IQBAL PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Francesco D'Adamo,Ann Leonori | 128 pages | 05 Jul 2005 | SIMON & SCHUSTER | 9781416903291 | English | New York, NY, United States Allama

On his return from Europe, he gained his livelihood by the practice of law, but his fame came from his Persian- and Urdu-language poetry, which was written in the classical style for public recitation. Through poetic symposia and in a milieu in which memorizing verse was customary, his poetry became widely known. He came to criticize nationalism for a twofold reason: in Europe it had led to destructive racism and imperialism, and in it was not founded on an adequate degree of common purpose. Furthermore, the life of action is to be preferred to ascetic resignation. In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. He wrote in Persian because he sought to address his appeal to the entire Muslim world. In this work he presents a theory of the self that is a strong condemnation of the self-negating quietism i. Iqbal and his admirers steadily maintained that creative self-affirmation is a fundamental Muslim virtue; his critics said he imposed themes from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche on Islam. The Muslim community , as Iqbal conceived it, ought effectively to teach and to encourage generous service to the ideals of brotherhood and justice. The mystery of selflessness was the hidden strength of Islam. Ultimately, the only satisfactory mode of active self-realization was the sacrifice of the self in the service of causes greater than the self. Retrieved 19 March Chandni Bar Swaraaj Koi Films directed by Nagesh Kukunoor. Films by Subhash Ghai. Hidden categories: CS1 errors: generic title Use dmy dates from July Template film date with 1 release date. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Movie poster for Iqbal. Hindi Sign language. It follows the examples of the works of Ibn Arabi and Dante 's The Divine Comedy , through mystical and exaggerated depictions across time. Iqbal depicts himself as Zinda Rud "A stream full of life" guided by Rumi, "the master", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore by betraying them for the benefit of the British colonists , and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javid, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the "new generation". Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems: [59]. It was written in three distinct phases of his life. The second set of poems date from —, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of European society , which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the Ummah , to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam. Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. It consists of ghazals , poems, quatrains and epigrams and carries a strong sense of religious passion. In which he described as his political manifesto. Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism and injustice of modern civilisation, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems. Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are: [37]. You the [dwellers] of the West, should know that the world of God is not a shop of yours. Your imagined pure gold is about to lose it's standard value as fixed by you. Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers. For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting [37]. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism — in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems. Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in , where he expressed his views, including those on the separation of church and state , to students and other participants: [37]. I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to the atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State. Iqbal also wrote some poems in Punjabi , such as " Piyaara Jedi " and " Baba Bakri Wala ", which he penned in on the occasion of his son Javid's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display at the Iqbal Manzil in Sialkot. Iqbal has been referred to as the "Poet of the East" by academics, institutions and the media. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity. Yet it should also be born in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West. Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the subcontinent. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognised as the "Poet of the East". So to conclude, let me cite Annemarie Schimmel in Gabriel's Wing who lauds Iqbal's "unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns" p. The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the "Poet of the East". At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the Iranian Revolution of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has stated, "We have a large number of non-Persian- speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. By the early s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian. In , Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq , a national hero because of his oil nationalisation policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers. Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry. Douglas , who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal". Anikoy wrote:. Others, including Wilfred Cantwell Smith , stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was "anti-intellect", because "capitalism fosters intellect". Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. His birthday is annually commemorated in Pakistan as Iqbal Day , and until it was also a public holiday. In India, his song " Tarana-e-Hind " is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony. The Pakistani government and public organisations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in philately and in other hobbies. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence. A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. British Indian Urdu poet. For other people named Muhammad Iqbal, see Muhammad Iqbal disambiguation. Allama Sir. Further information: . Main article: Works of Muhammad Iqbal. At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in Main article: Muhammad Iqbal bibliography. Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India. Retrieved 28 June Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved 19 December Retrieved 28 March Chitkara Converts Do Not Make a Nation. APH Publishing. Retrieved 3 April Cambridge University Press. Pakistan Today. Retrieved 6 August Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Brill Archive. Concept Publishing Company. R; Taneja, S. Educational thinkers. Atlantic Publisher. Retrieved 2 December Saudi Gazette. The News. Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature 2 Vols. Global Vision Publishing House. Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal. Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd. Fifty key figures in Islam. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 February Subscription or UK public library membership required. Muhammad Iqbal | Poems, Muslim League, Biography, & Facts | Britannica

