DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U N I TE D STATE S G E O L O G I C AL SU RVE Y
GEORGE 0118 SMITH, Director
Bulletin 706
THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EU ROPE
ROESLER
WA S H I N G T O N
G O V E R N M E N T PR I N T I N G O F F I C E 19 2 1
CONTENTS.
O bject and scope of report
- Geographic distribution of iron ore deposits wi thin the countr ies of new
Production and consumption Comparison of continents
n c aracter and extent of the e osits Distributio , h , d p
The Pyrenees Ranges west of E bro Ri ver
Summary of the iron resources of Spain Production and consumption
r uti n c aracter and extent of the e osits Dist ib o , h d p Moncorvo
Porto de Moz
Serra dos Monges .
U ni ted Kingdom Distri ution ch c r and extent of the e osits b , ara te , d p Mesozoic ores
Hematite and magnetite ores
Summary of iron resources of the U ni ted Kingd t n Production and consump io .
Distri ution character and extent of the e osits b , , d p
Ex ten c r f h e t and haracte o t e d posits . N 4 CONTE TS.
— fiance Continued . Distri ution character an exten f the e t — b , , d t o d posi s Continued .
Summary of reserves
Distri ution character and extent of the e sits b , , d po Oampine region
Production and consumption
Distri ution character and e tent f th osits b , , x o e dep Production and consumption
Distri ution character and extent of h e osits b , , t e d p l Saar Val ey . West Rhi ne
East Rhi ne Bergischer Kalkberg distri ct Siegerland di strict -D l Lahn il district .
Salzgitter-Iselde region Harz M ountains
-S re ion Kellerwald auerland g .
Lower Hesse . Bentheim-O chtrup-O tte nstein region Teutoburger Wald and Wesergebirge areas
Summary of the Weser distri ct
Bav aria and Wiirttemberg
rm n n s Summary of Ge a iro reserv e . Production and consumption
D ri u ion charac ter and ex tent of the e osits ist b t , , d p Jura Mountains
Mont Chemin
Av ers
Gonzen Chamoson and E rzegg Planplatten O ther deposits Summary for Switzerland m ion Production and consu pt . CONTENTS.
Italy . on charac er and extent of th e osi s Distributi t , e d p t Elba
Summary for Italy Production and consumption
Distri ution character and extent of the e osi ts . b , , d p
of no Direct smelting ores rthern Norway .
Purple ore
Southern Norway . Summary for Norway
Distri ution character and extent of the e osits b , , d p Northern Sweden Central Sweden Southern Sweden
Summary for Sweden .
Dis tri u ion character and ex tent of the e osits b t , , d p Production and consumption
is tri ution c aracter and x n of h osi s . D b , h , e te t t e dep t Location of mineral lands
Jurasd c and bog Production and consummion
Dis ution character and extent of th osi ts trib , , e dep
CzechO -Slovakia
Distri ution ch c r nd extent of the e osits b , ara te , a d p Bo mi he a .
Moravia .
Ruthenia . Summary of Ozecho-Slov ak reserves
Producti on and consumption .
- Production and consumption in the Austro Hungarian Empire The Balkan States
Distri ution charac ter and extent of the e osits b , , d p 6 CONTENTS.
The Balkan States— Continued
Distri ution character and extent of th e de osits b , , p
Production and consumption
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Distri ution character and extent of the e osits b , , d p
Area considered . Northern Russia
Central Russia
Summary of southern Russia
U ral M ountain region
Gora Blagodat-Nizhni Tagilsk region
Verek Isetsk .
Bakalsk district .
Summary of the U ral M ountain region Summary of Russia Production and consumption Bibliography
ILLU STRATIONS .
Pm .
PLATE I . Outline map of Europe showi ng reser ves of iron in ore In pocket .
II . Outli ne map of Spain and Portugal showing reser ves of iron in ore k . In poc et. - III . Map showing the distributi on of iron ore deposits in Vizcaya Prov ince S ain , p
IV . Outline map of the Bri tish Isles showi ng reserves of i ron in ore
In pocket. CONTE NTS.
r ts of Nor h ton and Li coln En PLATE V . Map of the ironstone dist ic t amp n , g land tline ma of France Bel ium and Netherlan s showin reserves VI . Ou p , g , d g of iron in are
I Ma of the Armorican eni nsula France showin the istri ution of VI . p p , , g d b r N r Brittan and An o oolitic iron o es in o mandy, y, j u n f VIII . Outline map of Germany and Switzerland showi g reser ves o iron
IX Ma s owin istri ution Of the si erite e osits of Sie erlan . p h g d b d d p g d ,
78
Outli ne map of Italy showing reserv es of iron in ore In pocket. t i ma of Norwa Sweden and Denmar showin reserves of Ou l ne p y, , k g
iron in ore In pocket. XII tline ma of Finlan Polan west-central Russia Esthonia I . Ou p d , d , , , and Lith ia showi re rv es of iro in ore I c Latvia, uan ng se n n po ket. ma of Austria Hun ar and Czecho-Slov akia showin XIV . Outline p , g y , g
In pocket. ti - 1 Map of Bohemia showingdistribu on of the principaliron ore deposits. 04 h B r e o i r i r XVI . Outline map of t e alkan States showing eserv s f on n o e
In pocket.
XVII . Outline map of northern Russia showing reserv es of iron in ore
In pocket.
XVIII . Outli ne map of central Russia showing reserv es of iron in ore
XIX . Outline map of southern Russia showi ng reser ves of iron in ore
FIGU RE 1. Com arativ e chart s owin the known ro a le ossi le and p h g , p b b , p b , total amounts of iron in the iron-ore deposits of sev eral countries
’ 2. Chart exhi biting estimated proportions of EurOpe s iron inventories contained in the ore deposits of the sev eral countries ’ 3. Diagrams showing proporti ons of E urope s estimated iron reserves contai ned in ore deposits of di fierent types and di fferent geologic
4. Chart showing amounts of iron ore produced and consumed in
Europe as a whole and in the sev eral E uropean countries in 1913 . tio f total iro or cons li 5. Chart showing propor n o n e umed supp ed by net imports or proportion of total iron ore produced going to net exports in 1913 for sev eral countries in Europe
6. Chart showing proportional contributions of the sev eral countri es to the total amount f i ron ore ro uce in Euro i n 1913 and o p d d pe , the proportions of pote ntial output under the political sub di visions of 1919
Ma showin e osits of i ron ore in the ierra enera S ain p g d p S M , p Ratio chart showing iron ore produced during fiv e-year periods en in 1 75 t 1910 in ain Euro e the ni te States and d g 8 o Sp , p , U d ,
9 . Map showing deposits of iron ore in Portugal - 10. Ma of e n iro or r t E p the Clev la d n e dist ic , ngland
11. Map showing di stribution of the hematite deposits of Cumberland and Lanc r En lan aste , g d CON TEN TS.
FIGU RE Ratio chart showing iron ore produced during fiv e-year periods en in 1875 to 1910in the ni Ki n om E o e the U nite d g U ted gd , ur p , d States and the worl , d Chart s owi n iron ore ro uce im orte and cons e in the h g p d d , p d , um d nite Kin om 1873—1917 U d gd , Rati o chart showi ng iron ore produced annually in the U nited Kin om the rma ms ni on and the ni States gd , Ge n Custo U , U ted , 1873—1917 Ratio chart showi ng iron ore produced annually in Lorraine Ah nexée French Lorraine and Lux m ur 1871— 1913 , , e b g, Ratio chart showing iron ore produced annually in the minette asin of Lorrain 1871-1913 an in he Lake S r or district b e, , d t upe i , 1871- 1917 Sketch map of the minette iron-ore basin showing the positi on of the e osits the Franco-German oun ar of 1870 and iron d p , b d y , minin c in th g oncesd ons e vicini ty of Nancy . Sketch map showing distribution of iron mines in the Province of P renees-Oflentales Fran y , ce . Ratio chart showing iron ore produced during fiv e-year periods en in 187 1 10 in th U nit tat s and d g 5 to 9 France, Europe, e ed S e ,
Ratio chart showi ng iron ore produced annually in France and in the De artment f M t - t-M lle 1894— 1 13 p o eur he e ose , 9 1 Rati o c art sh win iron im t annuall 2 . h o g ore exporte d and por ed y by Franc 18 4— 1 1 e, 9 9 3 Sketch map showing areas of dev eloped iron ore in the Franconian
- Ratio chart showing iron ore produced during fiv e year periods en in 187 1 in th t ms nion E uro e the d g 5 to 910 e German Cus o U , p , U ni te tates an th w rl d S , d e o d Diagrams showing iron ore produced annually in the German Cus toms U nion 1908—1913 and th uantities and ro ortions , , e q p p contri ute Luxem ur Lorraine Annex e and German b d by b g, é , mines outside of Lorraine
Ma of the iron-ore fiel at Gran es er central Swe en p d g b g, d - Rati o chart showing iron ore produced during fiv e year periods n in 187 1 1 i w n th nite ta an e d g 5 to 9 0 n S ede , Europe, e U d S tes, d
Ma s owin e osits of iron ore in the vicinit of Erz er St ria p h g d p y b g, y ,
en in 1 7 to 1 10 in th A -H m Austri a d g 8 5 9 e ustro ungarian E pire, , Hun ar E r e th U ni tat s th worl g y , u op , e wd S e , and e d Ma sh win of B s i ts p o g deposits iron ore in the Banat and unyad di tr c ,
en in 1875-1 10in Rumia E the U nit a d g 9 , urope, ed St tes; and the PREFACE .
By JO S E PH B . U M PL E B Y.
Most of the commercially available ir on-ore deposits of the world
o ur on one or the t er si e the N rt Atlanti . The l ati n cc o h d of o h c oc o , extent and ar a ter our own e sits are well kn wn to t se who , ch c of d po o ho are inter es te in the Am eri an ir n in ustr but m ar a le in rma d c o d y , co p b fo
tion in E nglish concerning the deposits of Eur ope is not available. We l un is ute first la e in the r u ti n ir n and steel and ho d d p d p c p od c o of o , our urna es and mills are a a le sustainin a lar e ex rt tra e f c c p b of g g po d , but it is not enough to have intimate knowledge Of our domestic deposits alone : we must know also the extent and the possible devel opment O f those foreign deposits with which our own must compete in a o intern tional trad e . A wealth of literature has been published n the ir n-ore e sits ur e but it is the r u t man writers o d po of E op , p od c of y , ea u in his in i i ual iew int it is rinte in man ch occ py g d v d v po , p d y lan ua es and mu it a ears in u li ati ns t at are not un g g , ch of pp p b c o h fo d in m li i The au f hi e t h un er ta en ost brar es . thor O t s r por as d k to reduce this large and diverse r ecor d to nearly common scale or pro portions and to present its content as briefly as possible to the Am eri can reader . The work of determining the location and ex tent of foreign mineral deposits was originally undertaken as par t of a compr ehensive survey ’ of the world s miner al wealth for the guidance Of the American mmi ssi n to Ne tiate Pea e but now t at t is ur se has een Co o go c , h h p po b served the work is b eing continued as an aid to our foreign tr ade and a ui e in he m st r ati nal e m f u m g d t o o d velop ent O o r do estic r esources . The results of the work of the Geological Survey on foreign miner al deposits will be published in the form Of an atlas of commercial e l n ainin ma s s he ri u i n f h e n g o ogy, co t g p howing t dist b t o O t e co omic miner als a m anie rie tex ts and in ulletins su as t is , cco p d by b f , b , ch h one i in m re etaile inf rmati n on a sin le miner al t et er , g v g o d d o o g , og h wit a w r in i li r m h o k g b b og aphy . As ir on resources ar e of par a ount l im rtan e to in ustrial nati ns an t er ulletin use on the po c d o o h b , foc d in ustrial as e ts the e sits O f ir n ore in entral ur e has d p c of d po o c E op , als een issue the e l i a e m o b d by G o og c l Survey . That bull tin ay serve as a m ani n lume to t is one w i eals rimaril co p o vo h , h ch d p y with the e si d po ts themselves .
1 Broo A ks . E and La Croix M . F . The iron and associate in ustries of Lorraine the r ric , , , , d d , Bar e dist t, L uxem ur and Bel ium: U . 8. Geol S e B l b g, g . urv y ul . 703, 1921.
- THE IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
By M AX RO E SL E R .
I N T R O D U C T I O N .
OBJ E CT AND SCO PE OF R E PORT .
This bulletin gives a summary of the facts concerning the deposits of ir on or e in Europ e and estimates of the quantities of or e an d of ir w on they contain . It reports no original r esear ch ork ; it is simply the r esult of a study of th e work of many writers and is an attempt to r th u t t t r to omm n alu s Th edu ce e variant pr od c s of ha wo k c o v e . e geogr aphi c r evi ew of the d eposits is preceded by a brief sketch of the - natur e and geology of iron or e deposits in gener al and a few notes on th Th l istri uti h e methods of utiliz ing the or es . e geo ogic d b on of t e
e sits is c nsi r e and the m r e ex tensi e e osits ar e es ri e . d po o de d , o v d p d c b d The economic value of the iron or e in the sever al countries of Europe d is shown by the statistics of pr oduction an consumption . U nfo rtunatel th liti al oun aries of man ur ean States y, e po c b d y E op ar still un ertain and s me alua le or e e sits ar e not et e c , o v b d po y liti al t P s defini tely allocated to a par ticular po c uni . erhap undue (m asis is i en to th e sits erman and r an e but the ph g v e d po of G y F c , political condi tions fr om whi ch this study ar ose make this emphas is nat al and it is r a l in a r wit the r esent ula int r st ur , p ob b y cco d h p pop r e e .
LI M I TA TIO N S OF THE WOR K .
The valu e of the r esults of any study depends dir ectly on the h i ti n whi th st is s T accur acy of t e nforma o on ch e udy b a ed . he authors of numerous articles consulted w er e men who occupied i fer ent iew oints and er a s m st t em w er e e l ists who d f v p , p h p o of h g o og , had little inter est in the economi c value or development of the de
sits . O n the t er an s me the articles wer e written po o h h d , o of by n ineers w s w r w as im air e la e l ic n wl e e g , ho e o k p d by ck of g o og k o edg . A notable limitation on the work w as that imposed by the lan whi h h itt O i t guag es in c t e ar ticles wer e wr en . r ginals wri ten in r en h O sm an or S anis w er e nsulte dire tl but t s F c , , p h co d c y, ho e wr itten in the Slavonic languag es w er e available only in translations or a s b tr acts . A t h fur her limitation is inh er ent in t e subj ect. The quantity of or e alr ea mine r m the a er a e e sit can be easil al ulate dy d f o v g d po y c c d , and the quantity of or e that is prob ably minable can be estimated 11 - 12 THE IRON ORE REsoU RCES OF EU ROPE .
wit air assur an e as to a ur a for it is e en ent on efinite h f c cc cy, d p d d limi tations ; but the quantity that is possibly available is in only a few e sits sus e ti le ri i efiniti n and ers nal u ment d po c p b of g d d o , p o j dg must nt l in t t e er large y to any es ima e of it.
The term or e as her e used means an aggr egate of iron-b earing miner als that is now commer cially valuable or that may r easonably b x t to b al a l i tim Th x i n h e e p ec ed e v u b e n e of need . e e p er e ce of t e “ ” last few years with so-called w ar miner als has Shown that material which in normal times would not be considered or e can be utili zed in time of str ess . In classifying material as or e the means and cost of transpor tation i n O n th t t fi ti s o a e een r e . e er an e n lo i if ul e r h v b g o d o h h d , ch o g c d c alues su as the in er ent iffiult minin t in seams or o f v , ch h d c y of g h minin at r eat e t and so far as ssi le the metallur i alu g g d p h , po b , g c v e
the r u t a e een c nsi er ed . of p od c , h v b o d In order that the estimates given might be mad e r easonably uniform in value certain limits w er e fix ed to the definitions o f “ ” “ ” “ ” n wn r a le and ssi le or e — terms t at ar e used k o , p ob b , po b h th ut thi s ull tin r ougho b e . “ Known or e is developed material that is or can be profitably w mined no . ” Pr a l or is mat rial t at ma r a l be mine er ea ter ob b e e e h y p ob b y d h f , the probability b eing based on pr esent standar ds in mining and metallurgy and on geologic indi cations as to the continuity of th e it depos . “ Possible or e includes or e of pr esent commer cial grade which lies so deep that it is no t now available but whi ch a slight improve mentin mining methods or an incr ease in price would render available ; or e whi ch is of lower grade than that now used but so near to thatof pr esent gr ade that it will pr obably be used in a not very distant futur e; or e whi ch is used chi efly as flux ; and or e which is chemically not fit for use in pr esent metallur gic pr actice but that may be used in the utur e su as titanifer us or e or or e ntainin a lar e uantit of f , ch o co g g q y ” sili Th e fi r s win ossi l m st be us w t aution ca. gu es ho g p b e or e u ed i h c , b ecause even though they ar e the r esult of car eful cons ideration they involve many assumptions and ar e subj ect to many errors in j udg ment. I t is ed w e er t at t e a e m ar ati alu hop , ho v , h h y h v co p ve v e ; s wit at lea t they have all b een evaluated h equal r ating . In t is r u in nsi erati n has een i en to in us trial han es h g o p g co d o b g v d c g , such as the cons tant decrease in the production of ore from the English coal measur es and the increase in the production of ore from i n A the B avar an a d Swabian lps .
Excep t where otherwise stated theunit employed is the metric to n . INTRODU CTION . 13
- GE OLO G Y or IR ON O RE DE PO SIT 8 .
As the valuation of iron-ore deposits depends lar gely on the inter protation of geologic data a brief statement of the salient featur es of the geology of the deposits is necessary to enable the reader to under stand the descriptions and to put him in a position to criticiz e the
conclusions presented . ’ Iron occurs in almost all the rocks that are exposed at the earth s 2 f A n to W Cl e the lithos here ntains sur ace . ccordi g F . . ark p co n i n t r h s in innu per cent of ir o . Th s iro is sca ter ed th ough t e rock morable m lex miner als— sili ates ar nates sul hi es xi es co p c , c bo , p d , o d , etc — but in or der to form an or e body the ir on in thes e miner als must be concentrated SO that their ir on content is from 4 to 14 times as ’ h s in en r al great as that in t e ear th s cru t g e . ’ The miner als of which the great bulk of the world s iron-ore de si i l im l e e po ts s composed ar e comp ar ative y S p e . Th y ar
e, 0, .FeO Magneti te .
. H mati . O xides . ea . e te
e 0 .H O . ethi te cr stalline limoni te amor hous . 2 3 z Go ( y ) , ( p ) F . eO .COz. . Siderite .
m ex h ite thurin ite and lauconite. Co pl silicates . C amos , g , g
n r w The field work of many geologists a d the laborato y ork of R . B . ” ‘ Sosm n an ostetter E Posn ak and . E . M erwin and a d J . C . H , . j H , others have shown that the iron oxides rar ely occur in pure form in natur e . he rm series ntainin ar in am unts Fe O FeO T y fo co g v y g o of , , , , and H O an ma e u e as ll ws : , d y b gro p d fo o
- F —F Magnetite hematite Fe203 . eO ea - F — F H Hematite goethi te . ezoa ezoa zo — Fe203 .H,O Fe20, i H, O
Siderite is also frequently found as an impur e carbonate in which ir n is re la e al ium ma nesium or man anese . o p c d by c c , g , g C am site t urin ite and lau nite a e ai e in the rmati n h o , h g , g co h v d d fo o of some of the sedimentary deposits of iron ore but in themselves f rm rel i l f mm r i lu l i s o at ve y ew co e c ally va ab e depos t . If arranged according to mode of formation deposits of iron ore can be grouped in two major classes concentrations formed by deep te a en i n 2 i ns rm i sea d g c es a d ( ) concentrat o fo ed by surficial agenc es . The miner alogy and to some ex tent the form of the deposits of thes e s i two clas ses are e sent ally differ ent.
1. The a en ies t at rm e sits the first lass ar e i ne us but g c h fo d po of c g o , the temper atur es and pressur es involved in their formation may
s Clarke r . w The ata or eoch emistr 4ih ed.: U . s. Geol. Surve Bull. 095 . 35 mo. , d g y, y , p ,
Sosman R . B . and H e ter J C . Th e e i n cont eti e i ili e , , ost t , . , f rrous ro ent and magn c susc pt b ty of som - artificial and natural oxi es of iron: Am . Inst. Min. E n . Trans v ol. 58 . 409 433 1917 Zonal rowt d g , , pp . ; g h - in ematite and i ts earin on th e ori in of certain iron ores : I em . 3 3 444. h b g g d , pp 4 Posn ak B . and Merwin H . E . Th e rate erric oxi es : Am . our. Sci . 4th ser. v ol 47 j , , , , hyd d f d J , , . , pp . 311- 348, May , 19 19. TH E IR N -ORE RES 14 O OU RCES or EU ROPE .
’ range from those of molten magmas to those found at the ear th s sur Tw i face. o typ es of depos ts of this class are of common occurrence (a) deposits associated with gabbros and (b) deposits associated with aniti gr c rocks . (a) The or es associated with gabbros carry iron mainly as magnet ite and m st t em ntain nsi era le titanium w i , o of h co co d b , h ch occurs as ilm enite Th i n i . e ore bod es ge er ally form ntegr al par ts of the intru sive mas ses in which they occur and are regarded as segr egations wi in th i n m th e g eous agma. (b) The ores associated wi th granitic rocks contain magnetite as t eir nl essential ir n miner al if t e were rme at reat e h o y o h y fo d g d pth, but they may contain any mineral of the magnetite—hematite series if t e were rme a m a h h y fo d t oder te dept . If they include titani um it urs as titanite no t as ilmenite. In e si rm a occ , d po ts fo ed t great depth the relations between the ore bodi es and the p arent grani te or allied rock are commonly very like those of the ore masses associated wit the a ros but in e sits rme a m a h g bb , d po fo d t oder te depth the la i ns a ne all iff n In re t o re ge r y very d ere t. ores formed at great depth the iron miner als are apparently segregated as a result of magmatic differentiati n in la e w ereas in t se rme at less e un o p c , h ho fo d d pth, der pressure permitting tenuous or mobile constituents to escape from the ma ma the ir n is lle te and arrie wi es n i g , o co c d by c d th th e co st tu ents to be later segregated in veins or in deposits that replace lime M stones or other rocks . ost iron ores thus formed by replacement ur l se o he r e s he in a in i ne us mas occ c o t t bo d r of t v d g g o ses. Thr ough out the western par t of the U nited States limestones that were invaded by the magmas of monz onites appear to have been par ticu larly susceptible to replacement by minerals carried by metalliferous solutions that obviously originated within the monz onitic igneous ” masses and ere t ere are man nta t e sits ma ne i , h h y co c d po of g t te . Elsew ere as al n the sonth ast the Pr in e Santia in h , o g co of ov c of go, u a i ne us r s a e een re la e ir n ore thr u h C b , g o ock h v b p c d by o o gh t e n s lu i n nne te in ri in wit r s relate to ani age cy of o t o s co c d o g h ock d gr te . T n- i he se n ma r la s— he n n 2 . he iro ore depos ts of t co d jo c s t co ce tra tions formed by surficial agencies— are of several di fferent types : (a) Residual deposits formed by the alteration and concentr ation of iron miner als very nearly in place ; including lateritic deposits me the rem al material t er t an ir n and the for d by ov of o h h o , by alteration of the iron minerals to amorphous or crystalline ferric rate wit m re or less a s r e water als ssans sul i e hyd , h o d o b d , ; o go of ph d xi i n ul hi ore bodi es formed by o dat o of the s p des . (b) Bog ores formed by the deposition of ferri c hydr ate and fer lu i n Th ir n in i rous carbonate from surface so t o s. e o these depos ts is precipitated from solutions by organic matter or by the evapor a tion of its solvent. INTRODU CTION . 15
Where oxidizing iron-bearing solutions come into contact with - rocks rich in ir on sulphide some of the iron ore material may obvi a i all in lace so t at e sits Of t es a and Ously be formed pr ct c y p , h d po yp
bmay grade into each other . (c) Sedimentary ores formed by weathering and subaqueous depo n m ese e sits su as ma netite ea san s sitio . So e of th d po , ch g b ch d , ma urel me ani al ri in but m re re uentl emi al y be of p y ch c o g , o f q y ch c a en i rm su a ue us e sits Of ir n sili ates or ar nates or g c es fo b q o d po o c c bo , a precipitate iron from solutions as ferric hydr te. (d) Replacement and vein deposits formed by iron-bearing w aters an n of surficial origin in the course of ar tesi circulatio . Deposits of this type are so Similar to the deposits of sideri te formed by the cooler solutions of igneous origin that the two can be discriminated u min al a e a na an m only with diffic lty . The ore er s r c rbo tes d ore or less ferric hydrate . Th f ll i n lassifia i n ase on the a e istin ti ns will e o ow g c c t o , b d bov d c o , be used in describing the deposits here considered
roi (a) Gabb c. - 1. Deep seated deposits .
(a) Residual deposits.
(b) Bog ores. a o (c) Sediment ry d ep sits.
(d) Replacement d eposits and v eins.
This classification takes no account of the complex metamorphic a en i t at al r man an n a g c es h te y deposits d co ce l evidence of genesis. In many places dynamic metamorphism has brought about changes t at ha e ma e ore ies m lean r a e a f n min h v d bod fro e ggr g tes O iro erals. Re la ement s luti n and re e siti n act u n re i n i p c , o o , d po o po o bod es to e r ch or to im ri pove sh them. The result of these processes mav be an ore wh se hist r x l m body o o y is e ceeding y co plex . Such ore bodies will be clas sified so far as possible according to their original mode of deposition.
TE E U TILI ZATIO N OF IR ON ORE B.
In considering statistics of the consumption of the ir on ore it mus t be remembered that the industry involves other factors than the ssessi n Of ir po o on ore. Minor factors ar e the availability of metals use for makin all l d g oy stee and of flux for smelting. The minant a t r in the resent state he in us r h w r i do f c o p of t d t y, o eve , s
ssession al suita le ; for ma in po of co b k g coke of metallurgic grade. The im rt po ance of this factor is shown by the fact that in order to sm lt e metric tons of Lorr aine ore and to convert the - 16 TH E IRON ORE RESO U RCES OF EU ROPE . r ultant i ir n to r u ts fini s e steel al and e w ul es p g o p od c of h d , co cok o d ui ui n l n f ls be req red eq vale t to at eas t metric to s O coal. According to statistics publis hed by the American Iron and Steel Institute s rt t ns O f e was us in h ni S a , ho o cok ed t e U ted t tes in 1 16 o u l n n f f 9 t prod ce o g to s O pig ir on. The weight O fuel needed to convert iron ore to pig ir on is not greatly in excess o f the wei t of ore utilized so t at if the ma in i ir n wer e th gh , h k g of p g o e ultimate end sought it might be almost as economical and efficient - to ship coal to an ore mining district as to ship ore to a coal-mining ma i di strict. But the king of p g ir on is only the first step in the l n m a m industry . Stee a d anuf ctured products ust be made from the
i ir n an ea ste re uires uel. For t a n h n rs p g o , d ch p q f h t reaso t e ce te of the ir n and steel in ustries are in or near al-minin dis tri ts the o d co g c , three largest ir on and steel centers Of the world being connected with the A ala ian the ritis and the nis al l . pp ch , B h, Rhe h co fie ds The use of charco al in the ir on industry is steadily decreasing and he use Of ele tr -m allur is a il m l t c o et gy as ste d y incr eas ing. The e p oy ment O f processes that permit the utiliz ation O f coals Of lower grade than those heretofor e used for the manufacture Of metallurgic coke will greatly enlarge the terr itory sui table for the development Of the iron industry . The princip al r aw materials required for producing pig iron are ore as a s ur e O f metal e as uel and limest ne as urna e flux o c , cok f , o f c ; but as limest ne is in ener al mu m r wi el istri t an o , g , ch o e d y d buted h Iron ore and coking coal the ordinary prime necessities for the main tenance Of an iron industry consist of ore of commercial grade and ’ i l f ma in N arl all h l n l i of coal su tab e or k g coke. e y t e wor d s ir o sme t n g
n a ‘ n i n r i i s in . is do e or e d str ct where cok g coal 1s mi ned . fl a ‘ The coal equivalent Of the coke employed I n smelting w eighs lf t an the ore t at es int the ur na e but the O erati ns in lv ed h h go o f c , p o vo in the production and fabrication Of finished steel r equire considerably m re al t an ore . The e n mi s Of the ir n in ustr e it mize o co h co o c o d y , p o d “ ” in the well-kn wn sa in ore es to al ar e illustr ate Swe en o y g go co , d by d and S ain w i t u ssessin reat reser es r i ir n ore p , h ch , ho gh po g g v of ch o , have iron industr ies that are almos t negligible and send millions of f i at a u li i tons O ore to coun tr es th re better s pp ed w th fuel.
’ A CKN O W I E D G M E NTS .
The present p aper is the outgrow th of a repor t compiled by the U nited States Geological Survey for use at the Peace Conference and no ri inall in n e for u li ati n. As it is elie e how t o g y te d d p b c o b v d , e er t at the inf rmati n is Of ener al interest it has een r u t v , h o o g b b o gh m m Th is ussi ns n rnin togeth er here In co pact for . e d c o co ce g the
6 S encer A . C . in Smi t . O . nd ot ers Th e strate of minerals . 133 1919 . p , , h, G , a h , gy , p ,
- 18 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
P lan and inlan ar ts old ussia are re ar e as in o d F d , p of R , g d d de ’ n n Th un r t in r ar P pe de t. e ce tain y eg d to oland s eas tern frontier ' and the rearrangement of the B altic States does no t aflect the allo ati n Of the ir n r eser ves in t at re i n e ause th un c o o h g o , b c e allotted rri r nt i s no ua l en h b r te to y co a n ores val b e oug to e repo ted . The r es t Of O ld Russia has been divided geogr aphi cally into the U r al Mountain re i n entr al ussia s uthern ussia whi h in lu es the r g o , c R , o R ( c c d C imea
nd is lar el U r ainian and the Cau asus. a g y k ) , c The ll win ta le s ws in uantities an d ercenta es th fo o g b ho , q p g , e e ra hi istri uti n O f the ir n in the ir n-ore e sits ur g og p c d b o o o d po of E ope , n th m n har fi h ws in ra a d e acco panyi g c t ( g . 1) s o g phic form the i i n dis tr but o by percentages .
r rv s o u I ron ese e f E rope.
[Millions of metri c tons.]
140.0
i ur e 2 whi is r awn to s ale to a ilitate isual m ar is n F g , ch d c f c v co p o , shows the iron content Of the or e in the reserves Of the principal s r T r i i countrie of Eu ope . he figu e is b ased on stat st cs that are not ur t r u h t n r x l n ti n of equal acc acy h o g ou a d equires some e p a a o . r n has the l r t r r s s s l arl h F a ce a ges ese ve . She stand o c e y above t e other countries of Europe that there is no question Of her holding first place. The U nited Kingdom is ah ead of Sweden in the iron content Of r v s r in r ti i in r ar to her total r ese e . Ve y good fo ma on s available eg d - r si s t un Th Sw e is r eser is the iron o e depo t of bo h co tries . e d h ve preponder antly magnetite of high gr ade ; the British reserve is “ ” Th n wn an carbonate and hematite of much lower gr ade. e k o d “ ” prob able ore can be estimated for both countries with consider able fi r Th imati n t assur ance as to the accur acy of the gu es . e est o of he “ ” possible r eserves involves decisions on matters that are open to SU M M ARY. 19
G — FI U RE l . Com arative chart showi n the estimated known a le le f p g , prob b , possib , and total amounts o iron in the iron-ore e osits orseveral c n rie d p ou t s of E urope. - 20 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U RO PE .
m cm KW " PROBABLE POSSIBL! TO TAL
FIGU RE 2 — C art ex i itin estimate ro rtions f E ’ s i n inventorie ontamed in the ore de s . h h b g d p po o urope ro s c po
its oi th e sev eral cormtries. SU M M ARY. 21 contr oversy and must depend on the attitude of the person making n i in Swe en t at can be ut in the estimate . The qua t ty of ore d h p this class depends on the depth to which mining can be car ried in o r es t at un er n rmal nditi ns are un to a e a rea h , d o co o , bo d h v dy ri in is m li ate th a t m ar ket . The es timate for Great B ta co p c d by e f c
u f h r t r can not m ete ( wi th r ei n res e en that m ch O t e o e he e co p fo g o , v if it m a b r il min a le SO t at in s ite the en rm us ritis y e ead y b , h p of o o B h r eser ves the use of impor ted ores in England is increasing and the in Th n rm us r r v s produ ction Of domestic ores is decr eas g. e e o o ese e of ir on that E nglish geologists have estimated as in the ground in r at ritain ar e un u te l t er e but t e will r a l not be G e B do b d y h , h y p ob b y used in a quantity gr eater than that shown by the figur e given under “ n n fi r be to o l r ssi le r eser es a d e e t at u e ma a e . po b v , v h g y g m The estimates f er The fourth r ank should go to Ger any . o h ore reserv es have been car efully worke d out and are acceptable for “ ” “ ” wn a d r a le ore The a ur a the lar e fiu e for kno n p ob b . cc cy of g g r “ ” the possible reserve depends on the futur e of the Salzgitter-Iselde d iir te er -B a ian fiel s Pr u ti n in t t ese dis an W t mb g var d . od c o bo h h i 4 erman has s wn her tricts w as steadily ncre as ing before 19 1 . G y ho capaci ty to use her. resour ces thoroughly enough to justify the con. clusion that she will continue to use them in spite of the native pessi r e ee e t e l t at r ar i Sta mists who c an fo s h r fu ur as on y h of an ag an te . s e meas e and a aila le eser e is nex Spain tands fifth . H r ur d v b r v t to t at Swe en but difliculties and ex enses trans tati n h of d , p of por o , w i h a e een le t out nsi e ati n in al ulatin her reser e h c h v b f of co d r o c c g v , a i ti n e w e er e enti e ese e will e mine m ke t ques o abl h th h r r r rv b d .
Central Russia is Sixth in quantity Of iron ore . The present out look is that political condi tions will delay the normal development t fi of his eld . Norway has a large quantity of concentr ating ore that has not i i he ture been so useful in the pas t as t may be n t fu . S ut ern ussia in its ore in Kriv oi Ro and Ke has a alu o h R , g rch, v a le rese e and uture e el ment ma i e her a i er la e b rv , f d v op y g v h gh p c
t an the ei t her esent r an . h gh h, pr k CzechO-Sl a ia the U ral M untain re i n the Austrian e u ov k , o g o , R p b lic and uxem ur a e nearl e ual am unts n wn ore and , L b g h v y q o of k o , P re w e All t ese ma be ut in oland has a serve of unkno n valu . h y p e e cerne T e the Same class SO far as reserves of iron or ar con d . h principal reserves in CzechO -Slovakia are the oolitic Silicate and brown ores Of central Bohemi a and the spathic ores Of the Szepes GO O ' i T e ssessi n t ese eser es and Of t se in m I d strict. h po o of h r v ho that part Of the Dombrova coal bas in that lies in former Austrian Silesia places CzechO-Slovakia in a strong position to establish and m i aintain an iron ndustry . - 22 TH E IRON ORE RE SO U RCES or E U ROPE .
The U ral Mountain region contains ore deposits of many different t es and urt e in esti ati n ma is e e sits t at a e yp , f h r v g o y d cov r d po h h v n t een i lu e in the sent estimate o b nc d d pre . The Austrian Republic has an excellent reserve in the spathic es St ria and arint ia but its utiliz ati n is m e or less de or of y C h , o or n ei n al pendent o for g co . The Luxemburg part of the minette basin constitutes a fully ex l e and alua le reser ve but it is a r lem how m letel p or d v b , p ob co p y e a thi it will be exhaust d . Only about r d of the reserve has been “ ” e a l ass assigned to th prob b e cl . The reserves of Poland are composed lar gely of brown ores that in a cri tical scheme of classification lie close to the line that separ ates available from unavailable ores . Slight changes in technology may increase their value ; or a slight decrease in the cost of competing t em eless ores may make h valu . The chromiferous ores of Greece will be a desir able addition to e n u l ir n ore for s me time to e the Europ a s pp y of o o com . Bel ium P rtu al u o-Sla ia the Cau asus inlan umania g , o g , J g v , c , F d, R ,
Ital Switzerlan and ul aria all a e small eser es . ur e y, d, B g h v r v T k y ur e ntains s me ore llan enmar and the altic in E op co o ; Ho d , D k, B i ll ne State s contain pract ca y no .
G E O L O G I C D I STR IB U TIO N .
E ckel classifies the iron ores of E urope in regar d to type as follows
Types of i ron are in E urope.
