DOCSLIB.ORG

Uncorrected Proof

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uncorrected Proof Uncorrected Proof 1 © IWA Publishing 2020 Water Supply | in press | 2020 Geo-spatial distribution of fluoride in drinking water resources in Eastern of Iran Nourahmad Nourafrouz, Ali Naghizadeh, Borhan Mansouri, Hamed Biglari and Elham Derakhshani ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water of the Khaf Nourahmad Nourafrouz Department of environmental health engineering, County in Eastern Iran. Moreover, health risk assessment of three age groups (children, teens and Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, adults), sensitivity analysis and uncertainties in the risk estimates were carried out using Monte Carlo Birjand, simulation. For this reason, drinking water in 33 villages and 5 cities of the Khaf County were Iran collected during March to September 2018. Fluoride contents in drinking water samples were Ali Naghizadeh (corresponding author) Elham Derakhshani assayed by using a HACH-DR6000 spectrophotometer. Fluoride content in drinking water from urban Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research À1 À1 Center (MTDRC) (BUMS), area and rural area ranged from 0.50 to 0.91 mg L and 0.24 to 2.31 mg L . Among population of 33 Birjand University of Medical Sciences, villages, about 17 villages corresponding to 51%, receive fluoride concentrations less than 0.5 mg LÀ1 Birjand, Iran (minimum allowable concentration recommended by WHO), while the population of 4 villages E-mail: [email protected] À1 corresponding to 12%, receive fluoride concentrations higher than 1.5 mg L (the maximum Borhan Mansouri fl Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, allowable concentration of uoride in drinking water recommended by the WHO). Moreover, our Health Institute, findings showed that the drinking water ingestion rate, fluoride concentration in water, and the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, fraction of skin in contact with water were the most important variable in calculating the Hazard Iran quotient (HQ). Hamed Biglari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Key words | drinking water, fluoride, fluorosis, health risk School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran INTRODUCTION Nowadays, a readily available access to safe drinking water manganese, and fluoride which exist in drinking water resources is an important aspect of public health in many are essential for metabolic activates as well as human countries around the world including Iran (Garg & Malik health (Nerbrand et al. ; Li et al. ; Kazi et al. ; Fallahzadeh et al. ). Iran is a vast country, and a, b). However, increasing the concentration of has diverse climatic conditions in comparison to other trace elements in relation to the required level in the countries. Khorasan Razavi is located in the northeast of body can lead to health problems. Contamination of drink- Iran. In the southern part of this province because of its ing water to fluoride and its potential health implications close proximity to the desert, the dry climate is dominant remain a major public health issue in many countries, (Keshavarzi et al. ; Madani ; Soltani et al. ). especially in Iran (Yousefi et al. ). Therefore continu- Providing safe and quality drinking water will have a sig- ous monitoring and control of drinking water quality is nificant impact on sustaining life and social health. very important (WHO ). Generally; Potable water contains both essential and non- Fluoride (F) is one of the mineral elements exist in the essential elements. A lot of elements such as calcium, earth’s crust. This F ion is highly reactive due to presence of doi: 10.2166/ws.2020.105 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/ws.2020.105/693536/ws2020105.pdf by guest on 01 June 2020 Uncorrected Proof 2 N. Nourafrouz et al. | Fluoride in drinking water resources in Eastern Iran Water Supply | in press | 2020 a free electron in its upper electron layer, and is mostly pre- reported that more than 30 million people in China suffer sent in compounds such as cryolite, apatite, and cryolite in from fluorosis and about 100 million people are exposed nature (Kır et al. ). Contamination of surface and ground- to it (Chen et al. ). In another study conducted by water by fluoride can be traced to natural resources Huang et al. () who reported that the concentration of (availability and solubility of fluoride minerals and