J Hattori Bot. lab. No. 84: 11 - 19 (July 1998)

A SYNOPSIS OF CHINESE (, )

1 1 TONG CA0 , CHIEN GAo AND Yu-HuA Wu'

ABSTRACT. Forty-five taxa (32 , I 1 varieties and two forms) of Racomitrium have been re­ ported from China. Among them, six species and two varieties of Racomitrium were originally de­ scribed as new based on specimens collected from China. Based on this revisional study, 23 species of Racomitrium are considered to be taxonomically recognizable entities in China. Racomitrium joseph-hookeri Frisvoll is new to China. The new combination, Orthotrichum delavayi (Broth. et Par.) Cao based on Racomitrium delavayi, is made. Racomitrium varium (Mitt.) Jaeg. and R. occiden­ tale (Ren. et Card.) Ren. et Card. should be excluded from bryoftora of China. A key to Chinese species of Racomitrium is given. The geographic distributions of Racomitrium species in China are discussed.

I NTRODUCTION According to Vitt ( 1984), there are 12 genera of Gimmiaceae. Of these, six genera have been recorded in China: , , Racomitrium, lndusiella, Jajfuelio­ bryum, and . The genera Grimmia and Schistidium in China have been revised by Cao and Vitt ( 1986). The genera lndusiella and Jajfueliobryum were first recorded from Inner Mongolia by Tong in 1963, and Cosinodon was reported from Taiwan in 1991 (Cao et al. 1991 ). A synopsis of the Racomitrium in China, as a preliminary report from our study, is presented here. A monographic treatment of Chinese Racomitrium will be completed later. Since Bescherelle first reported Racomitrium subsecundum (Hook. et Grev.) Mitt. et Wiles from Yunnan in 1892, 45 taxa of Racomitrium, including 32 species, 11 varieties and two forms have been reported from China by C. Mueller ( 1896-1898), Paris ( 1908), P. de la Yarde ( 1918, 193 7), Brotherus (1929), Dixon (1934 ), Sakurai ( 1939), Noguchi (1954 ), Chen et al. (1963), Chuang (1973), Gao (1977), Zhang (1978), Gao, Chang and Cao (1981), Koponen (1983), Gao and Chang (1983), Frisvoll (1983, 1988), Wu (1984), and Cao and Gao ( 1985). Among these taxa, six species and two varieties were validly de­ scribed as new taxa based on specimens collected in China (Table l ).

TAXONOMIC TREATME T Racomitrium Brid., Mant. Muse. 78. 1819. Type: R. canescens (Timm.) Brid. The genus Racomitrium is distinguished from the other genera in the Grimmiaceae by having l) cladocarpous, stems prostrate, often with abbreviated branches; 2) leaf cells often with nodulose lateral walls; and 3) peristorne teeth deeply divided into two slen­ der branches, papillose, with a basal membrane.

1 In stitute of Applied , Academia Sinica, Shenyang, Liaoning 110015, China. 12 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 84 I 9 9 8

Jn the present study, 23 species of Racomitrium are considered to be taxonomically recognizable entities in China (Table 2). Racomitrium joseph-hookeri Frisvoll is new to China. R. subcanescens C. Muell. is a new synonym of R. japonicum Dozy & Molk. The new combination, Orthotrichum delavayi (Broth. et Par.) Cao based on R. delevayi, is made. Racomitrium varium (Mitt.) Jaeg. and R. occidentale (Ren. et Card.) Ren. et Card. should be excluded from China.