By using the classification already outlined and giving total ir o n “ ” “ ” “ ” tent in n wn ro a le and ossi le o e as s wn b con k o p b b , p b r , ho y a etaile stu the re orts on the e sits the auth taine d d d dy of p d po , or ob , in e en entl fiures that are er l se to th se i en el d p d y, g v y c o o g v by Eck . e are s wn in fiure 3 whi h indi ates also the istri uti n Th y ho g , c c d b o o f s l i time the sedimentary ore in ge o og c . - Europe contains only small deposits of pro Cambrian sedimentar y of the e ri “ e i n d Minas er ores like those Lak Supe or r g o an G aes. Kriv o i Ro in s ut ern ussia is the nl efinitel se imentar e os it g, o h R , o y d y d y d p e i e t ie -Cam rian S me the which is b l ev d o be p b . o of concentrating
’ - E E C Iron ores . 41 Mc Graw Hill B ook Cc. 1914. ckel, . ., , p , , SU M M ARY. 23 m a netite on e of Scandina i a ma belon to the same clas s but g v y g , th e e vidence as to their origin is no t complete r se iments cover so lar e a art of Euro e t at the ex o L ate d g p . p h p
B small The onl v alua le se n . y b dime tary Sedime nta ry ores of that horiz on are found in the f lde r s the Armorican Peninsula o d ock of ,
tan -An ou i the hurin ian rest y j , n T g Fo , and in centr al o hemia and there are B , other Silur ian sedimentar y ores in Spain i n es w t of the E n the r a g es bro . The famous Clinton ores o !the easte rn U nited tates of Ameri a are of t is a e S c h g . Devonian rocks are als o of slight ex n in uro e and the se imen ar res te t E p , d t y o of that age are widely scattered in small
bodies . The largest bodies are those of the Lahn-Dill syncline the Keller wald Sauerlan re ion andthe arz M untains d g , H o , in rman the ie e-Namur istrict Ge y ; of L g d , in l ium and the M ar all in Be g ; of ch V ey, T m Moravia. he ores of Belgiu and M ora v ia are no u t e e res but the do b b dd d o , genes is of the Devonian ores in Germany
min nl in reat ritain but t s ed o y G B , ho e in the Campine coal field of Belgium may
have a possible futur e. To the Jur assic belong 46 per cent of sedimm tar res in E ur e w i the y o op , h ch are almost entirely oolitic ores Oolitic Jur assic ores are found in the Lorraine - asin in aute M arne and in th B , H , e Jur assic remnan ts of northwestern Ger — From 3. Dlagrams man . Sedirnentar r wn res c ur in ’ y y b o o o c tions of E urope s estimated iron re serves contained in ore deposits of the Jur assic of Poland . Oolitic silicate different types (A ) and different ores are found in the Jur assic at Cha geologic ages ( B ) . - moson and in the E rzegg Planplatten na res t at are in ar t litic are dis trict of Switzerland . Carbo te o h p oo m l n l u found in the Jurassic series in England fro Cleve a d to G o cester . - 24 TH E IRO N ORE RE SOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
7 A r in to De La arent ear l and mi le ur assi im cco d g pp y dd J c t e, ur in w i t ese res were rme was a eri ra ual marin d g h ch h o fo d , p od of g d e transgression under uniform rather high temperature in eas tern im n i h li E ur ope . The sed e ts depos ted during t e ear est p art of the Jurassic were appar ently sandy and included much coarse material l and were therefore not very favorab e to the deposition of iron ore. During the later par t of early Jur assic and during middle Jurassic time the land areas were being eroded more slowly and the littoral
deposits were rich in iron precipitates . Late Jurassic time was a eri in whi al are us se iments were lai wn and in whi h p od ch c c o d d do , c lar iron sits were not rme t u s me the n h ge depo fo d , ho gh o of E glis l n l r riz n h u r ironstones be o g in the owe ho o of t e ppe Juras sic . Cretaceous sedimentary ores do not form a very large par t of the — sedimentary ores of E urope . They are found in the Salzgitter Iselde m i field of Ger any and in the d strict W es t of the Rhine . Cr etaceous
r ar un als in Wilts and Kent E n lan . o es e fo d o , g d The only M portant ores Of recognized sedimentary typ e later than
h Pli en r Ker on the Crimean P nin ula. Cretaceous are t e oc e o es of ch , e s - Next to the sedimentary ores in value are those of deep seated h na ian mass if and h i m i origin . The ores of t e Scandi v t e b g agnet te m f G ra la at and Ma nitnaia in the U ral M untains asses o o B god g , o , an f comprise the lar ger p art of the Eur ope reserves O this type . Smaller deposits of magnetite in the U ral Mountain region and in the mountains between Bohemia and Germany make up the re m f l i mainder . The a oun t o undesir ab e t taniferous ores in Europ e is small compared with the deposits of titaniferous magnetites in the l m l n i Adir ondacks and in the Bushve d co p ex i South Africa. Depos ts ’ a er in Swe en at Val d Aosta in Ital on the Lofoter Islan s at T b g d , y , d ,
and in the U ral Mountain region ar e their only representatives . Vein and replacement deposits are scattered thr ough Eur ope and
occur in rocks Of all ages . All the deposits in Spain except those in an t the ro all t se in the P r enees the sits the r ges wes of Eb , ho y , depo f i rlan and S essar t in German Of St ria an arinthia in O S ege d p y, y d C us ria all th se in entral Russia and man t ose in the U ral A t , o c , y of h n in re i n and in um erlan and an as ter in n lan Mou ta g o , C b d L c E g d i u l lar art f h l belong to this class . Thes e depos ts s pp y a ge p O t e ow phosphorus ore mined in Eur ope— the type of ore required for making Bessemer steel. i ual and bo res ar als wi el istri ute but the nl Res d g o e o d y d b d , o y large deposits of thes e types are the chr omiferous ores of Greece . An unclassified group contains the pyritic ores from which the ” r l or is eri min r e sits t at a e een r u e pu p e e d ved , o d po h h v b g o p d t ether and e sits on w se enesis e i en e is la in or too og , d po ho g v d c ck g in i i n conflict g for dec s o .
7 - La arent A . de Traité de eolo ic 4th cd . v ol. 2 . 1045 1056 Paris 1900. pp , , g g , , , pp , ,
- 26 THE IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE.
The excess of tons Of ore available f o r consumption 0 v e r th e Austria410333 17 quantity of ore produce d represents the impor ts r m untries utsi e o f Russia f o co o d uro e in lu n a E p , c di g par t of the tons pr o d in duce Algeria. Figure 4 shows that Eur ope is practically self suppor ting so far as its iron O re in ust i d ry s concerned . n d i m U ite Knédo tal Austria un r I y, , H ga y , and Russia ar e near ly self-su r i i ppo t ng . Spa n as expor ter and the U nited Kingdom as consumer form a r u and Fran e Ger g o p , c , man uxem ur an y, L b g , d Belgium consumed the ex cess O f Scandinavian as well as their domestic pro France duction. Figure 5 shows the posi tion of the individual coun tries in 19 13 as producers
Or consumers . N rwa o y , Swe en and ran e had d , F c large oversupplies to ex
r t. el ium the U ni e po B g , t d Kin m and the erman gdo , G Cust ms U ni n erman German Empire o o (G y and L u x e mb u r g ) were for ced to impor t a lar ge r par t of the o e they used . i ur e whi is ase F g 6, ch b d O n statisti s for 19 13 c , shows the changes in pro ducing capacity brought Luxemburg w r T about by the a . he striking feature shown is
G —Chart s win amounts of iron ore roduced and FI U RE 4. ho g p the r eduction of the out consumed in E urope as a whole and in the several E uropean ut of erman r m countri es in 1913. p G y f o SU M M ARY. 27
r en nl n u t f E ur T i r am pe c t to o y per ce t of the o tpu O ope. he d ag in i - i also d cates the splitting up Of Austria Hungary and of Russ a. The iron industry in Eur ope labors under sever al disadvan tages as m ar wi h ni h s e co p ed th t e industry in the U ted States . Per ap th greatest of these disadvantages is the low output Of iron per man m minin T i ur s o e ployed in g ore. he following table g ves so me fig e f r comparison : a o a r Ir n in nmined per m n pe year .
French Lorraine . Luxemburg France outside of Lorraine Germany outside of Lorraine Annexée
— From a Chart showing proportion of total iron ore consumed suppli ed by notimporte or proportion l iron re r e in t ne ex s i ev r ie in B e of tota o p oduc d go g o t port n 1913 for s e al countr s ump .
The figur es r epresenting the annual output per man in the other im rtant r an h the ir n in us tr al minin sh w a similar po b c of o d y , co g , o difference between the product of labor in Europe and in the U nited
States . A further disadvantage in Europe appears to be the comparatively low - n n n blas t fur ace output. In the U nited States the te de cy to develop or improve the unit and to decreas e the number of units employed has res ulted in an annual output of tons per
last urna e . In ur e w ere the ten en is to ee Old e ui b f c E op , h d cy k p q p ment in ser i e as l n as ssi le with ut im r ement the annual v c o g po b o p ov , ut i In i o put per furnace s much less . Germany t is tons and in n l it i E g and s tons . If greater output per unit is a measur e of efficiency E ur op e falls far below the U nited States in the three elements of output in the - 28 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE . ir n in ustr — ir n in ore mine er man al mine er man and o d y o d p , co d p , pig iron produced per fur nace ; but as Eur ope has heretofore been able to com ;c zez pete with the U ni ted States in st r u t she must N , realm w; co of p od c have had some counterbal ancing means of economy in r u i p od ct on . One of these may have been cheaper trans or t ti n I p a o . n the U nited States the great or e-pro ducing center is the Lake Su eri r distri t and the p o c , gr eat coal-producing center of the Appalachians is on an aver age 725 miles away from the ir on and is 125 miles from i w r In En n al t de ate . gla d co and iron are close together
and are . so near tidewater that they can be cheaply e shipped for expor t. On th Continent the Lorraine Basin is sep ar ated from the West phalian coal field by only 2 00 miles and the al fiel is , co d connected with tidew ater by an excellent can al and river
system . Another means of economy in production in Eur op e has been an abundant supply of ea la r w i has en ch p bo , h ch abled the E ur opean producers to turn ou t cheap products from compar atively poor natur al material without em ploying labor-saving devices to the ex tent that they have been employed in the — FIGU RE 6. C art s owin ro ortional contri utions of the , h h g p p b TI113 adv an U ll l t States ' several countries to the total quantity of iron ore produced in E uro e in 1913 and ro orti ons of otential out ut un ta e we er has had the p p p p p g , ho v , der the poli tical subdi viswns of 1919. ev il effect Of producing a
f ti mar et. C ea la r sur plus of finished produc ts or the domes c k h p bo , SU M M ARY. 29 m or e o r less is ntente can no t su l the ultimate mar et su d co d , pp y k p - “ ” lie i ri e la r wit its i er stan ar ne essities . p d by h gh p c d bo , h h gh d d of c Th e f act that the domestic markets in Europ e could no t take their pr o p er share of the finished products no doubt added to the need for r ei n mar ets and t at nee had its due s ar e in re i itatin the fo g k , h d h p c p g r r W o ld Wa . ’ ur o e s su l la r is un to be reat but it es no t now E p pp y of bo bo d g , do i nti I t i i seem to be will ng to co nue cheap . s d fficult to forecast the ’ u tur e Eur e s ir n in us tr but a r at er ha ti er i f of op o d y, h c o c p od of i t r- i a wil nf r econs truction seems inev table . Bet e pa d l bor l e or ce mor e effiien t minin and smeltin r eater mas s r u ti n and the c g g , g p od c o , fur ther us e of labor-saving devices ; and deposits that are no t well adap ted to the alter ed conditions will be abandoned arid foreign i su e r r w m teri ls will e n depos ts that can pply ch ape a a a b drawn upo . i i l be t f Cu i Among such for e gn depos ts wou d hose O ba and Braz l. In untr ies w ere nearl all the ore mine is ex r te su as co h y d po d , ch Swe en N rwa and S ain the utur e will r a l rin nl d , o y , p , f p ob b y b g o y
sli t an es . The U ni te Kin m wit her lar e mini n and gh ch g d gdo , h g g smeltin in ustr will eel the new n iti ns eenl in ee her g d y , f co d o k y ; d d , indus trial futur e will doubtless depend on the speed with whi ch she The utur e t e ir adapts herself to those condi tions . f of h on industry e e ei er ati e of Fr ance and Germany will d p nd on th r coop on . The xtent to whi ch Westphalian co al and Lorr aine iron or e ar e utiliz ed together o ail e ux em will measur e the ex tent of their success r f ur . L burg also is dependent on W estphalian coal but has not sufficient ir on ore e to ex port it to Germany in exchange for coal. B lgium is almost entir ely dependent on for eign deposits for the ir on or e to supply her las t urna es and she has in the ast dr awn on West alia for al b f c , p ph co
' to a m u lie z echo—Sl a ia and u sia r e ug ent her own s pp s . C ov k R s a almost n m e l tal la s al n e tir ely independent as to r aw at ria s . I y ck co a d does not ma e mu i ir n but she has e el e a er o steel k ch p g o , d v op d v y g od in m e ial Austri is e en ent on r ei dus try from impor ted at r . a d p d fo gn
s ur es for al. she is to use En lis al as she has in the as t o c co If g h co , p , she m errit r t t has een tile he must i por t it thr ough t o y ha b hos to r . Poland has no t the r esour ces to develop mor e than a small iron
in ustr . Switz erlan llan enmar and the new alti d y d , Ho d , D k , B c States have no r esour ces of their own on which to base any ex tensive ir n o industry .
COM PAR I SO N OF CONTIN E NT S.
’ The world s iron-ore resources are no t sufficiently explored to per mit the r es ur es the se er al ntinents an ex act comparison of o c of v co , bu l t an approximate comparison may be allowab e. The r eserves of North America ar e well known but have never been calculated to the same ex actness nor to the same lower limit - 30 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES or EU ROPE .
E e so est ate t e ul r abl of grade as those of urop . If im d h y co d p ob y e be counted on for thr ee times as much iron as those of Europ . ell x e i The r esour ces of South America are no t so w known . E t ns ve deposits of deep—seated origin lie along the western Slopes of the An es and immense ro-Cam rian reser es ar e un in Min as d , p b v fo d u i z il the Mines er aes istri Ger aes and U r uc n Br a . The ore in G d ct t at ntains er 45 er ent ir n a r in to an es timate made h co ov p c of o , cco d g
m m u lie er an . by the author fro infor ation s pp d by E . C. Hard d B L . Miller arries m re ir n t an t at in all Eur e and the in lusion , c o o h h op , c i Of ores of lower gr ade would greatly incr ease the estimate . If ts res erves ar e estimated as closely as those of Eur ope have been South America would undoubtedly pr ove to have at leas t twice as much iron as Eirr ope . m x e The infor ation concerning Africa is very indefinite . E c pt the wri ters of some Fr ench and German reports on the iron-ore de sits n r t ern A ri a the men re r tin on the e sits that po of o h f c , po g d po of ntinent a e r e ar e t em as a str a t e l i en mena co h v g d d h b c g o og c ph o , m u e whose econo ic val e was of no int r est. It is this lack of records of pr actical value that has compelled the writer to estimate the ir on - f ores of Africa at about one six th O those of E ur ope. - f The ir on ore r eserves O Asia are not well known . Mines are w r in in C ina and C sen n ia has nsi era le r eser es and a o k g h ho , I d co d b v small in ustr and Si eria has extensi e reser es . ar e e sits d y, b v v L g d po
Of laterites are found in the Philippines . Prob ably Asia can be - counted on for at leas t thr ee four ths as much ir on as E ur ope . O eani a has en u ir n ore to su rt a l al in ustr but her c o gh o ppo oc d y, i f h l ’ reserves do not amount to an apprec able p ar t O t e wor d s total. A summar the ir n-ore reser es the w rl in w i h th se y of o v of o d , h c o of 0 E ur e are re ne as unit s ws the ll win m ar ati e op cko d y, ho fo o g co p v fiur es whi we er e ause a la Of m lete n wle e g , ch , ho v , b c of ck co p k o dg , ar e admittedly no t pr ecise :
Ir - r on o e resources of the world. H O C N
‘- i d e b O
’ These figur es indi cate that the world s available supply Of ir on f would las t mor e than years at the r ate O production of 19 13. O n the t er an if r u ti n ntinues to in reas e at the re-war o h h d , p od c o co c p r ate w i was 25 - er ent in e er fiv e ears the su l w ul be , h ch p c v y y , pp y o d x us a e ha ted in about 130 years . U se t this r ate would involve the nsum ti n t ns i ir n in the ear 2043 as co p o of o of p g o y ,
‘ m e wi a ut i 1 1 A r co par d th bo n 9 3 . g owth of industr y so e t thi s ut ut ul im l es not eem gr a as o p wo d p y do s to be probable. A SPAIN . 31 co nsider able r eduction in the r ate Of increase in production and a ’ c o rr espondingly longer life of the world s iron-ore r eserves seem for m or e likely .
S PA I N
C C R EXTE NT OF THE DE PO SIT S . D I STR IB U T IO N , HARA TE , AND
all u h ain e Pl Deposits of ir on ore are scattered thro g Sp . (Se .
II in et. r tunatel the lar er e sits are not far r m , pock ) Fo y g d po f o a m e i a e een for man ears he tidew ter . So e of these d pos ts h v b y y t so ur ces of considerable ir on ore and they have therefore been care f ull stu ie so that the inf rmati n a ut t em is unusuall com y d d, o o bo h y l a h u e e ra i all ac r in p ete. The deposits re ere gro p d g og ph c y co d g h m un a an in hi e are un and r in to t e o t in r ges w ch th y fo d by p ov ces. The greater par t of the data on the available reserves is taken from m al a r epor t ade by Vid .
CANTAB RIAN CO RDILLE RA .
The mountain r ange along the nor thern coast of the Iberian Pen u n m an al he n in insula f r ishes ore th h f t iro ore produced Spain. The e sits are un in the Pr in es of u Le6n O ie Santan d po fo d ov c L go, , v do ,
der iz a a and Ala a. , V c y , v P ° — n h P vin L ugo rovince. The ore bodies i t e ro ce of Lugo are brown
r e and s athi ore whi ur in r stalline Pale z i s hists. Th o p c , ch occ c y o o c c e greater p ar t of the ore in Lugo contains a medium amount of phos h u Th Of n i and r llon a Of a p or s . e ores I c o B o re Bessemer gr de . Ore is un als at i er illamea Mur as illa ri and B asmonde fo d o V v o , V , , V od d, , Ex t the ore at illamea whi ntains an a era e 3 cep V , ch co v g of 5 per nt O f ir n these res ntain m re t an 48 er ent ir n ce o , o co o h p c of o . Ac c ording to Vidal there ar e metric tons of ore in the In he e ima el a lit le has n a pr ovince . t st te b ow t bee dded in the ” la i al possible c ss to th s tot .
Iron resources o the Province o M e a S ain f f g , p .
[Millions of metric tons ]
0 ’ - idal L . M . Resumedes isements do for de l Es a ne: The iron ore resources of the worl an V , , g p g d ; inquiry made u on the initiativ e of th e E xecutiv e Committee of th e 11th International Geolo ical C v l p g ongress, o . - 1 . 47 85 Stock olm 1910. Ahlbur L Die nutz aren Mineralien S aniens und Por u ls Z , pp , h , g, , b p t ga : eitschr. - rakt . Geolo ic v ol. 15 . 183 210 1907. M cBride H . A . Pro uction of iron ore in S ain: Mine and p g , , pp , , , d p s - Min eral v ol. 31 . 577 580 1911. s, , pp , 9 Teich raber Eisenerzv orkommen in Galicien S anien: Stahl und Eisen vol. 24 . - . g , , p , , pp 332 834, 1904 ° - 1 O ci . . p . t , pp 54 57. - 32 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
" — h i in h P in e eon are tw o Leén Province. T e depos ts t e rov c of L of
n and alue. At he a n er r u mines very diff ere t types v t W g g o p of , e n P nf err a a and Ast r a the ore urs as e e l es o f b tw ee o d o g , occ b dd d od n Th re n ain o m siderite superficially altered to brow ore. e o co t s fr er cent Th 49 to 52 per cent of iron and p of phosphorus . e depos it is is estimated to contain tons . Besides thi s there in - the province tons of low grade ore containing 32 to 4 4 er ent ir n to er ent Of s rus and hi h silic a p c of o , p c pho pho , g , an n In ima in h deposited in ferruginous s dsto e . est t g t e reser ve in this province the deposit at the W agner mines has been considere d “ ” n wn for the nl a t r militatin a ainst its ex l itati n is k o , o y f c o g g p o o the difficulty of transpor tation: The deposits in sandstone hav e ” been classed as a possible reserve .
I ron resources o the Province o LeOn S ain. f f , p
[M illions 01metri c tons. ]
— iedo Pro ince . In O ie as in eon t ere are tw o in Ov v v do , L , h k ds of ’ N a h Pi d Euro a he e are e s r n deposits . e r t e cos p t r b d of b ow ore an d n lim n n ain hematite i Carboniferous esto e. They co t 5 7 to 64 p er nt ir n to er ent Of sul ur and to ce of o , p c ph , p er f o e hi la i i ima cent of phosphorus . O r of t s c ss t s est ted that ther e is t ns . In entr al O ie at Pr az a e er a Caren o c v do , o , T v g , o , an d er la es t ere ar e e sits erru in us san st ne hi oth p c , h d po of f g o d o w ch n min for us as flux n he sm l e a il has bee ed e i t e t rs t B bao .
I ron reso urces o the Province o Oviedo S ai n. f f , p
[M illi ons of metric tons.]
Santander Pr ovince — About 12 per cent of the iron ore pr oduced m m h P an an I in Spain co es fro t e rovince of S t der . t is Bessemer or e
r a e the s r t t at has i en i r e ute to S anis or e . of good g d , of o h g v h gh p p h
11 ones . A . Develo ment and workin of minerals in th e Province of Leon S ain : In t. Min . E . J , J , p g , p s ng
Trans v ol. 20 . 420 1901. , , p , 1! - Grosc P. R oteisensteinla er in Asturien: Z eitschr . rakt . Geolo i c vol. 20 . 201 205 1912. one h, , g p g , , pp , J s, - . A . The Devoni an iron ores of Asturias : Inst. M in . En . Lon on Trans v ol. 18 . 279 292 1899 J , g ( d ) , , pp ,
1900. A am L . de and un uera G . Cria eros de hi erro de Astur ias: Inst. eol. E s afia M em. v ol. 2 d , , J q , , d g p , , ’ 1916. Nicou P. and Sc lum er er C . L industrie miniere et metallur i ue ans les Asturias: Annalee , , h b g , , g q d - o mines loth ser . v ol. 7 . 203 260 1905 . d s , , , pp ,
- 34 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RC ES OF E U ROPE .
At the time the estimates given by Vidal were made the value of the si erite was not well re nize and the extensi n w r to d cog d , o of o k ’ r at r ths t an t s t n fi r now r s g e e dep h ho e he gu ed seems p ob able . Vidal 1° estimate of the ore near Bilbao minus the o re mined since is ao “ ” ce ted and a nsi era le a di ti n is ma e for ssi l or r m p , co d b d o d po b e e f o r eat r t an ur t r n g e dep h d f he developme t.
Iron resources o h Pro nce o z a a n f t e vi f Vi cay , Sp i .
[Millions of metric tons.]
Alava Province — Near Villambrosa in the Pr in e Ala a t er , ov c of v , h e is a ein O f ematite ore whi we er is no e n mi alue. v h , ch, ho v , of co o c v Summary f or the Cantabrian Cordillera — The table below sum mariz es the quantities of metallic iron in deposits in the Cantabrian r i r Co d lle a.
[Mi llions of metric tons .]
P i rov nce. Probable. Possi ble.
THE PYR E N E E S .
The deposits along the southern flanks of the Pyrenees are of fat exte t t t e the r an e al n the n rt as t e less n han hos Of g o g o h co . Th y ur in the Pr inces Of ui uz a Na a ra ues a eri a and occ ov G p co , v r , H c , L d ,
” nd N rr r es — In the eas tern art Gui Guipuzcoa a ava o p od uc . p of puz coa at Ar dituri and er as te ui and in Na arra at Irun and es a-ca , B g , v , L , r e es f e tite and si erite e e r t e there a e bedd d lod O h ma d . Th y app a o b re f ee n e e of the same type as the o s O the eas tern Pyren s, in Fra c . Th hematite contains 40 per cent of iron ; the calcined siderite 55 to 58 e t ir n and low s rus per c n of o pho pho . At Cer ain and M ultilo a in ui uz a t ere are r wn res t at , G p co , h b o o h i e e fill cavit es in Cretaceous lim ston .
u i al L . M . 0 . cit. . 53 . V d , , p , p 17 - M alinda L Dates eolo ico mi neros de v arios cria eros de ierro de E s ana: Com . ma a eol. B oL. , ., g g d h p p g - v l. 26 2 203 1899 . o , pp . 15 , E O LO G ICAL SU R E LE I PLATE III U . S . G V Y B U L T N 71”
SPAIN . 35
[Millions 01metric tons.]
Hues ca Province — From Huesca are reported deposits of magnet ite at uet a ein si erite near ielsa and r wn res in riassi Q o , v of d B , b o o T c limest e t z t ec e as t eir extent or o n a Calas an . No hing is r or d d to h ha a e c r ct r . Leri da Province — In Lerida there is a vein of brown ore at Ayuet de es an sili ce us r wn o e at Ar se uel e ur e ematite in B , o b o r g , v ry p h limest ne at A er and r wn es that are sai to be alua le at o g , b o or d v b e Baus n . Ger ona Province — Near Celr a in the an e etween Celr a and , r g b Ger na t ere are s me e s rown ore interstratifie d wit Silurian o , h o b d of b h s ists e we erl ex i r e es at Le ch . Th y re form y plo ted fo th furnac Creuzot he a e r to be extensi e but no ata are i en as to . T y pp a v , d g v the e n o w e a e ex xte t t hich th y h v been hausted . Summar y f or the Pyrenees — The only ores in the Pyr enees on whi uantities can be al ulate are t se ui uz a-Na a ra ch q c c d ho of G p co v r , w i estimate in metri t ns ir n ma be re ne as h ch, d c o of o , y cko d n wn r a le ssi le k o , p ob b , po b ,
F B RA NG E S W E ST O E RO R IVE R .
In the ranges west of the Ebr o there are sever al deposits of bedded rown res and s me hematite whi ar e ass iate wit se iments b o o , ch oc d h d Silurian a e e are un in the Pr in es o ron S ria of g Th y fo d ov c of L g o , o , and a s Sar gos a. Legr ono Province — In the Province of Logrono iron ores are found near z ar a in the Sierr a de la Deman a e are Of low r a e E c y, d . Th y g d , ntainin nl 32 er ent O f ir n and can be nsi ere nl as a co g o y p c o , co d d o y “ ” ssi le reserv e m risin metri t ns ore con po b , co p g c o of tainin metri t ns ir n g c o of o . Soria Province — Near Olvega there are reported to be small de si f w e po ts of ores O lo grad . Sara ossa Province — The ore un near ier a in the Sierr a de la g fo d T g , ir en is of etter r a e as it is nearl all hematite ntainin ver V g , b g d , y co g o 60 e d The wn eser e p r cent Of ir on an low phosphorus . kno r v amounts to metric tons of ore containing metric tons ir of on. Summary for ranges west of Ebro Riven— The deposits in the Pr ov i “ ” nce of Logrofio contain metric to ns of possible ir on - 36 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE . those in the Province of Sar agossa contain metric tons “ ” n wn ir n of k o o . “ SIE RRA M E N E RA .
The ir n res Of the Sierr a M ener a a r an e t at asses r m the o o , g h p f o Pro ince ua ala ar a int the Pr vi n e e uel lie near the v of G d j o o c of T r , oun ar etween these Pr in es a sh wn in fiure 7 The b d y b ov c , s o g . deposits have been looked upon as a promising substitute for the e linin e it n t rt e e d c g d pos s o he no h coast. The detailed studies of th s
— FIGU RE 7. M a s owin e osits of iron ore in the Sierra M enera S ain. From Inst E s p h g d p , p ( . geol. patia M am
1° deposits by Ki ndelan r ank among the mos t careful and thorough et ma e y d . The e sits ar e r wn res er li ht in wei t ass iate wit d po b o o , v y g gh , oc d h m e i i se ents e ntai meta or phos d S lur an dim . Th y co n over 50 per cent
10 Kin elan V . and Ranz M anuel L os criaderos de ierro de G uadala ara Teruei : Inst. eoi . Mean. d , , , , h j y g vol. 3 1918. Ysassi . de edited A . S . Callen Th e iron mines of th e Sierr a M ener a istrict of S ain , , V ( by ) , d p — Inst M in. E n Trans v l 4 191 Am. . g. , o . 53, pp . 3 89 , 5. 19 - Kin elan V . o . cit. . 1 121 d , , p , pp . SPAIN . 37 of ir on a out er ent of sili a r m 2 to 11 er cent of man anese , b p c c , f o p g , rus and to per cent of phospho . timate el w is as e on ata urnis e b Kin e The es b o b d d f h d y d lan .
r resources o the Sierr M e era S n I on f a n , pai .
[Millions 01metric tons.]
SI ERRA G U ADA LU PE .
I the ills etween the a us and the ua iana in the P n h b T g G d , r ovince a er es t er e are lenses ore in ear l Pale z i metam of C c , h of y o o c orphic r s . The or e is si erite hematite and r wn ore s m it m ock d , , b o , o e of an
aniferous . It is aria le in m siti n ntainin 3 1 to 58 g v b co po o , co g per ent of ir n to 12 er ent m an anese and to e c o , p c of g , p r s rus The e sit es no t a cent of pho pho . d po do ppear to be of gr eat
extent. ” SIE RRA F B E G E N AL .
In the Pr in e a a z at r e enal and ur uill s t ere ov c of B d jo , F g B g o , h ar e veins of hematite and magnetite associated with grani te and meta
‘ m r hi se iments . The ore is er r a e istin o p c d of v y good g d , cons g of 55 to 66 er ent Of ir n 0 to 4 er ent man anese 3 er en f p c o , p c of g , p c t O
sili a and to er ent O f s rus . The e c , p c pho pho v in system covers about 713 hectares and has been estimated to contain t m e e t ons per et r of d p h .
[Millions of metric tons . ]
2 1 SIE RRA M O RE NA .
The Sierr a M rena lies n rt O f ua al ui ir i er in the Pr o o h G d q v R v , ov inces uel a and Se ille and ex ten s to the Pr in e of H v v , d ov c of Jsen .
- Malinda L . Dates eolo ico minercs de varies cria eros do him do Es atia: Com. ma a eol. Bol. , , g g d p p g , v - - ol. 26 . 152 2Gi 1899 . Yarza De B Ad itional data on iron ore reserves of sout ern S i : C , pp , , d h pa n ong. dntermrn 11° sass Com t ren 207-303 910 M , , p . d , pp . , 1 . “ Schmi t C. and Preiswerk B . Die E n la erstatten v on Cale Castillo de las G r nd A l d , , , , g , ua das, u ma — Oollar inder Sierra M orena: Zeitschr. ratt. Geolo ic v ol . 12 22 8 . M L D , p g , , pp. 5 23 , 1904 allada, ., ates geo ld - - sioo mineros de varies cria eros de hierro de E s aiia: Com. ma s eol. B ol. vol. 26 . 152 20 18 d p p g , , pp 3, 99. - 38 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
— m e i Huelva Province. At Cal a there are veins of agn t te and brown
e ia as e . e ntain 5 1 to 58 er ent of ir n 12 to 20 e or in d b Th y co p c o , p r
ent Sili a and less t an er ent s rus . eir con c of c , h p c of pho pho Th tent Oi sulphur becomes higher with incr eas e of depth . They have C o been estimated to contain from tons (J . rum) t l km tons (E . K oc ann) . At Tueler near ala or e the same t e urs in the same wa , C , of yp occ y , s er e but it contains more phosphoru p c nt) . The deposit is t t ns said to con ain o . h riti e sits Rio Tint w i urnis ir n or e as a b T e py c d po of o , h ch f h o y r u t a ter r astin mus t be unte as a r eser e for the or e is p od c f o g , co d v , l urna e Th e n shipped to the b ast f c . e d posits co tain by estimate ” “ ” tons known and an equal quantity of prob able ore .
[Millions Of metric tons.]
” — m f S eville Pr ovince. Bodies of agnetite and O brown or e ar e r e ported to occur in Cambrian schists at Almaden de la Plata and Pe r z eins ar nate ar e r e rte to ur d o o , v of c bo po d occ in Cambrian rocks in the Sierr a de a ona and an extensi e ar ea t re i J y , v of floa o is sa d to h er r er h be found on t e C o de Hi ro . T e or e bodies have been but sli tl e el e and the a aila le estimates whi la e the r e gh y d v op d v b , ch p c s ur es at 18 to 35 milli n metr i t ns n wn or e seem to be o c o c o of k o , n u e i adeq at .
Iron resources o the Province o S eville S ain . f f , p
[Millions 01metric tons.]
J aén Pr ov ince — At the east end the Sierr a M r ena in the of o , Pr in e Of aen t er e ar e erru in us s n st nes w i ar e r a ov c J , h f g o a d o , h ch p ob b ly of no commer cial value. South of the Guadalquivir ther e ar e lenses of hematite ntainin little sili a and os rus w i are co g c ph pho , h ch now in x i i x n n n b e g e plo ted . The r e te t is ot k own . Summary of Si erra M orena — The r esour ces of the Sierr a M or ena ar a ula n a e t b ted o p ge 39 .
a - ° Yarza De B . Ad itional data on iron ore reserv es of sout ern S ain : Con eOl. internat. 11 sess. , , d h p g. g , , - Com t. ren . . 297 306 1910. p d pp ,
- 40 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCE S OF E U ROPE .
R epor ts covering the developed dis tricts Show that they contain ore ar r in r m 50 to 57 er n i n an c y g f o p ce t of r o d little phosphorus .
Iron resources o the Prov ince o Almer ia S ain f f , p .
[Millions of metric tons . ]
7 Mur a Pr nce 3 — i ci ovi . Or e s r epor ted to O ccur in Triassic r ocks near Carta ena s me it arr in 22 to 26 er ent man anese and a t g , o of c y g p c g ,
r a M r ata and Ce e in. Lo c , o , h g
Iron resources o the Province o Murci S ain. f f a, p
[Millions 01metric tons }
Summary f or south coast r anges — The resources O f the r anges o n th s uth su riz l w e o coast are mma ed b e o .
ron r urces o e ra es s o o I eso f th ng on the ou th c ast f Spain .
[ M illions of metr ic tons of iron .]
Prov ince .
Murcia
SU M M ARY O F TH E I RO N RE SO U R CE S O F SPAI N .
The quantities O f iron in the deposits O f Sp ain ar e summarized b elow .
Iron resources of Spain .
ns of iron . Com re PI. 11 in ocket [ M illions of metric to pa , p ]
Known . Probable . Possible.
37 - ° Yarza De R A ditional ata on iron ore reserv es of sout ern S ain: Con . eol . internat. 11 sess. , d d h p g g , , C re 03- 06 1910 ompt. nd., pp. 3 3 , . SPAIN . 41
PR ODU CTI ON AND CON SU M PTION .
The iron ores of Spain are of a quality so high that they have o un a lar and as mar et and t e ha e t ere re een ex f d ge e y k , h y v h fo b fi loited hea il so that as the a m an in art . 8 su ests p v y, , cco p y g ch ( g ) gg , t eir r u ti n ma ha e rea e its max imum r ate but on the h p od c o y v ch d , t er an the reser es ar e SO lar e t at the resent r u ti n Of o h h d , v g h p p od c o
7 00 ,00q
3 00, 00Q000
— - FIG U RE 8. Ratio chart Showin iron are ro uced durin nve ear erio s en in 1875 to 1910 in S ain g p d g y p d d g p ,
E uro e th e U nite States and the worl . T i s c art and Similar ones s owin the ro uction of iron p , d , d h h h g p d ore in other countries aflords a ready comparison of the rates at Whi ch iron mining has increased in the The fi l es of lik S several countries. gures are so plotted that in a l parts of the chartguide lin e lope indi cate
lik e rates orincrease or ecrease and stee er Slo es corres on with hi er rates of c an e. d , p p p d gh h g
to metric tons a year will be continued for at s In 1 13 h r u i n O f ir n ore in i leas t a few decade . 9 t e p od ct o o Spa n w r f h r u ti n Of ur as 9 pe cent O t e total p od c o E ope . Most of the or e produced has heretofore been taken from deposits near ti ew ater but a er nsi er a le ar t O f it has een t k n d , v y co d b p b a e r m s attere e sits as the ll win ta le s ws f o c d d po , fo o g b ho . - 42 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
— Iron ore roduced in S in 1912 1915 . p pa ,
[M etric tons.]
The production from Vizcaya and Santander will probably de r r in r cr ease ; that O i the other P ovinces will p ob ably c eas e. er little i ir n was r u e in S ain in 19 13 a a t s wn V y p g o p od c d p , f c ho by her small ore nsum ti n whi was nl 1 er ent O f the t tal co p o , ch o y p c o
co nsumption in Europe although ther e is considerable coal in Spain .
28 PO R T U G A L .
R O N C CTE R D E TE NT O DE PO S S . DI ST IB U TI ; HA R A , AN X F THE IT
The gener al distribution of the deposits of iron ore in Portugal is w n P t in t nd n h fi The Sho n o la e II ( pocke ) a o t e Sketch map ( g. available descriptions of the deposits ar e lam entably lacking in mineral i etail and the ata at an are insuffiient to ena le og c d , d h d c b any one to form a judgment as to th e correctness O f the classification t adop ed . Momm — The m st extensi e e sits are t se M n r in a o v d po ho of o co vo ,
the raz s M ntes istri t in n rt w es tern P rtu al. e ar e de T o o d c , o h o g Th y ° n r n 3 Scribed as co co dant lenses i schists and are classed by J . P. Gomes r s s im nt r s t h r nt as metamo pho ed ed e a y depo i s . T e o e co ains 40 to 60 r nt O f ir n 4 to 7 er ent sili a and little s rus and pe ce o , p c of c , pho pho
in - Games . P. Die E isencrzv orrate v on Portu al: The iron ore resources of the worl 11th Internat . , J , g d ( — - Geol Con ress v ol. 1 . 85 93 Stockholm 1910 Ahlbur J . Die nutz r Mineralien S iens und . g ) , , pp , , . g, , ba en pan
P r als: Zeitschr . rakt . Geolo ic v ol. 15 . 196 e se . 1907. o tug p g , , pp t q , “ 1 - O c . . . p. it , pp 88 89 PORTU GAL . 43
Iron resources o M oncorvo Por u al. f , t g
o on [ Mi llions f metric t s.]
” Fro — ro “ The iron-ore resour ces of the world m 9. Map showing deposits of ironore in Portugal. (F m ) - 44 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES or EU ROPE .
Porto de M oan— In west- entr al P rtu al at P rt de M oz there c o g , o o , e eins O f ir re i t r e ar v on o in Jurass c limestone. The sor ed o contains 6 e t f Th r e m 55 to 0 p r cen O iron . e es rves ar e s all.
Iron resour Por o de oz Por u al ces at t M , t g .
[ Millions 01metri c tons.]
— - Serra dos M on es . In entr al Alemte o in the Serr a dos M n es g c j , o g , ther e ar e lenses Of brown ore in crystallin e schists near di orites . P m nte e s them as metam r e se ime Th J . . Go es i rpr t o phos d d nts . e re t n 55 to 63 er ent ir n to er ent h s o con ai s p c of o , p c of p o
horus to er ent of sul ur and 3 to 7 er ent of sili a. p , p c ph , p c c
I r resou o n ral A m o Por u al on rces f ce t le tej , t g .
o [ Milli ns of metric tons.]
em r — S all w e i su erfii Sac Thiago de Cacem and 0d i a . h o d pos ts of p c al i n or e r f xm in s ut western P u manganiferous ro a e o d o h or t gal. They ar e peculiar in that their greates t extent lies acr oss the strike of the metamorphic r ocks on which they rest. They contain 30 to 40 per cent of iron and 20 to 30 per cent of manganese and ar e r ather siliceous . r o o u I on resources f s uthwestern Port gal.
[ Millions o f metric tons.]
— The uantities ir n in the e sits O f P rtu al a Summary . q of o d po o g r e w summ ariz ed belo .
[ Millions of metric tons oi iron.] U N ITED KI N GDOM . 45
PR O DU CTION AND CON SU M PTION .
Her r u ti n ir n ore in 19 13 Por tug al has no iron industry . p od c o of o am un o ut tons all Of w i was ex rte . o te d t abo , h ch po d
U N I T E D K I N G D O M .
