations 333 large B-cell high-grade lymphoma 509 ulceromembranous 134 hyperpituitarism 251 lateral lingual tonsils 30 glossitis acuta profunda 135 Hypertelorism 48 lateral plicated tongue 142 glossitis in acute atrophic candidiasis 144 hyperthyroidism 254 Launois-Bensaude syndrome 356 glossodynia 145 hypertrophic lichen 436 leaf fibroma 347 glossopyrosis 145 hypertrophy of the circumvallate papillae 133 leiomyoma 375 glossoschisis 31 hypertrophy of the fungiform papillae 133 leiomyosarcoma 500 glucagonoma syndrome 524 hyperuricemia 269 leishmaniasis 80 Gogococcal stomatitis 74 hypogammaglobulinemia 224 lentigo maligna 439 Gorlin-Goltz syndrome 42 hypoglossal nerve paralysis 320 lentigo maligna melanoma 496 gothic palate 29 hypoparathyroidism 256 lentigo simplex 385 gout 269 hypopharyngeal cancer 473 leprosy 78 graft-versus-host disease 223 hypopituitarism 253 leukemia 308 granular cell tumor 371 hypothyroidism 255 acute lymphoblastic 517 granuloma 377,379 acute monocyte 517 fistula 377 acute myeloblastic 514 556 INDEX

chronic cheilitis 127 M necrotizing fasciitis 58 chronic lymphocytic 519 necrotizing sialometaplasia 280 chronic myelogenous 518 macroglossia, congenital 31 - 32 needle biopsy 20 leukemic glossitis 143 Madelung’s disease 356 negro candies – allergic 196 leukodermas 340 magnetic resonance imaging 21 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 74 leukoedema 448 major aphtha 206 neurilemmoma 372 leukokeratosis malignant epithelial tumors 453 neurinoma 372 irritative 412 malignant fibrous histiocytoma 500 neurofibroma 373 leukokeratosis nicotina of the palate 447 malignant melanoma 494 neurofibromatosis 40 leukoplakia 127,418 malignant neutropenia 307 neutropenia 307 - 308 candidal 105 malignant 488 nevus Candidal 417 malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst 479 amelanotic pigmented 383 erosive 415 Manganotti 426 dysplastic 383 homogenous 409 mantle cell lymphoma 510 Ota’s 385 nodular 416 Marfan’ syndrome 29 pigmented 380 - 382 non-homogenous 412 Marfan’s syndrome 48 pigmented hairy 382 papilliform 414 markers 185 verrucous 386 proliferative verrucous 414 masseteric hypertrophy 33 nevus araneus 275 speckled 415 Masson’s tumor 367 nevus araneus – spider nevus 361 syphilitic 419 measles 91 nevus flammeus 34 verrucosus 412 medial nevus flammeus 35 nicotinamide deficiency 262 leukoplakia carcinoma 419 median rhomboid glossitis 129 nodular basal cell carcinoma 479 lichen melanoleukoplakia 422 nodular elastosis with cysts and comedones anular 428 melanoma 494 405 atrophic 431 melanoplakia 333 nodular leukoplakia 416 atrophic and hypertophic 433 melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy 59 atrophic and reticular 433 386 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 506 - 507 bullosus 431 melasma 334 non-homogenous leukoplakia 412 bullosus and atrophic 434 malignant lymphogranulomatosis 505 Nonne-Milroy’s disease 40 hypertophic 436 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome 143,243 ntracerebral hemorrhage 317 pigmented 437 Merkel cell carcinoma 523 nutritive allergy 198 reticular 429 metal – allergic 194 sclerosing and atrophic 434 metal implants 184 lichen carcinoma 438 metal melanosis 338 O lichen planus 427 metal tattoos 183 lichen planus mucosal pemphigoides 232 metastasis 528 odontogenic