I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religious and social institutions of other communities. Iqbal is considered to have given the vision for the creation of Pakistan, whereas Jinnah is considered to be the one who shaped this vision. In , Iqbal wrote two letters to . But the enforcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest conviction for many years and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problem of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. This is the best course to adopt in the interests of both Muslim majority and minority provinces. Click here to join our channel indianexpress and stay updated with the latest headlines. Mehr Gill Mohit trains Iqbal and gets him a place on the Andhra Pradesh Ranji Trophy team, despite Iqbal not having any previous cricketing experience. Iqbal plays marvelously for the team, which was a weak team before he joined, and is soon noticed by the press and cricket selectors alike. However, when the final match of the season pits Iqbal against his rival, Kamal, Guruji tries to bribe Iqbal to bowl badly so that the national team scouts at the game would select Kamal for the national cricket team. Iqbal succumbs to his offer, out of concern for his father, who is facing financial difficulties and may lose his lands. Luckily, a sports agent is able to offer him a better deal, and Iqbal bowls with his usual fiery pace and wins the match for his team. Surprisingly he also impresses the onlooking national team selector Kapil Dev in a special guest role , and wins a place in the Indian national cricket team. In the end Iqbal is shown donning the Indian Cricket Team's Blue Jersey and walking in the ground to make his international debut. Iqbal was well received by critics and audiences alike. The success of the film ensured its director Nagesh Kukunoor the commercial recognition. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Iqbal Movie poster for Iqbal. Release date. Running time. Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 19 March Chandni Bar Swaraaj Koi Muhammad Iqbal - Wikiquote

Iqbal's sister, Khadija Shweta Prasad , however, helps him try out for a nearby academy run by Guruji Girish Karnad , an influential former India captain, who accepts him for his talent. However, when Iqbal competes with a rich boy, Kamal, who is also the star of the academy, he is thrown out by Guruji out of fear of Kamal's father, who bankrolls the academy. Iqbal seeks help from the local drunkard, Mohit Naseeruddin Shah , who was once a great cricketer and persuades him to be his coach. They are able to train in a nearby field, using Iqbal's buffaloes named after actual members of the Indian cricket team as fielders. Mohit trains Iqbal and gets him a place on the Andhra Pradesh Ranji Trophy team, despite Iqbal not having any previous cricketing experience. Iqbal plays marvelously for the team, which was a weak team before he joined, and is soon noticed by the press and cricket selectors alike. However, when the final match of the season pits Iqbal against his rival, Kamal, Guruji tries to bribe Iqbal to bowl badly so that the national team scouts at the game would select Kamal for the national cricket team. Iqbal succumbs to his offer, out of concern for his father, who is facing financial difficulties and may lose his lands. Luckily, a sports agent is able to offer him a better deal, and Iqbal bowls with his usual fiery pace and wins the match for his team. Surprisingly he also impresses the onlooking national team selector Kapil Dev in a special guest role , and wins a place in the Indian national cricket team. In the end Iqbal is shown donning the Indian Cricket Team's Blue Jersey and walking in the ground to make his international debut. The inquiry revealed that Ali was suspended because of the recitation of the poem written by Iqbal. Iqbal was a poet-philosopher whose work promoted the philosophy of self-hood and dealt with the intellectual and cultural reconstruction of the Islamic world. His grandfather left his ancestral village of Looehar in Kashmir after and settled in Sialkot and peddled Kashmiri shawls. He wrote mostly in Urdu and Persian. In , Iqbal delivered a Presidential Address to the 25th Session of the All-India Muslim League in where he expressed his thoughts on Islam and nationalism, unity of the Indian nation and one on the problem of defence. He is officially recognised as the " national poet " in Pakistan. Iqbal's father, Nur Muhammad, was a tailor, [4] who lacked formal education, but who had great devotion to Islam and a "mystically tinged piety. Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place? Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive I will visit thy grave with this complaint: Who will now think of me in midnight prayers? All thy life thy love served me with devotion— When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed. At the age of four, young Iqbal was sent regularly to a mosque, where he learned how to read the Quran in Arabic. That year Iqbal's family arranged for him to be married to Karim Bibi, the daughter of an affluent Gujrati physician. The couple had two children: a daughter, Mi'raj Begam born and a son, Aftab born Iqbal's third child, a son, died soon after birth. Husband and wife were unhappy in their marriage and eventually divorced in Later the same year, Iqbal entered the Government College in where he studied philosophy, English literature and Arabic and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree, graduating cum laude. He won a gold medal for placing first in the examination in philosophy. While studying for his masters degree, Iqbal came under the influence of Sir Thomas Arnold , a scholar of Islam and modern philosophy at the college. Arnold exposed the young man to Western culture and ideas, and served as a bridge for Iqbal between the ideas of East and West. Iqbal was appointed to a readership in Arabic at the Oriental College in Lahore, and he published his first book in Urdu, The Knowledge of Economics in At Sir Thomas's encouragement, Iqbal travelled to Europe and spent many years studying there. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Trinity College at Cambridge in , while simultaneously studying law at Lincoln's Inn , from where he qualified as a barrister in Iqbal also met a Muslim student, Atiyah Faizi in , and had a close relationship with her. In Europe, he started writing his poetry in Persian as well. Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience. Following the formation of the All-India Muslim League in , Iqbal was elected to the executive committee of its British chapter in Together with two other politicians, Syed Hassan Bilgrami and , Iqbal sat on the subcommittee which drafted the constitution of the League. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru , an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal. Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad died , was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man. She died on 9 November in Sialkot. Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? I will visit thy grave with this complaint: Who will now think of me in midnight prayers? All thy life thy love served me with devotion—. When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed. Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the Qur'an. He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, Syed Mir Hassan , the head of the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where he matriculated in Jalaluddin medal as he performed well in Arabic. Iqbal married three times under different circumstances. Iqbal and Karim Bibi separated somewhere between Despite this, he continued to financially support her till his death. Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold , his philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore, to pursue higher education in the West. In , he travelled to England for that purpose. While already acquainted with Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson , Iqbal would discover Rumi slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the Masnavi to his friend Swami Rama Tirtha , who in return would teach him Sanskrit. In the same year he was called to the bar as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In , Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in In , he had a close friendship with the writer Atiya Fyzee in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life. Iqbal had a great interest in Islamic studies, especially Sufi beliefs. In his poetry, apart from independent ideologies, he also explores concepts of submission to Allah and following the path of Prophet Muhammad. Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in , at Oriental College and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in In , he returned from England and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilisation and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide". Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the Ummah. Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century. Nicholson and A. Arberry , respectively. Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but was also a known advocate. He appeared before the Lahore High Court in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than reported judgments to his name. In , after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan , Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final years, he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from England in , and he was closely associated with Muhammad Shafi. When the All-India Muslim League was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organisation of the , Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress , which he regarded as dominated by Hindus , and was disappointed with the League when, during the s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah. In November , with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3, votes. Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the s. Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress:. I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India. While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in , Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the . Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are. Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticised Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader Sikandar Hyat Khan , whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said:. There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism, and This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims. The lectures had been delivered at Madras , Hyderabad and Aligarh. Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu -majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt , Afghanistan , Iran and Turkey , he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Ambedkar , Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims. Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces , as well as for the session in Lahore in In his presidential address on 29 December he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India: [37]. Self-government within the British Empire , or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India. In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance", with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim. He thus became the first politician to articulate what would become known as the Two-nation theory —that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India. Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a theocracy , and criticised the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars ulema as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility". The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his address, and, during the third Round Table Conference , he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim provinces. He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticised feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory. Iqbal was the first patron of Tolu-e-Islam , a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India.