Th o e f he nit Kin m Pl. in et a e een e ir n or s O t U ed gdo ( IV , pock ) h v b studied thoroughly by geologists whose repor ts appear in publi cap tions O f the Geological Survey of Great Britain issued during the
' nine e ts esta lis the exis ten e an t enth century . These repor b h c of en - m te al in the U ni te Kin m ormous amount Of iron b earing a ri d gdo , but they leave consider able doubt as to the amount of it that should n w m ilin the inf rmati n on the U ni ted o be classified as ore . In co p g o o Kingdom for this report r eliance was placed chi efly on the summaries 3° worked o ut under the dir ection of Henr y Louis and on the summary f 31 O r eser ves published in 19 17 . 32 -33 E el has di s usse the ritis ore res er ves and De auna ck c d B h , L y has m pr ep ar ed su maries O f their geology.
DI STR U T ION C R CTE R D E NT OF THE DE PO SIT S . IB , H A A , A N XTE
The distribution of the British or es is best shown on a geologic ma m d he Car ni er us p . In fact a ap showing the Jur as sic an t bo f o formations in Great Britain would include all the valuable deposits . The deposits will ther efore be described in groups according to the e l i z u g o og c hori on in which they occ r .
M E S O ZO I C O RE S
Jur as sic sediments that contain ir on ores are ex posed in a belt whose nor th end is m arked by a line extendi ng from Sc arborough to W it on the east as t and whi runs alm st due s ut to h by , co , ch o o h N rt a e o hampton and Swings westw r d to the Bristol Chann l. ' 0lev “ — ar e h e its eland . At the north end of the Jur assic belt t e d pos the Cle elan istri t s wn in fiur e 10 whi are the lar est of v d d c , ho g , ch g 3“ ro u e i eri e p d c rs of ron ore in Great Britain. The ore is an oolitic Sid t ntainin s me au f co g o gl conite. It is intercalated between beds o shale and sandst ne in Six well-defin ed e s whi r an e in thi kness r m o b d , ch g c f o “ 1 to ° ” 12 eet. . The nl bed ex l ite is the main seam whi is f o y p o d , ch r m 6 1 f o to 2 feet thick .
Loui s Henr Th e iron-ore resources of the U nite Ki n om o i Great B ritain an Irelan : The iron , y, d gd d d orer - esources oi the world 11th Internet. Gaol v ol. 2 . 623 6 41 Stockho m 9 0 D n 0 ( , , pp , l , 1 1 . epartme t 1 S cientific and Industrial Research A visor Council Re ort on th so rces n ro tion o , d y , p e u a d p duc f iron and o ther metallji er us ores used in the iron and steelindustr Lon on 1918 o y, d , .
A . Director Summar oi ro ress oi the Geolo icalSurve oi G reat B ritain . 6 4 Lo ( ) , y p g g y , pp , ndon,
E - - ckel E C . Iron ores . 315 322 M c r , . , , pp , G aw Hill B ook CO ., 1914. L auna L . de Gites minéraux ct metalliieres 3 vols. Paris Ch . B 9 y, , , , , elu ga , 1 13 . - Louis H o cit. v ol . 2 , enry, p . , , pp . 630 633.
Laun L dc o . cit. v ol. 2 . 484 ay, . , p , , p . - 46 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
The ore arries a little er 30 er ent Of ir n 8 to 10 er cent c ov p c o , p Of Sili a and 1 to er ent h s ri a i and the al ined c , p c of p o pho c c d , c c u 4 er e ore has an ir on content of abo t 3 p c nt.
5 0 5 IO M ILES
s 0 a no as aut omat e”
— - - ” FIGU RE 10 M a of the Clev elan iron ore distri ct En lan . From The iron oreresources oi theworld . p d , g d ( )
Iron reso urces o the C eland district E n land. f lev , g
[Millions of metric tons.]
“ -In in ln see l t e e e e e Lincoln . L co ( P . V) h r ar s v r al beds Of carbon ate Ores r m whi r wn res t at lie near the sur c e in the , f o ch b o o h fa ,
Mes z i str ata a e een eri e . The m st alua le are he o o c , h v b d v d o v b t r in am e s w i a er a e 12 eet in thi knes s and ar e un F od gh b d , h ch v g f c fo d in an area erin 12 s uare miles . An t er e sit in in ln the cov g q o h d po L co ,
v L uis Henr o cit v ol 2 634-635 o , y, p. ., . , pp . .
- TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
Northam s° —Th pton . e beds of carbonate ore in the M esozoic rocks
O f N rt am t n Pl. ar e reat ex tent and o h p o ( V) of g of good gr ade. They ar e n wn er an area 100miles l n and k o ov o g as much as 20 miles wide . The estim ates ma e r un u to metri t ns d p c o , but the fiur es el w ar e elie e to b m r r n g b o b v d e o e eas o able .
Iron resources o Northam ton la f p , E ng nd.
[M illions o f metric tons.]
4° — Inverness. e ent e el ments o n the islan O f Raas a st O f R c d v op d y , ea ort ern S tlan a e is l se e sit O f liti i rit n h co d , h v d c o d d po s oo c s de e Similar to the e sits Of the Cle elan istri t in a e t and d po v d d c g , ype, mode Of r n occur e ce . Iron resources o Inverness Scotland f , .
[M illions o f metric tons.]
S ummar 0 iron n o or y f i M es zoic es .
i [M ill ons of metric tons of iron .]
wn Kno . Possible.
‘1 CA R B O N IF E RO U S O RE S .
Immense quantities Of clay ironstone ores ar e associated with the co al measur es that crop out from Newcas tle almost to Glouces ter and t at a ear in utliers in S tlan and S ut W ales and s m h pp o co d o h , o e t ese res su as t se O f Nor thumberland are in the Carbonif of h o , ch ho , r no in ur 1 uis t at t e ous but t the co al meas es . In 19 0 Lo es im ed hat ther e w as a tential r eser e t ns this or e po v of o of , f i in n tons O t South W ales alo e .
89 - Louis Henr o cit v ol. 2 633 634. , y, p. ., , pp. 40 De artment of Scientific and In ustrial Researc A v isor Council Re ort on the Sources and ro p d h, d y , p p
uction of iron and ot er metalliferous ores use in the iron and steel in ustr . 32 Lon on 1918. d h d d y, p , d , 41 - Lo is Henr o cit. v ol. 2 . 637 641. u , y, p . , , pp
U N ITED K IN GDOM . 49
Fr om 1880 to 19 15 the production of ores O f this type fell from
' n In 1 it rme 29 long tons to long to s . 880 fo d per cent O f that O f the U nited Kingdom ; in 19 15 it had dr opped to 9 f r r u tur r u ti n in the minin this or e per cent. I the e w e e no f e ed c o g of th e r es erv e of tons whi ch Louis as signs to the Car bon r iferous b eds would last yea s . Apparently the economic tr end has been to use thes e or es in co n tinu all e r eas in u antities and the ssi ilit t at t e will be y d c g q , po b y h h y
u tiliz e to a int nearin ex austi n is r win les s . In t is stu d po g h o g o g h dy,
t er e r e the estimates uis a e een r eatl r e u e . h fo , of Lo h v b g y d c d
rb erous iron ores in Great Britain Ca onif .
i ri on [Mill ons 0 1met c t s .]
Known . Pro a le i l b b . Poss b e.
G lasgow and E dinburgh
541. 6
H E M A TIT E A N D M AG N E TITE O RE S .
E n lan still has a small su l O f i - r a e essemer r es r m g d pp y h gh g d B o , f o whi she r u e a ut t n in 1 1 ch p od c d bo o s 9 5 . Th e r eserves of high-gr ade hematite and magnetite o r es ar e tabu late el w in milli ns O f metr ic to ns O f met li ir n : d b o , o al c o
Knovm Probable
“ — Cumberland and Lancaster . In Cum erlan and an as t r at b d L c e , th e l alities s wn in fiure 11 ematite o r es o ur as a r oc ho g , h cc eplace n t f r ni r us m s n a r m e O Ca bo fe o li e to e . They ve age more than 50 per c ent ir n and ntain er little s r us SO ’ t at for met ur of o co v y pho pho , h all ic use t e are er sir a g h y v y de ble .
I ron resou rces o Cumber land and Lancaster E n land f , g .
[M illions of metri c tons .]
0 - Loui s H nr o . ci t. v ol. 2 . 625 626. , e y , p , , pp
° — — — 15945 21 B ull . 706 4 - 50 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
Cornwall and Devon — The lodes of r ed hematite of Cornw all and the e sits O f e n w i ar e a ar entl ma netite t at r d po D vo , h ch pp y g h e
la e limest ne ar e O f ex ellent r a e . The r eser e is er small p c d o , c g d v v y ,
5 O 5 to M lLE S
5 o 5 lo 15 K ILO M ETERS fi z z
— FIGU RE 11. Ma s owin di stri ution of the ematite de osits of Cum erlan and Lancaster En land. p h g b h p b d , g “ - ( From The i ron ore resources of th e
“ “ the probable and possible clas s including only about t ns ir o of on . U N ITED K IN GDOM . 51
M ISC E LL AN E O U S DEPO SITS .
“ G ou r — P ts r l ceste . ocke of b own ore averaging 36 per cent Of iron are un in C r ni r i fo d a bo fe ous l mestones in Gloucester .
Iron resources o Glo ster E n land. f uce , g
[Millions 01metri c tons. ]
“ — Somer set. In S merset at r an n ills and With for d t er o , B do H y , h e are eins s athi o re t at were mine u to 1 1 T v of p c h d p 9 4 . he produc ti n has st e and no stima is m o opp d e te ade of the reserves . North Wales (Carnar von) — Pisolitic ores in the Cambrian rocks
N r t W ales su l a ut 20 000 t ns O f ore a ear . Th r rv of o h pp y bo , o y e ese es a no n nsi r w rt sti tin h ve t bee co de ed o h e ma g . — In th r r Wilts and Kent. e C etaceous ocks of Kent and Wilts ther e ar i i r s urnis e bedded ool t c o e . They f hed about tons in 19 15 .
Iron resources of Wilts and Kent.
l [Mi lions 01metri c tons.]
“ — Ireland . r elan r u e t ns ir n ore in 19 15 most I d p od c d o of o , of i i r C unt An tr l ir t from pisolitic res dual o es of o y im . C ay onstones ar A n nd in i nn unt M e foun d near Lough lle a K lke y Co y . agnetite is Th r ser es o re ar no t lar e and a found at B allycog . e e v of e g h ve not been estimated . Summa ry of the miscellaneous deposits — The iron content of the w miscellaneous deposits is summariz ed belo .
r ources o Glo cester Wilts and Kent. I ron es f u , ,
i [Millions 01metr c tons oi lton.]
D i ifi and Industrial Researc A visor Counci l Re ort on the sources and ro epartment of Sc ent c h , d y , p p du i llli r us or s us i n the i ron and steel i ndustr . 24 London 1918. ct on oii ron and other meta e o e ed y, p , ,
Idam . 25 . , p
Idam . . , p 30 ‘0I dem, p . 23. ‘7 I - dem, pp. 82 38. - 52 TH E IRON ORE RESO U RCES OF E U RO PE .
SU M M ARY O F IRO N RE SO U RCE S O F THE U NI TE D KIN G DO M .
The ir n r esour es th e U ni te Kin m lassifie as th e h a e o c of d gdo , c d y v b n nsi er e e ar e summariz e el w . ee co d d her , d b o
M illi f m ric t ns o f iron. C Pl IV in k et. [ ons o et o ompare . , poc )
romance
FI U RE 12 — R i ch sh win ir on ore ro uced urin nve- ear erio s en in 1875 to 1910 in the G . at o art o g p d d g y p d d g
U nite Kin om E uro e the U nite States and the world. See ex lanation of fi . 8 . d gd , p , d , ( p g , p
PR O DU CTIO N AN D CON SU M PTIO N .
In 19 13 the U nited Kingdom stood four th in the list O f produc ers Of n am n h u n n il 1 he ir on or e a d thir d o g t e prod cers of pig ir o . U t 890 s el first la e but in t at ear the U ni te States asse her in the h d p c , h y d p d n o n i n In 1 h output of both iro r e a d pig ro . 896 t e pr oduction of ore and in 1903 the production of pig iron of the Germ an Customs U ni on as se t at Of the U nite Kin m and in 19 11 ran e tO O k i d p d h d g do , F c th r n h r u ti n place i t e p od c o of or e. AS fiur e 12 S ws the r u ti n Of ir n or e in the U ni t Kin g ho , p od c o o ed g m in e 1870 t u alm n n h n do S st sta t as e li e Sli tl . Of c , ho gh o co , d c d gh y all E ur opean countries producing over tons of or e in 1913 he U nite Kin m is the nl o n t at ws a lin t d gdo o y e h sho dec e in that year . Figur e 13 is a mor e compr ehens ive tabulation Of the hi stor y O f the n industrv in the U ni te Kin m I w iro d gdo . t sho s that though h er pro
FRAN CE . 55
In 19 13 the U nited Kingdom pr oduced per cent of the Euro pean production of ir on or e and consumed per cent of th e Euro
fi . 4 h is im Of ean nsum ti n . See . S e a ea rter p co p o ( g , p h vy po or e es e iall Of S anis or e and the lea ers her ir n in ustries , p c y p h , d of o d h u h u ur inin ar in f o n zil ave saf eg ar ded t e f t e by ga g l ge hold gs O r e i Br a . As h er coal r esour ces ar e very large her position in the iron industry f is assur ed or many generations . An or e reserve that may have some influence on the British iron in ustr is un in S itz er en w ere ther e ar e sai to be u e d y fo d p b g , h d h g w r a le e sits t u it has no t et een r e t at t e ar e o k b d po , ho gh y b p ov d h h y w r a le. The wnershi the islan is als in u t a a t indi o k b o p of d o do b , f c 43 cated by Sir M artin Conw ay in a paper r ead at a meeting of the
n n e r a hi al S iet and in the su se uent is ussi n. Lo do G og p c oc y, b q d c o
F R A N C E .
DI STR I BU TIO N CH AR A CTE R A ND E TE NT O F THE E PO S , , X D SIT .
Befor e the war ther e w as some question as to whether Fr ance or Newfou ndland r anked next to the U nited States in r esour ces of a ailable ir n or e but sin e the l st r in es a e een r est r e to v o , c o p ov c h v b o d n u s i n is s l n u an Fra ce that q e t o ett ed beyo d do bt. Fr ce now stands second in the world and is pr eeminent in E ur ope with more than four times the r es ur es an t er ur ean nati n. See Pl. in o c of y o h E op o ( VI , h n ls li i all all h o n h n pocket. ) S e co tr o po t c y t e re i t e Lorr ai e B asin
' except the small par t Of it that lies in Luxembur g and has large e osits in N rman in rittan in An u and in the eas tern d p o dy, B y, jo ,
P renees as well as smaller e sits in 20 t er e artments . The y , d po o h d p m st im r tant Of t ese de sits histori all liti all and eco o po h po , c y, po c y, n mi all ar e the minette r es the rr aine asin and ecause o c y, o of Lo B , b of their impor tance they will be described in much gr eater detail h h than t e r est of t e Eur opean deposits .
“ LO RRAIN E B ASIN .
HI ST O RY .
As the ores Of Lorr aine contain much phosphorus they wer e used nl to a small ex tent ri r to 1878 w en a new metallur i r ess o y p o , h g c p oc - a e them lar er alue . Ne er t eless a ter the r an Pr ussian g v g v v h , f F co
0 Conwa Martin The olitical status of S itz er en : G eo . Jour . Lon on v ol. 53 No. 2 . 83 . y, , p p b g g ( d ) , , , p “ - Ansel B . Die oolitische Eisenerziorm ti n s L hrin n: Z itschr r k . G lo ic 81 , , a o deutsch e o t ge e . p a t eo g , pp. 94,
1901. B aill L . E x loitation du mineraldeier oolithi ue elaLorraine: Annales des mines loth ser. v ol. 7 y, p q d , , , — . 5 55 1905. Ca eux L . L a mineral de Lorrain P ris 1918. K ohlmann W . Die neuere Entwick pp , y , , e, a , , - - - lun deslothrin ischen Eisenerz er aues: St hl und E isen v ol. 31 t. 1 . 413 424 469 479 544 556 1911 g g b gb a , , p , pp , , , .
Kohlmann W Di Minnetteabla enm des lothrin ischen ura: Stahl und E isen vol. 22 t. 1 . 493 , ., e g g g J , , p , p , - 1902. Kreclr F Eis n rz und K ohl in Fr nz sis h L hrin n : Gl ckauf v ol. 46 t. 1 . H 1910. e, ., e e e a O c ot ge ii , , p , pp ,
L nc M . C. W h France nee s the B rie B asin : Iron Tra e Rev . v ol. 60 . 924 1917. illain K Le y h, , y d y d , , p , V , , - isement d ral d i hi de la Lorr ine: Annal s des mines loth ser. v ol. 1 . 113 322 1902. g e mine e ier ool t que a e , , , pp ,
N eal P. Lesressources ela France on mlnerais do far: The iron ore resources oi the worl 11th Intemat , , d d ( — Gaol. Con v l 1 . 4 14 Stock olm 1910. Einecke G . and Kahler W . Die E isenvorrate des g. o . , pp , h , , , , , - deutschen Reiches: I em vol. 2 . 711 715. d , , pp - 56 TH E IRO N ORE RE SO U RCES OF E U ROPE . w ar the Germans w ere very careful to take aw ay from France all the ore dies in rraine t at a ear e to a an al In bo Lo h pp d h ve y v ue . a t the un ar set for rr aine w as e i e u n a f c , bo d y Lo d c d d po by str tegists after consultation wi th the metallurgis t Stumm and the mining n in Hau h n e g eer c ecor e . A ter 1878 w en mas and il hri st dis e a m f , h Tho G c cover d ethod O f n er tin hi - s rus i ir n int steel the alue he co v g gh pho pho p g o o , v of t a a l nh an n l mi nette ores w s gre t y e ced . Fre ch geo ogists urged pros pecting for deeper ores east O f the areas where mines were bein g worked and found that the greater and richer par t O f the ores of n uall r emaine o an the Lorraine B asi act v d t Fr ce .
Minette iro nare pr oducedf rom 1871 to 19 13 .
[M etric tons. ]
French Total L r ux embu g. Lorraine. minette ore.
- i D r E twi Figures for 1871 1910 are those giv en by W . K ohlmann n ie neue e n cklung des lothringischen
E z r S Eis n vol. 1 t. . 547 1911. Fi ures for 1911 1912 and 1913 rom oflici al isener be gbaues: tahl und e , 3 , p l , p , g , , f stati stics .
The table shows that the outpu t O f French Lorraine had far sur passed that O f Lux emburg and w as r apidly reachi ng that of German
ain Annexé e e r e the war e an in 19 14 . The Lorraine (Lorr e ) b fo b g , FRAN CE . 5 7
comparative rates Of increase in mining in these thr ee regions is learl h wn in a m n fi c y s o the cco panyi g di agram ( g. whi ch indi cates that the progress of mining ir on ore has been steadier in German
SNOJ.
rr aine than in eit er ren rraine or ux em ur . n ee Lo h F ch Lo L b g I d d, ux em ur a ears to ha e l st m r e in re ent bad ears su a L b g pp v o o c y , ch s 1900 and 1901 and 1907 and 1908 t an eit er of the er n , h h oth regio s .
FRAN CE . 59
F r o m 19 08 to 19 13 French Lorraine w as rapidly gaining on German L o rr ain e w ereas ux em ur sin e her bad ears 1907 and 1908 , h L b g, c y , h a nl a n h u i n Of 1 0 d o y in 19 13 reg i ed er pr od ct o 9 7 . I n fig ure 16 the r ate Of incr ease Of production in the Lorr aine B asin m Th f is c o p ared with that in the Lake Superior district. e curve or h L n a in i m h a l i n a a o t e o r r ai e B s is der ved fro t e t b e g ve bove . Th t f r h L ak u i m a a l n E t e e S perior d strict is derived fro t b e give by . F . “o B u h a d fiu a h a r a e a Of in a in r c r . The g re shows th t t e ve g r te cre se the L ak e Superior dis trict has been greater than that in the Lorr aine B asin ; also that the ou tput Of the Lake Superior district is subj ect o m u i u ua i n an a f ain a in Th t ch w der fl ct t o s th th t O the Lorr e B s . e causes o f these fluctuations are wor thy Of consideration by American e n m i co o sts . I n 19 13 French Lorraine was producing much more ore than she nee de d for domestic consumption and was exporting the sur plus to
el ium uxem ur and erman . The ut ut O f erman B g , L b g, G y o p G Lorr ai ne was handle d almost entir ely in furnaces within the German Cus to m s U ni n r ance ad a sur lus to e rt German was o . F h p xpo ; y an im r ter and an in reasin l ea one a a t t at was un u tedl po , c g y h vy , f c h do b y recogniz ed by the Germans before they star ted the war and that may e en h a e in reas e t eir rea ines to star t it It ertainl affe te v v c d h d s . c y c d t eir s tr ate for their es er ate assaults on the er un salient h gy, d p V d , w i h w as a ntinual mena e to t ei ir n-minin re i ns were h c co c h r o g g o , probably due in part to their desir e to saf eguard their hold on those e i ei l nd e i e the uture are ull s w r g ons . Th r p ans a d s r s for f f y ho n by the memor anda drawn up by the German Association of Metallur gists ’ “ and d e ar ti le in Des e e e ts Steel M akers an by P. Kr usch c n u D u ch ” lan O f M ar 15 19 18. he all insist on the erw elmin alue d ch , T y ov h g v of the minette ore in the prosecution of the war and on the need of “ so e tif in the ntier as to in lu e the ie istri t e ause r c y g fro c d Br y d c , b c ” of i “ ts importance for the next war . How the French regar d the iron O res of Lo rr aine is well shown in a 51 re ent a er . Ca eux wh se tem eramental a e si n to ac c p p by L y , o p v r o “2 cepting the really ex cellent estiinates of the earlier German write rs and w se s ew r a ti al n lusi n t at it wi ll be est for r ance ho hr d, p c c co c o h b F 53 to export some Lo rraine ore to Germany reveal the typical French s l “ p ycho ogy ,
5° Burchar E . F . Iron ore i iron and steel: U . S . Gaol. Surve Mineral Resources 1917 t. 1 . 572 d, , , p g , y , p , p ,
1919. “1 Ca L in d L orraine Paris 1918. yeux, ., La m eral e , , 5’ I em . 25. d , p 5' I em . 36. d , p Theiron and related industries of the Lorraine Basin are considered in detail by B rooks and La Croix in Bull S etin 703 of the U . S. Geological urvey . - 60 TH E IRON ORE RESO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
E X TE NT AN D C HA RA CTE R O F T HE DE PO SITS .
The minette ore fiel s lie in eas tern r an e in the e artments Of d F c , D p Meur t e-et-M selle and orraine and exten int uxem ur and h o L , d o L b g
10 0 10 2 0 Kilometer s m a m
— - FIGU RE 17. Sketc ma of the minette iron ore asin s owin the osition of the e osits the Franco h p b , h g p d p , - German oun ar of 1870 and iron minin concessions in the vicinit of Nanc . b d y , g y y
he Bel ian’ rov ince ux em u See fi The main e osit t g p of L b rg . ( g . d p e n s s ut w a r m el ium to a int 5 miles el w O ne i er xte d o h rd f o B g po b o r R v , e e w r t minin T e i n f a W here the ores b come too l an to be o h g. h r o orm
- 62 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
res . etween the ore beds lie e s O f limest ne marl and s an d o B b d o , , y l The ll win is a ne ze se ti n : mar . fo o g ge r ali d c o
S ection of minette ore beds. Hanging wall
vi marl. Dense, imper ous
Red siliceous ore . Middle calcareous ore series
Red calcareous ore .
Yellow ore .
Gray ore . Lower siliceous ore series
Brown ore.
Black ore .
l Footwall of sandy mar .
is se ti n is at few laces seen in its enti et and even where a Th c o p r y, large part of it is present the mining is commonly limited to one o f i the beds because the others are not of explo table thicknem. 5° The followi ng analyses shows the averag e composition Of th e mor e v aluable b eds
Red bed Yellow bed
The m st alua le O f t ese is the r a bed w i ers alm st o v b h g y , h ch cov o h f the entir e district and r eaches a maximum t i ckness O 7 meters . Th e or e is mine en uts a its and S a ts the means osen d by op c , d , h f , ch e en in in eneral u n the e t the ore el w the sur a e d p d g, g , po d p h of b o f c f h un A Of h u n h as rn Of O t e gro d . S most t e o tcrops are i t e e te par t the ar ea forni erl erman erman had the a anta e w rkin , y G , G y dv g of o g i w f nd a li l the mor e eas ly mi ned material . Lo er costs O labor a s ght y higher aver age gr ade of ore made it possible for French or e to comp ete n i f m m f n wi th Germa in Sp te O or e costly ethods O mi ing . The minette ores ow e their value to their proximi ty to the coal W est alia the Saar and el ium to the a t t at t e aff r of ph , , B g ; f c h h y o d sel -fluxin mi xtur es and to the mmer ial alue the s atic f g , co c v of pho ph a m n n n n i i n o Th n sl g for ed i co verti g Lorr ai e p g r o t steel. e ir o ntent Of the or e smelte has een e r easin r a uall t u co d b d c g g d y, ho gh thi s is no t to be taken as indicating that the mor e r ecently devel e and ee er-l in or e masses ar e inf eri r rade but r ather op d d p y g of o g ,
“0 - k C. d W D Eisenerzv r i te des deu h n Rei h : T ir of Einec e, , an Kahler, ie o r i tsc s c es he on ore resources r 1 h In n l l 2 714 the wo ld ( 1t ter at. Gao . v o . , p . . FRAN CE . 63 that now the fractions Of the developed masses that ar e mined out ar e larger than formerly .
RE SE RVE S .
The r es erves Of or e .in the Lorr ai ne Basin w er e ver y car efully estimate in 19 11 as well as e r e and Sin e t at time. The d , b fo c h ” . h nn Th estimates used her e ar e taken from Ko lm a . e estimate he gives for the French par t Of the b asin is a modification Of that n n “ give by Villai .
Iron ores in the Lorraine Basin in 1911
[Millions of metric tons .]
South of F entsch
Total in Germany
The abov e estimates Show evi dence Of car eful consider ation and n a n a ll co servative calcul tio . Only or e th t met the meta urgic r equire ments of that time and that could pr ofitably be ex tr acted with the minin m n in us w as a n int n a i n in g ethods the e t ke o co sider t o . S ce that time ther e have been improvements in the methods Of handling th n n m a a i Th n h e Or e a d advances i et llurgic pr ct ce. e Fre c estimates can als be in r eas e e ause the or e ma er a s be ll we west o c d , b c y , p h p , fo o d Of h n t e ar ea in which concessio s have been gr anted . After considering all the factors enumer ated and studying all in orm n a h ima i n o w f atio vailable t e es t tes g ve n page 64 er e adopted .
5’ Kohlmann W Die neuere E ntwi cklun des lothrin sc en E isenerz er aues: Stahl und Ei , g gi h b gb sen,
vol. 31 t l 41 11 , p . 1, p . 9, 19 . 68 illain M . Le isement de mineral de fer oolithi ue de la Lorraine: Annalee des mines loth ser V , , g q , ., v — ol. 1 . 11 322 1 02 , pp 3 , 9 . - 64 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
Iran resources of the Lorraine B asin.
n [M illi o s Of metric tons .]
French Lorraine
59 N O RM AN DY .
In n r t ern r an e in the O ld Pr in e N rman in the o h F c , ov c of o dy,
e ar tments Orne al a s and M an e see Pl. lie D p of , C v do , ch ( VII) , h si w i an se n in m an t e ore depo ts h ch r k co d i por tance to Fr ce . The history Of iron making in Normandy is like that in other coun tr ies l n en inh i S l m n in N rm an that have o g be ab ted . tee fro ore mi ed o dy am h n u B u helped Willi t e Co q er or to win the b attle Of Hastings . t gradually the forests used in making char coal for smelting the ore approached exhaustion and law s were passed to conserve the r e mainin rests so t at the ir n in ustr ie and N rman r es g fo , h o d y d d o o n m n a h n am h m ern need Of w ere forgotte for a y ye rs . T e c e t e od
n and the use al. Bu t N rman la s al SO the fu ture ir o of co o dy ck co , value Of its iron ores lies in their ability to compete with other ores n a e can so m e e is h n the in foreig markets . Th t th y co p t s ow by fact that befor e the war the Germans had become heavily intereste d in the ore deposits Of the district.
in o Ca eux the res are all liti . The ri inal o o lite Accor d g t y o oo c o g , hi w as m se Of al ium ar nate w as re la e si er ite w ch co po d c c c bo , p c d by d , i is s ill the rimar mineral bu t w ere it lies near he and s derite t p y , h t 3° has een altere to x i es and near ielette it has surface it b d o d , D Of ema i an m n i been metamorphosed to form beds h t te d ag et te. e sits t u Of se n ar ri in are inter alate in The d po , ho gh co d y o g , c d n a e s and t eir istri uti n is due to m lex l s sedime t ry b d , h d b o co p fo d - n Pl he l a i n f that have an east west tre d . ate VII shows t oc t o O
’ - to B i t A . L ex loltation des mines de er de la B asse N orman ie: R ev . en . sci . ures et a l. v ol. go , , p f d g p pp , - - - . . 346 352 1913 . Bi ot A . Le bassin miniere de la B asso N orman ie: I em . 258 263 Ca eux 24, pp , g , , d d , pp y ,
r cture et ori ins ro a le du mineral de er ma néti ue de Dielette: Com t. R end. v ol. 142 . L ., St u g p b b f g q p , , pp ’ ’ — 1 19 Ca eux L . Cou d ceil sur les minerais de fer de la res u ile armoricaine: Soc. ran aise do 716 7 8, 06. y , , p p q f c - v l. 41 . 134 Nos. 7 8 ul Decem er 1918. Ca eux L . Les minerals e er oolith mineralogic B ull. o , p , , , J y b , y , , d f
France Paris 1909 . Heurteau C. E . N ote sur le mineral e er silurien de B asse Normandie: iques de , , , , d f - ’ d s mines loth ser . v ol. l 1 . 613 668 1907. M aul e J . de Les mines e er ct l industrie me Annalee e , , , pp , d , , d f
t C vad s Caen 1916. Nicou P. L es ressources de la France on min tallurgique dans ls Departemen du al o , , , , — - r r r e f the w rl 11th Internet. G eol. v ol. 1 . 15 20 Stockholm erais de fer : The iron o e esou c s o o d , p , ,
1910. mi l r m i i l t : on I L . Structure et ori ine ro a le du nera e e a nét ue de D e et e COHl t. Rand CayeuJ , , g p b b d f g q p , - l 142 . 716 718 1906. vo . , pp ,
FRAN CE . 65
m u u m so e O f the deposits. The o tcrops occ r fro Caen on the nor th to Domfront on the south and from Falaise on the eas t to the coas t el n h Th ur in a ifi ma n at Di ette o t e west. e or e beds occ str t ed for tio s O r vi ian a e ex e t at iele te w ere he a e Of the r s is of do c g , c p D t , h t g ock ar win and t ese f rmati ns el n to the l e earl Pale z i D , h o o b o g fo d d y o o c and an cient group of rocks that constitute the Old land mas s known as the Ar m ri an Peninsula. hi s eninsula Of n r t western ran e o c T p o h F c , he m assi Of s ut - en ral r ance the western ar t Of the erian t f o h c t F , p Ib Peninsula and the S andina ian massi are the four lan masses in , c v f d Europ e that have stood above the level of marine invasions since P early aleoz oic time. P u °1 h v h Accor ding to . Nico t e reser e of t e entire Armorican P a am un a n eninsul o ts to bout to s. Their estimates am un t o 4 t ns . An estimate . Ca eux in rea e o t , o by L y c s s he es im ate Of a aila le ore in the eninsula to n t t v b p to s . Dur ing years immediately preceding the w ar the Germans became mu in ereste in t ese e sits and erman e l is s ma ch t d h d po , G g o og t de f m a u l n h ” some stu dies O the th t w ere p b ished duri g t e w ar . The average analysis of the ores Of Normandy shows that they c ntain 47 er ent ir n 12 er ent of sili a 3 er ent O f alumina o p c of o , p c c , p c , and to per cent O f phosphorus. AS the ores Of Dielette are superior in grade to the ores Of the r est n i a a l e n ain n of Norm andy they were co s der ed sep r te y . Th y co t o an a era e 5 7 er ent Of ir n 12 er ent Of sili a and er en Of v g p c o , p c c , p c t phosphorus .
[Mi llions of metric tons.]
Pr l i obab e. Poss ble.
In thi s table the estimates made by Germans are purposely dis c unte i l wi u t in usti e to Krus h and Be schla o d, poss b y tho do g j c c y g, because it seemed to be to their advantage to overestimate rather than un im a to derest te .
‘1 O . ci . . 27. p t , p fl ’ ’ Ca eux L . Cou d tPll sur l s minerals de fer de la r s u il armoricaine: Soc. ran . mi neralo ic y , , p e p e q e f c g B ull. vol. 41 . 91 , , p 134, 1 8. D D l P., as neue eutsch and, Mar . 15, 1918.
° — — — 15945 21 B ull. 706 5 - 66 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U RO PE .
“ B RIT TANY AND ANJ O U .
Ore deposits similar to those of Normandy are found in somewhat in i an and An u i un m h younger rocks Br tt y jo . Th s co try for s t e s ut ern ar Of the Arm ri an Peninsula and i s e l i hist r is o h p t o c , t g o og c o y imil a f rman Th l a n Of hi i i s ar to th t O No dy . e oc tio t s depos t s Shown P in late VII (in pocket) .
' The res ur wit sedimentar r s Of Silurian a e in ar a o occ h y ock g , p t s in r ala i n an in a a ur a x n te c t o s d p r t s s f ce deposits. They e te d thr ough the e ar tments Of M aine-et- ire ire- n erieure M r i an D p Lo , Lo I f , o b h , - - en ee lle et ilaine and M a enne. e are m stl r n r es V d , I V , y Th y o y b ow o and si erite bu t l all res Of etter t an a era e ra e ntain d , oc y o b h v g g d co a i hematite or m gnet te. The res Of rittan and An u ntain a ut 50 er ent O f ir n o B y jo co bo p c o , 16 er en Of sili a 3 er ent Of alumina and r m to er p c t c , p c , f o p m si i n a i a l m la cent Of phosphorus . Their co po t o v r es gre t y fro p ce to la e and s me Of the ore ntains sul ur . p c , o co ph "5 An ima e ma e ellan er t u it is a mi ttedl incom est t d by B g , ho gh d y
lete w as use as a asis for t at i en el w . p , d b h g v b o
I ron resources o B rittan an n ou F ra c . f y d A j , n e
[Millions of metric tons.]
- PYREN EE S O RIE N TAL E S .
In he eastern P renees Pr in e O f P renees-Orientales near t y , ov c y , Cani ou as s wn in fiure 18 lie the ore e sits r m w i me g , ho g , d po f o h ch co . h l - us ir n o u n an most of t e ow phosphor o re prod ced i Fr ce. The deposits consist Of lenses and veins Of spathic ore or derived oxidation ’ ilu ian n D L una “7 products in S r sedime ts . e a y s description show s that the ore w as deposited from solutions that were probably O f
ermal ri in . ere is e i en O f n i a l la m n hydr oth o g Th v d ce co s der b e r ep ce e t. As mar ete the ore ntains a ut 54 er ent Of ir n 3 to 4 e k d co bo p c o , p r man an en ili a l ent Of ese 4 er t s and er litt e s ru s . c g , p c of c , v y pho pho
’ 04 B ellan er E Note sur l im ortance ro a le du i ement errifere de l ’ An ou : Ann le des m g , p p b b g s f j a s ines, — ’ loth ser. v ol. 20 . 452 456 1911 Les minerals e er de l An ou : La Nature 1911. Ca eux L . Cou , , pp , ; d f j , y , , p ’ ’ d ceil sur les minerals e er de la res u ile armoricaine: Soc.fran . mlnéralo ie Bull. vol. 41 . d f p q c g , , p Nicou P Les ressources de la France on minerals e er : The iron-ore resources of the worl 11th Inter , d f d ( - nat. Geol. v ol. 1 . 20 22 Stock olm 191 . , pp , h , 0 05 O . ci . . 456 p t , p . 0° - Nicou P. Los ressources de la France en minerals e er: The iron ore resources of the w orl 11th , , d f d ( — Internet. Geol. v ol. 1 . 22 27 Stock olm 1910. , pp , h , 07 - Launa L . de Traité do metallo eni c ites minéraux et métalliferes v ol. 2 . 3 3 2 P i d y, , g , g , , pp 86 9 , ar s an
e e 1913. Li g ,
- 68 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
O THE R DE PO SIT S .
According to Official statistics 19 depar tments other than those n i ne urnis e metri t ns Of ir n ore in 19 13 and me t o d f h d c o o , m deposits are r ecorded in still other depar t ents . In Ariege and B asses-Pyrenees deposits similar to those O f Pyre - NO nées O rientales produced about tons Of o re in 19 13 . definite estimate can be made of the quantity O f or e left. These deposits can be credited with a reserve of probably tons Of a i in th artm nt Au metallic iron . The goss n depos ts e D ep e of de do i not appear to be worth cons dering. Th r eaux asin furnis e t ns ore r m Lot Lo t-et e Bo d B h d o of f o , ar nne and r ne and e sits ar n wn in h arente and G o , Do dog , d po e k o C — a te ar nne. The e sits in t ese e artments are r wn res H u G o d po h D p b o o , O i al most Of them carrying little phosphorus . They are f res du type i i and are prob ably no t very ex tens ve. They can be credited w th probably tons Of iron. Some deposits of iron ore are scattered along the edges of the - n l i i in h ar t massif in South ce tra France. Sed mentary depos ts t e Dep ment O f A e r n at the s ut wes t end the massi a e r u e v y o , o h of f, h v p od c d tons Of high-phosphorus ore ; other like deposits in SaOne—et ire at the n rt eas t end r u e t ns of hi - s rus Lo , o h , p od c d o gh pho pho ore and similar ore is f un at Ailiers . It is r a l saf e to u , o d p ob b y co nt on tons Of iron from these deposits . In Ardeche and er ault on the s ut ern e e the massi t ns me ium H , o h dg of f, o of d i ir n o i h i phosphat c o re were mined n 19 13 . T e depos ts are appro ach ing exhaustion and probably all that is left is about tons of ir n. In n re ienne Loz ére arn and ar a ut t ns o I d , V , , T , G d bo o low- s rus res a e een mine and e ause t eir metal of pho pho o h v b d , b c of h lurgic desir abili ty these ores will probably be mined to exhaustion . ar arn and n re a ear to a e nsi era l r s r es and can G d, T , I d pp h v co d b e e e v nt on for o i l be cou ed tons f ron. Altogether prob ab y tons of metallic iron may be extr acted from the south centr al massif. In s ut eastern r an e in the Al ine distri ts Of th ar tment o h F c , p c e Dep sere t ere are s me ssan res whi a r u e a ut of I , h o go o ch h ve p od c d bo l - n r tons of ow phosphorus ores . I the mountains in the Dep a t ment Var t ere are r wn res hi in ir n and me ium s ati of h b o o , gh o d pho ph c , i wh ch have a futur e. Nicou credits these deposits with a reserve of t ns w i can be nsi ere e ui alent to t ns o , h ch co d d q v o
O f m alli ir n . et c o They produced tons of ore in 19 13 . The e artments Jura and aute-Sabne in the Jur a M untains D p of H , o , have produced tons O f ore. The ore is low in phosphor us bu t i s also very low in iron. ere is s me ir n ore in the Paris asin in Cher N r and Pas Th o o B , , o d , de Calais but it is not Of an im rtan as a r r . , y po ce ese ve Fai AI rcna. (79
Th e e artments t at are Of min r ran as c m are wit rraine D p h o k o p d h Lo , N rm an rittan and An ou and P renees-O rientales s w a o dy , B y j , y ho m in l n co b ed probab e reserve of to s of iron.
