IRNA Report: New , ,

16/17 May 2014

This IRNA Report is a product of Inter-Agency Assessment mission conducted and information compiled based on the inputs provided by partners on the ground including; government authorities, affected communities/IDPs and agencies.

Situation overview Following the outbreak of the current conflict, Fangak County became home to over 50,000 IDPs from Upper

Nile, and other parts of Jonglei State. The County had not been directly affected by the conflict till April 2014 when it was shelled from parts of state across the river. Until then, it was considered one of the safest locations in the Upper Nile region due to several rivers than run through it and creating islands that are believed to be secure. The RRC reported that an estimated 46,000 individuals (about 5,500 HHs) were displaced to New Fangak alone between January and March 2014. The shelling that happened in April caused secondary displacement of both IDPs and host communities to more remote areas of the County out of the shelling range. As a result, UNOCHA led an Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (IRNA) mission to understand the situation and identify key needs of the affected populations. The mission met the county authorities and had discussions with community members and traders. The IDPs are co-existing with the local community in New Fangak, some of them arrived because of family connection but the majority of them have chosen this location due to tribal affiliation. Majority of IDPs are from Nuer tribe, they are also Shiluk community members and very small number of Dinka tribe members. IDPs that arrived to the location are originally from Bor, and area. Last serious security incident occurred at the location at the beginning of April 2014 with shelling of New Fangak from across the river (Tonga town) causing movement of IDPs to south, as far as Old Fangak and Haat. Some of them came back in search of safety and security again to New Fangak. At the time of the assessment no specific numbers of returnees were given but it is worth noting that many of the tukuls and compounds in town still appeared abandoned. It was also noted that some of the local community might be out in the rural areas, cultivating at this time of year. Local population of town was provided as 55 300. Within the town of New Fangak, the team found a limited number of IDPs, all of whom appear to have adequate shelter and non-food items. The shelters in which the IDPs are living either belong to friends or relatives, or have been abandoned by the host community (people who left to cultivate or fled due to insecurity). While the situation appears stable for now, the team would recommend continued monitoring, particularly as the host community starts to return.

Geographical Position Coordinates:

New Fangak Airstrip: (Latitude N 09.23'.404" / Longitude E 031° 10' 555”

New Fangak County Commissioner Office:

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Site overview

Location map

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Drivers of crisis and underlying factors Approximately 40.000 IDPs are co-existing with local community in New Fangak, some of them arrived because of family connection but the majority of them have chosen this location due to tribal affiliation. The majority of IDPs are from Nuer tribe, but there are also Shiluk community members and a very small number of Dinka tribe members. IDPs that arrived to the location are originally from Bor, Bentiu and Malakal area.

Key response priorities Food security and livelihoods  Food aid  Provision of fishing gears  Planting seeds and tools (hoes, maloda, panga, axes, and sickles)  Delivery of animal health services WASH  Technical assessment and repair of existing water treatment system  Water quality testing  General sanitation and hygiene campaign among host and IDP community

Shelter/NFI  No immediate need. Situation should continue to be monitored as this may change if/when the host community returns.  Consider exploring the areas further afield where there are reportedly IDPs with significant NFI and shelter needs. This would be contingent upon security clearance and means (e.g. transport to these locations).

Health and Nutrition  Distribution of essential drugs to the hospital as soon as possible  Urgent distribution of plumpy nut to restart the nutrition services

CCCM  Formal registration exercise

Humanitarian access Physical access New Fangak has a functioning air strip, however, it becomes unsuitable for fixed wing following heavy rains and for much of the rainy season. Access coordination No access constraints at the time of the assessment, however its proximity to areas under SPLA control and an active frontline requires consistent monitoring. There is a limited presence of arms in the vicinity of New Fangak, however local authorities have agreed to assist in ensuring that the village remains a weapons free area if humanitarian operations commence.