fluoride- fluoride in groundwater in California is more than À bearing rocks) and anthropogenic resources (hydrofluoric 1.5 mg L 1 (Huang et al. ). production, fertilization, electroplating of metals, the elec- Moreover, the variations of fluoride concentration in tronics manufacturing industry) (Tor ; Xu et al. ). drinking water are one of the main problems in drinking The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended water quality in Iran. In some cities of Iran, the amount of À the minimum and maximum allowable concentration of flu- fluoride in drinking water is higher than 1.5 mg L 1, which À oride in drinking water as 0.5 and 1.5 mg L 1 respectively. can lead to fluorosis (Asgari et al. ). For example Defluoridation processes recommended for water supplies Qasemi et al. () reported that 55% of the rural areas in which their fluoride concentration is higher than the stan- Gonabad and 4.7% of the rural areas in Bajestan had dards (Kazi et al. a, b). fluoride levels below the minimum recommended value of Also, according to the United States Public Health Ser- WHO (Qasemi et al. ). In another study, Ghaderpoori vice (USPHS) the maximum allowable concentration of et al. () illustrated that the fluoride levels from all fluoride in water depends on climate conditions because sampling stations in water distribution network of Mashhad À air temperature affects the amount of water consumed in Eastern of Iran were below of 0.5 mg L 1 (Ghaderpoori and consequently the exposure to the amount of fluoride et al. ). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine (USPHS ; WHO ; Miretzky & Cirelli ). The the fluoride concentration of drinking water in 33 villages optimal water fluoride concentration depends on several and 5 cities of the Khaf County, which located in southern parameters such as methods of food processing and cook- part of Khorasan Razavi province, from March to Septem- ing, amount of food and water intake, dietary habits of ber 2018. Moreover, we assessed the potential health risks the community, local climatic conditions, and physio- from fluoride ingestion through drinking water for infants, chemical parameters of water (Grimaldo et al. ; children, teenagers and adults. The results of this study Kaseva ; Maheshwari ). Although drinking water could be useful for future planning of water resources as is the main source of human exposure to fluoride, but well as public knowledge about health problems related food, dental products, and pesticides are another important with fluoride high concentrations. sources for dealing with fluoride (Garg & Malik ; Council ). Fluoride fluctuations can be associated with health pro- MATERIALS AND METHODS blem of consumers, so that low fluoride concentrations causes tooth decay, and high concentration of this element The present study was descriptive-analytical and was per- in water increase the risk of dental and bone fluorosis. formed experimentally on drinking water resources of According to previous studies, nearly 80% of prevalence Khaf County in Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran for deter- and incidence of a diseases in all over the world are related mination of the fluoride ion concentration. The Khaf County to low water quality. Also contamination of drinking contains five cities including Khaf, Nashtifan, Qasemabad, water with fluoride accounts for 65% of endemic fluorosis Salami, and Sangan. The climate of this region is hot and (Chronicle ). Moreover, long term exposure to high dry, i.e., hot summers and cool winters. The mean annual fluoride concentrations may lead to various diseases such temperature and rainfall in Khaf County are 18 C and as dental and skeletal fluorosis, low hemoglobin levels, 120 mm respectively and the annual average of rainfall is skin rashes, glands damage, gastrointestinal problems, infer- about 255.7 mm. At 2016 census the county’s population tility, abortions, neurotoxicological effects, and Alzheimer was 140,000 in 26,542 families. In the present study, all (Sehn ; Choi et al. ; Choi et al. ). In a research drinking water resources (38 wells and springs: 5 cities Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/ws.2020.105/693536/ws2020105.pdf by guest on 01 June 2020 Uncorrected Proof 3 N. Nourafrouz et al. | Fluoride in drinking water resources in Eastern Iran Water Supply | in press | 2020 and 33 villages) were sampled in spring and summer of 2018 ; Fakhri et al. ): and their fluoride concentration