F E E E SU M M ARY O R S RV S .
’ Fr an ce s total reserve O f iro n is estimated in the following table
r o Iron resou ces f France.
Millions of metric tons of iron. Com are Pl V I in ocket [ p . , p ]
Pro a le. Po i l b b ss b e.
1 , 528. 0
PR O DU CTIO N AN D CO N SU M PT IO N .
Figur e 19 shows the r apidly accelerating growth Of the production
Of ir n o re in r ance ri r to 19 10. etails O f the ro u ti n in 19 13 o F p o D p d c o , bv e artments r m ren Offiial statisti s ll w D p , f o F ch c c , fo o
I ron are roduced in France in 1913 b De ar tments p , y p .
M etric tons .
Ardéche Lo t-et-Garonne
6 z r 36, 5 9 Lo e e Maine-et-Loire
23, 507 Calv ados M eurthe—et-Moselle
Orne
Pas de Calais Pyrenees-Orientales
s linset ruarne .
Var
Vienne
21 1 , 9 7, 870
The r ti n a r in th m r i tri ts is n l p oduc o cco d g to e ajo d s c show be ow .
M etrictons.
93 44 3 , 8 Brittan and An ou 269 703 y j , 19 departments not included abov e - 70 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE.
The production of iron ore in France in 19 13 was per cent and her nsum ti n w as 12 er ent f th co p o p c O e Eur opean to tal . (See fi 6 . g . , p
8000011000
2009 09000
— - FIGU RE 19. Ratio chart showin iron ore ro uced ur in five ear erio s en in 1875 to 1910in rance g p d d g y p d d g F ,
E uro e the U nited States and the worl . See ex lanation of fi 8 p , , d ( p g . , p.
The progr ess of iron mining from 1894 to 19 13 for France as a whole and for the Department Of M eur the-et-Moselle is shown in 2 Essentia - - figure 0. lly all the product of M eurthe et Moselle has been minette ore r m the n w rie and Nan f o Lo g y, B y, cy basins . The future significance to Fr ance of controlling essentially all Of the iron ore of
8 00
FIGU RE 20— R atlo t in ir n . char show g o ore produced annually in France and inthe Department of M annhe - - et M oselle 1894 1913 . See ex lanation of fi . 8 , ( p g , p .
Old Lorraine is indicated by the capacity of producing over t ns O f or e as em nstr ate the er rm n t o d o d by p fo a ce of 19 13 . Wha could France do with iron ore in such an amount as this ? The ex tent FRAN CE . 71 to whi ch the country has become an Oxporter Of iron ore is shown in fi r 2 2 1 t u es 5 . 7 and . ull ntr l he Saar as in the e el g (p ) F co o of B , d v op ment O f the P nt-a-M uss n fiel the ex ans i n Of the r u ti n o o o d , p o p od c o of Pas de Calais and the in reas e use Of rien l el ian al ma t , c d f d y B g co y ake ar e the reater ar t the ore but as n ne Of t is al r u c of g p of , o h co p od ces as and as ea e as the al Of W est alia unless t at good ch p cok co ph , h coke is used the ir on and steel produced will be propor tionately mor e ex pensive than in the past — no t a hop eful outlook for the ultim ate consum er . Th e shipment Of or e to E ngland and the r eturn of coal has been “ su es te but as this in l es an a e r ei t ur en and gg d , vo v dd d f gh b d 8
FIG 2 — R t ch r s r e rte r e u r ce 1894-1 3 U RE 1. a io a t howing i on ore xpo d and impo t d ann ally by F an , 91 .
change in E nglish smelting pr actice it does no t appear to promise steel at a cost as low as could be attained by the use O f Westphalian oal c . It may be possible for a time to compel the shipm ent Of W est phalian coal to Fr ance without commensur ate r eturn of or e to Ger man assumin the re uil in Of estr e steel lants and last y, g b d g d oy d p b furnaces in Fr ance and Belgium and an exp ansion sufficient to take are Of the ir ore rmerl an le in West alia but the en r e c on fo y h d d ph , fo c d shipments without adequate ex change could last only dur ing the ’ term erman s unishm ent and the assum ti n the e el of G y p , p o of d v op
Feteas a L . L a uestion da f Paris Pa ot et Cle. 1918. c , , q er, , y , - 72 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE . ment of plants vastly beyond past performance may no t be w ell un ed Assum ti ns f t i r t t nt in fo d . p o O h s so are based on he d evelopme ‘ ” fl am e of a flair e for industrial expansion that seems contr ary to the a e te enius Of the ren e le Th i a t r a s cc p d g F ch p op . e log c l hough pe h p unpleasant course to follow is to resume as soon as possible an equ it a le inter an e etween rraine ir n Ore and W est alian o al b ch g b Lo o ph c , and the fact that France realiz es this is shown by a recent stu dy 0 x 7 made by Cayeu . The ore Of Normandy was used to a gr eater extent dur ing the w ar r r th r n than eve befo e . If e F e ch Government should follow a more liber al course in regard to mining concessions in thi s district it might be possible to build up a consider able expor t trade in ore with Gr eat ritain but the i - r a e razilian res r a l O f er a m re B , h gh g d B o p ob b y f o mi s Of s l for ritis Th - econo c ource upp y B h furnaces . e low phosphorus ores Of the Pyrenees will continue to be sought in the futur e as in the t ma rs f m r st l pas by ke O Besse e ee . The Fr ench iron industry seems as sured Of expansion in the near uture but it is not r a le t at ran e will e el a uel- r u in f , p ob b h F c d v op f p od c g Capacity compar able to her ore-producing capacity in Spite Of her th asin h S nt b n x r t r control of e Saar B . S e hould co inue to e a S po e of n r The li Of a i in ex r t ur tailin r u ti n iro o e . po cy vo d g po by c g p od c o l be s mew at in a r wit ren nser ati n ten en ies wou d o h cco d h F ch co v o d c , but in pr actice thi s policy would prevent Fr ance from taking the - r in str t t h r t position in the iron o e du y ha e resources warr an .
B E L G I U M .
R B U TI O N CHA RA CTE R AN D E TE N T O F T“ DE PO SIT . DI ST I , , X S
Although Belgium is able to attract much ir on ore from abro ad d r anke six t in the list Of r u ers Of i -ir n in 19 13 she an d h p od c p g o , a ut twentiet am n r u ers Of ir n ore in t at ear r ank ed bo h o g p od c o h y , i a r ximat l with a product on of pp o e y tons . The Belgium iron-or e deposits ar e Of three types— bedded oolitic in e nian r s in ie e Namur and in ur assi r s in ores D vo ock L g , , J c ock Luxemburg; vein deposits in Namur and Liege ; and surficial brow n r t im Th l i n ores in the Cammne count y of An werp and L burg . e Be g a end of the Lorr aine ore field is SO nearly exhausted that it need not i r be cons de ed .
’ r e i -M st f the ir n or e r e in el ium in Campine g on . o O o p oduc d B g recent years has b een the high-phosphorus brown or es mined in the r i n Th r eater ar t Of thi s or e was use for s e ial Campine eg o . e g p d p c h ntit sti has ti purposes in Germany . T e qua y ll available been es 7‘ mated by Lespineux and the data given by him indicate that it
10 Ca x L L mineral de Lorraine Paris 1918. yeu , ., e , , 0 ln ux s Note r tros ectiv e sur les mines do for en B el l ue: The iron-ore resources of the Lesp e , George , e p g q
h t G ] . v l. 2 . 659 Stock olm 1910. world ( 11t Interna . eo o , p , h , - BELGI U M . 73
‘ contains known resour ces of metallic iron amounting to “ ” metric tons and probable resour ces amounting to metri t c ons . Extensive deposits of iron ore ar e associated with the coal measur es Of th m fi r s t rillin and e a ine el . e ha e een e e C p d Th y v b p o p c d by d g,
7” ‘ am ert is usses the ossibilit Of utiliz in t em but t is ssi L b d c p y g h , h po bility seems SO remote that these; ores have not b een consider ed in al ulatin th r c c g e eserves . Namur-Liege district — The bedded ores of Luxemburg have been ra ti all ex auste and t se the Namur- ie e istri t a e p c c y h d , ho of L g d c h v been exh austed to a depth below which the underground water makes them so expensive to mine that they can not compete with the ores of the Lorraine asin whi h ar e im rted fr m r an e. The ein B , c m o F c v sit h - ie istri t r f m t depo s Of t e Namur L ge d c a e no t O uch M por ance . Sever al estimates O f the amount of ore left in the Namur-Liege 73 istri h n m r stimat t d ct ave bee ade. A . Delme e ed hat some m tri ns ti nmin Th i a a t 000 e c to Of ore are s ll u ed . e geolog st c n ccep this estimate but the miner will r a l ne er be a le to w r as , p ob b y v b o k far belo w w ater level as the geologist can es timate the iron content f r ar it o a eg ul bedded depos . As e r little O f the or can m ete wit t er res e ause Of the v y e co p h o h o , b c “ ” high co st Of mining none of it is placed in the category of known or as h ere fine n t t r n it seem air t ta th e de d . O he o he ha d s f o ke e metric tons which Delmer assum ed to be workable as “ “ ” probable ore and to add double that amount for possible ore to allow for future developments in mining technology .
- Iron resources of the Namur Liege district.
[M illions of metric tons .]
The ore is an oolitic hematite in an argillaceous or calcareous em I t er s 4 r ent ir n and ntains nl a c ent. av age 35 to 0 pe c of o co o y m f edium amount O phosphorus .
73 ’ Lam ert G ume Decouv erte d un uissant isement de minerals do fer etc. B russels 1904 criti b , uilla , p g , , , ; - - cal B S Br Gl ckauf v l 41 t. 1 . 37 42 1905 . review by . chulz iesen in ii , o . , p , pp , 13 D A L ues i u m l do far en Bel i ue: Annalee des mines de Bel i ue v ol . 17 . elmer, ., a q t on d inera g q g q , , pp 853-940 v 325-44 1912-13 ; ol . 18, pp. 8, . - 74 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U RO PE .
r I on resources of B elgium.
i f metri f ir [M ill ons o c tons o on . ]
PR O DU CTIO N AN D CON SU M PTIO N .
ir r i m is r n i i n 1 13 sh As a producer of on o e B elg u nea ly egl g ble . I 9 e r u e t ns ore and in the same ear her last urna es p od c d o of , y b f c nsume t ns e ual to a ut er ent Of the t tal co d o , q bo p c o i n in E Of t is or er t ns ame r m consummo urop e. h e ov o c f o th main er the minette ore fields and e r e d from Spain and Sweden . The iron industry of Belgium was originally based on the firm f un ati n of r es ur es mesti al but in re ent ears it has o d o o c of do c co , c y been cheaper to M port from Germany much of the coal used r ather ntir m ti t I i b to th than to depend e ely o n do es c produc ion. t w ll e e advantage of Europe in general that B elgium should continue to aw on erman al e ause it is the est and ea est c al but if dr G co , b c b ch p o , liti al nsi er ati ns s ul st t is n rmal tra e al minin po c co d o ho d op h o d , co g may be developed in Belgium to an extent sufli cient to take car e O f str Th e l m nt f th am in al fiel s her iron indu y . e d ve op e O e C p e co d would have the additional advantage Of making accessible the ir on ss iate wit th s r s t ores that are a oc d h e coal mea u e here .
N E T H E R L A N D S .
The only iron ores in Holland are small sup erficial deposits Of bog
r hi were n e mine but ar e now entir el alueless . llan o e, w ch o c d y v Ho d n st but has s m in th c f im has no iron i du ry o e coal e provin e O L burg . I t is repor ted that she is trying to star t a factory to supply iron and i steel for home consummon .
L U X E M B U R G .
N CH A R A CTE R AND E TE N T O F m DE PO SITS DI STR I B U TI O , , X .
The reserves O f Luxemburg consist O f a par t O f the or e Of the Lo r e he e in an e 5 r aine Basin des cribed und r t h ad g Fr c (pp . 5 As only the edge O f the bas in lies in Luxemburg most Of the ore is found en m e ea l an near the surface and is mined op cast . As it is in d ch p y d in sel -fluxin mix tures the ore is alua le in s ite can be used f g , v b p of its low gr ade .
- 76 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
W E ST RHI N E .
tle re The territory wes t O f the Rhine also contains lit ir o n o . Some brown ores are found in cavities in limestone near A achen Aix-la-C a elle and ore the same s r t in the Ei el istr ict was ( h p ) , of o f d the basis O f an iron industry that can be tr aced b ac k to an cient li tl t i e he u ern sl e O f the times . A t e of h s or occurs also on t so th op The ti n r m h Aac e er Kohlenkalkbezirk Soonwald. produc o f o t e h n 1 in 19 3 was tons . 7‘ Estimates made by Einecke and Kohler are tabulated b elo w .
I ron resources of the region west of the Rhine.
[Millions of metric tons .]
E A ST RH I N E .
The most valuable reserves r emaining in German possession lie in
The r ti in 1 . the E ast Rhine r egion . p oduc on 19 3 was tons The r egion is covered by the clause in the peace treaty forbidding
rtifiati ns . It will be ta en u in etail distri ts r m n rth fo c o k p d by c , f o o to south . fi B ergischer Kalkberg distri ct — The iron resour ces of the districts eas t of the Rhi ne consist Of brown ores that were deposited in cavi n n Th r i -K al u ties i limesto e. e Be g scher kberg dis trict pr od ced about metri t ns Of or e in the 50 ears ri r to 19 13 and its c o y p o , ’ u n a Ein n K r eso rces are o t gre t. ecke a d Ohler s estimate shows that it n b r e ite wit th ese e n i a l w ca e c d d h e r rv i d c ted be o .
I ron reso rces o the B er ischer Kallcber dis u f g g trict.
[Milli ons of metric tons.]
P e P Known. robabl . ossi ble.
7 - 6 O cit. 244 271 p . , pp . . - E inecke G . and Ka er W . o . ci t. . 00 2 . , , hl , , p , pp 2 12 L E Y B U LLETIN 71” PLATE IX U . 8 . G E O LO G ICA SU RV
Homm elsb er g
GERM AN Y. 77
Si eger land — The or e Of the Siegerland district is probably the m s u n a x f o t val able i Germany. It is very e cellent grade O car
na n n w n Th ! bo te or e O ccurri g i veins in Lo er Devo ian rocks . e dis tribut on f h wn n P a Th n i O t e vein system is sho i l te IX . e ore co tains 38 to 40 er ent Of ir n 6 to 9 er ent Of man anese and on r as t p c o , p c g , o ing yi elds metal averaging 60 per cent and an ear thy r esidue of 12 per cent. Th e r eserves have been ver y car efully estimated in consider able etail E n n K h " d by i ecke a d 5 ler .
[Milli ons of metric tons.]
Lahn-Di ll — South of the Siegerland district lie the valu a l f h n n Th b e deposits o t e Lahn a d Dill sy clin es . e or e is pr edomi uentl sedimentar ematite w i is su se to a e een e sit y y h , h ch ppo d h v b d po ed from ir on-bearing vapors and solutions Of volcanic origin b eneath 81 th s Th n h li e ea. e or es i t e Dill syncline ar e si ceous ; those in the ahn w a h n n f L syn cline are some h t calcar eous . T eir co te t O ir on is aria le a er a in 48 er ent a r in to ine e and KOhler v b , v g g p c , cco d g E ck , though G erman Official statistics Show that as mined it is about 42 er p cent. h h Besides the ematite t ere are brown ores derived from it. The locati n h i h i n P o of t e depos ts of bot types s Shown i late X. The 8’ estimate of reserves given by Einecke and KOhler is tabulated on a p ge 78.
73 - Einecke G . an K hler . o . ci . . 159 200. B ornhardt W . U er di e G an verh ltni sse des , , d O , W , p t , pp , , b g ii - Sie erlan es und seine U m e un : K . reuss. eol. Landeeanstalt Archi v fiir La erstiittenforschun en g d g b g p g g g , H e t2 19 0. z . Be ra z Kenn v om Alter der Sie erl n er E n n e: Zeitschr . rakt. Geo f , 1 Lo t , B , it g ur tnis g a d ga g p 0 18 v01 - R w D G e e er “ E l enz er Z e " : Zei 8 , . 15 , pp . 251 253 , 1907. eso , W ., as anggebl tes d s d s ech ug s tschr - Pratt. Geol c v ol 1 . 305 328 1908. ogi , . 6, pp ,
182.
Be schla F . K P. and o t . H . L . Die La erstiitten er nutz aren Mlnerallen und Cc y g , rusch , , V g , J , g d b ste - ine 2 vol . 0 art F . E nke 1913. E i necke G . and K 6hler W . o . cit. . 92 149. , s. , p 1 72 , Stuttg , , , , , p , pp ‘1 Hatzfel C . Die Roteisenstelnla er bei Fachln en an der La n: Zeitschr. rat t. Geolo ic v ol. 14 d , , g g h p g , ,
. - Pp 361 365 1906. Krecko F . Sin di e Roteisensteinla er des nassauisc en Dev ons rimate odor se , , d g h p hm — tilire Bil u en? Zeltschr. rat t. Geolo i e v ol. 12 . 348 3 55 1904. Lotz B . Die Dillenbur er Rot d ng p g , , pp , , g un - dMa netei nerze: eutsc e ol. Geseil . Zeitschr . vol. 54 . 139 141 1902 . Rose Zur Fra s der g se D h ge , , pp , , g E - ntstehun : Zei . ra e l i e v . 16 . 497 501 19 18. B ar gder nassaulschen Roteisenstelnlager tschr p kt. G o og , ol , pp , bO ' lt E Z nlscher R teisenerzla e tten: Ne Jahrb . 1 . ur Frags nach der E ntstehung gewi sser devo o g rstii ues 903, Band 1 - , pp . 179 192.
O .ci - p t , pp . 114 126. - 78 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
r o Iron resou ces f the Lahn and Dill synclines .
[Mi lli ons of metric tons.]
83 d-T r d — Westem al aunus Vogelsbe g ist7i ct. Ter tiar y brown ir on or es fill cavities in limestones in the Taunus and Vogelsberg hills and in h w n h u h no t e W ester ald r egio . Alt o g t compar able in amount to
lar er e sits t e ar e a s ur e Of nsi er a le or e Of air r a e. g d po , h y o c co d b f g d
Iron reserves o the Taunus Vo elsber and Westerwald re ions f , g g , g .
[Millions of metri c tons.]
— There is one other valuable group of deposits of ir o n or e in the Eas t Rhine district— the metas omatic carbonate or es in h “ f n n Th t e Zechstein formation O orthwester Spessart. e ores ar e easil mine and beneficiated 80 t at the ar e a ea s ur e Of ir o n y d , h y ch p o c , n n f n although they co tain o ly about 33 per cent O ir on. A conte t of n n m un o 1 ma ga ese a o ting t 8 to 6 per cent adds to their value. 8“ The estimate given by Einecke and KOhler covers only the ore t at is imme iatel a aila le so t at in the estimate el w an h d y v b , h b o ” i fi h n a f i arb tr ary gur e as bee dded or poss ble or e.
Iron r o rces o es u f Spessart.
[M illi ons of metric tons. ]
fl - - - E necke G nd K Ohler W . o . cit. . 216 232 270 278 636 666. Be chla F Di e E nerze des i , ., a , , p , pp , , y s g, lse - - V l : Zeltschr . rakt. Geolo ic 1897 . 337 338. B odifec U er die Genesis er Bison 11nd oge berges p g , , pp , b d - ni Ta us: Zeltschr. rakt. Geol c v ol 5 9 1 C C. R . L . M anganerzv orkomme m un p ogi , . 1 , p . 30 3 6, hellus, - an i m Grossherzo tum Hessen etc.: Zeltschr . ralrt. Geolo ic v l. 2. . 1904. E isen ii nd M ang g , p g , o 1 pp 356 362,
R . Die technisc nutz ren Mlneralien und Gesteine des Taunus: Zeltschr. t. Geo Delkeskampf, , h ba prat - ic v . 11 . 265 276 1903 . Milnster B . Die Braunelsenerzla crstiitten des Seen und O hmtals am log , ol , pp , , , g - c v . 1 . . N ordrand des V ogelgeblrges: Zeltschr . prakt. Geologi , ol 3, pp 242 258, 413 , 1915 V lerschllllng, A .,
anerzla rs t n H ck und Soonwald : Zeltschr . ratt. Geol c v . 18 Die E lsen und M ang ge tii te lm unsrii p ogi , ol , — 1910. pp . 393 431, ‘4 - n e G . and lcr W . o . cit. . 480 590. Backi n H Der nordwestli c e S essart: K . E i eck , , t , , p , pp g, h p
reuss. eol. Lan esanstalt A bh . neue Fol e He t 12 . 148 1892. p g d , g , f , p , ‘ 3 O . ci t. . 489 . p , p
- 80 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
M ” — Hare ountains. In the Har z Mountains there are many depoe its Of iron The most extensive are the deposits Of hematite and those Of brown ores derived from it near Elbingerode and Huttcn rode . They arc sedimentary deposits and are similar to the Lahn il D l ores in occurrence. There are also sedimentary hematite ores in the Devonian rocks Of the U pper Harz and carbonate veins in the southern Harz .
Iron resources of the Han M ountains
[Millions of metric tons.]
- — Keller wald Sauerlond region . In the southem part Of the W es er district there is a continuation Of the ore deposits Of the Lahn-Dill m district. The ores are he atite and brown ores derived from hema im n ” tite in Devonian sed e ts .
r r r o - I on esou ces f the Kellerwald S auerland region.
[Millions Of metric tons.]
” — Lower Hesse. Orc O f a different typ e is found at M ardorf Zwes
n and Schieffelbom in wer esse. It is resi ual is liti r wn te , Lo H d p o c b o “ ” ore called bohnerz .
“ - - e — n h B emheim Ochtrup Ottenstei n r gi on . I t e northwes t corner of the W eser district some clay ironstone ores lie in thin seams in Cre
eous la s . e are no t w r e at resent but sli t an es tac c y Th y o k d p , gh ch g
30 m K Die K nollcn rubc ei Lauter er am Harz: Zelts hr rakt o 12 . E r isch , ., g b b g c . p . G eologic, v l. , pp - - 2 904. E inecke G and K 6hlcr W it. . 390 431. 100 17 , 1 , , . , op. c , pp 0 E inecke G . and Kfihlcr W . o . cit. . 428. , , , , p , p 0° I em . 47m . d , pp ‘1 P E e Krusch , . Die lsenerzvorkommcn dcr untern Kreide im W eston dcs B ackers von Munster, tc - Glilekaui vol. 54 . 261 268 A r. 27 1918 Willert Das Tonci scnstcinvorkommen v on Ahaus und , , pp , p , . , - - - Koe feld Benthcim O chtru Ottcns in : Glii k f v l 44 t 1 3 4 3 9 1908 E inecke G . and s [ p te ] c au , o . , p . , pp. 0 0 , . , , - Kchler W . o . cit. 278 , , p , pp . 301. GERM AN Y. 81 in ra ti e mi t ma e t em a ailable SO t e can no be ne lec p c c gh k h v , h y t g ted as a reserv e. In a t erman eX erts a e latel e n i in es f c , G p h v y b e g v g th e ores ren w a n n in h O f fin e ed tte tio t e hope di ng a way to use them . The reserve figures given b elow are bas ed on the estimate made by Einecke ’ ’ 2 and Krihlcr .
r [Millions of met ic tons .]
Teutoburger Wald and Wesergebirge areas — There are many iron-ore e sits in the eut ur er rest but nl a few O f t em are w d po T ob g fo , o y h orth l n noting. The brown ores of Hfigge a d the carbonate ores Of Schaf ber n h es ri g a d t e brown or de ved from them are nOw mined . B esides these s m e la ir nst nes ur in the Witte in rmati n and a o c y o o occ k d fo o , erru in u s limest ne whi ntains 18 er ent ir n and i s f g o o , ch co p c of o s u ed as a flux urs in the W eser e ir e istri t. , occ g b g d c '” The estimates O f Einecke and Kfihler indicate the r eserves tabu lated b elOw .
r r o r r r I on resou ces f the Teutobu ger Wald and Wesergebi ge a eas.
r [Millions of met ic tons.]
Oolitic ores — es i es the e sits s e iall menti ne t ere . B d d po p c y o d, h occur through the W eser di strict small islands Of oolitic ore similar to the “ mi r n is n s h nette ores O f Lorraine. These o es occur i la d of t e same
Jurassic horizon as the Lorraine ores. Although the individual o is ccurrences ar e small the aggregate res erve considerable.
I ron resources in oolitic ores in the Weser distri ct.
[Millions of mctnc tons .]
0 p. cit., p. 298. 0' I em 347 d , p . . N - I em 492 527. d , pp .
° — — 15945 21 Bull . 706 - 82 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
Summary of the Weser distri ct — The quantity O f iron in the W eser district is summarized b elow.
Iron reso urces o d r f the Weser ist ict.
M [ i llions of metric tons of iron .]
siblc.
N O RTH A N D C E N TRA L G E RM A N Y .
Throughout the plains of nor th and centr al Germany ther e are f n w in 1 13 deposits O bog ir o hich 9 yielded tons O f ore. M any Of t se in the n rt western art are ex auste as ar e als s in ho o h p h d , o tho e S m U pp er Silesia. o e of them have gone to Poland with the terr itory n s Pr ss An s im Of m in Posen a d W e t u ia. e t ate what re ains to Germ any is given b elow .
I ron resources O north and central erman f G y .
M me r c [ illions of t i tons.]
” THU RI N G IA .
In the O lder formations Of the Thuringian fores t ther e ar e several ” i s kinds of ir on depos t . In the Cambrian rocks at Schmiedefeld there ar e contact-metamorphi c deposits Of magnetite in limes tone i In h S i nex t to gr an te . t e ilur an Of the eas tern par t Of the fo res t "8 r f i i i there ar e la ge beds O ool t c chamos te. Einecke and KOhler de i r m w i i i scr be the o e as a so e hat arg llaceous and s l ceous carbonate.
Einecke G and Kohlcr W o cit 27- E isenerze in Schlesi en und P n: Z ei chr , ., , ., p . ., pp. 5 530. ose ts . prakt. G lo i c v ol 14 62 19 eo g , . , p . , 06. N — Einecke G . and KOhlcr W o ci 431 472 B e chla F D e E rzla r U , , , . , p . t. , pp. . ys g, . , i gc stattcn dcr mgcbnng msdorf in Thii rin c : K r l Lan esa tal I th 888 2 - L r I D r v on Kn n . euss eo ns t c . 1 . 3 9 377 o etz L e g p . g . d h , , pp . , , - Zechstein in dcr Ge en von Blanken ur und KOni see Thurin crwald : K reuss. eol Landcsanstalt g d b g g ( g ) . p g . - Jahrb 1889 . 221 245 . Lowa J M an an und E isencrzv orkommcn im Th r crwal : O tcrr. . , , pp g, g ii ing dc cs ‘pp - - — itschr B cr u . Hiltt nw n v 8 11 23 2 2 R w r N A i Ze . g e csc , ol. 50, . 60 6 , 6 6 5, 635 636, 190 . uss u m, euc n schlii ssc v on M a ncteiscnerz im Thfir n erwaldc: G lii ckaui v ol 43 t 1 1 —1 1 g i g , . , p . , pp . 63 64, 907. 97 Sc le el Karl D s a nctciscnerzla cr v om Schwarzcn Krux bei Schmic cicld : D utsc . eol. h g , , a M g g d e h g - G s ll Z i s hr . v l . 2 1902. e e . e t c , o 54, pp 4 55, 98 Zalinski E . B . U ntcrsuchun cn fi er Thurin it und Ch m sit ns h in en: u s Jahrb . B , , g b g e o a T ur g Nc c , ei — la c B an v ol. 19 . 40 84 1904 g d, , pp , . GERM AN Y. 83
De Launay (after Loretz ) says that it is composed Of oolitic gr ains of C am site with some t urin ite emente ir n h o , h g , c d by o carbonate and lim A i is e carbonate . fter t roasted the ore is Of about 45 per cent
gr ade and high in phosphorus . U nlike other German ores it con ins a li le i i ta tt t tan um dioxide to per cent) . The production of iron ore in the Thuringerwald in 19 13 was
tons .
[M illions of metric tons.]
’ B ' E RE 1 AVARIA AND winrrr M RG .
I n the Jur assic sediments Of the Swabian and Bavar ian Alps there f i ar e br own ores O several types . The locat on Of some Of the deposits i h wn in fiur e 22 . e ar e ar tl inter alate O lites l s s o g Th y p y c d o , par t y
o 5 to as Miles h — d — A —A o 6 no 12 2 0 Kilometers
— F I G U RE 22 . Sketc ma s w evelo ed iron ore in the Franconian Al s B avaria. From h p ho ing areas of d p p , (
E in k G . and KOhlcr W . o . cit. ec e, , , , p )
0° - Loretz H Der Zechstein in cr Ge en von Blankenbnr und Koni see Thilrin crwald : K. reuss. , d g d g g ( g ) p
l. Ans a t I h h. 188 geo t l c t , 9, pp. £14 45. l - E inecke G . and KOhler W . o . ci . . 590 631. Fluhr B . Die Eiscnerzla erstattcn W iirttember s , , , , p t , p , , g g - Zeits chr. rakt . Geolo ic v ol. 16 1 23 1908. H olza icl E . Die E iscncrzvorkommcn in dcr Frank p g , , pp. , p , , - ischen Alb: Gliickaui v ol. 46 1 1 350 1910 Roth lctz A . c r die Am er er E n formation , , pt. , pp. 34 , . p , , b g - ’ Zeitschr rat t. Geolo ic v ol. 21 249 260 1913. Schmi t A . W iirttombcr s Erzbcr bauindcr Ver . p g , , pp. , d , , g g - n h i : Gluckaui v ol. 43 . 1 1 2 1807 ga gcn c t , , pt 2. pp 034 04 , . - 84 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
la ement e sits and to s me ex tent are Of resi ual ri in. rep c d po , o d o g These ores have been receiving considerable attention in recent y ears ’ and bid fair to become one Of the most impor tan t Of Germany s e f imm n ex nt ir i l a reserves . They ar O e se te and the poss b e v lue seems very large in spite Of the fact that they contain too much
i f n use . Th u i n in 1 1 w sil ca or ge eral e prod ct o 9 3 as tons .
o Iron resources f Bavaria and Wurttemberg.
[M illions O f metric tons.]
’ SCHM IE DE B E RG .
At S mi e e er in the ar t Silesia le t to erman lies ch d b g , p of f G y , a - ra e e sit Of ma netite ore i n s r i in high g d d po g of g eou o g .
I ron resources o S chmiedeber German f g, y.
[Millions of metric tons.]
SU M M AR O F G E I E E Y RM AN RO N R S RVE S .
The ir n res ur es Of erman are summ i i i o o c G y ar z ed by d str cts b elow.
Millions of metric tons of iron. Com are Pl. III in k [ p V , poc et.)
Known. Probable.
in W est Rh e . in E ast Rh e.
B og ores ( north and central Germany) a
W lirttcmberg and B av aria. Schmiedeberg
PR ODU CTION AND CON SU M PTION .
The steady incr ease in the production of iron ore in the German Cust ms U ni n w i a an es at a s mew at sl w o o , h ch dv c o h o er rate than that Of the U nite States but aster t an Eur e as a w le is S in d f h op ho , hown r 23 figu e .
l D v - B er G . ie Ma neteiscncrzla cr on Sc miede er : K . reuss. eol. Lan es nst lt I chth. 1 02 . g, , g g h b g p g d a a , 9 , pp - - 1 m6. E ineck e G . and KOhlcr W . o . cit. . 572 576 20 , , , , p , pp . GERM AN Y. 85
The slowly increasing relative M portance as well as the predomi nant position of the minette ores Of Lorraine Annexée is shown in
figure 24 . In 19 13 the production of iron ore in Germany and Lux emburg together amounted to 33 per cent and the co nsummion to per n h h h m ce t of t e total in Euro pe. Of t e ore pro duced in t e Ger an Cust ms U ni n ux em ur r u e er ent rraine Annex ée o o L b g p od c d p c , Lo
59 er cent and the rest O f erman er en . p , G y p c t The latest av ailable statistics (those for 19 12) Show that Of the total or e c nsume uxem ur use er ent erman rraine o d L b g d p c , G Lo er ent Prussia er ent a aria er ent and the p c , p c , B v p c , rest O f erman er ent. The last t ree items re resentin G y p c h , p g the nsum ti n Of new German a re ate er ent. co p o y, gg g p c
zoqoooooo
FIGU RE 23 — tio c sh in r uced du i dv e- ear riods en in 1875 to 1910 in the . Ra hart ow g iron ore p od r ng y pe d g
German Customs U nion Euro e the U nited States and the worl . See ex lanation of fi . 8 . , p , , d ( p g , p
The indicated capacity Of the German Republic to produce iron ore is only per cent O f the cap acity Of the former German Customs U ni n w ereas its in i ate a a i O f nsum ti n is er o , h d c d c p c ty co p o p ce nt Of the a a it O f the rmer German ust ms U ni n . us c p c y fo C o o Th , i n order to continue the iron and steel industry of the territory now remainin at the same rate as ef re the war erman must im rt g b o , G y po a mu l e n f n ch arg r proportio O the ore required tha in the past. If artificial b arriers are erected against thi s importation the iron indus try Of Germany will decline and ultimate consumers in other countries Will l ose a source O f cheap iron and steel. - 86 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
’ n s reser es o re still a ear o e airl extensi e but Germa y v of pp t b f y v , - she has no iron ore producing districts that rank with those th at ’ fii s a is ics av e een l st. The f ll win ta le ase on Of al t t t h b o o o g b , b d c ,
M llllons of metric to ns produced
Percentage of total pro ductio n
"1000000
— - FIGU RE 24. Dia rams sh owin iron ore ro uce annuall in the G erman Customs U nion 1908 1913 g g p d d y , , and the uantities and re ortions cont u Luxem ur Lo e A exée and German mines q p p rib ted by b g, rrain nn ,
outside of Lam ina. shows the quantity of iron in the or e mi ned per man per year in the remaining districts O f Germany :
8 Viertcl ahrshefte zur S tistik dcs eutschen eichs j ta d R .
- 88 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RC ES OF E U ROPE .
[Millions 01metric tons.]
7 — Mont Ghemin . In the metam r i r c s Of M nt Chemin a ar t o ph c o k o , p Of the mas Of M nt la ar ti ularl in the mar le t ere are lenses s o B nc, p c y b , h i n n m i i f Of magnet te a d hornble de. The ater al s O rather good grad e n i rese but is eglig ble as a rve. fi Avers — In the Triassic limes tone and associated porphyry of th e valley Of Avers there are intercalated beds of siderite and hematite.
They are Of only historical impor tance. °— Gonz en . ur assi se imentar ores whi h sin ularl lac J c d y , c , g y, k
liti stru tur e ar e un near Gonz en. he are Of rade oo c c , fo d T y good g , n ni e bu i i n fi in i re m re or less ma a r us t ar e ns i ant uant t . a o g f o , g c q y Chamoson and Erzegg — Jur assic ores also occur at n E -Pl n l en r i Chamoson and i the rzegg a p att a ea. They ar e ool tic T m i i and siliceous . he ore minerals are cha os te and s derite. Their nt n i n average iron co e t s 30 per ce t.
- Iron resources of Chamoson and of the Erzegg Planplatten area.
[Millions of metric tons.]
Other deposits — There are many small and inaccessible depos its in Switzerland that together can be considered as affording a poss i f i n ble reserve O a mill on tons of iro . Summar y f or Switzerland — The quantities Of iron in the ore de posits Of the region indicated ar e summariz ed below :
z I ron resources of Swit erland .
[Millions of metric tens of iron.]
7 - Schmidt 0. Minin in Canton W allis reviewe in Zeitschr. rat t. Geolo ic v ol. 11 . 205 208 1m , [ g ], d p g , , pp , a H lm A fiber die Erze des Avers und Oberhalbsteintal in Graubinden a stract : Geol. CentralbL e , , ( b ) ,
1 . 740 1901. vol. , p ,
w iz B r - H . Zei un v ol. 62 . 541 und Mangancu grubcn der Sch e : e g u. ilttenm t g , , pp
inIdem. ITAL Y. 9
Switzerd mines no ir n res and her e sits are so ina essi le o o , d po cc b t at she is no li el n i - in r h t k y to develop a ron mining dust y .