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Key findings Food security and livelihoods Key findings  Food Security: The main staple currently consumed by households is sorghum. For IDPs, the mode of access is mainly dependency on relatives/friends and market, while the majority of host communities depend on own production from the previous season except for the urban based who depend on market. Most households generally afford 1-2 meals per day composed of either plain sorghum or eaten with some wild vegetable; an indication of deteriorated diet due to limited access to diverse food commodities. Host communities with livestock supplement it with milk. Food commodities like oil, pulses and salt are available in limited quantities in the market but the high prices limit access by the vulnerable households. Although diet deterioration at this time of the year is an expected seasonal occurrence, it is further exacerbated by availability gaps in the market. A random check through a few houses indicated availability of limited quantities of sorghum which is expected to get depleted in the next few weeks. Sharing of food with IDPs has been critical in sustaining them, however, food stocks are expected to get depleted amongst host community households as the lean season sets and may lead to large consumption gaps. IDPs that do not have relatives especially the Shilluk communities are reported to be more vulnerable compared with the rest due to weak social access mechanisms.  Livelihoods: The IDPs are currently depending of kinship support for most of their food and income needs, sale of firewood and wild vegetables. Income from sale of wild vegetables and firewood is affected by the low purchasing power of the community resulting from no payment of salaries for civil servants, NGO workers and reduced commercial activities. However, majority of the IDPs have expressed interest to engage in farming this season because access to land is not a limitation; some have already started land preparation. The major livelihoods activities of the host communities include; crop production, livestock production and fishing. While crop and livestock production have not been directly affected by the conflict, fishing activities have been disrupted due to insecurity along the river since April. River fishing started again in the last seven days but with police escorts at night which limits the scope of the activity as there may not be sufficient police force to provide protection for expanded fishing.  Agriculture: Both IDPs and host communities have started land preparation as they expect the main rains to start towards the end of the month. Small scale planting of maize especially in the backyards is commonly observed. The main crops generally grown in the area are sorghum, maize, cowpeas and sesame. Preferred vegetables include okra, jews mellow (kudra), tomatoes, pumpkins, onions, amaranths and kales. The main tool used for land preparation is the maloda but pangas/machetes and axes are required for land clearing especially amongst IDPs who will most likely be opening up virgin lands. Hand tools were not observed in the market and therefore access is deemed a challenge. The community reported that their source of tools has usually been blacksmiths from the Shilluk communities across the river but due to the conflict, all the blacksmiths have been displaced and most likely access to the raw materials for fabrication of the tools is lost. The IDPs are already sharing hand tools with the host communities which may affect household acreage cultivated. The IDPs communities reported that while it may be possible to source limited quantities of sorghum seeds from relatives and friends, availability of other seeds like maize, cowpeas, sesame and assorted vegetable is extremely limited.  Livestock: Livestock production is a significant livelihood activity of the community in Fangak County. Due to all year round water availability as a result of the rich network of rivers, grazing is done within reachable distance from homes ensuring access to milk for the livestock keeping populations and dependants. With onset of the rains, pasture has started regenerating and milk production is expected to increase from June through to late August when floods will start; leading to deterioration in pasture quality and increased morbidity causing reduced productivity. While livestock was not directly affected by the conflict, disruption of animal health services delivery has led to increased disease burden. Increased cases of livestock diseases were reported by herding households and key informants; as well as from physical observation of herds. The increase in cases is linked to the 2013 floods which left the animals weak and pre-disposed to any attack. The communities expect exacerbated morbidity and mortality of livestock in the coming floods season since no vaccination has been done during the dry season and access to drugs for treatment is likely to remain difficult.  Coping strategies: The main coping mechanisms of the IDPs are dependence on friends or kinship support, reducing number of meals eaten in a day, consuming less preferred foods and gathering wild foods. The onset

