Elam nel Bronzo Medio Periodo Paleo-elamita Bronzo Medio, paleo Elamita

• : termine utilizzato nella Bibbia (dall‘accadico), attestato dalla fine del IV mill. a. C. e generalmente impiegato per indicare una regione geografica, collocata nell‘Iran sud-occidentale

• Isolato linguistico

• Non indica un fenomeno culturale unitario Periodo Paleo- elamita (2700- 1500)

• Sovrano di Shimashki (fine III mill.), saccheggia e mette fine alla terza dinastia di Ur. Anshan diventa la capitale dello stato, incentrato sulle montagne. La dinastia di Anshan domina anche .

• Unità politica composta da Anshan (provincia di Fars), Awan (Lorestan) e Shimashki (Kerman). Periodo Paleo-elamita (2700-1500)

• Sovrano di Shimashki (fine III mill.), saccheggia Ur e mette fine alla terza dinastia di Ur. Anshan diventa la capitale dello stato, incentrato sulle montagne. La dinastia di Anshan domina anche Susa

• Sukkalmah, gran reggente, re di Anshan e di Susa (2900-2500), di Elam e Shimashki, reggente, spesso fratello del Sukkalamah e il Sukkal di Susa, più giovane, spesso figlio del Sukkalmah. Sistema di Regalità partecipata in modo da unire zone montuose e zone pianeggianti.

• I sovrani elamiti si spingono fino in Siria (archivi di Mari)

• 1730-1700 Incursioni a Babilonia

• 1520-1350 crisi e assenza di informazioni storiche Anshan/ Tall i-Malyan University of Pennsylvania 1971-1978 The re-emergence of Maliān as a major urban center in the highlands of Elam in the Kaftari phase (ca. 2200-1600 B.C.E) coincides with references to Anshan in Mesopotamian sources (Hansman, 1972, 1985). A large part of the site, and perhaps areas immediately outside the city wall to the west and southwest, may have been occupied during the Kaftari phase. In this period, Maliān was a bustling urban center of 20-30,000 people, with evidence for specialized craft activities (Nickerson, 1991) that serviced the entire surrounding region (Sumner, 1989), but, in the meantime, may have contributed to gradual deforestation of Maliān’s hinterland (Miller, 1985). Excavations in several areas at the site have exposed Kaftari deposits (Nickerson, 1983), especially in Operation GHI, where excavations yielded substantial Kaftari material other than pottery, including several architectural levels, administrative texts in Sumerian, and seals and sealings. Susa

Primi interessi archeolgici nel 1807

Foto aerea 1935 Susa

In 1809, Captains Anglais Monteith and John Macdonald Kinnear noticed a strange “black stone” near the “Tomb of Daniel”

Tomba del profeta Daniele

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-i-excavations Susa

In 1809, Captains Anglais Monteith and John Macdonald Kinnear noticed a strange “black stone” near the “Tomb of Daniel”

Tomba del profeta Daniele

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-i-excavations Susa

Among the debris on the banks of the Šāhur, there was a sculpted slab ”

Tomba del profeta Daniele

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-i-excavations Thirty-odd trenches were dug in the course of these two campaigns; the most ancient finds published dated from the mid-2nd millennium BCE and from the Meso- Elamite period Thirty-odd trenches were dug in the course of these two campaigns; the most ancient finds published dated from the mid-2nd millennium BCE and from the Meso- Elamite period 1851 inzi delle indagini archeologiche • The work of Marcel and Jane Dieulafoy (1885-86).

• The Excavations of Jacques de Morgan (1897-1912): De Morgan was a man of various talents. He was a geologist, prehistorian, and naturalist, as well as a talented cartographer, fine draughtsman, ethnologist, archeologist, and even numismatist, a scholars whose sure understanding of things, vast knowledge, and great energy were generally admired. Yet he also thought of excavating the “Citadel” (i.e., Acropolis)—the main focus of work up to 1908—with a series of trenches 5 m wide and 5 m deep, which were positioned with the aim of revealing the stratigraphy of all periods of history at the site. Fortunately, the extent of the Acropolis was too great for completion of this formidable aim, which was more an engineering project than archeology.

• The excavations of Roland de Mecquenem (1913-39).

• The excavations by Roman Ghirshman, 1946-67

• The excavations of Marie-Joseph Steve (1967-68).

• Excavations under the direction of Jean Perrot, 1968-79: Perrot was the first archeologist to use modern technique of stratigraphic excavation in Susa

Susa

• 80 ettari circondata da villaggi

• 1) il tell dell'acropoli, su cui sorgeva la Città Reale elamita. La collina si innalza di 30 m sulla pianura. Gli strati preistorici che stanno al disopra del terreno vergine sono stati raggiunti passando attraverso strati arabi, sassanidi, parthici, seleucidi, achemènidi, neo-elamiti e proto-elamitì.

• 2) Il tell dell'apadāna. Sito a N del precedente. Vi sorgeva il palazzo di Dario I con annessa sala d'udienza ed altri edifici minori d'epoca achemènide.

• 3) Il tell della Città Reale. Sono stati riconosciuti nove strati che vanno dall'epoca islamica all'epoca neo-babilonese. Il sito era occupato un tempo dai quartieri di residenza dei funzionarî e dei cortigiani.