D STR C I I BU T ION , HAR A C TE R , AND E xTE N T OF THE DE PO SIT S .
tal is near l sel -su r tin s ir n ore She ins m s I y y f ppo g a to o . O bta o t
Of her ore r m the islan Of El a. See Pl in e . f o d b ( . XI , pock t ) " — - - Elba . The am us i rade low s rus res El a f o h gh g , pho pho o of b cur in m t m r i r s f r - i t n A r oc e a o ph c ock O p o Silur an o Eoce e age . cco d ‘3 ing to De Launay the ores are vein and metasomatic deposits asso ciated wit i i in si h h gran t c tru v es . Later metamorphism as tended to make t em a e m e xi h pp ar or complex . The ore minerals are o des (mag netite ematite and erri dr ates near the sur a e and ntain , h , f c hy ) f c co re in inc as g amounts Of sulphides with increase in depth . T e r er r im h es ves we e est ated at tons in 1904 . From 1904 un til anuar 1 1909 to ns wer mine . Sin e t en a ut J y , , e d c h bo t ns a ear has een mine or a ut t ns r m 1904 o y b d , bo o f o
to 19 19 so t at a ut to ns are le t in the e sits . All w , h bo f d po o ing for development work there ar e probably about tons Of or e containing tons of ir on on the island that fall into the f “ ” class O known ores . “ — Sardinia. A r in to re ent inf rmati n examinati ns stima cco d g c o o , o lated by war needs have proved that tons Of ore occur in
S ar dinia in the Nurra istri t at the n r th end Of the islan . hese , d c , o d T r im nt i i i r n n Of ir n is o res a e sed e ary and ool t c . The r ave age co te t o a u t 45 er ent so t at it seems air to re it the e sits wit bo p c , h f c d d po h probable reserves amounting to metric tons Of ore con ini Of ir n ta ng tons o . A t O lias tra etween the Ba Of Or sei an the ul Of Ca liari g , b y o d G f g , i f is l there are bedded depos ts O brown ore . Their value doubtfu . A t San Leone there are veins of magnetite which are supposed to ntain t ns Of or e and near lesias t er e is a bed Of co o good , Ig h i u br own ore and magnet te which contains abo t tons . Altogether the deposits in Sardinia can be credited with a proba ” ns ir n ble reserve of about to of o .
’ 11 m m Giovanni Note sur les ressources en mineral dc ier de l Italie: The iron-ore resources of the , ,
11 h In rn . G l. Con f vol. 1 . $34 05 Stock olm 1910. world ( t te at eo g ) , , pp , h , " - Ca acci C. The iron mines O i the islan of E l a: Iron and Steel Inst. Jean 1911 NO. 2 . 412 450 p , , d b , , , pp ,
i h ma . Pooch F . Die E isenin ustrie an!der lnscl El a: O csterr. Zeitschr. Ber u. Huttenwesen w t p , , d b g , - r vieri V . Anal ses of E l a ore: Rasse na mineraria vol. 14 . 101 102. v ol. 51 pp. 3 54371. ecs Se , , y b g , , pp , - i n L G s mineraux et metalliieres v ol. 2 . 400 408 Paris Ch. Béran or 1913. Launay, . de, ite , , pp , , g , u l B chte iiber eine im ahre 1900aus eiilhrte Bereisun der Insel Sardinien und eini er Duenlm , eri J g g g - - lia : Z h . Hu on . S linenwcsen reuss. St. v ol. 50 . 622 668 andcrcr Bergrcviere Ita ns eitsc r Berg tt u a p , , pp , - - T L . The iron ore e osits of Sardinia: Iron and Steel Inst. Jenn 1911 No. 2 . 364 379 m . ests , , d p , , , pp - 90 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
/ ’ Val — In the Val d Aosta in the Pie m nt untr near , d o co y the Fren h r er t ere are lens es Of ma netite in ser entine w i c bo d , h g p , h ch i i n very clearly seem to have been formed by magmat c segregat o . i The ore is Of ex tremely high grade and s low in phosphorus . Recent es timates place the r eserves Of ore at tons for i r fo C ne the depos ts Of T aversella and tons r those at og . ’ The total for Val d Aosta can be taken as metric tons of metallic iron . B -B — I m ergamo rescia . n the Bre bana Valley ther e ar e replace men ein in f i ri e is e w- s rus t v s beds O s de te. Th y have furn h d lo pho pho ore for man ears but as the talian M etallur i al Ass iati n esti y y , I g c oc o mates the r eserve at only tons they may be dismissed as unim por tant. " — Central Ital . r wn res ar e un in Central tal in the y B o o fo d I y, ersilia istri t at Cam i lia M ar itimma at M assa M aritimma V d c , p g ,
Or etell and at l a. b o , To f e are re ite wit a reser e O f t ns or e or a ut Th y c d d h v o of , bo f tons O metal. 18 Miscellaneous — r n ore is re r te to ur at Stil in s ut ern I o po d occ o , o h “ tal and at M nte Pel ritani in Si il . I ts uantit es no t I y , o o , c y q y do seem to be l r a ge. Summaryf or Italy — The quantities O f metallic ir on in the deposits f tal r e s iz O I y a ummar ed below .
Iron resources of I taly .
Millions oi metric tons of iron. Com are Pl. X1 in c [ p , po ket ]
Val d ’ Aosta
15 - - Catani R . The iron ore e osits of Pie mont : Iron and Steel Inst. Jour 1911 N o. 2 . 353 363. , , d p d , . pp - B onne T . G . The ma netite mines near Co nez Geol. Soc. L on on uart . our . v ol. 59 . 55 63 1903. y , , g g d Q J , , pp ,
Millier F . C. Die Erzla crstiitten v on Traversella i m Picmont: Zeitsch r . ratt . Geol ic v ol. 20 , , g p og , , pp. - ’ 2 9 2 0 th eolo i c ma 1912. Peters F . La Val e d A e ct ses rinci x e l : 0 4 (wi g g p) , , c ost p pau git s métal iiercs Rev . l - - 9 uni v . mines, vo . 39 40, pp . 97 116 , 1 12. 1' Calvi G . The ro uction of iron ores in the Brem ana alle : Iron and Steel Inst. our . 1911 N O . 2 , p d b V y J , , , - pp . 380 389. ‘7 - - Ciam A The iron ore e osits of central Ital : Iron and Steel Inst. Jour . 1911 N O . 2 . 390 408. m, d p y , , pp - Ristori G . I iacimenti limonitici Cam i lia Marittima : Soc. toscana sci . nat. Atti v ol. 20 . 60 5 , , g ( p g ) , , pp 7 ,
1904. 13 - La alle G O n the iron ore e osits of sout ern Ital and Sicil : Iron and Steel Inst. Jour . 1911 V , d p h y y , , N 2 9-11 O. , pp . 40 4 . 19 - Lotti B . Die eolo isc en und tektonisc en Vcrhliltnisse der E rzla erstiitten N or ost Siziliens , , g g h h g d - Zeitschr . kt. e l ic v l. 5 . 62 06 1907. pra G o og , o 1 , pp ,
- 92 TH E IRON ORE RESO U RCES OF EU ROPE . ma netite ar e ass iate wit a r s ia ases and ne eline g oc d h g bb o , d b , ph s ni l Of i ne us ri in . The small e sits y e tes . They are c early g o o g d po - i i in Of southern Norway are Of contact metamorph c or g . M ost Of the Norwegian ores occur in a complex Of metamorphosed i T in m e ite an hematite early Paleoz o c rocks . he ore m erals are agn t d i ee -seate and the gangue contains garnet and vesuv anite. D p d metamorphism has in par t determined the form and the mineral composition of the deposits and has obscured or concealed their mode e r r s im sits li e the Clint n Of origin. Th y a e p obably ed entary depo k o 22 ir n or es as S o ren su es ts but the e i en e su mitte is not o , j g gg , v d c b d sufficient to eliminate the possibility that they were formed by men t er m ir ri in e a e ass replace t. Wha ev ay have been the o g th y h v p ed - e z n thr ough the deep s ated o e . The ores are classified commercially according to their content Of s ntain less t n 4 e n e e b u 35 iron . Tho e that co ha 8 p r ce t (av rag a o t “ ” per cent) are classed as concentrating ores ; those that contain m an 4 er ent are lasse as ir smeltin res ore th 8 p c c d d ect g o . The lar er e sits are un t r u ut n r t ern N r wa and a g d po fo d h o gho o h o y, group Of smaller deposits in the Christiania district produces ore that i m l is used nlocal s e ters . c t i res r N —Th in r Con en rat ng o of northe n orway . e concentrat g o es ti e an hema ite issemina in m i are magne t d t d ted etamorph c rocks .
' In estimating the res erves the large bodies O f concentr ating ore ” t at can be mine en out were las se as n wn and the h d by op c d k o , smaller bodies or the deeper par ts Of larger bodies were classed as “ ” “ ” r a le and ssi le reser es a r in to the time at w i h p ob b po b v , cco d g h c e mi t be mine w et er in the near or the m r e istant utur th y gh d , h h o d f e. 2‘ The figures given ar e based o n estimates made by Vogt or on more r r recent private epo ts .
n I ron in conce trating ores of northern Norway .
[ Milli ons of metric tons of iron .]
Salangen
Sjaafjeld-Melkedai 1i iteraadal O ther deposits
The t er e sits in lu e t se at TromsOsund O s r on o h d po c d ho , k fjo d - - Kin o en i O ten and Nav erhau en . d , Bog fo , g
n . o o ic lr tions O e c vi n iron ores: Am. . Min. E 38 d gre , E , The ge l g a ela i th S andina a Inst ng. Trans , vol. , 766-836 1907 pp . , . - ' o t . . L . Die re ional me a hosi rten E isencrsh er im r ich en Norwc en: Zei tsd ir. V g , J H g tam p e g nO dl g — - r kt Geolo ic vol. 11 24 28 59 65 1903. p a . g , , pp . , , M - - O . cit. The iron ore resources of the worl vol. . 603 621. p ( d , pp NORW AY. 93
Direct smelting ores of northern Norway — Mineralogically and gene tically the direct smelting ores are similar to the concentrating ores i i but can be smelted without prev ious benefic at on.
[Millions of metric tons of iron.]
The loc ation Of the im portant Sydv arangcr de posits is shown in figure “ 2 h t er 5 . Among t e o h ’ deposits are those of M an B a r k o elOv a r d j , K al r d Lunkenf ord j o , j , and smaller deposits on - the Lo foten Ves teraalen i slands . Titaniferous ore — There are in N orway many small deposits Of workable ore that ar e at present un available because they contain from 3 to 40 per xi e cent Of titanium dio d . The largest deposit is at Sel in the o ten vaag , L fo “ to l Islands . The ta pos ” sible reserve Of ore Of this class amounts to metric tons of metallic iron. “ — Purple ore. The de posits Oi iron and copp er sulphides at Sulitj elma ro u e on r astin as a p d c o g , b ' rO dU Ct an ir n ore y p ; o n — o - fi o r orwa Fi ova 25. Ma oi lt n ore el s f S dva an cr N . p d y g , y w 2 After Be schlag Kmsch and V oct.1910 hich contains 6 per cent ( y , . Of ir n and is use in the las t urn T e ir n in t ese e sits o d b f ace . h o h d po , estimate in metri t ns ma be lassifie as n wn d c o , y c d k o , r a le ssi le p ob b , po b , - 94 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
— Southern Norwa . In s ut ern N rwa in the C ristiani a istri t y o h o y , h d c at e n Kr a ero Nissedal and Ar en al ther e ar e se eral small F h , g , , d , v f i r deposits O direct smelt ng ores . The o e contains about 50 per cen t m m of iron and so e phosphorus . The ore miner als ar e agnetite and n hematite . They are co tact deposits or replacement lodes and ar e i of igneous or gin . ’ t s fiur es whi a e een use er e sh w r es in Vog g , ch h v b d h , o esourc metri t ns metalli ir n as ll ws : Kn wn r le c o of c o fo o o , p obab , ssi le po b , Summary f or Nor way — E stimates Of the quantities O f metalli c n in h s f n i i iro t e deposit O iro ore n Nor way ar e g ven below .
I ron resources of Norway.
Millions of metri c tons of iron. Com are Pl. XII in ket [ p , poc ]
Concentrating ores of northern N orway Direct smelting ores of northern N orway Titaniferous ores of northern N orway P r u ple ore Of Sulitjelma . Direct smelting ores of southern Norway
PR ODU CTI O N A N D CON SU M PTI O N .
N rwa ex r ts r a ti all all the ir n or e she r u es w c o y po p c c y o p od c , hi h n th E amounts to about per ce t of e total ur opean output. As she lacks coal she can establish an iron industry only by electr o H n n min n metallurgy . er ores have ot bee ed to the ex te t that they ear to warr ant and t eir utur e e el ment will r a l app , h f d v op p ob b y be i r ap d . 35 S W E D E N .
I O N CHA R A CTE R AND E TE O F S DI STR IB U T , , X NT TH E DE PO IT S .
The iron-ore deposits Of Sweden lie in thr ee geographic r egions in Swe is a lan or n r t ern Swe en in entral Swe n n d h L p d , o h d ; c de ; a d at
a er in s ut ern Swe en . See Pl. XII in et. T b g , o h d ( , pock )
36 t - Lundbohm H almar Petersson W al z and Te en rcn F . B . The iron ore resources of Swe en , j , , , g g , , d - — Th e iron ore resources of th e worl 11th Internet. G eol. v ol. 2 . 551 603 Stockh olm 1910. d ( , pp , , ’ L de L Ori ine et les caracteres des isements do for scandinav es: Annalee des mines v ol. 4 . L aunay , . , g g , , pp — - 49 106 109 211 1903 . ren H . The eolo ical relations Of the Scan inavi an i ron ores : Am. Inst. Min . , , d g , g g d — En . Trans. v ol. 38 . 766 836 1907. G uinchard J . Swe en 2d cd . 1914. Nor enstrom G . The most g , pp , , , d , , d , ,
rominent and c aracteristic eatures Of Swe is iron minin : Iron and Steel Inst. Jour . 1898 NO . 2 . p h f d h g , , , pp - - - - S keler Sc wedens E isenstein er au : Gliickaui v ol. 45 . 473 481 509 515 545 550 35 76. pac , h b gb , , pp , , , — — — 632 638 669 672 1909 . Winch ell H . V . Swedish mines and minin : Min. and Sci . Press v ol. 594 6(B, , , , , g , - 8 1911. 102, pp. 35 3 ,
- 96 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
I
’ o O Stutzer in a er a le t esis maintains t at the ore and . , v y b h , h ‘ i i er 3 apatite and the associated syenitic rocks are intrus ve. Ge j maintaine until re ntl th t e e xtrusi e but in his la tes t d ce y at h y ar e v , ‘3 article on the subj ect he records more r ecent observations tha t have caused him to alter his opinion and to agree that the ores ar e i ntrusive . Metamorphism has been an agent in the formation Of most O f the e sits es e iall at elli are w ere its effe ts are m re le ar l d po , p c y G v , h c o c y evident. The ore is i h ra e ntainin 62 er ent ir n and the of h g g d , co g p c of o , f t f rus Th e greater part O it contains from l o 2 per cent O phospho . ore at u ssa aara Lev eaniemi and Mertainen ntains less hos L o v , , co p orus hat at Ruoutev are ntains so mu h titani um that it is ph . T co c “ ” i r as nl ssi r r cons de ed o y a po ble ese ve.
Iron resources of northern Sweden.
[Millions of metric tons .]
” CE NTRAL SW E DE N .
The ores of central Sweden occur as lenses and stocks Of magnetite in s hi sts and neisses . heir e l is m l x r rob c g T g o ogy co p e . They a e p a l res ma mati eri ati n li e th se Of n rther Swe en but b y o of g c d v o , k o o n d , have migrated farther from the parent magma and have undergone t m t m r i m grea er e a o ph s . “ ” 3‘ A map in the atlas Of The iron-ore resour ces Of the w orld s ws 66 e sits in Swe en Of w i h t at at ran es er the lar est ho d po d , h c h G g b g, g , sh wn in etail in the a m an in ma fi is o d cco p y g p ( g. 27 Swedish sta tistics in lu e still thers t at are not sh wn on the m c d o h o ap .
” so O . Die Eisenerzla erstatten Stutzer , g Gelliv are in Nordschweden: Zeitschr . rakt. G OOIO , p gi e, vol. - 4 . 137 140 1906. Stutzer O . Die Eisenerzla erstatten bei Kiruna: Z 1 , pp , , , g ei tschr . rakt. G eolo ic v ol. 14 p g , , — — . 65 71 140 142 1906. Stutzer O . The eolo and ori in of th e La n iron or pp , , , , g gy g pla d es: Iron and Steel Inst. - No. 2 . 106 207. Jour ., 1907, , pp
I i G ei er P. I neous rocks and iron ores of Kir unavaara L j , , g , uossav aara and T uollavaara Stockholm , , ,
1910. u P Recen ev el Gei er t o ments at Kirrma: Sveri es eol. U nder sblmln Arsbok 2 5 g , d p g g g 1 , p t. , 1918.
a n n H . E . Th e Gr n es r n ° Joha sso , , a g be g iron ores : Co g. geol. internat 11 sees G ui e des excursions , , d ,
2 1910. Kukuk Die mittelsc w en Erz - No. 3 , e isc la erstatten Gliickaui v ol. 47 t. 1 , h d h g ; , , p , pp . 8m827 - , 870 905 9 14 1911. Petersson W . Die Erzfel er v on N or er : Con ° 861 , , , b g . eol. internat. 11 sm . Gu d g g , , ide dos excursions No. 29 1910. S b ren B . The Pers er minin fiel : Idem N 4 , , j g , , b g g , o . 3 . S é ren B . The d j g , ,
n ban minin fiel : I em No. 33 . La g g d d , - u Te en rcn F . R . The iron ore resources or central and sout - g g , , [ ] hern Sweden: The i ron ore resources of — e worl 11th Internet. Geol. . 586 597 Stockholm 19 th d ( pp , , 10. SW EDEN . 9 7
From — n- fi Gr n s er centr l n F The ron-ore resources 27. Hap oi th e iro ore eld at a ge b g, a Swede . ( rom i of the world " ) ° - — — 15945 21 B ull. 706 7 - 98 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
The ore in the lar est e sits ntains mu h h s rus but t at g d po co c p o pho , h i m f th mal t t -t r f n any O e s ler deposi s contains less. Abou one hi d o the ore is concentrating ore and about two-thirds is direct smelting ore. From figur es given by Tegengren tons) and from the O fficial statistics Of the production in 19 16 the iron content of these ” sits t wn As t er e are depo has been figured as ons kno . h man un e el e ies and as ertain r u in areas were not y d v op d bod , c p od c g nsi ere Te en ren t ns m re ma be lasse as co d d by g g , o o y c d ” possible.
aooqooo
rpoqooo 3 3 2 a
c ns 28 -R tio c art s owin iron ore ro uced urin nve- ear erio s endin 1875 to 1910 in Fr u . a h h g p d d g y p d g
Sweden E uro e th e U nite States and the worl . See ex lanati on of fi . 8 . , p , d , d ( p g , p
SO U TH E RN SW E D E N .
In s ut ern Swe en at a er t ere is a e sit Of n entratin o h d , T b g, h d po co c g f t t n r us ma netite whi is ma e u se re ate m asses ore O i a ife o g , ch d p of g g d Owin to its ntent titanium it is not now of the basic type . g co of “ ” aila le SO it is ut wn as a ssi le reserve ntainin av b , p do po b co g n metric tons Of ore carrying metric tons of ir o .
- 100 TH E IRO N ORE RESO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
. N O an s 300 to 500 meters wi e a e een tra ed better grade b d , d , h v b c g are 180 il meters r m the nearest for 12 kilometers. Thou h they k o f o railroad the properties at Kittila are said to have been sold for kroner (about 37 The onlv statement available as to the ex tent Of the deposits ” tl uantities Of ore a statement whi h says there are exhaus ess q , c obviously afiords no ground for an estimate. “ “ I tr al inlan in the la e untry are the so- alle la e n cen F d , k co , c d k ” w i are r wn bo res ntainin 35 er c ent Of ir n and ores , h ch b o g o co g p o generally considerable phosphorus . t t ar la kin t u the e sits a ear Here also reliable es ima es e c g , ho gh d po pp to be ex tensive. t an at Jussarfi“ on the ul lan and a t In sou hern Finl d , , G f of Fin d , nta ” ar a e a a t ere are ore dies Of the i ne us Pitkii ra , ne L k L dog , h bo g o rO r lenses Of ma netite w i itc un er type. Those at Jussa a e g , h ch p h d l r etic r e the Gulf of Finland and have been exp o ed by magn su v y s . At Pitkii ranta the ore is probably Of contact-metamorphic type and r Th or ntains consists Of magnetite of concentr ating g ade. e e co f l h per cent O su p ur .
[Millions 01metric tons.]
Because of lack of information probably only a very small par t of ’ h tim r Finland s iron ore as been es ated . Mo e ore bodies of the Kit tila type may perhaps be discovered in northern Finland by further ros e tin for the untr is similar to that Of n rthern N rwa p p c g, co y o o y ,
in which such ores are so generally distributed .
PR O DU CTI O N A N D CON SU M PTI O N .
The lake ores have hereto fore been utiliz ed for a local industry and the rimar res the n r t ma be ex l ite ereafter u p y o of o h y p o d h , b t as Finland lacks coal there is no reas on to suppose that she will ever x r r develop an e tensive i on indust y .
‘7 - Min. . London vol. 87 909. Jour ( ) , , pp. 375 376, 1 ” Tie erstedt A . F . Fennia Finnish Ge . Soc. B ali l 14 N g , , [ og ] , vo . , o. 8, 19 pp ., 1898. ‘9 - Truste t O . Die Erzla erstatten von Pi ki r ado a Se 1 Fi l B d , , g t anta am L g e: Comm. 000 . do n ande ull. 9 1 , 1907. POLAN D. 101
T H E B A L T I C S T A T E S .
Est ni a at ia and it uan ia are m se Of low flat-l in ho , L v , L h co po d , y g
r un w i lies within an area t at w as n e o ere la iers . g o d , h ch h o c c v d by g c NO e sits Of ir n res a e een re r te r m t em and it seems d po o o h v b po d f o h , as if the only deposits they are likely to contain would be surficial f l x bog ores O sma l e tent.
‘o PO L AN D .
DI STR I BU TI ON C A CT E R AN D E TE NT OF THE DE PO SIT S . , HA R ; X
— Locati on o mineral lands . New P lan see Pl. in t f o d ( XIII , pocke ) covers territory whose geologic structure ranges from that Of the flat—lying young formations Of the nor thern plains and marshes thr ough that Of the gently folded M esoz oic and Paleoz oic rocks of centr al and southern Russian Poland to the mountain struc ture Of the K arpa ’ thi P l l i r l r r li i h D ans . o and s most yaluab e m ne a esou ces e n t e om brova coal bas in and the Triassic lead and z inc basin in its south w x l r t ir r th M z estern part. Ne t in va ue a e he on o es in e eso oic and Pal f P l Th t r f eoz oic rocks O Russian o and . e moun ainous egions O the northern l pes Of the Karpathians are singularly lacking in mineral wealt r a l e ause the ertiar r s w ic t ese l es h, p ob b y b c T y ock of h h h p are composed were deposited under conditions that were adverse to the formation O f sedimentary miner al deposits and because no later i l i ntrusions have introduced metalliferous so ut ons . The eastern limits Of new P lan a e no t een efinitel fix ed o d h v b d y , but as no M por tant iron ores ar e r epor ted from the doubtful ar eas t i s t ff t t tal r r he r determination doe no a ect he o ese ve . “ Tr r s — In s ut st r P lan lies th riassi M iassic o e . o hwe e n o d e T c ( us chelkalk b asin w i is m stl in Silesia and artl in ussian ) , h ch o y p y R Po ir n r r s s t t i th land and Galicia. The o o es a e gos an ha overl e e zinc
and l r s to whi this area wes mu Of its alue . ead o e , ch o ch v “ Jurassic and bo or es — ire tl n rt w est the riass1e area in y . D c y o h of T , urassi sediments t ere ar e se imentar S at i res wit r wn ore J c , h d y p h c o h b o , deri r m t m ese res er a e etw een 30 and 35 er ent ved f o he . Th o av g b p c of ir s i r l s to l al rn s on and have fur ni hed a cons d e ab e upply oc fu ace . “ Towar the n r t east in the Kiel e istr ict r es the same s rt d o h , c d , o of o at t iz he same and low er hor ons ar e found .
- - — Iron ore re o rces of th e worl 11th Internet. Geol. v ol. 1 . 173 174 494 501 Stock olm s u d ( , pp , , h ,
1910. it Bar nec F . fier die erziiihrenden Triasschichten W est ali ziens : O esterr. Zeitschr . B er u. to , , b g g - — Huttenwesen vol 50 . 645 650 664 669 1906. Tietze E . Die eo nostischen V erhii ltnisse der G e end , . , pp , , , , g g g - van Kr k l R n l hrb . v ol. 37 . 423 1887. a au: K . k . geo . eichsa sta t Ja , , p , 0 B - n rmiltnisse des sudostlichen Teiles v on Polen artonec F . fiber di e eolo isch montanistische Ve : , g g — Oesterr Z H ttenwesen v ol. 62 . 726 729 1914. . ei tschr . B erg u. ii , , pp ,
Dobo z n ki S . Iron ore in the Kielce district : Geol. Centralblatt v ol. 2 . 262 686 1902. r y s , , [ ] , , pp , , - 102 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES O F E U ROPE .
In the estimates given below the gossan ores have b een left out of t accoun . P Jurassic iron arcs of oland .
[Millions 01metric tons.]
B esides the Jurassic ores Poland will be able to count on some O f the n Th m unt has een bog or es that formerly belonged to Germa y . e a o b - f h taken arbitrarily as one fif th O t e former German supply .
B og iron ores of Poland.
[Millions 01metric tons.]
[Millions of metric tons oi lton .)
PR O DU CTI O N A ND CON SU M PTI ON .
I n 19 13 Russian Poland produced a little over tons of iron T t r ito r a e to it r m German and Austria to ore . he er y dd d f o y form new Poland has added a little to the productive capacity Of new P lan but n ne O f the ir n e sits are f ar r m the line t at lies o d , o o d po f o h i i it n t sn i between economic ava lab l y a d wor hles ess . Sl ght economic changes might easily make it wi ser for Poland to dr aw her ir on ore t m from foreign sour ces rather than o ine her own ore.
A U S T R I A .
C CTE R D E TE F DI STR IBU TIO N , HA RA , AN X NT O TH E DE PO SIT S .
n w Austria see Pl. in et lies in the eas tern Al ine The e ( XIV , pock ) p x e t a small n r t ern art is entir l m unt in ranges and e c p o h p e y o a ous . As might be Oxp ected in such an area there are numerous small its ir n ore but the nl lar e e sits ar e the Erz er Of depos of o , o y g d po b g t nb r O f int i Styria and the Hii te e g Car h a. The Styrian E rzberg is world famous for the excellent quality Of the iron ore mined ther e and has supplied ir on since the earliest
- 104 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE.
PR ODU CTI ON A ND CON S U M PTI O N .
In 19 13 the production of iron ore in what is now the e u li am unte to a u t n st f th R p b c o d bo to s . Mo O e utiliz e in mesti urna s d do c f ce . pendent
Now that she has access to the sea only through ma find it etter to M ort al r m ilesia The A y b p co f o S . us ores are SO desirable that there will always be a demand for th and s me w a will be un to t iz t m o y fo d u il e he .
- C ZE C H O S L O V A K I A .
D I STR IBU T IO N CH ARA CTE A ND E E , R , XT NT OF THE DE PO SITS
Cz echO-Slovaki a is fortunate in containing within he h i s f ssf ir str t e essent al or a succe ul on indu y . I t is a interi r untr fit for a ri ultur e r er e m untains and o co y, g c , bo d d by o , by northeastwar d-trending r anges that contain an abundance ir n and al See Pl. XIV in et. o co . ( , pock )
B O H E M IA
The location of the num erous Bohemian iron-ore deposits is sho in Plate w i is a eneraliz e r e r u ti n ma 12 XV , h ch g d p od c o of p the atlas accompanying the volum e on the iron r esources world issued by the Eleventh International Geological Co The most ex tensive and productive ar ea Of iron-ore d eposits entral emia in the r a M untains w ere e s O f c Boh , B d o , h b d hematite and of the iron silicate chamosite are inter calat rian se iments . The res are low r a e ntainin an d o of g d , co g a ut 35 er ent Of ir n 13 er ent O f sili a and to bo p c o , p c c , r s Of phospho u . The estimate of these ores given by U hlig is The n wn ore t ns can be consid k o , o , per cent Of ir on and SO cr edited with me “ ” lic ir n . The r a le ore w i is estimate o p ob b , h ch d In r r to a w amounts to tons . o de llo crease in the grade of ores with incr ease in depth as containing 3 0 per cent Of iron and cr edited with f i n T er r main t me tons O ro . h e e abou
- ~ 45 U l Die Eisenerzv orrii te Oesterreichs: Th e i ron o re resources of th e worl 11th Internat. G h ig, V d ( - v ol 1 . 151 153 Stock olm 1910. . , pp , h .
- 106 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
i A Of spathic ir on ore in a complex ser ies Of metamorph c rocks . small p ar t Of the ore mined comes from brown ores derived from the Th re a e ene all nne te wit intru prim ary carbonates . e o s r g tic y co c d h sions Of quar tz porphyry .
0 I00 KILOM ETERS u — l A —L —L—l— L J —J—J
” I Ve ins f a O re mass es
— - - Fc RE 30. Ma s owin e osi ts of i ron ore in the Sze es GOmOr istrict Rut enia M ac o Slovakia. p h g d p p d , h , h ” ( From The iron-o re res ources of the world )
4° According to an estimate made by Von Papp the ores c an be n l tabulated as i dicated be ow .
o I ron resources f Ruthenia.
[Millions of metric tons o f ore ]
Known . 26. 1
47 . 7
Possible 18. 0
“ “ ” Of thi s ore the known and probable aver ages abou t 38 per “ ” en and the ssi le is ore Of l wer ra e w i for sa et can c t po b o g d , h ch f y ne n ainin 20 e n i n In m lic be recko d as co t g p r ce t of r o . ter s of metal “ ” “ ir n the n wn reser es are metri t ns and he r o k o v c o , t p ob ” a l r e v ar b e ser es e metric tons . The ore ntains little s rus and r astin in reases i ir n co pho pho , o g c ts o n n o a u 53 er en and ma es it mm iall co te t t bo t p c t k co erc y desir able .
0 P l v n o ci . 223. app, Kar o , p . t , p. - AU STRO H U N OARIAN E M PIRE . 107
— SU M M ARY O F CZE CHO SLO VAK RE SE RVE S .
- The metallic content Of the iron ores in Cz echO Slovakia is shown in h a l l t e t b e be ow .
[Millions of metric tons o f iron.]
PR ODU CTION AND CON SU M PTION .
I n 19 13 Cz echO—Slovak territory produced abou t metric t n s ir n ore. With her lar e al res ur es w i the st o of o g co o c , of h ch be okin als the D m r a asin are a ar t she s ul be a le c g co of o b ov B p , ho d b o u tiliz e her own res ur ces to the ullest ex tent t et er wit so t o f , og h h mu ch of the Swedish magnetite ores as are necessary for making a m l in mix ure i he en ral em an h uture go o d s e t g t w th t c t Boh i ores. T e f h n in u in ho—Sl a ia i m Of t e iro d stry Czec ov k s very pro ising .
H U N G A R Y .
n a n n The old Hu g ry was rich i iro ores. The loss Of the Sz epes GOmOr ana and Hun ad istri ts lea es the ne un ar i , B t, y d c v w H g y w th ou t any deposits ex cep t a few small scattered ones on the K arpathian
l e . al is als la in wit in the new State so a ere is no s op s Co o ck g h , th t th x n a an i n in u r r eason to e pect a Hu g ri ro d st y .
PR O D U C TI O N A N D C O N S U M PT I O N IN T H E A U S T R O
H U N G A R I A N E M PI R E .
u Austria- un ar has ease to exist a rie esume Tho gh H g y c d , b f r of h si i n in 19 13 is ne essar in the stu Of Eur a er po t o c y dy ope s a whole. The resources over whi ch the Old empire had control are shown in the following table
ron o the A ustro-Hun arian I resources f g Empire.
l n 1 e ic on ofi ron. Com are Pl in e [Mil io s 0 m tr t s p . XIV, pock t ]
Possi le. T e of ore re om na in b yp p d i t g.
German Austria Sider ite.
. 0 Chamo e 55 si t and hematite.
S ethic and brown ores . 0 S deritc and hemati te. - 108 THE IRON ORE RESO U RCES or EU ROPE .
The ac m an in ra i a fi h s ir n co p y g t o ch r t ( g. 3 1) shows t e progre s of o mining in Austria and Hungary and in the Austro-Hungarian m ire as m are wit the U ni S a e ur e and the w rl . E p co p d h ted t t s, E op , o d I t shows that the increase since 1880 has been consonant with the n rmal w rl n o o d i crease .
“ 9000000
’ rmqooo
— FIGU RE 31. Ratio cha howin - rt s g iron ore produced during nve year periods ending 1875 to 1910 in th e - Austro Hun arian E m ire. Austria Hun ar Euro e he U n e h l See ex g p , g y, p , t it d States.and t e wor d. ( p lana ion f 8 t o fig. , p .
In - 19 13 Austria Hungary produced me tr ic tons O f ir n ore i i e a l o , d v d d s fo lows :
Metric tons.
Hun ary . 2 0 0 g , 59, 07
All ati n h u oc o of t e o tpu t of the Empir e for 19 13 to the poli tic al i isi ns f 1 1 ff d v o O 9 9 a ords the result shown in the following table :
- 110 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
PRO DU CTIO N A ND CO N SU M PTIO N .
There are no figures to show the production of ir on ore in Bulgaria and nothing on which to base an expec tation O f a future iron indus try t here. “ G RE E CE .
IB U TIO N CHA R E E O F H E DE PO SITS . DI STR , ACT R , AND XTE NT T
The principal deposits O f iron ore in Greece are the chromiferous
' ores in the Laurium Peninsula near Lake Kopais and on the islands u a an S o a l l a ia i ta us of E boe d kyr . They r e c ose y ssoc ted w th Cre ceo s r entines and the one int on w i most e l ists who a e e p , po h ch g o og h v studied the deposits are agreed is that the ores were derived fr om the ntin serpe e . 55 Accor ding to No ttmey er these ores were deposited in a shallow “ h s r ntin r m t mal s lu i ns S tt r e ar s sea on t e e pe e f o hydr o her o t o . co g d the res as se re ati ns in the ser entine fissure e sits in lime o g g o p , d po 5 7 st ne Or nta t e its etween limest ne and ser entine. ebets o , co c d pos b o p H regar ds them as original segregations from p eridotite magma which were enriched bv metasomatism during serpentiniz ation Of th e i i per dot te . The or e is described as consis ting Of nodules or shotlike gr ains o f ” r wn ematite emente a in er O f m re drated so ter b o h c d by b d o hy , f
us r In la s h a i u . amorpho o e. p ce t e ore shows th nly banded str ctur e I t usu ally O ccurs on top of serpentine and is covered by later lim e t n s o e . The O re is so very similar to Cuban lateritic and New Caledon ian res idu al ores in occurr ence and type that it is thought by the wr ite r o b the same ri in— t at is the res ar e re ar e as du e to t e of o g h , o g d d
weat erin essentiall in la e . h g, y p c ’ “8 ’ 5° Depr at s studies in E uboea and Lepsius s work in Attica sh ow that the serpentines are derived from b asic igneous r ocks intru de d us lim t n s i u into Cretaceo es o es . The e gneo s rocks suffered dynam ic m tam r hi sm w i in la es ause a r a an m i e o p , h ch p c c d e rr ge ent Of th e r an r u s m s ist sit i minerals d p od ced o e ch o y . Th s schistosity migh t b e preserved after serpentini z ation and lateritiz ation and might give s me the ore a an e structur e w er eas t e r m o of b d d , h h o e for ed fr o m
N - Vallindas K . Geol. Centrelbl. v ol. 9 . 425 426 a stract 1917 Scott E K . ron d Stee l I , , , pp ( b ), . , . , I an nst.
N 447 et . our . 1913 o. 1 . se Cottrell U . S. consul M inin in ustr of C cla e : in. our . v l. J , , , pp q , ( ) , g d y y d s M J , o
75 . 661 1903. He ets A . and Bonanoe N . Rev . uni v . dos mine v l. 2 , p , b , , , s, o 1, pp . 129 Reports on i iron e osits in ore gn countr ies B oar of Trad e Lon on 1905. Nottm er M x Die i enerzv orr d p f , d , d , ey , a , E s ii te l Th e ir - r re - Griec en an s: on o e sources of th e worl 11th Intemat Geol. vol. 1 . 341 349 S t h d d , , pp , ock
lm 1910. ho , 56 O i . 45 p . c t , p . 3 . 60 Scott K . K . Iron and Steel Inst. Jour . 1913 No. 1 . 47 , , , , , pp 4 et seq. 07 - H abets A . and Donah oe N . Rev . univ . mines vol. 21 . 129 148 , , , , , pp , 1908. 60 De t l ’ ’ re I . Etu e é o o i ue de l ile d E ubee 217 . ma s and oto ra s B n 4. p , , d g g q , pp , p ph g ph , esa con, 190 50 La sius B . Geolo ie von Attika B erlin 1m. p , , g , , TH E BAL K AN STATES. 111
m assrv s r enti la ritiz ati n— t at is weat erin in e e p ne by te o h , by h g lace— w ul be r anular an ex lanati n t at is rne out the p o d g , p o h bo by s ar nta ts etween the ore and the limes t ne and the m re h p co c b o . o in efini te nta ts etw en the ore and the ser entine n te d co c b e p , o d by h f h in u in lim s t n uld be Sco tt . T e occurrence O t e ore fiss res e o e co ac cou nted for by assuming migr ating solutions during or after lateri tiz a i n A ful si a i and al r a hi stu w ul t o . care phy ogr ph c p eogeog p c dy o d be n a s h sis a anc ec ess ry to te t t e hypothe dv ed . t it ttme r Th e estimates Of the reser v es ar e no very defin e . No y e says ther e ar e to metric tons in the Laurium
istr i t. The or e ntains a ut 45 er ent Of ir n 2 er ent d c co bo p c o , p c of
r o m e and r m to er ent O f s r us . ch , f o p c pho pho
Iron resources of Greece .
[Mi llions 01metric tons .]
B esides the d eposits describ ed there are small deposits Of iron ore t s s f o n s ome Of he i land south O Gr eece. n a t re are s me i l man anif r r S t i O Ze he o h gh y g e ous ores nea pa h . h e ntain 49 er ent O f ir n and 22 er ent man an n T y co p c o p c of g ese . O S r a t er e are s me sli tl man anif er us res and on Cer i y h o gh y g o o , go ,
h ermia and Ser ho t ere ar e e sits Of ematite . u s me T , p h d po h Tho gh o O f these small deposits have been mined no estimates Of their content r r e aila le and t e a e no t in l in th s Of o e a av b h y r c uded e reserve .
PRO DU CTIO N AND CO N SU M PTIO N .
r ee e r u es a ut t ns Of r mi er us ir n ore w i G c p od c bo o ch o f o o , h ch
is used in Eur op ean fur naces . AS she lacks coal she has not and pro i t an im r tant ir n ably w ll no have po o industry .
60 RU M A N I A .
DI TRI U TI HARA T R F S B O N , C C E , AN D E XTE N T O TH E DEPO SITS .