J<.Ey TO CHINESE SPECIES OF RACOMITRIUM 1. Leaves muticous (rarely with very short points); leaf cells with dense and small papillae ...... 2 1. Leaves with hyaline hair-points; leaf cells smooth or with large papillae ...... 7 2. Medial leaf cells rectangular or elongate; costa weak, disappearing below the tip ...... 3 2. Medial leaf cells quadrate or nearly so; costa strong, up to tip of leaf ...... 5 3. Plants with dense and regular, short branches; leave lanceolate from long-ovate base, not plicate ...... 7. R. fasciculare 3. Plants with sparse and irregular branches; leaves short- or long-Ianceolate from broad-ovate base, pl icate ...... 4 4. Plants medium in size; upper part of leaf short, with obtuse and smooth tip ...... 8. R. brevisetum 4. Plants robust; upper part ofleaflong, with acute and dentate tip . . . . . 9. R. anomodontoides 5. Leaf bases narrow, oblong-ovate; leaf tip acute, often shortly hair-pointed ... . . 16. R. carinatum 5. Leaf bases wide, broad-ovate; leaf tip obtuse, muticous ...... 6 6. Leaves rounded-oblong, with broad-round, sometimes dentate tip; costa weak, disappearing below the tip ...... 6. R. aciculare 6. Leaves broad-lanceolate, with narrow-obtuse, smooth tip; costa strong, reaching the tip ...... 11 . R. aquaticum 7. Leaf cells distinctly papillose ...... 8 7. Leaf cells smooth, rarely papillose ...... 11 8. Plants short and robust, single or sparsely branched ...... 9 8. Plants long and slender, with dense, short branches ...... I 0 9. Leaves strongly keeled above, shortly hair-pointed; costa reaching the apex of leaves, not branched at tip ...... 2. R. japonicum 9. Leaves concave, slightly keeled above, long hair-pointed; costa up to middle of leaf, often branched at tip ...... 3. R. canescens I 0. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, with elongate upper part and long, somewhat flexuose hair-points ...... 4. R. ericoides 10. Leaves broad-lanceolate, with short upper part, obtuse, muticous ...... 5. R. barbuloides 11. Hyaline hair-points distinctly papillose, decurrent at base ...... I. R. lanuginosum 11. Hyaline hair-points smooth, not or slightly decurrent at base ...... 12 12. Alar cells distinct, often consisting ofa group of brownish, large cells ...... 13 12. Alar cells not distinct, consisting of a line of hyaline, rectangular cells ...... 15 13. Leaf margins recurved from base to the tip on both sides ...... 14. R. himalayanum 13. Leaf margins recurved from base to middle of length of leaf ...... 14 14. Leaf hair-points long, decurrent at base; leaves often secund, asymmetric ...... 12. R. subsecundum 14. Leaf hair-points short, not decurrent at base; leaves straight, symmetric .... 20. R. nitidulum 15. Leaves long-lanceolate, with narrow and linear upper part ...... 16 T. CAO et al. : A Synopsis of Chinese Racomitrium 13

15 . Leaves lanceolate, with short upper part ...... 17 16. Medial and upper leaf cells at margins tri- or bistratose; leaves straight ...... 23 . R. angustifolium 16. Medial and upper leaf cell s at margins unistratose; leaves often more or less secund ...... 18. R. laetum 17. Medial and upper leaf cells obscure, densely papillose ...... 18 17. Medial and upper leaf cells hyaline, smooth ...... 19 18. Upper leaf cells elongate to rectangular; hair-points slender and rather long ...... 13. R. joseph-hookeri 18. Upper leaf cells quadrate to short-rectangular; hair-points short...... 15. R. verrucosum 19. Hyaline hair-points rather long, up to 1-3 times leaflength ...... 10. R. albipiliferum 19. Hyaline hair-points shorter than leaf length ...... 20 20. Upper leaf cells at margins bistratose; margins shortly recurved on one side ...... 21 20. Upper leaf cells at margins unitratose; margins longly recurved from base to near tip on both sides ...... 22 21 . Leaves mostly muticous, concave above; medial and upper leaf cells rectangular ...... 17. R. cucul/atulum 21 . Leaves mostly shortly hair-pointed, keeled above; medial and upper leaf cells subquadrate to short-rectangular ...... 21. R. sudeticum 22. Upper leaf cells short, subquadrate to short-rectangular; hair-points broad and decurrent at base ...... 22. R. heterostichum 22 . Upper leaf cells long, elongate to rectangular; hair-points narrow and not decurrent at base ...... 19. R. microcarpon