was determined. The sampling locations as well as the map of Khaf County are Cw × IRw × EF × ED EDI ¼ (1) shown in Figure 1. ing BW × AT Prior to sampling and to access the drinking water À Cw × SA × Kp × F × ETs × EF × ED × 10 3 resources necessary coordination with the Water and EDI ¼ derm BW × AT Wastewater Administration was carried out and required (2) permissions obtained. One-liter polyethylene containers were used to sampling of water from the studied areas. The containers were rinsed with acid and distilled water, In this regard, EDIing estimates daily intake of fluoride and thoroughly cleaned before sampling. The date, time, consumed per day by drinking water and EDIderm estimates and location of sampling were recorded on all of sampling the amount of fluoride received by skin absorption based À1 À1 container. Then, samples were transferred to the laboratory on mg kg day .Cw is the concentration of fluoride in fl À1 by storing the cold chain (in 4 C). Finally, uoride concen- drinking water in mg L ,IRw is the drinking water inges- trations in water samples were determined within 24 h after tion rate based on L/day, EF is the exposure frequency collection at laboratory by using a HACH-DR6000 spectro- based on day/year, ED is the exposure duration in terms photometer machine with SPADNS reagent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト
    Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト ● Asia 4 Bangladesh 7 China アジア バングラデシュ 中国 1 Afghanistan 9 Khulna 6 Hangzhou アフガニスタン クルナ 杭州（ハンチォウ） 1 Herat 10 Kotwalipara 7 Wuhan ヘラート コタリパラ 武漢（ウハン） 2 Kabul 11 Meherpur 8 Cyprus カブール メヘルプール キプロス 3 Nili 12 Moulvibazar 1 Aglantzia ニリ モウロビバザール アグランツィア 2 Armenia 13 Narayanganj 2 Ammochostos (Famagusta) アルメニア ナラヤンガンジ アモコストス（ファマグスタ） 1 Yerevan 14 Narsingdi 3 Kyrenia エレバン ナールシンジ キレニア 3 Azerbaijan 15 Noapara 4 Kythrea アゼルバイジャン ノアパラ キシレア 1 Agdam 16 Patuakhali 5 Morphou アグダム（県） パトゥアカリ モルフー 2 Fuzuli 17 Rajshahi 9 Georgia フュズリ（県） ラージシャヒ ジョージア 3 Gubadli 18 Rangpur 1 Kutaisi クバドリ（県） ラングプール クタイシ 4 Jabrail Region 19 Swarupkati 2 Tbilisi ジャブライル（県） サルプカティ トビリシ 5 Kalbajar 20 Sylhet 10 India カルバジャル（県） シルヘット インド 6 Khocali 21 Tangail 1 Ahmedabad ホジャリ（県） タンガイル アーメダバード 7 Khojavend 22 Tongi 2 Bhopal ホジャヴェンド（県） トンギ ボパール 8 Lachin 5 Bhutan 3 Chandernagore ラチン（県） ブータン チャンダルナゴール 9 Shusha Region 1 Thimphu 4 Chandigarh シュシャ（県） ティンプー チャンディーガル 10 Zangilan Region 6 Cambodia 5 Chennai ザンギラン（県） カンボジア チェンナイ 4 Bangladesh 1 Ba Phnom 6 Cochin バングラデシュ バプノム コーチ（コーチン） 1 Bera 2 Phnom Penh 7 Delhi ベラ プノンペン デリー 2 Chapai Nawabganj 3 Siem Reap Province 8 Imphal チャパイ・ナワブガンジ シェムリアップ州 インパール 3 Chittagong 7 China 9 Kolkata チッタゴン 中国 コルカタ 4 Comilla 1 Beijing 10 Lucknow コミラ 北京（ペイチン） ラクノウ 5 Cox's Bazar 2 Chengdu 11 Mallappuzhassery コックスバザール 成都（チォントゥ） マラパザーサリー 6 Dhaka 3 Chongqing 12 Meerut ダッカ 重慶（チョンチン） メーラト 7 Gazipur 4 Dalian 13 Mumbai (Bombay) ガジプール 大連（タァリィェン） ムンバイ（旧ボンベイ） 8 Gopalpur 5 Fuzhou 14 Nagpur ゴパルプール 福州（フゥチォウ） ナーグプル 1/108 Pages
    [Show full text]
  • Iran (Persia) and Aryans Part - 6
    INDIA (BHARAT) - IRAN (PERSIA) AND ARYANS PART - 6 Dr. Gaurav A. Vyas This book contains the rich History of India (Bharat) and Iran (Persia) Empire. There was a time when India and Iran was one land. This book is written by collecting information from various sources available on the internet. ROOTSHUNT 15, Mangalyam Society, Near Ocean Park, Nehrunagar, Ahmedabad – 380 015, Gujarat, BHARAT. M : 0091 – 98792 58523 / Web : www.rootshunt.com / E-mail : [email protected] Contents at a glance : PART - 1 1. Who were Aryans ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Prehistory of Aryans ..................................................................................................................... 2 3. Aryans - 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 10 4. Aryans - 2 …............................………………….......................................................................................... 23 5. History of the Ancient Aryans: Outlined in Zoroastrian scriptures …….............. 28 6. Pre-Zoroastrian Aryan Religions ........................................................................................... 33 7. Evolution of Aryan worship ....................................................................................................... 45 8. Aryan homeland and neighboring lands in Avesta …...................……………........…....... 53 9. Western
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Measures in Sangan Iron Ore Mines Based on Sustainable Development Indicators and Stakeholder Surveys