abscess 76 lichen ruber verrucosus 434 30 odontogenic carcinoma 469 lichenoid cheilitis 125 Midline granuloma 249 odontogenic keratocyst 398 lichenoid reaction 181 Miescher’s cheilitis 122 odontogenic myxoma 392 lidocaine – allergic 197 Mikulicz aphtha 204 391 linea alba 449 Mikulicz’ disease 283 359 linear IgA disease 236 minor aphtha 204 oral dysesthesia 322 lingua fuliginosa 132 mixed connective tissue disease 224 oral mucosal pathomimia 161 lingua plicata 31 97 oral pemphigoid 232 lingua villosa 137 mongolism 50 oral soft tissues abscess 64 lingual goiter 27 morphea 214 oral submucous fibrosis 424 lingual papillitis 133 morsicatio buccarum, labiorum and linguae oral ulcers 204 lingual thyroid 27 161 oroantral fistula 186 lipoid proteinosis 267 mouthwash – allergic 197 oroantral fistula and polyp 377 lipoma 354 mucocele 400 oropyrosis 322 liposarcoma 501 mucoepidermoid carcinoma 491 Osler-Weber-Rendu disease 314 lipstick – allergic 195 central 492 osteodystrophia deformans 407 lipstick cheilitis 121 mucormycosis 111 osteoma 392 liver spot 334 mucosal horn 444 osteomyelitis 66 lobular carcinoma 488 multiple basal cell carcinoma 480 176 localized oral purpura 317 multiple exostosis 394 osteosarcoma 498 localized scleroderma 214 - 215 multiple fibroma of the neck 354 Ota’s nevus 385 lues 71 multiple myeloma 512 lupus cheilitis 127 multiple papilloma 348 lupus erythematosus 211 multiple, idiopathic, hemorrhagic sarcoma 503 P lupus vulgaris 70 mumps 100 Lyme disease 74 myasthenia gravis 323 pachyonychia congenita 51 lymphangioma mycosis barbae 110 Paget’s disease 407 capillary 369 mycosis fungoides 511 palatal papillomatosis 347 cavernous 369 mycotic cheilitis 127 palate cancer 470 cystic 368 myelodysplastic syndrome 309 palatine papilla cyst 398 lymphoedema, primary 40 myelofibrosis 308 palatoschisis 28 lymphoepithelial cyst 404 myocardial infarction 278 palmar acanthosis 523 lymphoepithelioma 474 myxoedema 255 pan chewing 423 lymphogranulomatosis benigna 246 myxoma 374 pancreatitis 276 lymphoma odontogenic 392 panniculitis 279 B-cell 513 papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 359 B-cell non-Hodgkin’s 507 papillary hyperplasia of the palate 107, 347 Burkitt’s 510 N papilliform leukoplaki 414 follicular 509 papilloma 347 Hodgkin’s 505 naevus comedonicus 331 keratotic 346 large B-cell high-grade 509 399 multiple 348 mantle cell 510 nasopalatine cyst 397 squamous cell 345 non-Hodgkin’s 506 nasopalatine duct cyst 398 papillomatosis 348 T-cell 511 - 512 nasopharyngeal carcinoma 474 Papillon-Lefévre’s syndrome 52 lymphomatoid goitre 256 necrosis after anesthesia 180 papular oral lichen 427 INDEX 557 paracoccidioidomycosis 114 prurigo 190 sebaceus nevus 38 paralysis accompanied by uveoparotitis 283 pseudoxanthoma elasticum 48 seborrheic dermatitis 189 paramedial frenulum hypertrophy 26 psilosis linguae 144 seborrheic dermatitis in the perioral region 123 paraneoplastic pemphigus 234 psoriasis 325,329 seborrheic eczema 187 parenteral tube 160 psoriatic arthritis 329 seborrheic keratosis 386 parodontopathy 146 psoriatic glossitis 144 seborrheic verruca 386 parotitis 282,284 pterygium 47 secondary anemia 305 pellagra 262 Pterygium syndrome 47 secondary carcinoma 521 pemphigus erythematosus 231 ptyalism 286 secondary syphilis 72 pemphigus foliaceus 231 punch