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of the rains has led to increased availability of wild leafy vegetables including Kudra, amaranths, spider flower, etc which they depend on for food and income.  Market: Supplies in the market have significantly diminished due to inability by traders to restock. The major supply routes for New Fangak are Malakal from the North and Bor from the South , however, both have been affected by the conflict. Some local traders reported to have sourced some commodities from Akobo. The available food commodities in the market are sorghum, limited quantities of pulses, oil, salt and sugar but costly. All the available sorghum in the market is locally produced. The current price of sorghum is 17 SSP/Malua up from 7 SSP before the crisis. The sorghum is brought to the market by the farmers who sell it to the market retailers at 15 SSP/Malua. Scramble for the sorghum in the market was not observed implying no critical shortage yet. Sugar and rice are sold in much smaller units estimated to cost about 25-30 SSP Kg of each. The market also has vegetables mainly Okra and Kudra. Dry season vegetable gardening activities along the river were observed mainly to supply the market with vegetables (onions, okra and Kudra). More intensive dry season agricultural activities seem to be happening in the Islands as boats were observed delivering vegetables and fish to the market. Fish and milk were also commonly available in the market. Priorities for response  Provision of fishing kits to the IDPs populations to enable them engage in fishing to improve their diets and incomes  Provision of agricultural production inputs mainly seeds and tools to enable them engage in agricultural production as the season starts. The seeds should include vegetables especially Okra, Pumpkins, tomatoes, onions, etc.  Delivery of animal health services to the livestock herding populations including vaccines and drugs. This also entails remobilization of the Community Animal Health Workers network and re-establishment of the cold chain to provide vaccines and drugs  Provision of food assistance to the IDPs, to ease the pressure on host community’s food reserves especially as the lean season approaches which expectedly comes with wide food shortages and consumption gaps.

Health and Nutrition Health Key findings  Health care at the New Fangak Hospital is being provided by the MOH and according to the staff, treatment is offered free of charge. Referrals used to be to Malakal, but are now to the PHCC in Old Fangak.  The doctor at the hospital reports that the shortage of drugs is their greatest need. They have not received drugs since December 2013. At the beginning of May drugs for PHCU’s were delivered by IMA World Health, but these are not for the hospital and need to be delivered to the PHCU’s surrounding New Fangak.  The hospital is running critically low on life saving drugs, including anti-malarials, amoxicillin, Paracetamol, ORS and zinc. Patients are currently sent to the market to purchase drugs from private pharmacies. One of the medical assistants reports that the current supply of drugs will run out by the end of February.  According to the out-patient registration books the most common illnesses are: acute watery diarrhea, respiratory tract infections and malaria. Three suspect cases of measles were reported by the doctor at the hospital among the IDP population. No samples were collected and no line list was noted. No suspect cases of cholera have been seen.  The doctor/surgeon working at the hospital reported that there are currently 5 medical assistants and 2 health officers.  According to the doctor, in January there was an increase in the number of patients seen in the OPD due to the influx of IDP’s from Malakal. However, when the shelling happened in April the number of patients seen dramatically decreased. As a result of the shelling there were 2 deaths and 6 injuries seen at the hospital. No patients were registered in the OPD book from March 26-May 5th. Since May there has been a slow increase in the number of patients treated in the OPD and hospital staff are currently seeing between 30-40 patients a day. This number is expected to increase as IDP’s return to New Fangak.  The cold chain at the hospital is currently not functional and no vaccines are available. No new supplies of vaccines have been received as supplies normally come from Malakal. There are 27 trained polio vaccinators in New Fangak  Laboratory facilities are functional at the hospital and they are able to do blood smears for malaria, white blood count, Widal and paracheck.

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 One group of IDP women reported that they do no not know where to go if they are sick. One IDP woman interviewed at the hospital stated that her main concerns were lack of food and the gunshot wound that one of her family members suffered from in Bentiu. Priorities for response  Essential drugs need to be resupplied to the hospital as soon as possible  Repair of cold chain and supply of vaccines to do an integrated polio, measles and Vitamin A campaign by the local EPI team