N EW SYNONYMS AND COMBINATIONS l . Racomitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk. Muse. Frond. Ined. Archip. lndici 5: 130. 1847. Type: "Japonia, s. a. Siebold." (Holotype-L! lsotype­ H-Lindb.!) Racomitrium subcanescens C. Muell., Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1877-78: 419. 1880. (Ad. 2: 683) (nom. nud.) syn. nov. Original specimen: "Racomtrium subcanescens C. Muell., n. sp. Japonia, Sinano, in terra, Dr. Henon 1874."(NY!) Racomtrium japonicum was first reported from China by Frisvoll in 1983 . Later, Vitt, Cao and Frisvoll (l 993) treated R. szuchuanicum Chen from Sichuan and R. leptodon­ tioides J.B. Forst. from as synonyms of R.japonicum. This species is distinguished by having the following gametophytic characters: I) plants stout (short but fat), unbranched or few branched; 2) leaves widely ovate to oblong­ ovate, shortly tapering toward the apex, sharply keeled above, with short, strongly toothed, smooth hair-points; 3) costa up to 415- 516 the leaf length, ending just below or near the apex; 4) margins recurved from base to apex on both sides; 5) leaf cells papillose, usually papillae on basal leaf cells larger and higher than those on upper leaf cells; and 6) alar cells well differentiated, consisting of 5-7 rows of enlarged, yellowish, thin- and straight-walled cells. Many specimens previously identified as R. canescens in China are R. japonicum. Racomitrium canescens normally has leaves concave or obtusely keeled above, with short costa less than 2/3 leaf length and relatively long, finely toothed hair-points. 14 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 84 I 9 9 8

3

Fig. I. Orthotrichum delavayi (Broth. et Par.) Cao 1- 3. Leaves (X21); 4. Capsule (X21); 5. Basal leaf cells along costa (X290); 6. Medial leaf cells (X290). All figs. were drawn from the type of Racomitrium delavayi Broth. et Par. in H.

2. Orthotrichum delavayi (Broth et. Par.) Cao, comb. nov. Racomitrium delavayi Broth. et Par. Rev. Bryol. 35 : 126. 1908. Type: "dans l'herbier de Zi Ka Wei, sur un symbol 138 echantillon de Daphne recueillia Mo So yn, dans le Yunnan, le 17 mai 1887 par !able Delavay." (Holotype-H!) The specimen of this species looks like Racomitrium. However, careful examination of type material shows that it belongs to the genus Orthotrichum because of the following features - the leaf cells are not sinuose; upper and medial leaf cells are irregularly sub­ quadrate with distinct, high papillae; the basal cells near the costa are rectangular with thin, straight walls; and the capsules are short-ovoid with distinct longitudinal ribs. (Fig. I)

NEW SPECIES TO CHINA Racomitrium joseph-hookeri Frisvoll Gunneria 59: 197 . 1988. Type: " 322. Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. fil. & Thomson. Grimmia subsecunda M. Hab. Wallanchoon. Regia alp. Sikkim Himalaya Alt. 13,000 ped. Coll. J. D. H." (Holotype-BM­ Hook., not seen; Isotype-S!). Racomitrium joseph-hookeri is distinctive by having the pronounced pseudopapillae on leaf cells that have walls distinctly bulging between the cell lumina. It is even hard to see the lumen shape under microscope. In addition, other distinguishing characters include bistratose margins above, elongate leaf cells throughout, and alar cells consisting of one row ofhyaline, straight-walled cells. T. CAO et al.: A Synopsis of Chinese Racomitrium 15

Table I. History of Racomitrium in China.

I . R. subsecundum Bescherelle 1892

2. R. heterostichum C. Mueller 1898

3. R. delavayi (sp. nov.) Paris 1908

4. R. canescens P. de la Yarde 19 18

5. R. angustifolium (sp. nov.) Brotherus 1929 6. R. dicarpum (sp .nov.) 7. R. cucullatulum (sp .nov.) 8. R.javanicum 9. R.javanicum var. incanum (var. nov.) 10. R.fasciculare

11 . R. anomodontoides Dixon 1934 12. R. barbuloides var. brevipilium (var. nov.)

13. R.formosicum (sp. nov.) Sakurai 1939

14. R. canescens var. strictum P. de la Yarde 193 7

15. R. lanuginosum Noguchi 1954 16. R. sudeticum

17. R. obtusum Chen et al. 1963 18. R. barbuloides

19. R. carinatum Chuang 1973 20. R. crispulum 23. R. canescens var. ericoides 24. R.fasciculare var. orientate

25. R. yakushimense Gao 1977 26. R. mo/le 27. R. canescens f. tortuloides

28. R. aquatium Zhang 1978

29. R. albipiliferum (sp. nov.) Gao, Chang and Cao 1981

30. R. brevisetum Koponen 1983 3 I. R. microcarpon 32. R. acicu/are 16 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 84 l 9 9 8

Table 1. (Continued).