biopsy 20 self-inflicted oral lesions 322 pemphigus vegetans 229 375 senile dermal atrophy 332 pemphigus vulgaris 225 pyostomatitis vegetans 299 senile hemangioma 366 penicillamine 179 senile keratoma 445 penicillin – allergic 200 senile purpura 316 pens 184 Q senile wart 386 124 sensory impairment in the areas innerved by peripheral calcifying epithelial odontogenic tu- quincke’s edema 192 the trigeminal nerve 319 mor 389 Sezary’s syndrome 512 peripheral giant cell epulis 379 Sharp’s syndrome 224 peripheral giant cell granuloma 376 R 87 peripheral odontogenic fibroma 350 Short’s syndrome 52 perlèche 118 rabbit fever 81 sialadenitis of the minor salivary glands 285 pernicious anemia 303 racial pigmentation 333 sialadenosis 282 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 37,527 radiation sarcoma 505 sialolithiasis 280 Pfeiffer’s disease 90 radicular cyst 396 sialopenia 286 phenol 173 radiogenic hyperpigmentation 340 sialorrhea 286 phenolphthalein – allergic 203 radiogenic keratosis 426 sialosis 282 phenylbutazone 203 radiogenic mucositis 174 sicca syndrome 222 phenylbutazone – allergic 200 radiomucositis 121 sideropenia 439 phlebectasia 367 ranula 400 silver nitrate 170 phlegmon 67 raspberry tongue 62 silver penetration 184 phototoxic dermatitis 182 reactive arthritis 211 Sjögren’s syndrome 218 physical injuries 147 Recklinghausen’s disease 40 skin cancer 477 piercing 165 recurrences 527 skin graft 450 pigmented basalioma 483 recurrent aphthous ulcerations 204 smokeless tobacco keratosis 418 pigmented hairy nevus (intradermal) 382 recurrent herpes simplex infection 83 sodium bicarbonate 171 pigmented lichen 437 recurrent parotitis of childhood 284 sodium salicylate – allergic 201 pigmented nevus (compound) 381 Reiter’s disease 211 soft tissue myxoma 374 pigmented nevus (intradermal) 382 renal edema 294 solar cheilitis 121 pigmented nevus (junctional) 380 reticular lichen 429 solid adenocarcinoma 489 pilomatricoma 353 retinoid cheilitis 125 South American blastomycosis 114 plaque-type lichen 436 Rheopyrin – allergic 203 speckled leukoplakia 415 plasma cell cheilitis 128 rheumatoid arthritis 216 spider nevus 275,361 plasma cell sarcoma 499 rhinophyma 331 spinalioma 460 plasmacellular glossitis 146 rhinosporidiosis 114 spinocellular carcinoma 460 Plaut-Vincent angina 59 riboflavin (B2) deficiency 262 sporotrichosis 111 pleomorphic adenoma 357 risk factors 15 sports injuries 151 plexiform neurofibromatosis 373 rosacea 331 squamous cell papilloma 345 plicated tongue 141 rubella 98 Staphylococcal ulceration 77 Plummer-Vinson syndrome 301,439 rubeola 91 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 241 plurioroficialis lentiginosis 37 stomatitis poisoning 167 cotton roll 158 poisoning caused by sodium hydroxide 167 S stomatitis medicamentosa 198 polycystic kidney 292 stomato-oncological screening 15 polycythemia rubra vera 306 sacci et fistulae connatales labiorum 23 strawberry tongue 62 polymorphocellular sarcoma 497 salivary calculi 280 Strep throat 64 polyp salivary fistula 284 Streptococcal gingivostomatitis 64 fibroepithelial 350 sarcoidosis 246 Sturge-Weber’s syndrome 35 porphyria cutanea tarda 269 sarcoma suggillations 275 port-wine stain 34,275 Ewing 502 sulphametoxazolum 202 positron emission tomography 21 Kaposi’s 503 Sumetrolim 202 