    STRATEGIC MEASURES IN SANGAN IRON ORE MINES BASED ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND STAKEHOLDER SURVEYS Jürgen Kretschmann Prof. Dr., President of TH Georg Agricola University, Bochum, Germany *Ravanbakhsh Amiri Dr.-Ing., Managing Director of Zarshouran Gold Mines and Mineral Industries Development Company, Tehran, Iran (*Corresponding author: [email protected]) STRATEGIC MEASURES IN SANGAN IRON ORE MINES BASED ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND STAKEHOLDER SURVEYS ABSTRACT Iran with roughly 1% of the world’s population holds more than 7% of the world’s total mineral reserves. There are 68 types of mineral, with an estimated value of $700 billion. The total proven reserves of metallic and non-metallic deposits are estimated at 55 billion tons. Hence, it is of immense importance to have a strategy to exploit these resources. However, the success of the industry depends on economic, environmental, social, political and other impact factors. Without a sustainable development approach, the production of raw materials loses its stakeholders´ acceptance in the mining region. This paper is based on the results of a study about Sangan Iron Ore Mines (SIOM) in Iran. The first aim of the study was to select the most appropriate sustainable development indicators for assessing the status of SIOM. In a two-stage process, suitable indicators have been selected according to defined criteria, and prioritized using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. The output was a set of 15 indicators with the highest priority for the stakeholders of this mining project. To gain a better insight into the stakeholders’ perceptions of the development of SIOM, two questionnaires were designed and distributed among prominent stakeholders and households in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributionstoa292fiel.Pdf
    Field Museum OF > Natural History o. rvrr^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAN BY HENRY FIELD CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 29, NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 15, 1939 PUBLICATION 459 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. Basic Mediterranean types. 2. Atlanto- Mediterranean types. 3. 4. Convex-nosed dolichocephals. 5. Brachycephals. 6. Mixed-eyed Mediterranean types. 7. Mixed-eyed types. 8. Alpinoid types. 9. Hamitic and Armenoid types. 10. North European and Jewish types. 11. Mongoloid types. 12. Negroid types. 13. Polo field, Maidan, Isfahan. 14. Isfahan. Fig. 1. Alliance Israelite. Fig. 2. Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan. 15-39. Jews of Isfahan. 40. Isfahan to Shiraz. Fig. 1. Main road to Shiraz. Fig. 2. Shiljaston. 41. Isfahan to Shiraz. Fig. 1. Building decorated with ibex horns at Mahyar. Fig. 2. Mosque at Shahreza. 42. Yezd-i-Khast village. Fig. 1. Old town with modern caravanserai. Fig. 2. Northern battlements. 43. Yezd-i-Khast village. Fig. 1. Eastern end forming a "prow." Fig. 2. Modern village from southern escarpment. 44. Imamzadeh of Sayyid Ali, Yezd-i-Khast. 45. Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. Entrance to Imamzadeh of Sayyid Ali. Fig. 2. Main gate and drawbridge of old town. 46. Safavid caravanserai at Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. Inscription on left wall. Fig. 2. Inscription on right wall. 47. Inscribed portal of Safavid caravanserai, Yezd-i-Khast. 48. Safavid caravanserai, Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. General view. Fig. 2. South- west corner of interior. 49-65. Yezd-i-Khast villagers. 66. Kinareh village near Persepolis. 67. Kinareh village.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Site Selection of Green Spaces in
    Journal of Environmental Studies 7 Vol. 40, No. 3, Autumn 2014 Optimal Site Selection of Green Spaces in Rural Settlements (Case study: Villages of Khaf County) 1 2 Ali- Akbar Anabestani , Mahdi Javanshiri 1. Associate Professor, Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2. PhD Student, Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran ([email protected]) Received: Nov., 2013 Accepted: March., 2014 Extended Abstract Introduction The distribution and dispersion of parks and green spaces is of paramount importance in urban and rural areas. As an indicator in development of nations, green space has environmental, social, cultural, economic and physical dimensions. To be able to perform its roles and functions successfully, green space needs to be properly positioned. This requires spatial suitability analysis. By analyzing the factors affecting the location and position of green space as well as presenting a proper model, this study seeks to examine the distribution of green space in the sample rural areas of Khaf using Geographical Information System (GIS). The main objectives of urban and rural planning are health and beauty. The correct localization of green space as one of the most important elements of the environment is essential for management of utility space and amenities. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this research is to perform a spatial analysis, using GIS technology and analytic hierarchy model to determine the factors affecting the location of parks and green spaces, parks and countryside, and also to find a model for locating of the study area in a rural landscape. According to the previous studies on the literature, we can say that no research has, so far, been done about the location of green space in rural settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Climate
    IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1394 1. LAND AND CLIMATE Introduction and Qarah Dagh in Khorasan Ostan on the east The statistical information appeared in this of Iran. chapter includes “geographical characteristics The mountain ranges in the west, which have and administrative divisions” ,and “climate”. extended from Ararat mountain to the north west 1. Geographical characteristics and and the south east of the country, cover Sari administrative divisions Dash, Chehel Cheshmeh, Panjeh Ali, Alvand, Iran comprises a land area of over 1.6 million Bakhtiyari mountains, Pish Kuh, Posht Kuh, square kilometers. It lies down on the southern Oshtoran Kuh and Zard Kuh which totally form half of the northern temperate zone, between Zagros ranges.The highest peak of this range is latitudes 25º 04' and 39º 46' north, and “Dena” with a 4409 m height. longitudes 44º 02' and 63º 19' east. The land’s Southern mountain range stretches from average height is over 1200 meters above seas Khouzestan Ostan to Sistan & Baluchestan level. The lowest place, located in Chaleh-ye- Ostan and joins Soleyman mountains in Loot, is only 56 meters high, while the highest Pakistan. The mountain range includes Sepidar, point, Damavand peak in Alborz Mountains, Meymand, Bashagard and Bam Posht mountains. rises as high as 5610 meters. The land height at Central and eastern mountains mainly comprise the southern coastal strip of the Caspian Sea is Karkas, Shir Kuh, Kuh Banan, Jebal Barez, 28 meters lower than the open seas. Hezar, Bazman and Taftan mountains, the Iran is bounded by Turkmenistan, Caspian Sea, highest of which is Hezar mountain with a 4465 Republic of Azerbaijan, and Armenia on the m height.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Paracedicus Fet, 1993 from Iran (Aranei: Cybaeidae)
    Arthropoda Selecta 27(4): 344–347 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2018 A new species of Paracedicus Fet, 1993 from Iran (Aranei: Cybaeidae) Íîâûé âèä Paracedicus Fet, 1993 èç Èðàíà (Aranei: Cybaeidae) Omid Mirshamsi1,2 Î. Ìèðøàìñè1,2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2 Research Department of Zoological Innovations (RDZI), Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: spider, fauna, Iranian Plateau, description. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: паук, фауна, иранское плато, описание. ABSTRACT. A new species — Paracedicus In Iran, Paracedicus is known by two species that darvishi sp.n. (#) — is described from the holotype were recently recorded and/or described: viz., P. gen- male from north-eastern Iran. A detailed morphologi- nadii Fet, 1993 [Zamani et al., 2016] and P. kasatkini cal description and illustrations of the new species are Zamani et Marusik, 2017 (Fig. 3). In the present paper, provided. The new species is closely related to P. gen- a new species from Iran is described. Thus, a number nadii Fet, 1993 and P. feti Marusik et Guseinov, 2003. of the described/recorded Paracedicus species from How to cite this article: Mirshamsi O. 2018. A new Iran is risen to three (Map). species of Paracedicus Fet, 1993 from Iran (Aranei: Cybaeidae) // Arthropoda Selecta. Vol.27. No.4. P.344– Material and methods 347. doi: 10.15298/arthsel. 27.4.11 The illustrations were produced by means of an РЕЗЮМЕ. Новый вид — Paracedicus darvishi Olympus DP-71 camera attached to an Olympus SZH- sp.n.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran to Build Houses on Persian Gulf Islands