The information concerning deposits O f iron or e in Rumania is s t Th t r rt m i very can y . e grea e pa of Ru ania s plains country Of a t e it w i one w ul s ar el ex e t to find an in Of or e but yp h ch o d c c y p c y k d , in the hill re i n Dobr ud a ore has een re r te and in th y g o of j b po d , e foothills of the Tr ansylvanian Alps magnetite lenses in schist are sai to ur etween P ni birsa r d occ b ode and O . B own ores in limestone
0° - Paul P Etu es sur les minéraux de la Roumanie: U niv . Jess Annaleeact vol. 1 . 15 148 1901. , d y , , pp , - 112 TH E IRON ORE RE SO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
t s tima ar e found on Mount Dirmoxa. SO far as known her e are no e tes th of e reserves . The most ex tens ive ore deposits that Rumani a gains by the acces sion O f territory from Hungary ar e those Of the Banat and Huny ad istri ts in the Siebenbiir en untr w ose l cati n is s wn in d c , g co y, h o o ho “ 1 fiur e 32 . ese e sits nsist O f e s O f s at ic ore whi h is g Th d po co b d p h , c th m altered to brown ore near e surface. Ther e ar e some s all bodi es
ma netite in the istri t but t e are Of er little alue . of g d c , h y v y v The carbonate and brown ores Of the Huny ad distr ict have been “ stu ie Von Pa and a r in to his estimate the car efully d d by pp , cco d g “ ” district can be credited with known resour ces of metric
0 5 0 100 KILOM ETERS l— L —J— h -L—J — H d —l— J
— FIGU RE 32. Ma s owin e osits of iron ore in the Benet and B un a istricts Rumania. p h g d p y d d , t f n “ i ons O or e a d probable r esources Of metr c to ns . The ore aver ages about 44 per cent of iron and from to pe r ent Of s rus The st t i inf rmati n on whi c h c pho pho . e ima e g ves no o o to ase ssi le r eser es ex e t to sa t at t er e are s me b po b v , c p y h h o m etri to ns as er and fiint w i ar n t now a aila le and c of j p y ores h ch e o v b , t n t s m i I as hey do o ee l kely to become available they ar e omitted . n “ ” terms Of metallic iron the district can be cr edited with known “ ” resour ces Of metr ic tons and wit probable resour ces o f t i t ns me r c o .
01 Locz Lu wi von and Pa Karl v on Die im un arischen Staats e iete v orhan enen Eisenvorrflte y , d g , pp, , g g b d - Th e iron ore resources of th e worl 11th Intemat. Geol. Con . vol. 1 . 245 262 Stockholm 1910. d ( g ) , pp , , 03 I em . 262. d , p
- 114 TH E IRO N ORE RE SO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
e sit its all ati n will not seri usl affe t the estimate O f ir n-or e d po oc o , o y c o r s r e e ves .
S ERB IA .
“4 Milojkov itch states that there are many deposits Of iron ore in Serbia and for esees a brilliant future for iron-ore mining in that untr but the inf rmati n he i es is ac m anie no ata co y, o o g v co p d by d i ssi l o s im h r s r that make t po b e t e t ate t e e e ves . — Vran a . At r an a near the ea w aters O f M ra a i er n r t j V j , h d o v R v , o h eas t Oi U s u t ere are masses O f ma netite in r stalline s hists. k p , h g c y c In t is area t ere are als e sits Of lea ir n and er sul hi es h h o d po d , o , copp p d , w ic were rmerl mine but the ass iati n t r ws u t on the h h fo y d , oc o h o do b i value Of the magnet te deposits . Suvo Rudishte — In the crystalline schists Of western Serbia near S r r i s f i Th uvo Rudishte there a e a numbe O f depos t O magnet te. e ore a ears to ntain mu ir n bu t it ntains als nsi er a le pp co ch o , co o co d b sul ur . ese small s attere e sits can ne er be m re t an a ph Th , c d d po v o h s r O f s r s s r ou ce upply fo a mall local indu t y . Papratishte — At Papratishte there is a hill on which hematite a r r s Th nd b own o e lie between serpentine and Cretaceous lime tone. e resemblance Of the deposits to those in Greece near Lake K opais su s s is si m gge t that th depo t ay have futur e value.
— Ral a and Gu berevaz . In n rt ern Ser ia s ut Of el ra e t er e j o h b , o h B g d , h ar e e sits Of litic sedimentar res whi ntain muc iro n d po oo y o , ch co h and onsi er a le r mium . e a ar o be alua le but th e c d b ch o Th y ppe t v b , inform ation concerning them is so meager that it gives no idea o f t eir x n h e te t. Ma dan ek — Th ir ss h si s f ri and al j p . e on go an of t e depo t o py te ch copyrite at M ajdanpek is useful as a flux but is scarcely O f muc h alue as an ir r v on o e .
O A TI A N D SLA N I A CR A VO .
Cro atia and Sla ni a whi c wer e nce ar ts Austria- un ar vo , h o p of H g y - but now rm ar ts Of Ju o Sla ia ntain few e sits Of ir n or e. fo p g v , co d po o There are some bedded brown ores and deposits Of siderite near “ Ter ove in Cr atia as well as b own res near the un ar O f g , o , r o bo d y
Carinthia and osnia. h f rm nl a small reser e w ic has B T ey o o y v , h h no t been calculated .
04 - M ilo kovitch . A. Die E isenerzvorkommen in Serbian: Th e iron o re resources O f the worl 11th j , J , d ( - Internet. Geol. vol 1 311 329 S k olm 1910. . , pp. , toc h , 0° W endebom B A Die Ku ererz und Limoni t La erstii tten v on M e den ek : Zeitschr . rakt. Geolo i , . ., pf g j p p g c - v ol. 20 266 280 1 2 , pp . , 91 .
Locz L . von and Pa K . v on Die im un arisc en Staats e iete v or an enen E isenerzv orriite y , , pp, , g h g b h d — 1 h In G l v l 1 275 278 Stock olm 1910. (1 t ternet. eo . o . , pp. , h , TU RKE Y I N E U ROPE . 115
"7 B O S N IA AND HE RZE G O VI N A .
There are several sm all deposits of iron ore in Bosnia and Herz e ov ina m st t em Of little alu at r sen u h h as am unt g , o of h v e p e t, tho g t e v t o of slag in the dumps indi cates that they were once the sources of a l ar ge industry . The ore e osits of th dis rict f V r s n r h s f S ra o in d p e t o a e , o t ea t o a j ev , B sni a ar s ill al h is f s m i nd o , e t v uable. T ey cons t o bodie of he at te a si erite metas matic ri in e site in lim st nes t at now d , of o o g , d po d e o h f rm o part of a series Of greatly metamorphosed sedimentary r ocks .
Iron resources o the district o Vares B osnia. f f ,
[Mi llions of metric tons.
Thi s district is the only one in JugO-Slavi a whose reserves have een estimate so t at th ur for ar s and for u -Sla ia as a b d , h e fig e V e J go v wh is th sam li - r us ole e e. If app ed to JugO Slavia this figu e is O bvio ly inc r r ect but as t ere is no in rmati n on w i to estim ate the o , h fo o h ch qu antity of 0m in the other deposits mentioned any additional figure w n ari m i x s r ould be a th et c e pres ion O f a me e gues s . In 19 12 Bosni a and Herz egovina produced altogether about tons Of ore that was utili zed in the furnaces Of Trieste or in h m r u ti n ar r r s r wh t is t e ho e p od c o of ch coal i on . The e i no eas on y h r p oduction should no t be continued . JugO-Slavia lacks the coal that a more ex tensive domestic iron n s r w u r uir i du t y o ld eq e.
AL B ANI A .
r n ore is re rte to cur near u i in Al ani a but no I o po d oc R b go , b , x h information as to type or e tent as been found .
68 T U R K EY IN E U R O PE .
Ther e is little available information r egar ding the iron ores Of ' ‘ Eur an l urke and t e are elie e to be O f sli t alue. An ope y , h y b v d gh v investigation of co al deposits near Rodosto disclosed the occurrence “ Of ir n re and t ere is sai to be ma netite san and s hist se o o , h d g d c o ” t Th r r v s r nsi er ne i i l . magnetite a Samakov . e ese e a e co d ed gl g b e
‘7 - K F E isenerzi e erstatten B osniens und der H rz owina: Ber u. Hiittenm. Jehrb. vols. etter, . Die g e eg g ,
57 9 19 -1911. , 58, and 5 , 09 0 - Nottme er M ex Die E isenv orrate der Turkei : The iron ore resources of the worl 11th Internet. y , , d
l 1 3524353 Stockholm 1910. Geol. v o . , pp . , , - 116 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
RU S S I A .
E PO S S . DI STR I BU T ION , CH AR A CT E R , AN D E XTE NT or m D IT
AREA CO N SIDE RED .
The o ne thing certain about Russia seems to be that it will no t Fin have the same boundaries in the future that it had in 19 13 . lan can be a e te as a efinite state and in the r sent c nne ti n d cc p d d , p e o c o the boundaries O f Poland are sufficiently es tablished to permit its tr eatment as a efinite state arti ularl as the un ertaint in re d , p c y c y
gar d to its eas tern boundary includes an ar ea that lacks iron ore . in The old Lett prov ces of the Baltic contain no iron ore. On the t er an the as t territo r t at ma es u the rest of o h h d , v y h k p i ms i i isi n Th r n s tw O ld Russ a also see l able to subd v o . e diffe e ce be een centr al and northern Russia and the U k raine seem to be to o great r i t a ul usi n Th i ers in r sts h r al re i n to pe m pe cef f o . e d v e te e of t e U g o , the Cau asus and the Crimea ma ause the rmati n new li c , y c fo o of po ti al entities but as t e ha e no t et suffiientl risen out of th c , h y v y c y e mists O f civil strife to be clearly outlined they can be treated her e x r i only as geographic e p ess ons . In studying Russia r eliance w as plac ed chiefly on the work of B w “ Arti in i ogdano itsch . cles Russ an had to be studied thr ough resumes in other languages o r thr ough the ex cellent Short abstracts th is s n r in e Geolog che Ce t alblatt.
NO RTH E RN RU SSIA
es hematite in i rite r wn se imentar res and bo Lod of d o , b o d y o , g
res are re r te r m the ernment O f Olonetz . See Pl. o po d f o Gov ( XVII , in et. ere is little inf rmati n a ut t em but t e are pock ) Th o o bo h , h y i to b unim r tan sa d e po t.
" CE NTRA L RU SSIA .
M etasomatic brown ores ar e reported from the Governments of
K alu a ula asan Orel Kurs r nez and Tambof . g , T , Rj , , k , Vo o h , (See
Pl. in et. The o re ntains a ut 4 er ent ir n XVIII , pock ) co bo 0 p c of o . A ut t ns f i s r u bo o O t wa p od ced in 1912 . The estimates ma e Bo danowitsch rm the asis fo r th fi r s i n d by g fo b e gu e g ve b elow .
09 - B o danowitsch K . Die Eisenorze Russiands: The iron ore resources of the worl 11th In r g , d ( te net. l v l 1 363-544 S kh lm 1910 Geo . o . , pp. , toc o , . " Scho owalnikofiA . Ore do ositsoi Tulomosorsk district Gov ernment of Olonetz : Geol. Cen r lb p , , [ p , ] t e l., vol. 2 . 547 a stract 1902 The ore de sits f L ke Tulmo Gov rn f Ol ne : , p ( b ) , ; [ po o a , e ment o o tz] Geol. Cen - ruihi . v ol. 3 . 327 abstract 1 03. Bo d wi s h E i . 6 51 t , , p ( ), 9 g ano t c , ., op. c t pp. 51 8. 1! - B o danowitsch K . o . cit. . 485 494. E rnst A Die Ko len und E s t g , , p , pp , ., h i encrzlagors fitten dos cm - tralen Russiands: Ber u. Hiittenm. Zeitun No. 50 1900. B o anow D. Iron ore e osits in Eflre g g, , gd , [ d p mow district Gov ernment of Tula : Geol. Centrelbl. v ol. 3 . 6 a stract 1903. K bo ski J. O , ] , , p ( b ) , o t . , [ a nian - ron ore Government of Kursk : Geol. Centrelbl. v ol. 3 . 35 36 a stract 1903 i , ] , , pp ( b ), ,
- 118 TH E IRON ORE RE SO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
77 Donetz — In the Donetz asin eas t Kri c i Ro t ere are B , of v g, h pockets of br own ore which at one time gave rise to great hopes and ex a er ate estimates but the es were isa inte and the res gg d , hop d ppo d o r r i r im r nc a e at p esent of l ttle o no po ta e. — ” Kosak Mo ila . N rt the Sea Az at K sa M ila t ere g o h of of of, o k og , h r s are small deposits of magnetite and hematite in metamo phic schist .
Whether development might make them valuable is open to question. r r s They appear to be of a type that is of great value in othe count ie . 7° Ke - h h K r ninsula t ere are reh. O n t e eas t end of t e e ch pe h xtensi e e s liti ore whi are un erlain limest ne e v b d of oo c , ch d by o of
fluxin ualit . e c ntain 40 to 45 er ent Of ir n a ut good g q y Th y o p c o , bo 2 er nt man anese 15 er ent sili a and er cent p ce of g , p c of c , p of s r pho pho us .
ron resources o Kerch Russia. I f ,
[Millions of metric tons.]
Summary of southern Russia — The quantities of metallic ir on in h - r s i s ss r s m riz t e iron o e depo its n outhern Ru ia a e um a ed below .
I r r an resou ces of sou thern Russia.
[Millions o f metric tons o f iron. ]
80 CA U CA SU S .
The only deposit in the Caucas us r egion concerning which reliable in rmati n is a aila le is t at at Daschkiessan s ut Eliz abeto ol fo o v b h , o h of p , in ranscaucasia. See Pl. XIX in c et. It a ars o T ( , po k ) ppe t be a ntact-m tam r hi it i r Th r co e o p c dep os of h gh g ade . e i on content of the r 2 r o e is 6 pe cent.
77 - B o danowitsch K . o . ci 11 513 g , , p t., pp. 5 . 70 I em . 511. d , p 79 - Zeidler R. Ketch iron o re district : Geol. CentralbL vol. 3 . 5 1903 B , [ ] , , p , . ayard, M ., Note sur les ’ isements de minerals de fer des res n iles de Kertch et de Tainan: Annalee des mmes h ser v l 15 g p q ,29t ., o . , 505-522 18 pp. , 99. 00 B esborodko N . fier eine neue Chro eisenerzl n r li , , b m agerstatte am n6 d chen Kaukasus und ihre mine - ralo ischen Verhflltnisse: Neues Jahrb. B eila e B an v ol. 34 . 783 798 1912. Ter i orew A . net g , g d , , pp , p g , [Mag ite e osit of Daschkiessan in the Caucasus : Geol. Centrelbl. v ol. 3 . 7 a stract 1903. d p , ] , , p ( b ), RU SSIA . 119
[Millions of metric tons.]
m U RAL M O U NTA IN RE G IO N .
In the U r al Mountains and their foothills there are deposits of many kinds of iron ore and their des criptions give the impression t a r s r a en u h t the e is till much to lea n about them . They will be t k p in r r r m n r s o de f o o th to outh. ” B o v k — s ki s is goslo s i estate. Most of the ore on the B ogo lovs e tate of — s igneous origin and appears to consis t o f contact metamorphi c bodie . The or e minerals are ematite and ma netite whi ntain r m h g , ch co f o r 40 to 60 pe cent of ir on and to per cent of phosphorus . Although there is plenty of ore for local production the res erve is small. See Pl. in et. ( XVII , pock )
Iron resources o the Bo oslovski estate Russia f g , .
[M illions of metr ic tons.]
— T otsk. At Tr ois on the w estern sl es the U r al M untains r k, op of o , a n a -me am hi si s ir n a a as ther e re co t ct t orp c depo t of o ore. N0 d t to
rade are at an . The r eser es whi nsist metri g h d v , ch co of c t ns ore ar e ta en ar itr aril as ntainin metri t ns o of , k b y co g c o n Se Pl of iro . ( e . XVIII . ) 3‘ Perm and Viatka — In the ernments Perm and iat a west . gov of V k , the U r al M untains t ere are ar illa e us e sits si erite of o , h g c o d po of d of s imen ar Ori in e r la a eas and urnis nsi er a le ed t y g . Th y cove r ge r f h co d b n ar- sm l ers ar lo r a in h ru stat ore to e by e t . They e of w g de t e c de e
22 er ent ir n but t e m a e res w en r aste . See ( p c of o ) , h y k good o h o d ( l P . XVIII . )
81 — Bo danowitsch K. o . cit. . 364 4 85 Preston . E . h e U rals t eir mineral wealth : Min. g , , p , pp . , T , T and h - M v ol. 14 . 197 201 with ma 1916 ag., , pp ( p) , . a K eene A . F . un u lishe information. Fedorow E and Nikitin W . The B o oslovski minin , , p b d , , , [ g g
district : Geol. Centralbl. v ol. 2 . 3264327 a str t 1902. O s nsk L . On B o oslo ski : Geo ] , , pp ( b ac ) , u pe y, , [ g v ] l.
Centralbl. vol. 3 . 36 1903. S ockle W . The B o oslovski minin estate: Am. Inst. Min. E n . Trans , , p , h y, , g g g , - vol. 2 2 1908 9, pp. 274 30 , .
D arc L . and Hrasce L . Bur lo mineral de for de Troisk Oural da Nor : Com t. Ren . vol. 136 up , , . , ( d) p d , , - 1409 1411 1903. Mrazec L . and Du di B e i n des Ber v i pp. , , , parc, e raun isenste nlagerstatte gre ers
von Kisel im U ral ( Kreis Solikamsk des permschen Gouvernements) : Oesterr. Zeitschr . Berg u. Hiitten - - w l. 51 . 1 4 esen, vo , pp 7 1 715, 735 7 0, 1903.
B d n wi h it. . 4 -4 og a o tsc , E ., op. c , pp 72 77. - 120 TH E IRO N ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
' Iron resources o Perm and Viatka Russia. f ,
[Millions of metric tons.]
f ' “ — Gora Bla odat Ni hni, Ta i k e on C n entr atin r s u g z g ls r gi . o c g o e occ r r in in a r and ntainin 27 er ent ir n liti ematite r es g g bb o co g p c of o , oo c h o ntainin 37 er ent ir n and hi - r a e ma netite res con co g p c of o , gh g d g o taining 55 per cent of iron are found in the Gor a Blagodat-Niz hni i i h h m S T ls n M st r r is t t last na . ag k reg o . o of t e ese ve of e yp e ed ( ee Pl Th ima i n l is as h tails i n . XVIII . ) e est te g ve be ow b ed on t e de g ve B o dano its h by g w c .
n a N n I ro resources of Gor Blagodat izh i Tagilsk region.
[Millions of metric tons.]
8° Versk Isetsk — er ar metas mati e sits r or and . Th e e o c d po of b own e
mati in h ntr al U r al r i n Pl. Th r he te t e ce eg o . (See XVIII . ) e b own ores contain about 50 per cent of iron and per cent o f phos phorus ; the hematite contains 56 to 60 per cent of iron and little s rus Th estimate i n l is as e on ri ate re r pho pho . e g ve be ow b d p v po ts .
on a I r resources of the centr l U ral region .
A ai evsk distri ct — E as t of the U r al re i n but still in Eur ean lap g o , op ussia in the Al a aiev s di stri t t ere ar e ex tensi e e s motas R , p k c , h v b d of o ’ mati r r Se Pl . Bo danowi tsch s s et es in i c b own o es . ( e . XVIII ) g k ch d is su cial i in I t ntains a ut 44 er cate that the ore of rfi or g . co bo p n f n ce t o ir o .
95 - winson Lessin F . O n th e ma netite e osit of Gora B la o at : Geol. Centralbl. v ol. 12 . 170 Loe g, , [ g d p g d ] , , p
t 1909. (abstrac ) , 80 Niki in On h e l of Versk Com. eol. Mam. 22 1907. Russian wit Frenc a stract. t , V . [ t geo ogy g , h h b
- 122 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
Iron resources of Magnitnaia Gora and the K ussinskaj a district
[M illions of metric tons.]
Summary of the U ral M ountain r egi on — In the subjoined summ ary of the iron r esour ces of the U r al Moun tains the r eserves given are r ow T x nt n t r rt Bo danow itsch p ob ably l . he e celle a d comple e epo of g resents a multitu e e l i etails and its estimates the p d of g o og c d , of r eserves that could be checked by those in other r epor ts have almost w r o b m r t M n sits ar e menti ne for al ays p oved t e ode a e . a y depo o d w n i s r hich o est mate a e made .
r M a I ron resources of the U al ount in regio n .
[Millions 01metric tons of iron .]
K nown .
B ogoslov ski est Trolak Perm-Via - Gora Blagodat Nizhni Tagilsk V ersk-Isets
Alapaiev sk . . Bilimbaiev sk :
Sissert estate .
SU M M A RY O F RU SSI A
' The qu antities of iron in the deposits in the subdivisions of Russia r n i r r ta ul at w he e co s de ed a e b ed belo .
I ron resources of Russia.
[M illions of metric tons of iron.]
Known . Poss ible.
Central Russia RU SSIA . 123
PR O DU CTIO N A N D CO N SU M PT IO N .
The development of an iron industry in Russia has been adversely aff ct i 1 i ur r e ed by political condit ons since 900. The r at o c ve of p o u ti n f e r 1 ws d c o or th period p eceding 900 (see fig . 33) sho a steady increase but sin e t en t ere has een r a ti all no in reas e and , c h h b p c c y c , for the fiv e-year period ending 19 15 ther e w as probably a very lar ge ecreas d e . The as es an ir n in ustr — al ir n and a ulati n a a le b of o d y co , o , pop o c p b of usin — n in ussi S ut rn g finished products u doubtedly exist R a. o he
7oqooqooo
300009000
aoqooqooo
4coc , q
zopoqooo
— - FIGU RE 33 . Ratio chart showin iron ore ro uced durin nv e ear erio s endin 1875 to 1910in Russia g p d g y p d g ,
E uro e the U nited States and the worl . See ex lanation of fi . 8 . p , , d ( p g , p
“ ussia in lu in the un tr the ittle ussians U rainians R , c d g co y of L R ( k ) and the Crimea is ar ti ularl rtunate. The ir n res O f Kri c i , p c y fo o o v Ro and K er and the Do netz al asin are in this r e i n an d the g ch co b g o , independent farm system of its black-earth belt makes the r egion a les s er tile fiel for liti al a itati n t an entr al ussia W ith its f d po c g o h c R , mmunal armin a r e ates and ffers a m r e r ea and m re co f g gg g , o o dy o intelli ent m r et for finis r u ts . w e er for s me tim g a k hed p od c Ho v , o e to come politics r ather than industry will dominate the former
Em ir e the Cz ars and its uture is not eas to f retell. p of , f y o - 124 TH E IRO N ORE RESO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
B IB L I O G R A PH Y .
The books and ar ticles listed in this bibliography comprise a par t M r ti t r of the material consulted . any a cles tha we e foun d to be “ unreliable or that w ere proved to be written for purposes of prop e ” n n itt win to the s r tn ss th tim ga da have bee om ed . O g ho e of e e available the liter ature issued prior to 1900 was not ex amined so r t t r t tho oughly as tha of la e da e .
'
W O RK S o r A G E N E RAL NATU RE .
G E NE RAL ARTICLE S O N RE S E RVE S .
- E K E L E C. Iron ores M cG raw Hill Boo Co 1914 . C , . , , k “ tu of occurrence v aluation and control of iron ores. Contai n s S dy , . s um maries of many estimates and much detail on American ores and an excellent
discussion of the reserv es of foreign countries . RE AT BRrrAI N B O ARD O F TRADE e orts on iron e osits in orei n countries G , , R p d p f g .
Lo n on 1905 . d , ro i o l r offi Compilation of information f m d plomatic and c nsu a cers . AT BRITA IN DE PA RTM E NT o r SCI E NTIFI C A ND I NDU STRI AL RE S E A RCH AD IS O RY GRE , , V CO U N CIL Re ort on the source and ro uction of iron and ot er metalli erou s , p p d h f
res use in the iron and steel in ustr Lon on 1918. o d d y, d , o x ll n s Most rec ent compilati n . Giv es e ce e t ré umé of more important cc
- N E NATIO NAL GE O LO G ICAL CO NG RE SS The i ron ore resources of the worl 2 v ols . I T R , d ,
nd tlas Stoc h olm 1910. a a , k , - Comprehensiv e and detailed study of the iron ore reserv es of the world by
aut ors cite in iv i uall elow . U se as asis for the r ter rt o many h , d d d y b d b g ea pa f
this work .
11th session Com t. ren . 1910. , p d , “ itio l notes to The iron-ore reso e Discussion of and add na urc s of the world . r Welt l l 4 — T R N E E O HM A . E . Eiseuv orrate de : G iickauf v o . 1 . 1542 1546 1905 O , , , , pp , . ’ ract of Tiirnebohm s re ort to Swe ish Parliament which inst ate th Abst p d , ig d e o estimate s for the International Geolo ical Con re s in 1 1 T making f g g s 9 0. 6rne i the relati v e i rtance of we is i ron o bohm overest mate d o S d h res .
DISCU S SIO N S O F Q U E STIO N S O F RE S E RVE B A S E D O N W O RK O F TE NTH INTE R
NATI O N AL G E O LO G ICA L CO NG R E S S .
fi r die Eisenerz v orrate der Welt: nt Kon r f B E YS HL A G F . Mitteilun e n e . ess ii C , , g b I g r — fi er ra t. eolo ie 13 22 Ber au etc . Diisseldorf B eric te k G . 1910. gb , , , h b p g , pp , — — - E l ckau v l 47 . 420 427 457 4 66 499 507 1911. BO KE R , H . . , G u f , o . , pp , , , Cri tical study and review of Einecke and KOhler on German resources in par “ - ticular and of The iron ore resources of the world and of the discussions at h n rnati nal Geolo ical Co n ress at S kh lm 1 the 11th session of t e I te o g g toc o , 910. - f w rl : Iron A l — 1 M PB E LL H B r n ore reserv es o the o e vo . 99 . 51 53 19 CA , . . , I o d g , , pp , 7 . Calculates that reserv es will last 800 years at present rate of production but tion inc at n ra will be exhausted in 1990 if produc reases prese t te.
Z hr B r Hiitten u . Salinenwesen reuss St vol 62 176 KRU SCH , P. , eitsc . e g p . ., . , pp .
216, 1914 . “ - ti f Th iron o re resources of the worl . 194. Sa s com rison of Cri que o e d , p y pa
' countries based on work of International Geological Congress is impossible because n a n in ac economi c features were ot t ke to count.
- 126 TH E IRO N ORE RESO U RCES O F E U ROPE .
G E NE RAL S TATISTI CA L SO U RCE S .
- U S A e itor Mineral In ustr McGraw Hill Book Co . RO H , G . . , d , d y, n m ll r is i s Giv es export a d i port as we as p oduction stat t c . ri s fficiella Statistik Ber shanterin 1916 Sv e ge O , g g, . E ean ro uction statistics since 1871 in one ta le U se for rate ia rams urop p d b . d d g . L Min f th U ni Sta U NITE D STATE S GE O O GICAL SU R E eral Resources o e te tes . V Y , d for fiures of ro cti on mor es ciall s for makin dia r m Co nsulted g p du , e pe y u ed g g a r of La S erior ro uction of g owth ke up p d .
B I B LI O G RAPH Y .
r n l i urnal Lo n on I o and Stee Inst tute Jo , d . Annotated bibliography in v olumes from 1900 to 1917 furnish ed references m h h w r that serv ed as basis for uc of t e o k .
AU STR I A .
M N . The Erz er of Eisenerz St ria : Iron and Steel Inst. our . 1907 BAU ER A N , H , b g ( y ) J , , — N 3 . 27 36 . o . , pp
General description .
BLASS U er ein Eisenerzv or ommen im Stubaithale : Zeitschr . rakt Geolo ie , J b k p . g , - v ol. 8 . 369 370 1900. , pp , - Description of some magneti te hematite deposits at base of Triassic dolomi tee
r Neustift s uth f Inns ruc Austrian Al s. No reserv es. nea , o O b k , p
. Das Ei nsteinv rkommen zu Kohl ach an der Stubal e Steiermar CANAVAL , R se o b p ( k) - B r Hiittenm. Jahrb . v ol. 52 . 145 158 1904 . e g u . , , pp , si History with review of discussi on of gene s. l l : i Natur und Enstehung der Erz agerstatten am Schneeberg in Tiro Ze tschr . — rakt. Geolo ie v ol. 16 . 479 483 1908. p g , , pp ,
A ussion of enesis true v eins and metasomatic re lacements . disc g , , p
RHA G E R . DaS Eisensteinv orkommen bei Neumar t in Obersteier : Oesterr . eit HO , J k Z - hr Ber u . Hii ttenwesen v ol . 51 . 337 339 1903 . sc . g , , pp , History and general description of abandoned deposit of magnetite-hemati te
at contact of limestone and mica schi st.
HU M PHRE W . A . U er eini e E rzla erstatten in der U m e un der Stan al e Y , , b g g g b g g p - - K . k . l . Reichsanstal Jabrb . v ol. 55 . 349 368 1905 . geo t , , pp , Inclu es eolo ic escri ti on of iron-ore e osits in St ria and Carinthi a d g g d p d p y ,
Austria.
OH N C. V . and E ICHLE ITE R C. F . Ar eiten aus dem c emi sc en La oratorium der J , , , , b h h b - - - K . k . eol. Reichsanstalt 1901 1903 : K . k . eol. Reichsanstalt v ol. 53 g , g , - - 480 5 14 1903 v ol. 57 . 403 436 1907 . pp . , ; , pp , f in l s Analyses O many samples c udi ng iron ore . - KE STRA N E K W . The Austrian ir on in ustr urin the last twent fiv e ears: Ir , , d y d g y y on — and Steel I nst. Jo n 1907 No . 3 . 10 24 . a , , , pp
Austria Short of co in coal . Bohemi an reserv es of l w h s h rus i in t k g o p o p o g v g ou . - — NAG E L O . Iron ore out ut atthe St ri an Erz er : Iron A e v ol. 94 . 482 484 1914 . , p y b g g , , pp , Reserv e tons rich ore a out 38 er cent ( b p ) , tons lean ore
less t an 25 er cent . Goo escri tion and ictures mostl mi nin m t ( h p ) d d p p ; y g e hods . - E DLICH K . A . Die Eisensteinber baue der U m e un v n Pa r i h R , g g b g o ye bach Re c enau - t rr i h : B r tt m b l - Nie er Os e e c e u . Hii en . a rb . v o . 55 . 267 294 1 7 . ( d ) g J , , pp , 90 Descri tion istor and eolo of some e sits t at w r i 1 p , h y , g gy d po h e e abandoned n 902
and 1903 .
U er das Alter und die Enstehun eini er Erz u M netitl er b g g . ag agerstatten d - — steierisc en Al en : K . k . eol . Reic sanstalt ahrb . v ol . 53 . 285 294 1903 . h p g h J , pp , in Argument for epigenetic orig . BIBLI OGRAPH Y. 127
— d Mi n . r v ol . 2 22 4 E ALD . T. The Erz er in St ria : En . an ou . 9 . 2 SIN G W , J , b g y g J , , pp ,
1911.
r sum of the work of others Quotes tons estimate . Good é é . n ls des esterreich U n arisc es Z ll e ietes Statistik des Auswartigen Ha de O g h o g b . ti n U sed for statistical informa o .
Ber aues in Osterteich Vienna. Statistik des gb ,
i h n r file urc den steieris hen Erz : - E M . S i zze eines eolo sc e P o c er K . k . VAC K , , k g g d h b g
l i chsanstalt Jahrb . vol. 50 . 23 1900. geo . Re , , p ,
of e osits. Not in accor with other authors wh disa Giv es data on age d p d , o me s r P mi with his idea that some of the ore bed a e er an .
B E L G I U M .
mi nerai de fer en Bel i ue : Annalee des min R A. La uesti on du es de Bel DE L M E , , q g q - 1 25-448 1 12-1 i ue v ol. 17 . 853 940 vol. 8 . 3 9 3. g q , , pp ; , pp ,
s ov ers the su ect v er thorou hl . Complete with map . C bj y g y zl rstat n des l ischen m enland K . Die Eisener a e te e Ke es: Gluc au KE I LB AOK , , g b g p k f ,
ma une 15 1918 a stract in Soc . Ind . NO . 24 wit C em . our . v ol . v ol. 54 , ( h p) , J , ; b h J , 1 7 . 342 R 19 8. 3 , p , — “ Brings out two types of ore brown ores Of altalluv ial or di luvial origin and ” “ i ” i n Raseneisenerze of jungdiluv al or gi . ’ T U ILLAU M E D couv erts d un uissant isement de mi nerai s de fer etc. LA M B E R , G , é p g , ,
ls 1904 . B russe , s sections ore oles and anal ses of the iron ores in the Cam ine coal M ap , , b h , y p
- — BRIE S E N B . Gluc au v ol . 41 t. 1 . 37 42 1905 . SCH U LZ , , k f, , p , pp , l Lam rt ite a Th - Critical rev iew of artic e by be c d bov e. e black band ores in the r f etter ra e than the ore of the Stafir Campine coal fields a e o b g d o dshire fields . Ore
is deep and probably workings would be wet. tries extractiv es etc Statistique des indus ,
B U L G ARIA
’ - min rale ans les Bal ans : S . ind . mi B T A . L industrie oc n. ull. v ols . 14 15 M U ZB , , é d k , ,
1911.
and B l arian mi n ral Maps showing Serbian u g e deposits . Short description of
laws and eneral con ition of the in ustr . deposits, , g d d y me Bul arian mi neral e its : Inst H . K . Notes on so os . Min . and M et. Trans SCO TT , , g d p , — 22 . 597 615 1913 . v ol. , pp , s m - V L . Die Eisenerzla er tatten i Koni reic Bul arien : The iron ore res VAN K O , , g g h g ources — th w rl 11th Intem at. Geol. v ol. 1 . 331 339 Stockh lm 1 1 of e o d ( , pp , o , 9 0.
ls estimate and ma . Good detai , , p
Z - A K C E OHO SLO V IA .
H H . Die eolo ische Verhaltnisse des Vas e des Hra e und der U BO C K , , g g h gy , d k mge r bung Dieser [Comitat G6m6 ] . A good detailed description of the occurrence of siderite v eins with limonite
C ntains ma s and sections . capping . o p
KAT E R F . Zur Genesis der Zbuzaner Eisenerzla er Bfihmen : O esterr . Zeitschr Z , , g , . t es n v ol - 1 1 Berg u . Hfitenw e , . 53 , pp . 390 39 , 905 . Argument for genesis of deposit near Dobric by remov al of calcium carbonate - rom s at ic limestone taken rom K . k . eol . Reic sanstalt Verb . No . 2 1905 f p h ; f g h , . - 128 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
’ - S R F Di i nerzl r tatten des Mahrischen Dev on : K . k . eol . Reichs KRE T CHM E , . , e E se ags s g
l v l . 29 1899 . ansta t Jahrb. , o . 49 , pp ,
Detailed study . Die Sinterbildung v om Eisenerzbergbau Qui ttein nachst M uglitz (Mahren) - - l i hsanstalt Jahrb . vol. 52 . 353 494 1902 . K . k . geo . Re c , , pp ,
Mineralogy . DWI G VO N and PAPP KA RL VO N Die im un arischen Staats e iete LOCZY , LU , , , g g b - v orhandenen Eisenerzv orrate : The iron o re resources of the world (11th Intemat. - l l 1 1 223 Stockholm 1910. Geo . v o . , pp . 78 , ,
D V O N Zur Ent i ckelun eschichte des Mammaroser Ber aues : O esterr . SCH M I T, L . , w gsg gb - r tten esen v ol 0 1 224 1 2 . Zeitschr . Be g u . Hfi w , . 5 , pp . 2 9 , 90 i ri l r v i of minin in on th slo of Kar athians in H sto ca e ew g Maramaros, sou pe p , a z — eastern Hungary (eastern p rt of C echo Slovakia) .
z . Die eo nostischen Verbaltnisse der e en v on Lan skron und Gewits ch . TI ET , E g g G g d d - — eastern Bo emia : K . k . eol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb. v ol. 1 . 317 7 0 [north h ] g , 5 , pp 3 ,
1901.
l i l r r f General ar eal geo ogy w th an occasiona eference to occur ences o iron ore . T e n stische Sc il erun der La erstattenv erhaltnisse v on Do ha VO I , F . W . G og o h d g g bsc u - - - in n am Sze es mOr : K . k . eol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb. v ol. 2 U g [ p GC ] g , 50, pp . 695 7 7,
1900.
lio Pure eolo . Bib graphy . g gy - E B E R K . A. Der Eisenerz er au U n ams : Glfickauf v ol. 50 . 1193 12 03 W , , b gb g , , pp , - 1 1 1238 1249 , 9 4 . ents of reserv in The iron- r f Accepts statem es o e resources o the world . Gi v es cellent rie escri tion of in ustr an occurrence in Sze e - mOr Krasso ex b f d p d y d p s GO ,
Sz6ren Banat and B un a . Sa s others amount to onl 2 er cent y ( ) , y d y y p .
F I NL A N D .
DT . F Ma netiska undersfiknin ar i trakten af Jum rfi Fe TIE G E RSTE , A . , g g : nnia [Finnish - v ol. 14 NO . 8 1 19 189 Geog. SOC . , , pp . , 8. t D ri i German abstrac . Maps. esc bes magnet c surv ey resulting in estab i exist nce of lar e su marine ore o ies near um r l ebing e g b b d J o. ‘‘ — TR STE DT O . Die Erzla erstatten v on Pitkaranta am La o a : U , , g d g See Co mm. geol . ll 1 1907 Finlands Bu . 9, . - l f A 333 page monograph on the geo ogy o the deposits. ’ Finlan s economic ore e osits as ta en rom consular re rts : Zei d d p , k f po tschr . prakt. - l ic v l . 294 302 1907 . Geo og , o . 15 , pp , in tr in n rth rn art I NO iron dus y o e p . ron ore most important wealth . Lak e
‘' attere and im e alimaki nl ores sc d pur . W o y mine operating o n
re . istori al n t an in st r good o Good h c o es d du rial ev iew . - - Notes on iron ore e osits near Kittela Finlan : Min. our . v ol 87 d p ( d) J , . , pp . 375 3 78,
1909 .
Journalistic article of uncertain v alue.
F RA NCE .
AN S E L H Die oolitische Eisenerz ormation eutsches Loth in en : Zei , f d r g tschr . prakt. l ie v ol 9 1— 1 Geo og , . , pp . 8 94, 190 . Ma s sections oo escri tion rom v arious oints Of v ie an p , , g d d p f p w , d a careful t f ri i f th s udy O the o g n o e ore .