Nutrition Key findings  There is currently no nutrition program in New Fangak. Hospital staff started doing MUAC screening at the OPD during week 19. In total 52 children were screened, 42 well-nourished and 10 MAM.  Nile Hope Development Forum (NHDF) was implementing a nutrition programming in New Fangak until March, when they ran out of plumpy nut. According to the local staff their contract ended in April.  NHDF had 1 nutritionist, 2 CHW’s, 2 registrars, 2 dispensers, 2 mobilizers, 2 MUAC screeners and 35 community nutrition volunteers who are all currently in New Fangak and willing to resume nutrition activities.  According to the NHDF records, when the plump nut ran out in March there were 397 children in their out- patient treatment program.  There were no reports by the staff at the hospital of children dying from malnutrition and no emaciated children were seen by the nutrition and health members of the IRNA team. Priorities for response  Plumpy nut is urgently needed to restart the nutrition services (ex-Nile Hope staff are on ground and are able to restart services once they have Plumpy Nut).

Shelter and NFIs Key findings  The team found a very limited number of IDPs actually living in New Fangak. Based on a series of household interviews, anecdotal evidence, and visual verification, it would appear that IDPs are living in tukuls owned by the host community. In some cases they are occupying tukuls owned by unknown host community members who left (either for security reasons or cultivation purposes), while in others they are living in tukuls owned by relatives or friends, some of whom are there and some of whom are not. In one case, the IDPs were staying with a family that was still present in New Fangak but was unknown to them prior to the crisis. Regardless of their relationship to the home owners, all appeared to possess sufficient shelter. On average, the IDPs are living with between 4 and 5 people per tukul.  The town of New Fangak appears partially uninhabited at this time, with many of the shelters sitting empty. While this has enabled some of the IDPs to secure shelter for the rainy season, there is sufficient concern that the host community’s eventual return will leave them without shelter.  A bundle of wooden poles is currently selling for about 30 SSP in the market while a bundle of bamboo (20 or so pieces) goes for around 15 SSP. Given that livelihoods appear to be the greatest need in the area at the moment, however, most of the IDPs are unlikely to be able to afford these materials.  Similarly, IDPs appear to be in possession of a large number of non-food items. It is not completely clear the percentage that has been donated by the host community (versus being brought by the IDPs themselves), but both IDPs and host community members have an array of items in their homes including proper beds, mosquito nets, cooking utensils, jerry cans, etc.  Furthermore, a variety of non-food items are available in the market, including cooking utensils, clothes, and buckets, selling for an average of 5 SSP per piece. Though again, with the lack of livelihoods, most IDPs are unlikely to be able to afford these items at this time.  The one exception to the above is the very small number of IDPs (5 HHs) who appear to be living in the school. This population was not mentioned by the Commissioner and only found by chance at the last minute. These IDPs do not appear to have any local connections and could benefit from some basic NFIs as part of the overall intervention once it is launched.  Many people in New Fangak noted the presence of IDPs in a variety of locations about two+ hours walk from town. The team was unable to confirm this due to time and distance, but was told that there is a tremendous

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amount of NFI and shelter need in these locations. Any intervention aimed at these populations, however, will require further investigation and verification.  There is a WFP rubhall in New Fangak that is currently empty, as well as an air strip that is around 5km away from central town. It is unsure whether fixed wings will be able to land on the air strip. In the past, helicopters have also landed at a location in town, but its usage would need to first be cleared with UNHAS.

Priorities for response  The Shelter/NFI cluster should continue to monitor the situation to determine whether a shelter intervention is necessary in the future. Should there be a need for shelter support for the IDPs, the Commissioner has stated that land could be made available. It is worth noting, however, that most IDPs expressed a desire to return to their place of origin once the area gets less volatile (though the time between host community return and IDP return could be significant).  Overall, it’s clear that there is a significant reliance on the host community in New Fangak, but it doesn’t seem to be overburdening them at the moment. With the exception of the very small number without support, the team does not see the need for an intervention at this time. The cluster will continue to monitor the situation in case of any changes, and will support any further investigation into the communities that might be living outside of the town.