Muhammad Iqbal - Wikipedia

Iqbal and his admirers steadily maintained that creative self-affirmation is a fundamental Muslim virtue; his critics said he imposed themes from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche on Islam. The Muslim community , as Iqbal conceived it, ought effectively to teach and to encourage generous service to the ideals of brotherhood and justice. The mystery of selflessness was the hidden strength of Islam. Ultimately, the only satisfactory mode of active self-realization was the sacrifice of the self in the service of causes greater than the self. The paradigm was the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the devoted service of the first believers. Later he published three more Persian volumes. He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century. Muhammad Iqbal Article Additional Info. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. In , Iqbal delivered a Presidential Address to the 25th Session of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad where he expressed his thoughts on Islam and nationalism, unity of the Indian nation and one on the problem of defence. There are communalisms and communalisms. A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble. I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religious and social institutions of other communities. Iqbal is considered to have given the vision for the creation of Pakistan, whereas Jinnah is considered to be the one who shaped this vision. Iqbal seeks help from the local drunkard, Mohit Naseeruddin Shah , who was once a great cricketer and persuades him to be his coach. They are able to train in a nearby field, using Iqbal's buffaloes named after actual members of the Indian cricket team as fielders. Mohit trains Iqbal and gets him a place on the Andhra Pradesh Ranji Trophy team, despite Iqbal not having any previous cricketing experience. Iqbal plays marvelously for the team, which was a weak team before he joined, and is soon noticed by the press and cricket selectors alike. However, when the final match of the season pits Iqbal against his rival, Kamal, Guruji tries to bribe Iqbal to bowl badly so that the national team scouts at the game would select Kamal for the national cricket team. Iqbal succumbs to his offer, out of concern for his father, who is facing financial difficulties and may lose his lands. Luckily, a sports agent is able to offer him a better deal, and Iqbal bowls with his usual fiery pace and wins the match for his team. Surprisingly he also impresses the onlooking national team selector Kapil Dev in a special guest role , and wins a place in the Indian national cricket team. In the end Iqbal is shown donning the Indian Cricket Team's Blue Jersey and walking in the ground to make his international debut. Iqbal was well received by critics and audiences alike. The success of the film ensured its director Nagesh Kukunoor the commercial recognition.

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