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y Days to go... 12 Pages Price 40,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 40th year No.13653 Thursday Ordibehesht 11, 1399 Ramadan 6, 1441 3 APRIL 30, 2020 Key Biden adviser slams Railway fleet receives 56 Iran denies Andrea Santur virtuoso Puya ‘sheer hypocrisy’ to extend new domestically-made Stramaccioni Sarai remakes Shajarian’s Iran arms embargo 2 wagons, locomotives 4 link 11 “Rabbana” 12 Iranian scientist contracts See page 2 coronavirus in U.S. jail TEHRAN — An Iranian scientist impris- that his COVID-19 test was positive, and oned in the United States has contracted in a phone call with The Guardian, Asgari the novel coronavirus, according to his had a bad cough and said he had had a family and attorneys. fever for days. Dr. Sirous Asgari, who has been plead- He and his family are calling for his ing for weeks to be released from a U.S. release to a medical facility where he can immigration jail due to health problems, is receive proper care. in an isolation cell inside an Immigration “It makes sense to send me to the hos- and Customs Enforcement (ICE) jail in pital as soon as possible. I don’t trust them Louisiana. at all,” the 59-year-old said on Tuesday Asgari’s lawyers learned on Tuesday amid repeated coughing fits. 3 Bank loans to economic sectors up 26% in a year TEHRAN — Iranian banking system has capital loans paid to different economic paid 9.749 quadrillion rials (over $232 sectors were above 5.261 quadrillion rials billion) of facilities to domestic economic (about $125.26 billion) accounting for 54 sectors in the past Iranian calendar year percent of the total provided facilities in (ended on March 19), registering a 26-per- the said period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Effect of an Aerobic Training Program on the Level of Trait Anxiety in High School Students of Khauf County
    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (4):1103-1105 ISSN: 2248 –9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU A study of the effect of an aerobic training program on the level of trait anxiety in high school students of Khauf County 1Gholamreza Esmaeili Chamanabadi, 2Hossein Pooladiborj, 3Benyamin Esmaeili and 4Mohammad Tagi Zamani 1,4 Department of Physical Education, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2High School Teacher of Education Department, Khorasan Razavi , Iran 3Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In order to study the effect of an aerobic selected program on Anxiety Trait rate ,60 students at secondary school level from Khaf city –Khorasan province that were studying in the period 2010-2011.The students were put in two 30-member control and experimental groups in from of simple random. Experimental group passed an aerobic selected exercise for 18 sessions of 45 minutes in 6 weeks. first both groups were given Spielberger Anxiety Trait Questionnaire. They filled out questionnaires including registration of their personal particulars as height, weight and age. Then the acquired marks were analyzed by T text (related &connected )and also by pearson coefficient correlation and following results were observed: 1-Between anxiety triat marks in pre-test of post-test for experimental group a meaning difference was observed. 2- Between anxiety triat marks in post-test of control group and post-test for experimental group a meaning difference was observed. 3- Between anxiety triat marks in pre-test of post-test of control group no meaningful difference was observed.4-Between anxiety trait marks with height , weight and age at both control & experimental groups no meaningful relation was observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Using a New Model for Calculating the Exact Area and Boundaries of The
    Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch Vo l. 5, No.1, Autumn & Winter 2016, Pp. 55-72 A Sociological Study of Religious Tourism in Khorasan Province Hamid Reza Karimi Dermani* Dept. of Sociology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Fariba Mir Eskandari Dept. of Sociology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abstract Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a type of tourism, where people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. The world's largest form of mass religious tourism takes place at the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. Religious tourism is one of the earliest forms of tourism. The idea of the religious pilgrimage begins almost with the dawn of humanity. Almost since the dawn of history human beings have traveled to holy sites.Religious tourism has increasingly won in popularity in recent years. Khorasan province, due to some places of pilgrimage especiallythe holy shrine of Imam Rezahas always been suitable place for Attract tourists and pilgrims. Therefore, the main purpose in this paper is A Sociological Study of Religious Tourism in Khorasan Province. It is mention in the theoretical framework the present research for its analysis of data, is based on Butler theory. This article is based on quality method and tools of data collection are Informal interviews and participant observations comprise the methods of data collection. Keywords: Khorasan Province, Religious tourism, Sociology. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received Date: 30 April 2017 Accepted Date: 15 July 2017 56 Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Making to Estimate the Potential of Flooding
    Int. J. Hum. Capital Urban ManageInt. J. .,Hum. 2(3): Capital189-202, Urban Summer Manage 2017., 2(3): 189-202, Summer 2017 DOI: 10.22034/ijhcum.2017.02.03.003 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Application of multi-criteria decision making to estimate the potential of flooding M. Eshghizadeh* Department of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran Received 4 April 2017; revised 9 May 2017; accepted 26 June 2017; available online 1 July 2017 ABSTRACT: Integrating a geographic information system and multi-criteria decision making methods have been lead to provide spatial multi-criteria decision making methods. In this study, the spatial potential of flooding was determined based on analytic network process and analytic hierarchy process. At first, six factors of flooding were determined as criteria. The criteria were the slope, hill-slope aspect, curve number, snow, and rainfall on snow and land use. Also, 25 sub-criteria were determined for them. Then, the criteria and their sub- criteria were weighted based on the analytic network process and the analytic hierarchy process methods. In the next stage, were integrated the weights of the criteria and sub-criteria on their layers in the IlWIS 3 and were calculated the relative weighted average of flooding as the spatial potential of flooding. The results showed that analytic network process and the analytic hierarchy process methods have a high capability to estimate the potential of flooding. The analytic hierarchy process method had calculated the relative weighted average of flooding in the control and sample sub-catchments 26 and 23 percent, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy & Environment
    Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy and Environment 11(2): 89-96, 2020 Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy & Environment Journal Homepage: www.ijee.net IJEE an official peer review journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, ISSN:2079-2115 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils Originated from Iron Ore Mine by Bio-augmentation with Native Cyanobacteria Z. Biglari Quchan Atigh1, A. Heidari1*, A. Sepehr1, M. Bahreini2, K. R. Mahbub3 1 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia P A P E R I N F O ABSTRACT Paper history: The soil in the Sangan iron-mining region in the east of Iran is contaminated with a high concentration of heavy Received 14 March 2020 metals, especially iron. The release of these pollutants into environment results in the transfer and accumulation Accepted in revised form 08 June 2020 of iron through the food chains, hence a reasonable solution is required to restore it. Bioaugmentation is an environmental friendly option to reduce the hazard effects of heavy metal in the contaminated soil. In this study, the consortia of two indigenous cyanobacteria isolated from soil of Sangan iron mining and used to bioremediate Keywords: soil contaminated with iron, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel. The experiments were carried out by three Bioremediation Efficiency treatment methods, including control soil, surface soil sprayed with cyanobacteria, and soil mixed with Leptolyngbya sp. cyanobacteria for six months under laboratory condition.
    [Show full text]