BAILL L . Ex loitation du minerai de fer oolithi ue de la Lorrain : Y , , p q e Annalee des — mines l oth ser . v ol. 7 1905 . , , , pp . 5 55 , ’ Descri tion and iscussion of Lorrain ir n in ustr with an i r tin p d e o d y, ? nte es g ia rammatic or a t d g f ec s ,
- 130 TH E IRO N ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
M A N Di l r n es l thrin is hen ura: Stahl and Eisen KO HL N , W ., e Minnetteab age u g d o g c J ,
v ol. 22 t. 1 493 1902 . , p , p . ,
Detailed geologic study . Die neuere Entwicklung des lothringischen Eisenerzbergbaues : Stahl und — — - is n v l 1 t. 1 41 424 9 479 44 1911. E e , o . 3 , p , pp . 3 , 46 , 5 556 , A co lete stu of minin eol and reser ves wit ma and statistical mp dy g, g ogy , , h p
i i f i a i t at a availa le. tables . Th s s the most thorough study o the Lorra ne B s n h w s b - F i rz d i F z i h Lo t rin n : lficka f ol. 46 t. 1 KRE c , ., E sene un Kohle n ran as sc h ge G u , v , p , — 9 1 10. pp . 4 , 9 D ri ti f i i f i oal in t- -Mo ss n a esc p on o iron are n Lorra ne and o bor ngs for c Pon a u o ,
continuation of the Saar Basin .
R SCH P. Das neue Deutschlan arch 1 1 18 K U , , d , M 5 , 9 . n l rti l i l ll I‘Yench Origi a a c e was not av a lab e . Comment fo owing is based on
t f i e in str . transla ion . Ar ticle on allocation o raw mater als for G rman iron du y i i r f ar Est mates tons of ore for Normandy . Interest ng as pa t o w lit r t r i f time e a u e giving German po nt o vi ew .
L NCH M . C. Wh France nee s the Brie Basin : Iron Trade Rev . v ol. 60 . 924 Y , , y d y , , p ,
1917.
Trans r rti l Fr r l realinement f lation f om a c e by a ench expe t. Shows possib e o
iron ore ir n an teel in str in Fr e an e n as the result of war . , o , d s du y anc d G rma y ’ M A S S E R . Contri ution a l étude olo i ue des ites minerais de la Norman ie : , , b gé g q g d - Annalee des mines l 0th ser . v ol. 1 . 581 609 1902 . , , , pp , f l i t Largely a study o geo og c struc ure. ’ M AU LDE . DE Les mines de fer et l industrie m tallur i ue ans le D artement , J , é g q d ép
du Calv ados , Caen , 1916. i i A h storical study w th a map . ’ M E RCE N . DE Sur l ori ine du minerai de fer rox e en Bra : Com t. Ren . Y , , g hyd yd y p d , - ol 127 1245 1248 1898. v . , pp . , n e on the e nd f r ti n N A ot up ag a mode o fo ma o . o economic data. E Tz V Das or ommen der oolitischen isenerze in Lo thrin en und L xe r M , . , V k E g u mbu g - l n isen v ol 10 . 677 690 1890. Stah u d E , . , pp , rl s a Giv es some ea y co t d ta.
MI LTO N F . German wiles ain Norman ore : Iron Trade Rev . v ol. 62 . 1 11 U , , g dy , , p 3 ,
1918.
n of or i iatel av aila l i Says there are to s e mmed y b e n Normandy . ’ i t f i Quotes Krusch e est ma e o tons . G v es 45 per cent as av erag e ist article c iefl f interest as a si n f ti es grade . A propagand , h y o g O the m . la Fr n e n in ra f r P i NICO U , P. , Les ressources de a c e m e is de e , ar s, 1911. “ ” a e a nt as in Iron-ore resources of the orl x e t for a f S m ccou w d , e c p ew addi i i t onal econom c data. The iron- re e si f eastern and estern France : Iron and Steel Ins o d po ts o w t. Jour ., 1914 No 2 1 — 1 4 , . , pp . 31 6 . ri i i B ef descript on w th maps . - E HLE RT D. Sur les nerai de fer rdovi iens de la Basse N i O , P., mi s o c ormand e et du — Maine : Co t Ren v l 6 1 1 1908. mp . d . , o . 14 , pp . 5 6 5 7, Bri i f in ti n N r ef rev ew o forma on o o mandy ore .
PE RE Sur ls isement de fer Palmesalade : Soc . ind . min . Bull . 2d ser . v ol. Y , g , , - 13 . 32 1884 . , pp 5 , oo rie escri tion and iscussion of economic and enetic estions G d b f d p d g qu . PRALO N L Note sur ls nerai de fer carbonate en Norman i , . , mi d e, etc . : Annalee des - es th ser ol. 19 . 125 148 1901. min , 9 . , v , pp ,
Geology and technology . BIBLIOGRAPH Y. 131
- A D F N ti s r l es mini res de la Haute Mam e : Annalee des mines 7th ser . RI G U , . , o ce u e , , — ol 14 2 1878. v . , pp . 9 6 , ini f th ssi oolitic ores of Haute-Mam e iv es cost Geology and m ng o e Jura c . G
data. ’ ri i rale 1913 Paris Ministére des trav aux u lics etc . Statistique de l indust e m né , , , p b , , i 191 Direction des m nes , 7.
Official statistics.
I LLAI N L ise ent de minerai d fer lit i ue de la Lorraine : Annalee des V , M . , e g m e oo h q — i es l oth ser . v ol. 1 113 322 1902 . m n , , , pp . , Comprehensiv e study that has been the source O f most of the French articles ’ D n Lorraine . illain has een se Nicou Ca eux and ot ers . e o V s map b u d by , y , h fi i tails on Briey eld . M ade French est mate .
G E RM A NY .
A M LE R U er das or ommen v on is nst e im westfalischen Steinkoh B U , b V k E e ein
‘
l : Zeitschr r H tten n Salinenw n reuss St. v ol . 17 engebirge . Be g fi u d ese p . , pp ; — 426 478, 1869 . xh a stiv articl it anal ses an E u e e w h y d map . - E R G Di M a neteis nerzla er v on S mie e er : K . reuss . eol. Landesan B , G . , e g e g ch d b g p g stal 1 2 01- t Jabrb . , 90 , pp . 2 266 . l f S mi e r n an e osits Pres nts a t eor t at ore was Geo ogy o ch ed berg egio d d p . e h y h “ ” formed by the Auswanderung of silica from basic igneous rock as a contact i ti f tit metamorph c effect leav ing a concentra on o magne e .
S G F Di rzla erstatten der U m e un v on Kams or in Th iiri en : K . B E Y CHLA , . , e E g g b g d f ng - l esanstalt Jabrb . 329 377 1888. preuss. geo . Land . , pp , l f th si erite v eins near Kams or with rie treatment of histor Geo ogy O e d d f, b f y
and economi c features . - Di isenerz e des Vo elber es : Zeits hr . eolo ie 1897 337 3 8 e E g g c prakt. G g , , pp . 3 . i f rr a t f r i Descript on o occu ence nd me hod o wo k ng . t t l - Karte der nutzbaren Lagers a ten Deutsch ands : K . preuss . geol. Landesan
a i outlines of mineral areas and outcro s of e osits and a n M ps g ving p d p , d ta o tion produc .
E Di an und Er z v or ommen des chwarzwal es : Zeitschr . rakt BLO M E K , C. , e G g k S d p . — lo ie 894 . 414 418. Geo g , 1 , pp i i Geolog c descript on . DIPE E U er die Genesis der Eisen und M an anerzv orkommen im Tau us B O , b g n — Z it hr . rakt. eol ie V ol. 15 309 16 1907 . e sc p G og , , pp . 3 , its of it r m ti r se i ntar Shows depos to be e he etasoma c o d me y origin .
O R N HARDT . U er die Gan v erhaltnisse des Sie erlan es und seine U e un B , W , b g g d mg b g - reuss . eol. Lan esanstalt Archi v fiir La erstattenfonschun n He t 2 1910. K . p g d g ge , f , - r i rl i A 415 page monog aph on the S ege and v e ns . - D li S essart: . re l L l C KI N G H . er nor west che K uss . eo . an esansta t Abh . ne BU , , d p p g d , ue l t 12 148 1892 Fo ge, Hef , p . , . l i ll tin it onl a rie isc ssion O f th r sit A geo og c bu e , w h y b f d u e o e depo s .
S R L isen und Man an im Grossherzo tum essen : Zeitschr . ra CHE LI U , C. . . , E g g H p k t. - l ie v ol . 12 . 356 362 1904. G eo og , , pp , i f n f the i n iti Descript on o O ccurrence a d O econom c co d ons . S P R Di te i h n tz ar ineralien und esteine es Ta DE L K E KA M F , . , e chn sc u b en M G d unus — itschr rakt eolo ic v ol . 11 . 2 276 1903 . Ze . p . G g , , pp 65 , f i Description of ores and statistics o product on . - 132 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
I N E CK E and KOHLE R Di ner zv n i es : E , G . , , W . , e Eise orrate des deutsche Re ch K .
re ss eol. Lan esanstalt Archiv f r La ersta nfo n n t B erlin p u . g d u g tte rschu ge , Hef 1, ,
1910. “ - ” Data used in The iron ore resources of the world giv en in a much more com r i Th l f il l p ehens v e form. e most comp ete study o the country av a ab e .
RIII SCH K Die Kn llen rube bei Lauter er am Harz : Zeitschr . rakt . e lo ie E , ., o g b g p G o g , - ol 1 1 1 2 1904. v . 2 , pp . 60 7 , f n l f th ter er tri t l n ne A study o the eco omic geo ogy o e Lau b g dis c . Ana yses a d mi l p ans.
FL H R . Die Eisenerzla erstatten firttember s : Zeitschr . rakt. eol ie v ol . 6 U , R , g W g p G og , 1 , - 1 1908. pp . 23 ,
l economics an isto r of iro ores of W urttem er . Geo ogy, , d h y n b g FR S E F Z r nt i c lun s esc ic te des z er aues in den eutsc en R ein EI , . , u E w k g g h h Er b gb d h h - lan n : Zeitschr . rakt. eolo ic v l 15 . 1 19 1907 . de p G g , o . , pp , ’ f History of mining in the Rhine country prior to the Thirty Years War . O l interest to the hi storian on y .
FRO W E I N . eschrei un des er revie Dill r nn 1 . H , E , B b g B g rs enbu g, Bo , 885
Com rehensiv e re ort cov rin occurrences eolo and statistics . p p , e g , g gy , AA R M A N N Die isenerze es els bei b k : Zei rakt eo H , E d Hfigg Osna r fic ts chr . p . G — l ie v ol 17 . 343 353 909 . og , . , pp , 1
eol and nin ith estimates . G ogy mi g, w
ARB O RT . Zur Fra s nac der Entste un e i er ev onischer Roteisenerzla er H , E g h h g g w ss d g — s t n : Neues Jahrb . 1 0 Ban 1 . 1 9 192 . ta te , 9 3 , d , pp 7 l f f r A v aluable and c ear contribution to the theori es o genesis O these o es . SSLA E R Beitr e zur alteren e ic te d is nh tten esens i S ar e HA CH , A . ag G sch h es E e fi w m a g - iete : Zei hr er tten u . Salinen esen reuss . St v ol 44 7 97 b tsc . B g Hfi w p . , . , pp . 5 ,
1896 . Saar iron works now depending on Lorraine ores were started on ores from Saar n i 1 coal measures . First me t oned in 430. Traces history to nineteenth century .
ATZPE LD C . Die Bo teisensteinla er bei Fachi n en an der La n : Zeitschr . rakt. H , g g h p l i v ol 4 1- 5 1 Geo og e, . 1 , pp . 36 36 , 906 . l ri i f i tri t Geo ogy and o g n of Dev onian ores o Lahn d s c .
HO L APFE L E . Die Eisenerzv or ommen in der Frankischen Alb : Gluc au v ol . 46 Z , , k k f , , — t 1 41 0 1910. p . , pp . 3 35 , ri l an r en e ri fl i i st ates a Desc bes geo ogy d occu r c b e y . G v es ownersh p . E im
rv e f tons Ore can enerall be ine o en cut. Av era e rese o . g y m d by p g nt ir n v r ili ll is of 300 analyses shows per ce o and o e 20per cent s ca. Fu d cus i sion Of genes s . G ST Die Man aneisen rzv orko en der ru e ElisenhOhe bei Bin er JU N , g e mm G b g
— br ii ck : Gluc au v ol. 43 t. 2 . 9 3 998 1907 . k f, , p , pp 9 , D ri ti n and i i f l esc p o d scuss on o geo ogy . N N Di l l i i KLO CK M A , F . e e uvia en Braune senerz e der nOrdlichen Frankischen Alb be — Holl el in Ba ern : Stahl und Eisen v ol. 28 t. 2 . 191 1919 908 f d y , , p , pp 3 , 1 . D ti n f n n i n f escrip o o occurre ce a d d scussio o genesis .
U er kontaktmeta or he a netitl rstatten : Zei hr . rakt. e l ie b m p M g age tsc p G o og , — v l 12 . 1904. o . , pp 73 85 , ias arti le tr in to sho t at t nt t-meta or hi e its are of A b ed c , y g w h mos co ac m p c d pos n n ti ri i liar t l l sy ge e c o g n . Pecu ra her than v a uab e . ACK STE DT l er anni h arz er i enstein : Ber u KN , E . , Geo . u . B gm sc es v om H burg E s g . ttenm eit n v l 1 — 1 2 1 1— H fl . Z u g, o . 6 , pp . 169 7 , 8 185 , 1902 . D ri ti n f l f i arz n i esc p o o geo ogy and mining o the Jurass c ores in the H Mou ta ns. l More geo ogy than mining .
- 134 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
E M AN N W . Das or ommen dcr de onische Eiscn und M n anerze in Nassau R , V k v n a g - Zeitschr . rakt. Geolo ic 1894 . 50 57. p g , , pp
Gw logic description .
O SE Zu Fra s der Entstehun der nassauischen oteiscnstcinla er Zeitschr . R , r g g R g : — rakt Geolo ic v ol . 16 . 497 501 1908 p . g , , pp , . to Note on the discussion as the origin Of the Dev onian ores of the Lahn district .
m m z A . U er die Am er er E rzformation : Zeitschr . rakt. Geolo ic v ol . 21 R , , b b g p g , , - 249 260 1913 . pp . ,
Geolo with S ecial stress on eolo ic istor . gy, p g g h y S RM Neue Aufschliisse v on Ma netciscnerz im Thfirin crwalde : 1 k RU SWU , g g G uc — auf v ol. 43 t. 1 . 163 164 1907 . , , p , pp , l e i Brief note on Schmi edefe d d pos ts . CHL E G E L KA RL Das Ma netciscnerzla er v om hwarzcn Kr x ei mi e e el S , , g g Sc u b Sch d f d - im T urin er Wal : Deutsch . eol. Ga el] . Zeitschr . v ol. 54 . 24 55 1902 . h g d g , , pp , t- r t Geology of a contac metamo phi c magne ite deposit. ’ SCHM I DT A . Wiirttembcr s Erz er au in der Ver an en eit: Gluckauf v ol. 43 , , g b gb g g h , , - t 2 1034 1042 1907. p . , pp . , o ex l Giv es the rise and fall Of re p oitation in Jurassic and Bohnerz deposits .
STU T ER O . U er die E ntste un und Einte ilun dcr Eisenerzla erstatten : Zeitsch r . Z , b h g g g — B r Hfittcn u . Salinenwesen reuss. St. v ol. 54 . 301 304 1906 . e g p , , pp , f E xcellent xce t t t l Clamification o iron ores. e p ha ate ritic ores hav e been giv e n l on no part in the c assificati .
E N ATO R W . Die Be eutun dcr Sie erlandcr Eisenerz v or ommen fur die erso V , , d g g k V r - un dcr eutsc en Ei enindustric : Sta l und Eisen v ol. 27 t. 1 . 127 13 1 g g d h s h , p , pp ,
1907.
IE RSCHILLIN G A . Die Eisen und Man anerzla erstatte n im Hunsr iic d V , , g g k un So o n — wal : Zeits chr . rakt. G eolo ic v ol . 18 . 393 4 31 1910 d p g , , pp , . Descri tion of occurrences and mi nes with iscussion of l p , d geo ogy .
L VO LT H . Die B er wcrks und Hfittcnv crwaltun dcs oberschlessischcn I ndustri e Z , g g
Bezir s Kattowitz 1892 . k , ,
A hi storical and statistical guide .
WE RV E KE L . V O N Ma neteisen in Mi ncttcn : Zeitschr rakt Geolo ic 1895 , , g . p . g , , p . 97 ; 8 8 1 96, p . 6 .
Brie note n occurrence and o sible mo e of ormation whic he auth f o p s d f , h t o r to interaction Of erric h rate and t urin ite ascribes f yd h g . IE S E T Die n tz aren Eisensteinla erstattcn im Weser e ir e b Min W , . , u b g g b g ei den - Z i h rak Geolo ic v ol 11 . 217 230 1903 e tsc r . p t. g , . , pp , .
l or e osits and enesi s. Geo ogy , e d p , g Das Vorkommen v on oolithischcn Rotciscnste incn im Wesergebirge bei Min i n 1 3 den, G esc , 90 . ri tion of e osits and in restin iscussi n f th ri i c p d p te g d o O eo es of genes s . WILLE RT Das Tonciscnstci nv orkommen v on Ahaus und Koes el Bentheim , f d [ h -Otte s in : Gliickauf v ol 44 t 30 - 9 1 8 Oc trup n tc ] , . , p . 1, pp . 4 30 , 90 . B ri on D taile iscussi n H n l i rief dwc pti . e d d o of costs. is co c us on is that if th e l of ro cla ore is 15 to 16 marks or less th osi n va ue w y ese dep ts can ot be worked . ‘ E R ch n n bcr m ' ALIN SKI . . U ntersu u e ii Thurin it und Cha od t a n Z , , g g us Thini gen ahrb Beila Ban vol 19 40—8 1 4 Neues J . , ge d , . , pp . 4, 90 . ntifi n i ation of ori in and min A scie c i v est g g eralogy . l and th war : Iron A e 586 Se t 5 1918 Basic stee e g , p . , p . , . tori al on the im ortance of the asic st el in s An edi p b e du try in the war . BIBLI OGRAPH Y. 135
B av arian ores: Soc . Ind. Chem. our . vol. 37 342 R 1918 a strac t rom Iron and J , , p . , ( b f Coal Tra e Rev . A 9 d , ug . , Bav arian ores increasin in im ortance c iefl in U Pal ina g p , h y pper at te and U er Franconia In 1904 ro uction was tons in 1913 ns pp . p d ; , to . R s r e e ve, to metric tons .
Die schwedisc e Erzausfuhrfra c im eutschen Reic st : Stahl nd E n v ol 2 h g d h age u ise , . 7, 25 —2 pp . 9 , 1907.
A iscussion in th c d e Rei hstag of the export regulations of Swedish ore . Ger ’ man s need for mor y e ore is stated . Eisenerz e in Schlesicn und Posen : Z eitschr rakt lo ic v ol 14 62 1906 . p . G eo g , . , p . , . Notice of an intention m rod ion f h r to resu e p uct o og o es. ’ - Notc on Swe en s latest re ulati on : Sta l und Eisen v ol . 27 t. 1 . 533 534 1917. d g h , , p , pp , Vicr tcl ahrahcfte z r Statis n R i j u tik des deutsche e chs . Official statistics Of German and Lux m r y e bu g .
G RE E C E .
CO RDE LLA A . La Grcc ol i mi n ralo i e Paris 18 8 , , c, gé og que ct é g qu , , 7 . Volume re ar for P E x i n p p ed aris pos tio . Mineral e osits and in ustr o r Annalee dcs mi nes l oth ser [ d p d y f G eece] : , ., vol 2 4 8 . , p . 7 , 1902 .
A stract of a con erenc at ll B i th w etails b f e Sy oque . r ef wi fe d .
COTT RE LL U S consul Minin in str of l es: Mi n our . v ol. 75 661 , ( . . ), g du y Cyc ad . J , , p . .
1904.
S ra of small im S h x orte in 903 50 er cent y portance . erp o e p d tons 1 ; p iron sli tl ma ani s to ns reserv e Zea sev eral small e sits , gh y ng ferou ; . , d po , 50 er cent iron man ani erous T ermia ex orte tons in 1903 rom p , g f , h p d f “ t r h ee deposits . Dm m E ’ ’ m J . tu e olo i d l il d E ub c 21 a s nd oto ra s , , d gé g que c e é , 7 pp . , p a ph g ph , B 1 esancon, 904 . Geolo ic stu O or si g dy . N e depo ts . HA B E TS A B m l 1 12 - 48 1 8 . and O NA N O S v v in s v o 2 9 1 90 . , , , N Re . uni . e , . , pp . , Bri i l n f iron ores in Greece M etasomatism ef descr ption of geo ogic occurre ce O . and s r a n f m eg eg tion supposed to accou t or the .
LE PSIU S R . Geolo ic v on Attika Berlin 1893 . , , g , ,
A stu of m tanmr hism wit s ecial re erence to Gree mar les . Contai ns dy e p , h p f k b h ar riv e petrographic descriptions of serpentines and rocks from whi ch t ey e de d . H l 1 O 1 447 K Iron and Ste Inst our . 19 3 N . . . . . , e . J , , , p Article with map and desc ription of chromiferous iron ore of Kopais district and some comparisons wi th Cuban ores Of lateritic type and some data on other
o M n mi ni n law . U se ul article . dep sits Of chromite . e tions Greek g f - VALLI NDA S K Geolo of iron ore e osits of Ser ho : Geol. Centralbl . v ol . 9 , . , [ gy d p p ] , , - . 425 42 190 a stract pp 6, 7 ( b ) .
ITA LY .
BO N A CO SSA A G lo ical and mineral note on Brosso e osits : Geol . Centralbl. , . , [ eo g d p ] ,
v ol 2 232 1902 a str ac t V . Nov arese . . , p . , ( b by )
o on eolo es eciall enesi s. N tc g gy , p y g
BO N N E T G The ma netite mince near Co ne z Geol . Soc . Lon on uar t. our . Y , . . , g g d Q J , — v ol 59 . 55 63 1903 . . , pp , ff n iation Argument for genesis by di ere t .
CAL I G Th ro uction of iron ores i n the Brem ana Valle : Iron and Steel Inst. V , . , e p d b y — 1 11 o 2 380 389 . Jour . , 9 , N . , pp . ’ A brief description of th e Bergamo-Brescia district from the cc onomi st s v iew i v lo m nt point with a plea for ts de e p e . - 136 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF EU ROPE .
CAPACCI C The min . iron es of the islan of El a: Iron and Steel Inst o . 1 , , d b . J ur , 911, — No . 2 412 4 ma , pp . 50, p .
Intermtin historical ata. Brie eneral eolo D g d f g g gy . etails o f occurrences.
Discussion of enesis. Minin metho s statisti s n g g d , c . A excellent article . - CATANI R . The iron ore e osits of Piedmont: Iron and Steel Inst our 1 , , d p . J ., 191 , N 2 5 — o . , pp . 3 3 363 .
Goo eneral economi c escri ti on more es eciall of d g d p , p y Cogne . The applications of electricity in the metallurgical industry of Italy : Iron and Steel Inst our 1911 o 2 21 - . J . , , N . , pp . 5 239 . ’ Descri tion and di usmon p m . - CIAM PI A . The iron ore e osits of central I tal : Iron and St l Inst o 1 , , d p y ee . J ur . , 19 1, o 2 390-408 N . , pp . . Excellent escri tion with a little of eolo b t m d p g gy u ostly economics. Short r bibliog aphy . - CRI DA A . Le mini cre di Trav ersella: La metallur i a italiana v ol 3 o 5 . , , g , . , N . , pp . 231 239
Descriptiv e and economic .
O MPE L . and PU CCI F . S. The resent state of the iron in D , , , , p dustry in Italy : Iron — d teel Inst. our 1911 N . 2 . 239 3 6 an S J . , , o , pp 0 . n excellent etaile d escri tion d O tim ti e A d d p an p is c v i w Of the future . NK EL Bericht fi er cine im a re 1900 aus efiihrte Bereis n e DU E , b J h g u g d r Inscl en nd eini er an erer Ber v iere I l Sardini u g d gre ta iens: Zeitschr . B erg Hfitten u — li enwesen reuss. St. v ol . 50 . 622 668 1 2 Sa n p , , pp , 90 . ntl ri o A long and appare y thorough desc pti n . B Die eolo ischen und te tonisc en Verbaltnissc dcr Erzl crstat n o LOTTI , g g k h ag te N rdost . — iziliens : Zeitschr . rakt. Geolo ic v ol. 15 . 62 66 1907 . S p g , , pp , escri es some ma netite- len s e osits in llite in nort easte D b g b d d p phy h rn Sicily .
M LLE R F . C. Die E rzla erstatten v on Trav ersella im Picmont: Zeitschr . rakt U , , g p - Geolo i c v ol 20 . 209 240 with eolo ic ma 1912 . g , , pp , g g p, ensi e l stu f the istri Compreh v geo ogic dy o d ct and its ore deposits .
E E . Die E rzla erstatten v on Brosso und Trav ersella im Picmont NOVAR S , V , g : Zei t — hr rakt. Geolo ic v ol . 10 . 179 187 1902. sc . p g , , pp , i i Economi c geology ; no stat st cs . ’ TERS F . La Vall e d Aoste et ses rinci aux ites metalli feres : Rev . univ . mines PE , é p p g , — — 3 40 . 97 116 1912 . vols . 9 , pp , l n is and ene eolo t Good artic e o genes g ral g gy of he deposits .
O E CH F . Die Eisenin ustrie auf dcr Inscl El a: O esterr . Zeitschr . Ber u . Hfit P , , d b g - te nwcscn v ol. 51 . 365 371 1903 . , , pp ,
Descri tion olo and statistics . p , ge gy, - IE HA U E R M . Die Nickclma nctkiesla erstatten v on Varallo Sesia Prov N PR SS , , g g , . o — vara: Zeitschr . rakt. Geolo ic v ol. 17 . 104 116 1909 . p g , , pp , Another case of magmatic differentiation with lodclikc forms difficult to ex
’
ISTO RI I iacimenti limonitici Cam i lia M arittima : Soc . toscana sci . nat R , G ., g ( p g ) . — Atti ol 20 . 60 75 1904. , v . , pp ,
Description of extensiv e low e limonite deposits . Possible economi c
value in future . - E VI E RI . Anal ses of El a ore : Rasse na mineraria v ol. 14 . 101 102 uote S , V , y b g , , pp ; Q d
’
and iscusse G . Martin in Oesterr . Zeitschr . Ber u . Htrttenwmcn v ol. 51 d d by g , , — 329 330 1903 . pp . , - E STA L The iron ore e osits Of Sar inia : Iron and Steel Inst . our 1911 No . 2 T , , d p d J , , — pp . 364 379 a ma Good descripti v e article . Needs p .
- 138 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
LO U IS H e ort to the Dun erlan Iron Ore Co . Ma 3 1902 : Iron and , R p d d y , — Steel Inst. our . 1902 No . 1 . 416 417 a str act . J , , , pp ( b )
Giv es some of the economi c features of the Dunderland deposits. E e r min c er s ndina ee dcs min ol 1 NICO U P. tu su les erais d f ca v cs : Annal es v . 9 , , d , , — - — . 85 174 177 240 249 378 1911. pp , , , An extensiv e and thorou stu of the minin concentratin and trans or gh dy g, g, p
' tation of Swedish ores and descriptions of Swedish and Norwegian occurrences .
IM M E RSB ACH B . Die Eisenerzla erstatten in Stidvaran er Finnmar en : Zei tsch r . S , , g g , k - B er Hutten u . Salinenwesen reuss . t. v ol. 53 . 19 21 1905 . g p S , , pp , ’ A review of Henrickson s work . Giv es good brief description . SJ OG RE N H The eolo ical relations of the Scan inavian iron ores : Am Inst Mi n , . , g g d . . . E n n v l 38 66-836 1907 g . Tra s , o . , pp . 7 , . An im t n ri uti n h ol of he Sc inavian s portan co t b o to t e ge ogy t and ore . SMITH H H E xtensiv e iron-o re e osi ts Tron em orwa Bei tstad en- , . . , d p , dhj , N y ( Aa or en : Min o v ol 86 325-326 1909 fj d ) . J ur . , . , pp . , . A ri s ri n with v ral nal ses and a sm l ma m b ef de c ptio se e a y al p . Rather opti istic . O G T H L or es crnnalinforckomster : Nor es eol U nd rsOk ls o 1 V , J . . . , N g J g g . e c c , N . 5 , 1-225 1910 pp . , . Iron-o r f orwa Com l ri tion in orw i n B re esources O N y . p ete desc p N eg a . asis m f h for ost o t e estimates. Die regional-metamorphosicrte n Eisenerzlager im n6rdlichen Norwegcn - — Zeitschr rakt . Geolo ic v ol 11 24 28 9 65 1 3 . p g , . , pp . , 5 , 90 . Descri tion of Dun erlan and O oten e osi s nsi le onomi p d d f d p t . Co derab ec cs. D v el ment of t eor t at ores a ri inal s im n r e op h y h re o g ed e ta y deposi ts. c r den E xport v on Schwefelkies und Eisenerz aus Norwegischen Hafen — Zeitschr rakt . Geolo ic v ol 12 1 7 1904 . p g , . , pp . , . c r di e Ro san -Titanciscncrzla erstattcn in Norw n : Zeitschr d d g ege . prakt . Geolo ic v ol 18 59—67 1910 g , . , pp . , . A v alua le contri tion to the stu of ma mati di ff n i b bu dy g c ere t ation . WE U E n zl NDE B O RN B. A er die ise er a crstatten in S dv aran cr : Ber h ii , . , b g y g g u . ttenm . Zeit n v ol 63 9 - 5 8 1 4 u g, . , pp . 5 7 9 , 90 . WO D O DB RIDG E E . Mi nin and concentratin th e S dv aran cr i ron ores : E , . , g g y g ng . Ma v ol 4 9-21 1 12 g , . 3, pp . , 9 . A well-illustrate escri tion of th S d aran r min m l d d p e y v gc ing and il ing methods . The S dv aran cr iron mines : E n and Min our v ol 2 260-264 1 y g g . . J . , . 9 , pp . , 19 1 . Gener l escri tiv e article wi i a d p th p ctures . Nor es Ber v crksdrift Kristiania Det Statistisk C ntralb g g , , e e yraa. fi Of cial statistics. Annual .
The Sout Varan er i ron-ore e osits Norwa : En in rin l 3 481 1 12 h g d p , y g ee g, v o . 9 , p . , 9 . Brie note on met o s of wor in em l a S r f h d k g p oyed t ydv a angcr . The South Varanger iron-ore deposits and separating and briquetting plants : E ngi neerin v ol 90 383— 8 1 g, . , pp . 3 6, 910.
Descri tion O f e osits and Of installation of the machi n r . p d p e y Map .
PO L A N D .
BA RTO NE C F . c r die erzi fihrcndcn Triasschi ch n W ali z ns Z , tc estg ie : O esterr . eitschr . B r H fittcnw n v ol 4 4 - m e u . ese 5 6 5 650 a 1906 g , . , pp . , p , . Geologic ar ticle looki ng toward dev elopment of Austrian end of th e Silesian
- c r di e geologisch montanistischcn Vcrhaltnissc dcs sudOstlichcn Teiles von - Polen : Oesterr . Zeitschr . Ber u . H iittcnwescn v ol 63 2 72 1 4 g , . , pp . 7 6 9, 91 . An exc ll n articl on h l f w e e t e t e geo ogy o south este rn Poland . BIBL IOGRAPH Y . 139
D O B O RZYN S KI S. Iron ore in the Ki clcc istrict : Geol C ntralbl v ol 2 262 , , [ d ] . e . , . , pp . , 686 1902 a strac , ( b t) .
Brie rev iew of article Doborz nski on iron re n r Ki clcc north of f by y o ea ,
Olkusk . Deals mostl wi th n Ore carri er cent of n y ge esis . es 40 to 50 p iro . “ ” Occurs as Kl nf lli i iiftc ii ng n Jurassic . - TIE T E E . Die eo noetischen Verhiiltnisse dcr Ge en v on Krakau : K . k . eol . Z , , g g g d g
Reic sanstalt Jahrb . v ol 3 423 188 h , . 7, p . , 7 . Goo eol i ma d g og c ps . PO RTU G AL
NO PCS A F . Zur Geolo ic der G en zwisc en G a eherv ar Dev a Ruszkaban a , , g eg d h yul f , , y und dcr rumanisch n Landcrs rcnze : K - n ar l Anstalt Mi tt ahrb e g . u g . geo . . J . , v ol 14 o 4 3-2 1 . , N . , pp . 9 76, 905 .
Geolo of ar a. in w c h h gy e hi h lies t e Hunyad district. Nothing about t e ores exce t that th i p ey ex st. - PA U L C . M . and WALTH E R B d r l ic er Bukowi na: K k l , , , ., Grundz tige c Geo og d . . geo . Reichsanstalt Jahr b NO 26 . , . , p . Geolo d l a m gy an oc tion of so e iron deposits In Bukowi na. PO N I P Etu s s l . e ur es min raux de la Ro m : U ni v s Annalee sci v ol 1 , , d é u anie . Ja sy , . , 15—148 pp . , 1901.
In escri in minerals lls a littl a out t eir sources d b g te e b h . SCH O PPE W c r kontaktm m h Ei n-M n rs it n am r n os , , eta orp c sc anga Lagc ti te A a y - Fluez Sicbcnbtir en : Zeitschr rakt Geolo ic v ol. 18 309 339 1910 , g . p . g , , pp . , . A care ull wor u arti l n som un al e osits with oo dis f y ked o t c e o e usu d p , a g d cussion of th con -m i e tac t etamorph c theories . WE B E R K A Der Eisen rz r au U n rns : Gl cka v ol 50 1193-1203 , . . , e be gb ga it uf , . , pp . , 1238-214 9, 1914.
Brie escri tion of lar r H n arian osits incl in th Hun ad and f d p ge u g dep , ud g e y Banat w ic now elon to R mania , h h b g u .
RU S SI A .
G E N E RAL A RTI CLE S .
‘ BALL S. H . and Lo w B . M etal mi nin i n Russia: E n . and Min . our . v ol . 103 , , , , g g J , , - . 403 4 17 ma 1917 . pp , p , n t n mini ssi m s isti f r ti n and m Ge c da a o ng i n Ru a. So e tat cs o p oduc o uch n mi i n i l - f l i eco o c format on . P ace i ron ore reserv e o U ra reg on at tons .
Giv e much ata on ownershi . Crimean reserves te ns 40 er cent d p , , p
ore Polan reserv es tons 40 er cent ore . ; d , , p BO G DA N O W ITSCH K Die Eisenerz usslan s : The i r n-or resources of the worl , . , e R d o e d — 11th Internet. Geol . v ol . 1 . 363 544 Stoc h olm 1910. ( , pp , k , General revi ew of the principal branches of the mining and metallurgical industries
Petro ra Gom a o De artment 1915 . g d , g p , r f s t ti n Sou ce o ta isti cs on Russian produc o . — KI N G C . R . Russia its uture as a coal and i ron ro ucer : E n . M a . v ol. 48 . , , f p d g g , , pp 481—4 2 191 9 , 5 . Review Of situation i n Russia with a oo man ures and an o timistic , g d y fig p l r r w li rit t s t rn R out ook fo the futu e . Sho s greatest fami a y wi h ou he ussia.
NE U M A RK Dr . Di c russisc e Ko len und Ro eisen In ustrie : Stahl und Eisen , , h h h d , — — v ol . 21 . 62 68 110 122 1901. , pp ,
x ll nt revi ew wrth man statistical ata. Particularl t orou h in An e ce e , y d y h g
regard to southern Russia. - 140 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
N O RTH E RN RU S SIA .
- B DA N W ITSCH K . Die Eisenerze Russlan s : The i ron re resources of the wor ld O G O , , d o — 11th Intemat. Geol. v ol. 1 . 516 518 Stock olm 1910. ( , pp , h ,
S H E PO W ALN I KO FF A . The re e sits O f La e Tulmo Gov ernment of Olonetz C , , [ o d po k , ]
Geol. Centralbl. v ol. 3 . 327 1903 a stract . , , p , ( b ) Iron ores are in v eins sev c decimeters to 4 meters thick in silicified an d l mi iz lim st n do o t ed e o es .
Ore e osits of Tulomoscrsk istrict Gov ernment O f Olonetz : Geol . Cen [ d p d , ]
tralbl. v ol. 2 . 547 1902 abstract . , , p , ( ) t miti z sili i lim Very bri ef rev iew . Hemati e between dolo ed and c fied esto ne .
CE NTRAL RU SSIA .
- BoG DA N o w D. Iron ore e osi ts in E firemow istrict Gov ernment of T la , , [ d p d , u ] : G eor .
Centralbl . v ol. 3 . 6 1903 a stract . , , p , ( b ) D si t f i Brief revi ew . epo ts carry 38 to 55 per cen o ron . M etasomatic ferric al hydrates on tered limestone along Tanj Riv er . - BO G DA N O W ITSCH K . o . cit. . 485 4 94 . , , p , pp
E RN ST A . Di e Ko len und Eisenerzla erstatte n des ccntralcn Russlan s : Ber , , h g d g u .
h iittcnm . Zeitun NO . 50 1900. g, , D ri ti n f M sc al l ir r f l - l z - esc p o o o ow co fie ds and on o es o Tu a Je c and O rcl Kromy . KARAKA SCH N Some i ron-ore e osits in the Shi sdrink istrict Gov rnment f , [ d p d , e o
Kalu a : Geol. Centralbl. v ol . 2 . 136 1902 a strac t . g ] , , p , ( b ) si f r i l i On a depo t o brown o e and siderite n centra Russ a. Shows ore to be i extensi v e but g v es no i dea O f grade or thi ckness. TZ I n I ir n r m nt f : l r KO B E K O wnian o o e Govern e O Kurs Geo . Cent albl . v ol. 3 , J [ , k] , , — . 35 36 1903 a stract . pp , ( b ) Deposits contai n poods metri c tons) ferric hydrates in 7
to 70inc bed . Iron 50to 55 er cent ho horus to er cent sul hur h , p ; p m , p ; p ,
less t an er cent man anese u to er cent. h p ; g , p p
KRA SN O P LS R Y A . Iron re i n Jclctsk istrict Gov ernment of O rel : l O , , [ o d , ] Geo . Cen
tralbl. v ol. 3 . 36 1903 a stract . , , p , ( b ) r r i l l f r B own o e n c ay . TOO ow grade o much use . SAM O JLO W On the ormation and ara enesis of the i ron ores of central Russia , J [ f p g ]
Geol . Centralbl. v ol. 1 . 358 1901 a stract . , , p , ( b )
Rev iew of Russian article .