WASH Key findings Boreholes found in New Fangak and surroundings:

Location Type of Status GPS pump coordinates New India working N 09°24’35.08’’ Fangak Mark II E 031°09’26.90’’ New India working N 09°24’35.95’’ Fangak Mark II E 031°09’22.01’’ New India working N 09°24’38.59’’ Fangak Mark II E 031°09’5.24’’ New India working N 09°24’30.42’’ Fangak Mark II E 031°09’38.47’’ (near the school)

 All of them are operating, but people don’t use them to fetch the water – in their opinion water is salty and not healthy. All of them are situated near the river (a few meters)  Instead of water from borehole most of the people use water from the river – whole town is situated on a bank, so everyone has easy access to it.  There is one system that uses river water – water goes to 2 big water tanks and from that to one stand with taps. However system doesn’t work – according to one employee from Nile Hope, system has installed wrong pipes. According to other person, generator doesn’t work and there is not enough fuel on the market to use it.  In the town there is also private company which provide water from the river to HHs – 15 SSP per barrel to locations near the river and 25 SSP to further locations  According to the interviewed people (IDPs families, health workers etc) most of the people who fetch water from the river don’t treat it in any way (e.g. by boiling, using purifying tablets)  Water from the river is also used in the health clinic – it’s also not treated in any way. Sanitation:  Public toilets available on the market, however some of them are closed by the owners of the shops and not available for everyone

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 The same situation is with school toilets and latrines near the church – cabins are locked and keys are available only for police (latrines in one of the schools).  Some latrines were being misused and because of that were closed – e.g. public latrines near the clinic Hygiene:  New Fangak as a town seems to be quite clean, no signs of open defecation observed, however, as it was pointed out above – domestic latrines are not common  Soap is not available on the market, nor at HH level. Some of the interviewed people admitted that they use ash for cleaning hands  Water is stored in dirty jerrycans, buckets, bawls

Priorities for response Water Supply  Technical assessment and repair of existing water treatment system  Water quality testing – checking the reason of salty taste of the water

Sanitation and hygiene  General sanitation and hygiene campaign among host and IDP community

CCCM Key findings  The population displaced in the New Fangak area can be considered a host community settlement, as the majority displaced population shares accommodation with a host family. To that end, the site is not overcrowded and the area is large and could spatially absorb the arrival of more IDPs, which RRP representative state is likely. Local officials stated that there were more IDPs living in the bush, but the IRNA team was unable to validate this. Local officials reported that they have registered 46,023 individuals since they began arriving after the onset of the crisis, in mid-December. Our team identified many empty shelters and when asked, neighbors said that many residents have been absent for several weeks (due to shelling) but they anticipated that they would return. To that end, it is highly unlikely that 45,000 IDPs remain in the New Fangak area; the number is likely much smaller. Origins of the displaced population in New Fangak vary significantly; our team interviewed IDPs from Malakal, Bentiu, Bor, Nasir, , and Akobo, as well as Darfur, Sudan and . Many of the larger groups, including the foreign nationals, have a representative with whom the Commissioner meets regularly.  There is no formal site manager or organized entity for humanitarian response. A number of NGO staff members are in the area, having been displaced from Malakal, Ayod, and other parts of , that could contribute to a potential humanitarian response in the area. With the exception of the functioning airstrip, the area is not ideal for a site location (lack of large population, remote location, limited road access, presence of armed elements, etc). Furthermore, as previously mentioned, our team viewed many empty tukuls, meaning these shelters would likely be inhabited before any official camp or site would be.

Priorities for response  Another assessment, with time to visit the bush locations referenced by the Commissioner and the community, or formal registration exercise, would be necessary before proceeding with any camp management (or humanitarian) response.

Protection / Child Protection Key findings  New Fangak generally seems very safe and secure. One informant said that the town had a curfew of 9:00, but this could not be further corroborated.  Soldiers and other armed actors – The Commissioner assured the team that soldiers are not present in New Fangak. However, the team did witness several dozen military police that had requisitioned a school near the

