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Paper Title (Use Style: Paper Title) Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 310 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019) A Review on the Study of Dispute Resolution in Chinese Traditional Society Shanshan Huang China University of Political Science and Law Beijing, China Abstract—Dispute resolution is an important means of From a macro perspective, scholars' research on dealing with social relations. The ultimate goal is to deal with traditional social dispute resolution is mainly divided into social contradictions and maintain social stability. The study of two directions: horizontal and longitudinal. The horizontal traditional Chinese social dispute resolution provides a direction is from all aspects of dispute resolution, including reference for modern society to deal with contradictions and the parties involved in dispute resolution, different types of disputes and promote the modernization of social governance. dispute resolution, adjustment norms for dispute resolution, At the same time, it is also the focus of research of legal etc.; longitudinal direction refers to the study of dispute academic world. Through the research on the settlement of resolution in various dynasties from the Western Zhou traditional Chinese social disputes, this paper tries to clarify Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Since the Chinese civilization the development and content of dispute resolution and the has always come down in one continuous line, the dispute scope of content, focus on the classification of dispute resolution methods, and basically restore the characteristics of resolution is different in each dynasty, but the change is not Chinese traditional social dispute resolution. The discussion of very large. This article focuses on the horizontal research. its classification method shows its ideological origin, mutual relationship, processing object and characteristic law. III. LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CHINESE TRADITIONAL SOCIETY Keywords—dispute resolution; litigation; Chinese traditional society The studies involve various dynasties from the Zhou Dynasty, but most of them are concentrated in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. I. INTRODUCTION Dispute Resolution Mechanism of multiple justices in the The so-called Chinese traditional society refers to the 1 society during the period of the entire feudal dynasty from Tang Dynasty written by Ma Chenguang divides the dispute ancient China to the Qing Dynasty. This period just formed settlement in the Tang Dynasty into: official mediation (the China's unique Chinese legal system. The way of dispute official mediation can be divided into two categories from resolution in the legal system for thousands of years is the mediation subject. One is the mediation dispute presided unique in the world, and the way of dispute resolution is also over by the judicial organ or judicial bureaucrats, which is the biggest feature of the Chinese legal system. generally referred to as adjustment within litigation; the other is the mediation with the township officers or other grassroots public officials with administrative judicial status II. OVERVIEW as the main body), religious trials, and guild rulings. After All along, the ancient dispute resolution is the focus of that, the author analyzes the causes of the formation of academic research in the history of law, and it is a research multiple justice situations in the Tang Dynasty. topic that has emerged along with the discipline of legal Shu Qin's Resolution Mechanism of Civil Disputes in the history. The research, content and scope of dispute resolution 2 in ancient China have become more and more extensive and Yuan Dynasty mainly divided the civil disputes in the Yuan profound. Dynasty into mediation mechanisms and official judgments, and further analyzed their respective causes, operational Studying dispute resolution from the perspective of legal procedures and so on. history is a comprehensive understanding of dispute resolution and also helps modern dispute resolution. Because In the study of disputes in traditional Chinese society, many of China's current dispute resolution methods have scholars made the most research on dispute resolution in the been inherited since ancient times (especially the dispute Qing Dynasty. The article is endless, involving all aspects of resolution methods of ethnic minorities), we can find dispute resolution in the Qing Dynasty, and there are many prototypes from traditional dispute resolution methods. Understanding the solution to disputes is a topic that cannot 1 Ma Chenguang. "Multi-judicial Dispute Resolution Mechanism be avoided when studying traditional laws. As I said at the in the Tang Dynasty", Judicial Forum, 2010.01. beginning, the way of dispute resolution is also the biggest 2 Shu Qin. "The Solution Mechanism of Civil Disputes in the Yuan feature of the Chinese legal system. Dynasty", Southwest University of Political Science & Law. Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 820 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 310 monographs, such as Huang Zongzhi's Expression and criminal litigation; the second is mediation; the third includes Practice of Civil Law: Law, Society and Culture in the Qing means of negotiation, tolerance, retaliation, and so on. Dynasty. The book uses the lawsuit files of Baxian in Sichuan, Baodi County in Beijing, Hsinchu and Danshui 1) Litigation County in Taiwan, as well as some information about the a) Method: The most common types of litigation are: village's neighboring mediation. Using these archival appeal, overstepping indictment, grievance, and capital materials to present dispute resolution in the Qing Dynasty is appeal. Scholars sometimes generalize it as a direct a very unique way of writing, with both objective historical complaint. These means we all know in traditional drama, facts and authors' collation and analysis. The book describes film and television and literary works. They are generally the informal system of dispute resolution in the Qing extreme means for the people who can't get relief in the Dynasty — civil mediation, and formal system — law of the normal way of litigation. In ancient China, the direct appeal Qing Dynasty and state and county trials, and also introduces system was a legal system for redressing an injustice. the most special third field between civil mediation and People make direct complaints and report to the highest official trials. Later, it also explained in detail the type of authority, expecting a fair ruling. civil mediation system, the scale of litigation, fees, and so on. Grievance: "History of the Qing Dynasty: penal Law" There is also a "Civil Trial and Civil Contract in the records, "the complainer who comes to the hall when beating Ming and Qing Dynasties" by the famous Japanese scholar a drum, or goes to the suburbs by carriage to welcome the Shigeru Shiga. Shigeru Shiga analyzes the litigation system emperor, is called "grievance". “Grievance” means that a of the Qing Dynasty from the perspective of origin. He person with grievance directly complains to the emperor by believes that the civil law source of litigation system in the drumming, welcoming the car, etc., without the transfer of Qing Dynasty is mainly emotion, reason and law. He also the middle government office. inspected the law practitioner and litigation system in the Capital appeal: "capital appeal", as the name suggests, is Ming and Qing Dynasties and the nature and depreciation of appealing to the capital, which means the party or the the "covenant" in the legal order of the Ming and Qing relatives appeal to the departments of the capital. "Capital Dynasties — the civil law order of trying a case and people appeal" as a terminology appeared in the Jiaqing period of following in the Qing Dynasty. the Qing Dynasty. It should be said that the capital appeal in The well-known legal historian, Qu Tongzu specially Qing Dynasty includes a broad and narrow sense. In the writes the settlement of disputes in the Qing Dynasty in a narrow sense, the capital appeal refers to the system that chapter of "Local Government of the Qing Dynasty". Of when the parties and their relatives outside the capital are course, it is about the official dispute resolution method. dissatisfied with the results of the local trial, and they leap First, it introduces the judicial power of the county level to report to the capital departments. In the broad sense, magistrate of Shaozhou, then analyzes the role of the county capital appeal also includes the grievance of directly magistrate in civil and criminal cases, and finally discusses complaining to the emperor. In general, the capital appeal in the trial and judgment of the case. the Qing Dynasty includes the system of grievance. Scholars prefer to study dispute resolution in the Qing Appeal: In the Western Zhou Dynasty, a relatively Dynasty. First, because the Qing Dynasty was the last feudal complete appeal and review system has been formed. When dynasty in China, in the late Qing Dynasty, all aspects of the court decides on the case, if the party refuses to accept conflicts and conflicts reached the extreme, which was a the judgment, he may request an appeal and review within good entry point for us to grasp the Chinese legal system. the prescribed time limit. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Second, the historical data of the Qing Dynasty is relatively appeal system had a special name — "Qiju". In the Qin complete, so it is more convenient to study. Therefore, there Dynasty, after the trial of the case, a judgment was made and has been the scene where people together study the laws of read. This is “Duju”. After the reading, if the party refuses to the Qing Dynasty. accept, he may request a retrial, which is called "Qiju" in Qin law. There was Qiju method in Han, Jin, and Tang dynasties. IV. A HORIZONTAL STUDY OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Qiju" was officially abolished.
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