33. R. canescens var. epi/osum Gao and Chang 1983 34. R. heterostichum var. sudetium

35. R.japonicum Frisvoll 1983

36. R. perpusillum Wu 1984

37. R. heterostichum var. occidentale Cao & Gao in Li 1985 38. R. heterostichum var. brachypodium 39. R. heterostichum var. diminutum 40. R. heterostichum var. ramulosum 41 . R. himalayamum

42. R. laetum Frisvoll 1988 43. R. verrucosum 44. R. verrucosum var. emodense 45. R. nitidulum

Racomitrium joseph-hookeri differs from R. subsecundum in having smaller and dark­ er plants, with straight leaves, strongly papillose lamina cells, and non-auriculate alar cells with one row of pellucid border marginal cells. The hair-points are variable in Chinese specimens. Some plants have long, flexuose hair-points, while the others have rather stout, straight hair-points. As mentioned by Frisvoll (1988), some specimens from Yunnan have broader leaves, short hair-points, and strongly bulging cell walls. We considered that these are within the range of variation of this species. On rocks in high mountain areas, at 3,400-3,800 m above sea level. Known from China (Yunnan, Xizang), Nepal, Buhtan. Chinese representative specimens examined: - YUNNAN : Bijing, Mt. Gaoligong Zang Mu 5943b, 5389, 5880 (KUN). -XIZANG: Su Yongge 918 (KUN).

TAXA EXCLUDED FROM CHINA I. Racomitrium varium (Mitt.) Jaeg. Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1872-73: 97. 1874. Grimmia varia Mitt., Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 8: 21. 1864. Type: "British Columbia, Lyall and Douglas; in Observatory Inlet." (Lectotype selected here labelled as Douglas, in Observatory near 49th parallel, collected by Dr. Lyall." -NY! Isolec­ totype-BM!; Syntypes- Y! BM !). Racomitrium varium is distinguished by having robust plants with sparse branches, broad lanceolate leaves, and long leaf cells with distinct papillae. Many specimens identi­ fied and reported as R. varium from Tibet by Cao and Gao (I 985) belong to R. subsecun­ dum, with a few specimens being R. himalayanum. Therefore, this species should be ex­ cluded from the Chinese bryoflora. T. CAO et al.: A Synopsis of Chinese Racomitrium 17

Table 2. List of species of Racomitrium in China.

Species Distribution in China Distribution in the world

1. R. lanuginosum A, JI , Ta, Xz cosmopolitan 2. R. japonicum A, F, Gh, HI , Hn, Hu, JI , Js, Jx, L, Japan, Korea, Southeast , , Sh, Si, Sx, Y, Zh Vietnam, Australia 3. R. canescens HI, I, JI, Sx Japan, , N. America 4. R. ericoides Ga, Gh, Hb, I, JI , Jx, Si, Sx, Ta, Xz Japan, Europe, N. America 5. R. barbuloides Si, Xi Japan, Korea 6. R. aciculare JI, Zh Japan, Europe, N. America 7. R. fasciculare L,Xi Japan, Siberia, Europe, S. America, 8. R. brevisetum A, F, Gh, HI, JI, Si, Zh Japan, Korea, 9. R. anomodontoides A, Gd, Gh, Gx, F, Ha, Hb,Hl,Hn, JI, Japan, Philippines, , Js, L, Si, Sx, Ta, Y, Zh Hawai 10. R. carinatum L, Ta Japan, Korea 11. R. aquaticum Ta Japan 12. R. subsecundum Gh, Sx, Si, Ta, Y, Xi Himalayan area, Sri Lank.a, Southeast Asia, C. America 13 . R. joseph-hookeri Y,Xi Nepal, Bhutan 14. R. hima/ayanum Gh, Si, Sx, Y, Xi lndia, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim 15. R. verrucosum Y,Xi India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim 16. R. albipiliferum Si , Xi Nepal 17. R. cucu/latulum. Gx, Si, Y, Xi Endemic to China 18. R. laetum A,Jl,Xi Japan, Korea 19. R. microcarpon Jl,Xi Siberia, Europe, N. America 20. R. nitidulum F, JI, Ta Japan 21. R. suditicum Si , Xi Japan, Siberia, Europe, . America 22. R. heterostichum JI , Ta, Xi, etc. Japan, Europe, N. America, Africa 23 . R. angustifolium y Endemic to China