S O U TH E RN RU SSIA .
’ BA ARD M . Note sur les isements dc mi nerais dc fer des res u fles dc Kertc et Y , , g p q h — e Taman : Annalee des mi nes 9th ser . v ol . 15 . 505 522 1899 . d , , , pp , l l Historica and geo ogic note .
E SB O RO DKO N . U er cine neue Chromeiscncrzla erstattcn am n6rdlichcn Kau B , , b g
asus und i re mi neralo isc en Vcrhaltnisse : Neues abrb . Beila e Ban v ol k h g h J , g d , . - 34 . 783 798 1912 . , pp , - - A mineralogic study of a serpentine chromi te ni ckcl deposit i n southern Kuban
area 12 ilometers south of Psem onowka. , k j B E TZ KI On i ron and coal of Iwanow Gov ernment of Ekaterinoslaw : G l KO , J [ , ] eo .
entralbl. v ol . 3 . 8 1903 . C , , p , wi t r reserv v r Limoni te interbedded th an hracite . O e e o e poods
metric tons . Iron 46 to 61 er cent sul ur to er nt ) , p ; ph , p ce ;
lim to er cent i nsolu le to er cent. e , p ; b , p
N K FS KI C. Kriv oi Ro artial translati on b A . Foniakoff : Rev . uni v . mines M O O , , g (p y ) , - l 12 72 105 1905 . v o . , pp . ,
Pure geology .
- 142 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCE S OF E U ROPE .
E DO R w E an IKITIN W The l v i mi nin i : n F O . d N Bo os o sk istr ct Geol. Ce tralbl. , , , [ g g d ] , — v ol 2 . 326 327 1902 a s ra t . , pp , ( b t c ) . The original is apparently a monograph on the geology and ore deposits of the i i d str ct.
KO N IO U CH E V SKY L . Geolo ic stu in Bakalsk re ion : Geol. Centralbl. v ol. 4 , , [ g dy g ] , ,
310 19 a strac . p . , 04 ( b t)
Fi xes a e of e sits in De onian. 0 a n si ze iv in g d po v N d ta o g en abstract.
Geolo i c stu of Zi aza and Komarov o iron e osi ts : Com. eol. Mem NO . g dy g d p g . ,
21 1906 Russian and French a stract . , ( b )
Geolo ic stu . uotes estimate of tons for Komaroskov district g dy Q ,
tons for Zi azinsk and 180 000 tons for Bachkirsk . g y , y - LO E W IN SO N LE SSIN G F . On the ma netrtc e osit of Gora Bla o at : Geol. Centralbl. , , [ g d p g d ]
v ol. 12 170 1909 a stract , p . , ( b ) . i ri i Geolog c desc pt on. m n i i W a i th ral r i n : On th a et te e os t of ssok a n e U e o Geol. Centralbl . [ e g d p y j , g ] , v ol 8 411 1906 a stract . , p . , ( b ) . i i n O f en i n l a r i n m A d scuss o g es s . Co c udes th t o e s Co tact etamorphi c . M O R O Z E wrcz Die Eisenerzla erstatten des Ma netber es M a nitnaia ora i , J g g g ( g G ) m — - sii dli chcn U ral und i re G enesis : Min . et. Mitt v ol. 23 . 113 152 225 2 2 h p , , pp , 6 , - 1904 a stract in E n lish i n I nst. M in . E n . Trans v ol 29 . 679 681 a stract ; b g g , . , pp ; b i m i i n Ger an in Ze ts chr . rakt. Geolo c v ol. 15 90 1907 . p g , , p . ,
Ver com lete stu ot etro ra hi c and eolo ic . Interestin resenta y p dy , b h p g p g g g p i n f rmal t o o hydrothe theory . M RA ZE C L and DU PARC L c r i e Bra neisens einla crsta tcn des Be i . . d u t t r rev ers , , , , g g v n i l im i S l m n m m : o K se U ral (Kre s o ika sk des pcrmschc Gouv c c ents) O esterr . ’ - — Zeitschr . Ber u H irttcnweeen v ol. 51 711 715 735 740 1903 . g . , , pp . , , Detaile ri i f l n mi in d desc pt ons o geo ogy a d n g. l m ém i NIKITIN V . Ou the eo o f e zk : o Ol. M . 22 1907 Russ an i o V re Isct C . é w t , g gy k g , ( h r French abst act) . Mostl eolo and etro ra excellent otomi cro ra s wit a descri y g gy p g phy ( ph g ph ) , h p i n f me lli i t o o ta ferous depos ts.
O U SPE N SK L . On Bo oslov ski : Geol. Centralbl. v ol. 3 . 36 1903 a stract Y, , [ g ] , , p , ( b ) .
Geolo ic ata. Ori inal article in our . dcs mince Russian No . 11 g d g J ( ) , , pp . 12 -1 19 5 66, 00.
mi : M l 4 — PRE STO N T . H . The U rals and their neral wealth Min . a . v o . 1 . 197 201 , , g , , pp ,
ma 1916. p,
General and rie revi ew ivin mostl istorical and in ustrial ata. b f , g g y h d d l v i mini : Am I Mi n n r v l SHO CKL E W . The Bo os o sk n estate . nst. . E . T ans o . 39 Y, , g g g , , — 274 302 1908. pp . , i l im - i General art c e . Est ated iron ore reserv e of tons hemat te and lim ni te 30 to 66 er cent iron in asin e osits 13 to 65 eet thi c 200to 650 eet o p b d p , f k, f
wi e 500 to eet lon . A out tons chrome iron ore mine since 1805 . d , f g b d m Tables of weights and easures.
SM IRN w N. Ma ni tnaia Gora of the Schaitanske istri ct : Geol . Centralbl. o , , [ g d ] ,
v ol . 12 . 171 1909 a stract . , p , ( b ) Considers Magnitnaia as segregation of titaniferous magneti te from gabbroic l r i magma This is not the Magnitnaia Gora of the southern U ra eg on .
TE RPIG O RE w A . Distri ution of iron ores of Ssulinsk i ron wor s : Geol . Centralbl. , , [ b k ] ,
v ol. 3 . 6 1903 a stract Zei tschr . rakt. Geolo ic vol. 13 . 115 1905 , p , ( b ) ; p g , , p ,
(better and longer revi ew) . n t ma e stimate eca Iron ores are metasomati c ferric hydrates . Can o k e b use f of irregular nature o ore bodies. BIBL IOGRAPH Y. 143
Z E M IATS H E N SKY P. On the enesi s of some of the U ral ore e osits : Geol . Cen C , , [ g d p ]
tralbl . Vol. 2 . 685 1902 a stract . , , p , ( b ) l s Deals especially with the genesis Of the metasomatic deposi ts in clay s ate .
m Zeitschr . Chemi e Nov em er 29 our . C em . Ind. Fe ruar 15 1919 . 47 R ro J h , b y , , p ; f , b ,
1918. — Giv es following estimates on reserves : Al apai ev sk di strict Sini tschihinske r u oo s to ns S r anov er rou g o p , p d ) ; y j g p , s tons Ala aiev sk rou oo s pood ) ; p g p , p d
ir 45 r cent. De sits in G v ernments of tons . Av era e on e o o ) g , p p
l imi r and Nizhni Nov oro are extensi v e and of hi h metal content. Rjasan, V ad , g d g l v al l Deposits at c eek i n Gov ernment O f Tambov are exceeding y uab e .
SPA I N A N D PO RTU G A L .
- A D A M S F . D. Notes on the iron ore e osits of Bil ao : Cana ian Mi n . Inst . our . , , d p b d J , — v ol. 4 . 196 204 1901. , pp , s Good brief description wi th map and photograph .
A O L E and U N U E RA G . Cria eros dc i erro dc Asturias : Inst. eol . M em . AD R , . D , J Q , , d h g ,
ol. 2 1916. v , f t n f s art f s ri es of m r ensi v an One v olume o te x and o e o map . P o a e co p eh e d - il rti l s n n re e osits of S ain . Dc A aro i s the aut or but deta ed a c e o iro o d p p d h , owing to his death it was necessary for Junquera to rev ise the original for publi
cation .
A H LRU RG Die nutz aren Minerali en S ani ens und Portu als : Zeitschr . rakt , J b p g p . - Geolo i c v ol. 15 . 183 210 1907 . g , , pp ,
G ai rl com re ensiv e arti cle . ood , f y p h - ’ - R G H B . H . The i ron ore mines of Bisca : Cassi er s M a v ol . 23 . 697 70 B O U , , y g , , pp 9 , - 1902 3 . - A well written carefull wor e out semi o ular article . Goo oto ra s . , y k d p p d ph g ph - U LM E R G . H . The Al uifc i ron ore mi nes in the sout of S ain Grana a : I nst. B , , q , h p ( d ) — Ci vil E n . Proc . v ol . 159 . 312 314 1905 . g , , pp , s l f i Bri ef descripti onfmo t y o m ning .
DA N N E . Die Eisenerz er und die Eiseni n ustrie v on Bil ao : Sta l und Eis n , , d b h e , - - v ol . 33 . 1181 1185 1232 1236 1913 . , pp , , i v l ti n l f th i G es oca o and geo ogy o e depos ts and a rev iew of past histo ry . Forc
casts a uture of 15 20 ears . Giv es etails Of ore an li n . er rt l f to y d h d g V y good a ic e . - FA B R E GA P. A stu of the iron ore e osi ts of Almeria translate C. . Haincs , , dy d p , d by V mi - — — rom Rev . nera v ol . 58 . 266 269 284 288: Mi n. our . v ol. 82 5 44 45 f , , pp , J , , pp . , , — 114—115 1 78 79 , , 907 .
Written a trul S anis sc olar t ere ore i t ta es us rom c smo enesis t by y p h h , h f k f o g o
date . The translation is . Th d good e economi c an industrial part is clear . E sti
mates tons .
FI E C KS F . c r cini c La erstatten dcr Pr vi nz l i , , g g o A meria. n Spani en : Zeitschr . - - rakt. G ol i c v ol. 14 . 142 150 233 236 1906 . p e g , , pp , , ntains s r ri ti f m f Co ho t desc p on O so e o the i ron deposi ts . A M l m : G ILLM N F . a a a a neti tes I nst. Min . M et. Trans v ol . 20 . 447 1911. , , g g , , p , Inter sti n i s ssi n f ri i e g d cu o o o g n .
G O U N O T A . Métallur ic du fer dans les Asturi es : Soc . ind mi n . Bull 4th ser . v l. , , g . . , , o 3 , - . 749 783 pp ,
' On S ani s metallur p h gy . Contains some descriptions of ore .
G RO SCH P. Roteisensteinla er i n Asturien : Zeitschr . rakt. Ge lo ic v ol. 20 201 , g p o g , , 20 1 1 5 , 9 2 . An interestin l i g geo og c study . - 144 TH E IRON ORE RESOU RCES OF E U ROPE .
JOHN Die Eisenerzla erstatten v on Bil ao und ihre Be eutun itt di e z uk unf , g b d g f
i Eisen rz r r ritanni ens und Dcutschlands : Gluc auf v ol . 46 t ge e v erso gung G omb k , , - - t. 2 . 2002 13 2045 2052 1910. p , pp 20 , ,
m l st th man s ti ns d a ma . Giv es e ra eolo A co p ete udy wi y ec o an p g og phy , g gy, and stu f reserv es as well as economic and statistical revi ew and orecast dy o , f
Reserve tons . Sa s resent ro ucti on rate will last onl 10or 11 ears , y p p d y y ,
and suggests need of new source of simi lar ore for Great Britain and German y .
O N E S A . D v lo ment and wor in of minerals i n the Prov ince of Le6n S ain J , J . , e e p k g , p — Inst. Min . E n . Trans v ol. 20 . 420 441 1901. g , , pp , — Pages 430 440 contain a brief note on iron deposits .
Th D ir n s f Asturias : Inst. Min E n . Trans v ol. 18 . 279 e evonian o ore o . g , , pp 2 2 1 9 , 900. e A study with analyses and descriptions of the formati ons . Appears to hav
been written by a stratigrapher rather than a man accustomed to mi ning geo logy .
KIN DE LAN . and A N z MA N U E L Los cria eros dc i erro dc Gua ala ara Teruel: , V , R , , d h d j y
Inst. eol. M em. v ol. 3 1918. g , , D x ll nt ma s t f s ries in c rse of u lica etailed monograph with e ce e p . Par o e ou p b
tion on S anish iron or . , p es — LO A N O R S. Datos eolo ico mineros dc la Provincia de Caccres : Com. ma a Z , . , g g p - eol B l. v ol 26 . 205 219 1899 . g . o , . , pp , D f i n escription o geology and min g. - MA C KA HE RI O T E . The Bil ao iron mines : En . and Min . our . v ol. 76 . 510 Y , , b g J , , pp 1 5 2, 1903 . D i r t f nce escription of depos ts . Most emphasis on o e and me hod o occurr e . ti l Some mi ning. Good general ar c e.
‘ MALLADA L Da l ico- n ros ries i eros d i erro d Es ria: Co rm , . , tos geo og mi e de va cr ad c h e pa — ma a eol. B ol . v l 2 . 1 2 2 p g , o . 6, pp 5 03 , 1899 . D ri tion f f i f th esc p o some o the m nes and ore deposits o Spain . Not so good as e r r f h i ecent wo k o t e Span sh Surv ey .
MCBRI DE H . A . Pro uction of iron ore in S ain : Mines and Min l v ol. 1 . , d p era s , 3 , pp — 577 580, 1911. i i f n- r i f A brief descr pt on o the iro o e depos ts o Spain and Portugal. Giv es a l te f fi r f r r comp e set o gu es o Spanish eserv es . ’ NI CO U P. and SCHLU M B E RG E R C. L ind stric mini r t tallur i les , , , u e e c mé g que dans - Asturies : Annalee des mines l 0th ser . v ol. 20 , , 7 , pp . 3 260, 1905 . N f a i C v r n l l i otes o tr p . o e s ge era geo ogic and geographic descr ption of O v i edo
and the coal and iron minin with s orter iscussion of etall r i ituati n . g, h d m u g c s o
PILz R . Die Erzla erstatten v on Carta ena in S ani en : Zeit hr rakt lo ic , g g p sc . p . Geo g , v ol 6 1 -19 . 1 , pp . 77 0, 1908.
Descri tion of e osits O f lea zinc and iron i t rev iew of l f p d p d , , , w h geo ogy and o n eco omic data.
SCH MIDT C. and PRE IS W E RK H . Die rzl rstattcn v n Cala C till las , , , , E age o , as o de
Guar as and Aznalcollar in der Sierra M orena : Zeit hr rakt. l i v l. d , , sc . p Geo og c , o 12 22 — , pp . 5 238, 1904. l ti i Geo ogy of magne te and pyr te deposits.
SIM M E RS B ACH B . Der Eisenerzrcichtum S aniens : Gluc au v ol 41 t 2 . , , p k f , . , p . , pp 1 -1 377 382 , 1905 .
Giv es istri ution O f e osits anal ses s tis i f d b d p , y , and ta t cs o production .
TEICH GRXB E R Eisenerzv or ommen in Gali cien S ani en : Stahl und i n ol. , k , p E se , v 24 2- 4 1 , pp . 33 33 , 904.
A eneral and some at o n listi escri ti f i g wh j ur a c d p on o some depos ts in Lugo . WE RN E K E Eisenerze im siidlichen Portu al : Z i e tschr . rakt. l i v l 10 , g p Geo og c, o . ,
pp . 151 Brie eolo ic note on illa dc Fra es e osits in Alcm f g g V d d p , tejo.
- 146 TH E IRON ORE RE SOU RCE S O F E U ROPE .
GE IJE R P. A . Recent ev elo ments at Kir una : Sv eri es l . ndersO nin Ars , , d p g geo U k g bok
12 t. 5 25 . 1918 , p , pp , . ’ Gei cr s latest c ntri uti th st j o b on . On e rength of his mo st recent observ ati ons
he c an es hi s i eas and re ar s the ores as of i ntrusiv e ori in . h g d g d g Stu i es on the l O f the i r n r s f L l n : e l r d geo ogy o o e o ap a d G o . Fo en . Stoc kho lm
Por 1912 . h . ,
A diti n l tri ti tic is ssi d o a con bu on to gene d cu on .
GU IN CHA RD J . Swe en 2d cd . 1914 . , , d , , Hist rical nd s ti sti al n r f o a ta c ha dbook by o der o Swedish Gov er nment. H E C K E R B eric t ii bcr ci ne im Sommer 1903 nac den Eisenerz v r mm , h h o ko en an
'
dcs f t n firhr t St i nr isc : Zeitschr . B e H utt n li O o e bahn ausgc e ud e c rg e u . Sa n en - wesen reuss St. v l . 52 . 61 85 1904 . p . , o , pp ,
General escri tiv e article well i llustrate . d p , d
H E RDSM A N W . H . On the r ani c ori n of the se imentar ores of i r n and of t eir , , o g gi d y o h m i m neti s : I nd l I m s orms the s r c te r St e ns . r eta or o e o o a on a e t o u . ph d f , ph ph g J ,
1911 No . 1 . 476 . , , p ’ Ill st tr m li ti f s t r u rates ex e e app ca on o a man pct heo y . ° H O G B O M A . G . The Gelli v are iron mountain : Con . eol . i nternat. 11 sees Gui e , , g g , , d
des excursi ns N . 4 1910. o , o ,
M s t ns . Description and geology . ap and sec io
O HA N S S O N H . E . The Gran es er i ron ores : I em No . 32 1910. J , , g b g d , ,
D t l M s ti . escrip ion and geo ogy . ap and sec ons
The Fl ber et i ron mi nes : I em No . 30 1910. og g d , , D l d ti ns escription and geo ogy . M aps an sec o .
KU K U K Di e mi ttclschwedischen E rz la erstattcn : Gluc au v ol . 47 t . 1 , g k f , p ,
- — — 820 827 861 870 905 914 1911. pp . , , , l l i tri 1 10 E xc ellent resenta Account of Internationa Geo og c Congress p i n 9 . p
i f l r rv d s m mi ni n . t on o geo ogy . Also giv es ese es an o e g ’ LA U N A L . DE L ori ine et les carac teres des isements dc fer sc an inav es : Annalee Y , , g g d — - des mines v ol. 4 . 49 106 109 211 1903 . , , pp , , Descripti on of geology of deposits and adv anc ement o f th e theory that th ey s s dim nts are metamorpho ed e e . - L DB O H M . O n the iron ore e osits of Kirunav aara and Luossav ara : Iron and U N , E , d p - 1 ma Steel Inst. our . 1898 No . 2 . 111 30 . J , , , pp , p h its Description of t e depos . e f th lo of th e Kiruna district : Con . eol . i nternat. 11 sees Sketch o e geo gy g g , ,
xcursions NO . 5 1910. Gui de des e , , a d i ns Description and geology ; maps n sect o .
M ILLE R W . G . Elev ent International Geolo ical Con ress Swe en 19 10: Cana , , h g g , d , - ia Min . our . v ol . 31 . 591 598 1910. d n J , , pp , i sits isit General descript on Of depo v ed .
mi r is dc fer scandinav es : Annalee dee mines v ol . 19 . I P. Etu e sur les ne a N CO U , d , , pp — - - 174 174 240 249 378 1911. 85 , , ,
i v nd t orou stu of the minin concentratin and trans or An extens e a h gh dy g , g, p sits tation of Swedish ores and description of Swedish and Norwegian depo . f w is ir S R M G . The m st rominent and c aracteristic eatures o S e on NO RDE N T O , , o p h f d h — : Iron and Steel Inst. our . 1898 NO . 2 . 35 76 ma . mining J , , , pp , p E xcellent general description O f occurrenc es and methods of prospecti ng and
l ri r Min . Inst. our . v ol . 9 B RN C . S . Iron ores of Arcti c La an : La e Su e o O S O , , p d k p J , , - . 94 113 1903 . pp , ’ s f lli are and Kir unav aara . A summary of Lundbohm s report. M ap o Ge v BIBL I OGRAPH Y. 147
PETE RS N . U ber die Eisenerz e La lan s : r O H O este r tschr . B r . tt n , , pp d . Zei e g u H fi e - wesen v ol. 51 . 742 743 1903 . , , pp , mm r f D ri Su a y o a Swedi sh paper . esc bes ores and comments on magnetome s tric surv ey .
° PETE RS S O N W . Die Erz el er v on Nor er : Con . eol. internat. 11 sees Gui e de s , , f d b g g g , , d
excursi ns NO . 29 1910. o , ,
Descri tion anal ses and ma . p , y , p ° SJOG RE N H . Th Lan an mini n fil : n e l i nt 11 e i e e Co . o . ernat. se s Gu e des , , gb g d g g , , d
excursi ns NO . 33 1910. o , ,
Descri ti n and l M a s i p o geo ogy . p and sec t ons .
Th P rs r mi nin el : I em N . 1910 e e e fi o 34 . b g g d d , , D s ri ti n l M s nd s ti ns e c p o and geo ogy . ap a ec o . - SPACK E LE R Sc we ens Eisenstein er au : Gluc auf v ol. 45 . 473 481 , h d b gb k , , pp , — - — - - 509 515 545 550 594 603 632 638 669 672 1909 . , , , , , “ ’ Full title is Sweden s iron-ore minin rom tec ni cal social and in stria g f h , , du l ” view oint its uture and ev elo ment. A t orou stu r m a rm n p , f d p h gh dy f o Ge a w vi e point .
STU T E R O . Die Eisener zla erstatte n Gelli v are in Nordschwedcn : Zeitschr . Z , , g - rakt . Geolo ic v ol . 14 . 137 140 1906 . p g , , pp , Discussi on of geology concludi ng that Gelli v are i s a metamorphosed Kiruna
v aara.
Di r t e Eisene zla ersta ten bei Kiruna: Zei tschr . rakt . Geolo i c v ol . 14 g p g , , pp . 65—71 140— 142 1906 , , . tri ti is ssi n f ri in r str n r i f m Con bu on to d cu o o o g . Ve y o g a gument n fav or o ag m r s ati differ nti ation . G o e erence and ri r v i w f t t ri c e o d f b ef e e o o her heo es .
The eolo and ori in of the La lan i ron ores : Iron and Steel Inst. our g gy g p d J . , - 1907 No . 2 . 106 207 . , , pp m re ensiv e article wit excellent ma s and secti ns An lis Co p h h p o . E ng h edi tion ’ of the aut or s stu ies whi c av e a eare in v arious German u licati ns h d h h pp d p b o . i li r Has good b b og aphy . WILK N N W Iron-ore minin I S O . F . in Scan inav ia: Inst. Min . M et. Trans v ol 13 , , g d , . , — 489 508 1904 . pp . ,
Descri tion as results of a rie visit wit icular inte rest in ro lems of p b f , h W p b
W INCH E LL H . V . Swe is mines and minin : Min . and Sci . Press v ol 102 , , d h g , . , pp . 35—38 1911 , . l o l Genera article . C nsiderable histori ca information . W O O DB RIDG E D . E . Iron minin in Scan inavi a: E n . and Min . our . v ol. 91 , , g d g J , , pp . 1255— 126 1 11 0, 9 .
ner l ti cle Good ge a ar . ZSIG M U r E erz er te r O N D A . e den sc we isc en isen au : Oes rr . Zeitsch . Ber u Y , , b h d h b gb g . - — Hiittenwesen v ol. 51 279 285 300 303 1903 . , , pp . , , D escription Of mines from obser v ations made on a brief trip . Ber shantcrin Sv eri es Officiella Statisti Stoc olm Kommers Kolle ium g g , g k , kh , g .
Ofli cial statistics u lis e annuall . , p b h d y
S W ITZ E R L A N D .
FLE U R E Le fer ct le terrain si rolit i ue ans le ura bem ois : Soc . fribour eoise Y , . , dé h q d J g - sci nat. Bull. v ol . 12 . 29 33 1904 a stract in Inst. M in . E n . Trans v l . , , pp , ; b g , o . — 29 690 691 1905 . , pp . , litic iron ores at of er E ne Interstratified 6 r n Piso base upp oce . . 0 pe ce t ferric
oxi e 13 er cent silica 15 er cent alumina. d , p , p - 148 TH E IRO N ORE RESO U RCES OF E U ROPE .
HE IM A . die z de e e steint l i e , , c r Er e s Av rs und Ob rhalb a n G raubind n : Geol . Cen
tralbl v ol . 1 . 740 1901 a stract . .. , p , ( b ) 1d si rite r s fiient ntit for ex loi ti rre l e wo in . Insuf 0 d k g c qua y p ta on . I gu ar hema te len es in Triassic mar le nev er a to w r Man nese o o t t ti s b ; p y o k . ga re ; go d bu no
enough to pay .
HE LB LI N G R . Mont C emi n ore e osits : Oesterr . Zeitschr . Ber u . H uttenw esen , , [ h d p ] g , ol 51 169 1903 a stract v . , p . , ( b ) . l Geo ogy .
HO Tz W Die erst t n dcr z re Mi lie n dc we z Z ts . La a te nut n nera n i r Sc i ei c hr . , , g ba h : - rakt. Geolo ic vol . 17 . 29 42 ma 1909 p g , , pp , p , . i r rv e l G v es ese e figur s . Total ess than tons of iron .
W is Z i o - SCHM IDT C . Minin in Can on all : e tschr . rakt. Geolo ic v l. 11 . 205 208 , , g t p g , . pp ,
1903 .
From to u ic meter f 3 r re e r c b s o 0 pe cent o n a Chamoson . m He atite ma netite and iron silicate . Mont C emi n cu ic meters o f , g , h , b er cent iron ore im on Pass m et te i mall o ies in l mes 50 . S a n i n s i tone . p m , g b d
WE N CELIU S A . Eisen and Man anerz rubcn der Sc weiz : B er u . h iitte , , g g h g nm . - - - eitun v ol. 62 . 541 545 629 631 v ol. 63 . 217 219 1903 . Z g, , pp , ; , pp , M ost com re ensive rev iew of ollowin osits : Gonze n metric p h f g dep , tons ore metric tons iron Erze minimum metric tons iron , ; gg, ; ro a le metric tons i ron ossi le metric tons iron l p b b , ; p b , ; P an latten tons iron ro a le Dels er can not be estimat p , p b b ; b g, ed .
TU RK E Y .
O M N in r e En an Min — D INIA L . Minin Tu : . d . our . v ol 78 184 186 1 4 , , g k y g J , . , pp . , 90 .
General article .
’ NO TTM E YE R M AX Die Eisenv orrate dcr l\rrkci : The iron- urces o f t e w o , , ore reso h rld
11th I ntemat. Geol. v ol . 1 . 352-353 Stock olm 1 ( , pp , h , 19 0.
U N ITE D K I N G DO M
DE PA RTM E N T O F SCI E NTIFI C A N D I NDU STRIAL RE S E A RCH AD v IS O RY CO U N CIL e , , R - ort ou the sources and ro uction of i ron . 1 37 Lon on 1918 p p d pp , d , . A revision of the in ormation c ontained in The iron-ore resourc es of the worl f d , wit l ter h a data.
U N G ST E . Eisenerz v ersor un G rossbritanniens : Glitckauf anuar 9 1 15 42 J , , g g , J y , 9 , p . . n l s is ssi Ma y tab e . G ood d cu on .
LO U IS HE NR The i ron-ore resources of the U nite Kin om of G r t B , Y , d gd ea ritain and Irelan : The iron-ore resources of the worl 11th In d d ( temat. G eol. v ol. — 2 . 623 641 Stoc olm 1910. , pp , kh , E xcellent summar of the B ritish resources as seen the e l y by g o ogist . Summar of ro ress of the Geolo ical Surv e of Great Britain Lon on — y p g g y , d , pp . 6 7 1917 . U s for n r ed data o eserv e . Mi nes an u rries l e d Q a (b u book) . Official statistics u lis e ann ll , p b h d ua y .
150 INDEX.
e Electro-metallur in r i use of 16 91 99 Pag . gy, c eas ng , , I neous rocks iron ores in 13—14 15 E n l n . S U ni g , , g a d ee ted Ki ngdom.
Im orts of ore ro ortion of to n ion . 27 E rz er Austri a e osits near 102—103 p , p p , co summ b g, , d p Inverness Scotlan e sits in 48 E sthoni ma f In ocket. , , po a, p o p d d 1 possibility 101 5 1801“ 13 1011 German e osits in 79 Euro e ma of showi n ore r ources In c t. 8 : y, p p , p , g es . po ke d - Ital central de osits in so E x orts of ore ro rtion f to con i n . 26 27 y. . p p , p po o , summo production and consumption by 91 F 89-91 bibliography of 135 -137 Finlan co sum tion . d, n p by In pocket.
J .
10 11 Pro S ain d itS in 38 6 vince, p , OpG Flux , diStflbq Il Of In e-Slavic e os ts ac uire F n mm l li r 71-72 g , d p i q d by ra ce, co ercia po cy fo 113 41;
i li a of 137 I: b b ogr phy map showing In pocket. - ura M ountains Switzerlan e osits in . 87 88 J , d, d p r i nt r ore locati ons of 23-24 Ju ass c sedime a y s,
K .
Kalkber istrict German de osits in g d , y, p re i n German e osits in Kellerwal g o , y, p rum” ° f m um md usw d d Kent E n lan e osi ts in , g d, d p
G . Ketch Russia e osits in , , d p Known ore definiti on of Gabbros.iron ores associate with d Kriv el Ro Russia e osits in g, , d p Geol of i ron ores i lio r of ogy , b b g aphy n ons m ti n L Germa y, c u p o by importance of Lorraine ores to
north and central.deposits of La n district German e osits in h , y , d p e osits in ma s owi n d p , p h g L ake Su erior istrict U ni te States re p d , d , p bibliography of. m ap showing Lancaster En lan e osits in , g d, d p rank in La lan Swe is e osits in p d, d h, d p Gerona Provi nce S ain e osits i n , p , d p Glauconite com osition of , p possi bility of ore in l cester E n l n e i in G ou , g a , pos ts Leicester E n lan e osits in d d , g d, d p t ite com ition of Goe h , pos Lean Provi nce S ain e osits in , p , d p
Granges erg, Swe en, ore fiel at Lerida Province S ain e osits in b d d , p , d p n Pr i n Gra a a ovince, S ain, eposits Lie e district B el ium e osits in d p d g , g , d p G ranitic rocks iron ores associate wit , d h Limitations of the report Great B ritain . S ee U ni te Ki n om. Limoni e com osition of d gd t , p Greece reso r es of , u c Lincoln E n lan e osits in , g d, d p reso e s of i li o ra of urc , b b g phy e osits in ma s owin d p , p h g Lit uania ma of h , p
Gua ala ara Province S ain e osits in . d j , p , d p possibility of ore in G zcoa Provi nce S ain i in uipu , p , epos ts L o oten Islan s N orwa e osits on d f d , y, d p L o roilo Province S ain e osits of g , p , d p H . Lorraine Annexes nsum ti on in , co p Harz M ountains German e osits in , y , d p Haute-M arne De artment France e osit , , s 1, om Frenc e in p d p , h, d posits 67 Lorraine France and German ro uction , y, p d
Hematite c m iti n of. , o pos o 13 - Herze ovina u o SlaVia e osits in 115 r g , J g , d p esources of Hesse Lower German e osits in so Lu o Province S ain e osits in , , y, d p g , p , d p H ollan . S ee Net erlan s . Luxem ur e osits in d h d b g, d p Huelv a Province S ain e osits in 38 , p , d p production in Huesca Province S ain e osits in 3 , p , d p 5 M ' Hun ar e osits in 107 g y, d p
e osits in ma showin In ocket. M a netite com o ition of d p , p g p g , p s Hun ad di strict Rumania e osits in 112-113 ee -seate distri ution of y , , d p d p d, b — Huttenber district Austria e osits in . 102 103 g , , d p I N DE X. 15 1
Mala a Province S ain e osits in g , p , d p he i one istricts of Northam O xf or E n lan e osits in l ap of t ronst d p d, g d, d p ten and Lincoln En lan , g d P. Map sh owing distributi on of ooli tic i ron ores n Brittan and in N orma y, y , d er ir r tri 18—22 P centage of on esources, by coun es .
P o orus content of in ores of B el ium . 72 73 h sph , , g , si erite de osits of Si e erlan G erman . d p g d , y - l i content of , in ores of Czecho S ovak a. on in A tria Hun ar resources of ir us , g y, in ores of Finlan - d . and Czech o Slovakia In pock et. in arcs of Ital 104 y u s 119 120 , , in ores of Sweden in Finlan Polan west-central d, d, e W e e ist c G e n in ores of th s r d ri t, rma y 79 i E onia Latvia and Russ a, sth , , n on L orraine res -56 62 influe ce of , o , Lithuania low r i tri ution of 24 , o es, d s b in Fr n Bel m and N et er a ce, giu , h Pli ocene se imentar ores istri ution of 24 d y , d b In pocket. Polan e osits ac uire . 17 18 d , d p q d by , In ocket. in Germany and Switzerland . . p production in 102 in Italy I n pocket. r of 1 1- O 0 102 esources O O O O O O O O O O O O O O wa Sweden and Den in Nor y , , bibliog aphy of 138-139 In pocket. map showing In pocket. In pocket. Political ivisions c an es in 17-18 d , h g i central . In ocket. in Russ a, p Porto de M oz Portu al e osits at , g , d p . In pocket. I n pocket.
in Spain In pocket. bibliography of 143-145 in the B alkan States In pocket.
i i I l In ocket. in the B r t sh s es . p Possi le ore efinition of - b , d in the Lahn Dill district, Ger Pro-C ntar or distri tion ambrian sedime y es, bu
in z a a Provin ain Vi c y ce, Sp Pro a le ore fini i n of b b , de t o i es dis ri tion in Great B rit Mesozo c or , t bu of,
f i percentage o by countr es . S ee also Pro uction and consumption Min di n d ette ores, bed g under the several countries.
P renees M ountains e osits in. y , d p S ee also Lorraine and Luxemburg. P renees-O rientales Province France ores y , , Minin out ut er man in g , p p 66—67 Moncorv r al de o its near o, Po tug , p s Moravia e osits in , d p Murci a Province S ain e osits in , p , d p
Re lacement de osits istri ution of . 24 p p , d b N . 14 1 , 5 76 Namur i r el ium d osits in d st ict, B g , ep Roumania de osits ac uired 17 , p q by resources of 111-113 Net erlan s iron ore and coal in h d , bibliography of 139
Russia central ma showin e osits in . In ocket. Norman France e osits in , , p g d p p dy , , d p n r l rank o 18 21 ce t a , f , ra i cal ivisions of 18 N merica resour e of 2 - geog ph . orth A , c s 9 30 d
northern ma s owin e osits in . In ocket. , p h g d p p
ma owin de osits in . In ocket. south ern, p sh g p p rodu tion and consum tion in 123 Norw r of nat re an i i p c p ay, o es , u d or g n of of 116—123 resources of resources iblio ra of 139-143 bibliography of b g phy 21
west central ma s owin e osits in , p h g d p I n pocket. - — Ruthenia Czecho Slovakia de osits in . 105 107 O r of , , p ceania, esources 30 47 Oc tru re ion German e osits in 80-81 h p g , y , d p Odemira Portu al e osits near 44 , g , d p S .
Or ovician sedimentar ores distri ution of. 23 d y , b 12 Saar all German iron minerals in V ey , y, - l i n G e i in 13 15 Sa zgitter reg o , ermany, d pos ts Ottenstein re ion German e osits in 80-81 Santan er Province S ain de osits in g , y , d p d , p , p Ovi o Province S ain e osits in 32 Sac Thia o deCacem Portu al de osits near ed , p , d p g , g , p 152 IN DEX.
Sara ossa Province S ain e osits in g , p , d p Ta er Swe en e osits at b g, d , d p Taunus G erman t in i n G i Hills, y , eposi s Sauerlan re o erman e os ts in . d g , y, d p d
Terms efinitions of . Sc mie e er G erman e osit at , h d b g, y, d p . d Teruel Prov ince S ain e osits i n 36437 Scope of the report , p :d p Teuto ur er W al German e osi 1 Sediment r formations iron or in b g , y , p ts 8 a y , es d d T urin ia G erman e osits in 2 Ser ia Ju o-Slavia its in h g , y , p 8 83 b , g , depos d Titanium occurrence of in iron ores 12 Serra dos M on es Portu al e osits in , , , g , g , d p 14 24 93 96 98 121 Seville Province S ain e osits in , , , , , , p , d p T on, metric, use of . 12 Trans ortation relation of to cost S rite com osition f p , , of pro ide , p o Sie erland district German e osits in g , y, d p Turke e osits in e osits in ma sh owin y , d p d p , p g e osits in i lio h p , b b grap y of Sierra Fre nal S ain e osits in . . d g , p , d p Sierra Guadal e S ain osit up , p , ep d U . Sierra M enera S ain e osits in , p , p d U m leb B ackn wl p y , Joseph o e gment to Sierra M orena S ain e osits in d , p , d p preface by Silesia German de osit in , y, p U nited Kin om consum ti on gd , p by Silurian se imentar ores istri uti on of. d y , d b pro uction by 52 -55 Slav onia Ju o-Slavia e osits in d , g , p d resources of 45—55 Somerset E n lan e osits in , g d , d p bibliography of 148 Soria Province S ain e osits in , p , p d a win m p sho g In pocket. Sources of information rank in 18-21 summary of 52 - U ral M ountain re ion Russia e osits in. 119 122 g , , d p U ses oi knowledge of foreign mineraldeposits 9 U tilization of i ron ores materials nee ed for 15-16 , d
V .
' Val d Aosta Ital e osits of . , y , d p S encer A . C . a knowle ment to p , , c dg ein e osits distri ut on of V d p , b i S essart German de osits p , y , p i al L . M . cite V d , , d S itz er en de osits on p b g , p izca a Prov mce S am ep osits in V y , p d de osits on i lio ra of p , b b g phy e osits i n ma s owin d p , p h g Summar of the re or t y p o els er H ills G erman e osits in V g b g , y , d p
Swe en ro uction and consum tion b . . d , p d p y W .
i lio ra of W l so s of b b g phy a es, re urce ma s owin W ar W orl relation of Lorraine ores to p h g , d, W eser district G erman e osits in , y , d p r ir G erman de osits in W ese geb ge, y , p
W esterwal istrict G erman e osits in . d d , y , d p resources oi i lio ra h of Wilts E n lan e osits in , b b g p y , g d , d p ma s owi n W rld rc f p h g . o , resou es o S dv aran cr N orwa e osits in W iirttember German e osits y g , y, d p g, y, d p