postextraction granuloma 377 plasma cell 499 sumetrolim – allergic 198 postherpetic neuralgia 319 polymorphonuclear 497 summer cheilitis 121 precancerous abrasive cheilitis 426 radiation 505 superficial basal cell carcinoma 480 pregnancy tumor 376 scarlatina 61 Sutton’s aphtha 206 primary efflorescences 19 scarlet fever 61 swabs 19 primary herpetic gingivostomatitis 85 schwannoma 372 symmetric peripheral fibroma 354 primary lymphoedema 40 scintigraphy 21 symptomatic thrombocytopenia 311 primary squamous cell carcinoma of the scleroderma 213 synchronous carcinoma 478 salivary glands 493 licalized 215 syphilis 71 - 72 primary syphilis 71 scleroderma circumscripta 214 syphilitic interstitial glossitis 142 primordial cyst 398 sclerosing and atrophic lichen 434 syphilitic leukoplakia 419 Pringle-Bourneville’s disease 45 sclerosing basal cell carcinoma 481 syringoma 352 prognathia 43 sclerosis progonoma 386 progressive systemic 213 progressive systemic sclerosis 213 scrophuloderma 69 T proliferative verrucous leukoplakia 414 scrotal tongue 31,141 propolis – allergic 196 scurvy 263 tattoo 183,185 proptosis 164 sebaceous adenoma 352 tauredon – allergic 199 protein deficiency 272 sebaceous and pseudocarcinomatous T-cell lymphoma 511 - 512 prothesis granuloma 160 molluscum 444 telangiectatic granuloma 375 558 INDEX

telechanthus 52 trigeminal neuralgia 319 venereal 92 Terminal ileitis 295 tropical diseases 78 verruciform xanthoma 388 tertiary syphilis 72 tuberculosis 68 verrucous carcinoma 475 thrombocytopenia 311 tuberculosis cutis colliquativa 69 verrucous epithelial hyperplasia 348 thrush 101 tuberculosis cutis luposa 70 verrucous hyperplasia 348 thyroglossal duct cyst 405 tuberous sclerosis 45 verrucous leukoplakia 412 tinea corporis (superficial) 110 tularemia 81 verrucous nevus 386 tongue Turner’ syndrome 29 Vincent’s gingivitis 58 cerebriform 142 Vitamin B12 anemia 303 crenated 146 vitamin C deficiency 263 geographic 135 U vitiligo 341 hairy 137 Voltaren – allergic 203 lateral plicated 142 ulcerating basalioma 481 Von Willebrand disease 312 plicated 141 ulcerative colitis 298 tongue abscess 139 ulcerative dermatitis 526 tongue cancer 460 ulcerative lichen 435 W tongue edema 130 ulcerative stomatitis 59 tongue hemihypertrophy 32,145 ulceromembranous glossitis 134 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia 268 tongue lesion in amyloidosis 145 ulceronecrotic stomatitis 59 Warthin’s tumor 359 tongue lesion in chronic hyperplastic ultrasound diagnostics 21 warty horn 443 candidiasis 141 Unna Nevus 35 Wegener’s granulomatosis 248 tongue lesion in Melkersson-Rosenthal Unna-Thost’s syndrome 44 Werlhof’s disease 309 syndrome 143 upper labial frenulum hypertrophy 25 white sponge nevus 24 tongue lesion in Reiter’s syndrome 141 Urbach-Wiethe disease 267 toothbrush bristle 185 uremia 287,293 toothpaste – allergic 195 uremic glossitis 144 X 396 urticaria 190 395 uvular aplasia and hypoplasia 33 xanthelasma palpebrarum 388 total cleft palate 28 xanthoma planum 388 toxoplasmosis 79 xeroderma pigmentosum 447 traumatic eosinophilic granuloma 155 V xerostomia 286 traumatic ulcer 151 trichloroacetic acid 168 vaccination 180 trichoepithelioma 353 Varicella 99 Z trichophytia 110 varicosity of the tongue 277 trichophyton rubrum 110 vasculitis 279 zinc oxide eugenol – allergic 197