Notes: A-Anhui, F-Fujian, Ga-Gansu, Gd-Guangdong, Gh-Guizhou, Gx-Guangxi, Ha-Hainan, Hb­ Hebei, Hl-Heilongjiang, Hn-Henan, Hu-Hunan, I-Inner Mongolia, Jl-Jilin, Js-Jiangsu, Jx-Jiangxi, L­ Liaoning, N-Ningxia, Sh-Shanghai,Si-Sichuan, Sx-Shanxi, Ta-Taiwan Xi-Xinjiang, Xz-Xizang,Y­ Yunnan, Zh-Zhejiang.

2. Racomitrium occidentale (Ren. et Card.) Ren. et Card. Rev. Bryol. 19: 87 . 1892. Racomitrium heterostichum var. occidentale Ren. et Card. Bot. Gaz. 15 : 41. 1890. Type: "Oregon: Lost Lake, on rocks (L. F. Henderson)." (Lectotype by Frisvoll 1988- FH! Isolectotype-NY!). Racomitrium heterostichum var. occidentale was recorded from Tibet by Wu et al. (1984) and Cao and Gao (in Li 1985), however, all specimens identified as R. hetero­ stichum var. occidentale are Grimmia ova/is (Hedw.) Lindb.

G EOG RAPHIC DISTRIB UTIONS The geographic distributions of Chinese Racomitriam shows that: I) Of 23 species in 18 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 84 I 9 9 8

Table 3. Species in section Heterostichum mainly distributed in Southwest China and Himalayan area or endemic to China.

China

1. R. albipiliferum Si,Xi Nepal 2. R. angustifolium y 3. R. cucul/atulum Gx, Si,Xi, Y 4. R. himalayanum Gh, Si, Sx, Xi , Y India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim 5. R. joseph-hookeri Xi,Y Nepal, Bhutan 6. R. verrucosum Xi,Y India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim

Notes: Gh-Guizhou, Gx-Guangxi, Si-Sichuan, Sx-Shanxi, Xi-Xinjiang, Y- Yunnan ..

China, 12 species, more than 50% of the total, are endemic to East-Asia. These are mainly distributed in Southwest China. It is noteworthy that a group of species in the section Het­ erostichum are mainly distributed in Southwest China and Himalayas, or endemic to China (Table 3). This group shows some specialized characters: i.e., the leaves of R. albipiliferum and R. joseph-hookeri have rather long hyaline hair-points, up to 2-3 times of leaf length; the upper and medial leaf cells of R. verrucosum and R. himalayanum are covered with dense and small papillae and obscure; the leaves of R. cucullatum and R. angustifolium are cuculate-mutious or with very short hair-points. This suggests that the Himalayan area and Southwest China may be one of the centers of biodiversification of plants in the world. 2) Six species, more than 25% of the total are common in Asia, Europe and , of these 5 species occur in Northeast China (Table 2). The distribution of these species is Holarctic and show close phytogeographic relationships of Asia, Europe and North America.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and a grant for systematic and evolutionary biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for support of the present research. Thanks are due to the Finnish Academy and the Finnish­ Chinese Botanical Foundation for supporting Cao's visit of Helsinki University during July to Sept. 1990 and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for a NSERC Inter­ national Scientific Exchange Award supporting Cao's study at the University of Alberta from Oct. 1992 to Apr. 1993. We thank the following herbaria for loan of the specimens: ALTA, B, BM, FH, G, H, HKAS, HSNU, HYUB, IBSC, IFSBH, IWH, JE, L, M, NICH, NY, PE, S, SHM, SMS, SYS, TNS, UBC, W. We appreciate Dale H. Vitt, University of Al­ berta, Edmondon, Canada for his reading the English manuscript and suggestions.

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