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market. In addition, contradictory information was received regarding recent shelling in the area and civilian movements in response to the shelling.  It is difficult to gauge the safety of women and youth in the area when they are conducting livelihood activities including collecting water and firewood. The team did not have the time to build the relationships needed to pursue topics of SGBV and child abduction. More information is needed.  Several informants noted that IDPs often flee to the outlying areas when the town is shelled, returning after one to three days. They fear looting while they are away. The town as it stands now is nearly empty, with no visible sign of 46,000 IDPs in the area.  Our translators claimed the lack of people occupying empty homes was due to recent shelling, however, no evidence of shelling was immediately observable and reports were contradictory.  Secondary occupation - The full extent of secondary occupation and its risks/possible consequences are not clear. The community and IDPs are using this as a coping mechanism for the moment but the families displaced from New Fangak are reported to remain relatively nearby in the rural area, indicating their likely return once security conditions improve. And it does not appear that the community has yet been able to design a strategy to manage such a situation.  Education - It is still unclear why schools have not been re-opened since December. For example, whether this is due to the displacement of school staff, a lack of school supplies, a failure to enroll IDP children who have arrived to New Fangak, or some of kind of combination of these or additional factors. Priorities for response  If distributions take place, protection actors must be present in the area several days before the rest of the team arrives and must remain in place for several days after the distribution finishes to properly engage with local leadership and to assess vulnerabilities in the host population.  Further protection-focused assessment is needed, ideally with a small team of three to five who would stay for several days. Trusted translators (preferably women) from outside the community are also needed to properly assess the vulnerabilities of women and unaccompanied children.  Negotiation must take place between humanitarian actors, local government, and armed actors to reinforce international humanitarian law and the rights of the child. Military actors should leave the school and garrison away from sites recognized as civilian spaces in conflict including medical facilities, schools, and churches.

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Next steps [Indicate cluster commitments based on the findings] Cluster Priority actions Human and material Responsible entity By when resources needed FSL Food and staff WFP In the -Food aid coming two -Provision of fishing Fishing kits FAO with FCDI weeks gear Crop and vegetable seeds -Planting seeds and tools (hoes, maloda, panga, axes, and sickles) -Delivery of animal health services Health & Nutrition Drugs MEDAIR -Distribution of

essential drugs to

the hospital -Repair of cold chain -Urgent distribution Plumpy nut of plumpy nut WASH WASH Cluster -Technical assessment and repair of existing water treatment system -Water quality testing -General sanitation and hygiene campaign among host and IDP community CCCM DTM -Formal registration exercise Assessment information IRNA stands for “Initial Rapid Needs Assessment”. Initial: Serves as a ‘first look’ at locations where immediate emergency humanitarian response is anticipated, and determines immediate priorities for intervention – registration and targeting of caseload can be required as follow- up, or ‘blanket’ distribution of aid can be actioned directly. Rapid: Deployed quickly, from a list of pre-trained and pre-qualified humanitarian personnel Needs Assessment: The IRNA is an Inter-agency and inter-cluster process using an ICWG-endorsed tool, reporting format and methodology – namely The IRNA form, and the IRNA Reporting Template. The IRNA was endorsed by the South Sudan Inter Cluster Working Group (ICWG) and launched in November 2012, combined with training of humanitarian actors at and state level.

The IRNA mission to New Fangak was conducted on May 16/17 2014. The resulting analysis was based on a combination of specialist and generalist key informant interviews, male and female community group discussions, direct observation, review of secondary data and the expert judgement of sectoral specialists on the IRNA team.

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The assessment to New Fangak, Fangak County, Jonglei State was carried out by the following individuals:

Cluster Name Organization Email Phone ES / NFIs Laura Jones IOM [email protected] 0922405712 Health / Nutrition Erica Brim MEDAIR [email protected] 0928134992 Health / Nutrition Heidi MEDAIR [email protected] 0917158914 Giesbrecht CCCM Melody Knight ACTED [email protected] 0914256872 WASH Dominika PAH [email protected] 0921479125 Rypa WASH Haile Gashaw UNICEF [email protected] FSL Sworo Yopesi WFP [email protected] 0920010265 Protection Sterling Carter NP 0927492400 Protection Frederick UNHCR [email protected] Wilkinson Coordination Zeljko Nikolic OCHA [email protected] 0922473114

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