• 4) Il tell cosiddetto della Città degli Artigiani. Si trova più ad E. Metodicamente scavato a partire dal 1946, esso ha mostrato tre strati islamici, uno strato partico-seleucide (necropoli), uno strato "proto-persiano" (villaggio), uno strato neo-babilonese con tavolette in caratteri elamiti. (treccani, Susa)

• Resti del BM:

• Scala in pietra con 17 gradini, 13 in accadico e 4 in lineare elamita.

• Dedica al dio di Susa

• Almeno 200 nomi di divinità attestate sia con nomi Mesopotamici che con nomi Elamiti

• Iscrizione Bilingue frammentaria, dedica al dio .

• Maledizione

• Viene citato il cedro, verosimilmente si tratta di un deposito di fonazione rappresentate il rito di deposito del chiodo stesso sotto la protezione delle divinità nominate.

Divinità su trono di serpente: identificata alternativamente con Ishushinak, Divinità su trono di serpente: identificata alternativamente con Ishushinak, Napirisha Rilievo di Kurangun

A god with bull's ears Sitting astride his chariot, the god is dressed in a kaunakes, a ruffled cloak in the Mesopotamian style. This garment was traditionally attributed to divine figures, while human beings customarily wore thin, draped fabrics. The figure is of human appearance but has the ears of a bull. This detail, along with the long beard divided into two separate parts edged with twisted locks, are the characteristics of the Mesopotamian death-god, NergalHolding a branch, the god is here shown in a procession, on the occasion of a religious feast of a visit to a deceased person. Texts attest to a funerary prayer that was addressed to a chariot- borne protector-god.

nzahl der Aufgaben der Gottheit(en) alternative Namen der Gottheit(en) Gottheit(en) Gottheit(en) Adad Gott mesopotamischer Wettergott[1] und Gott der Opferschau;[2] wurde auch noch in achämenidisch-persischer Zeit verehrt[3] IM,[4] Im[5] mesopotamischer Gott[7] der Handwerker, Künstler und Zauberer und Gott der Opferschau,[8] der Weisheit, Beschwörungen und Gott des Süßwassers[9] Himmelsherrscher;[13] im mesopotamischen Raum als Ḫuwawa/Ḫumbaba, Wächter des Zedernwaldes, bekannt;[14] wurde auch Ḫumban Gott noch in achämenidisch-persischer Zeit verehrt[15] Ḫusa Gott Baumgott[16] Ḫutran Gott Gott der Soldaten[17] 7, 10 oder 300 Igigi gute Götter des Himmels[18] Götter Stadtgott von Susa,[19] Herr der Unterwelt und Totenrichter,[20] Gott von Fruchtbarkeit und Wachstum,[21] fischreichen Inšušinak Gott NIN.Šušinak[23] Gewässern und Frühjahrsüberschwemmungen, dem Wohlergehen des Landes sowie von Recht und Ordnung, Kriegergott[22] Gott[24] Išnikarab Gottheit der Unterwelt,[26] Gehilfe beim Totengericht;[27] ursprünglich mesopotamische Gottheit (Išme-karab)[28] /Göttin[25] Gott Himmelsgott[29] Göttin Erdgöttin[30] Murun[31] Kilaḫsupir Gott Gott des Feuers.[32] Kiririša Göttin Göttin von Kampf und Krieg,[33] Muttergöttin[34] Kirwasir Gott Kirmasir, Kirwas[35] Laḫuratil Gott[36] Gott[37] Lagamar Gottheit der Unterwelt,[39] Gehilfe beim Totengericht;[40] ursprünglich mesopotamische Gottheit[41] /Göttin[38] Göttin Göttin des Regenbogens, Herrin der Stadt[42] NIN.ali,[43] Belet.ali[44] Mašti Göttin Muttergöttin[45] Naḫḫunte Gott Sonnengott,[46] Gott des Handels[47] und des Rechts[48] Naḫunte[49] Gott Mondgott[51] Napiriša Gott Gott des Süßwassers,[52] Erdenherrscher;[53] wurde auch noch in achämenidisch-persischer Zeit verehrt[54] 8 Napratep,[57] Nap.ratep,[58] Ḫišep- Nap-ratep Gottheiten der Nahrung[56] Gottheiten[55] ratep[59] Gott mesopotamischer Unterwelts- und Totengott, Krieger, Seuchenbringer, Verbreiter glühender Sonnenhitze[65] Ninegal Göttin mesopotamische Göttin[66] Ninḫursag Göttin mesopotamische Muttergöttin[67] Nusku Gott mesopotamischer Gott von Licht und Feuer[68] Pinengir Göttin Göttin der Liebe, Erotik Freudenhäuser,[70] Muttergöttin und Schützerin von Mutter und Kind[71] Pinigir[72] Šala Göttin[75] mesopotamische Göttin des Regens und Nebels[76] Šamaš Gott mesopotamischer Sonnengott[77] Gott von Recht und Ordnung[78] und der Opferschau[79] Šazi Gott Flussgott,[80] Gott des Fluss-Ordals (Unschuldsprobe)[81] Sieben-Götter von 7 Götter Abwehrer von Dämonen[82] Sebittu[83] Elam Gott Schützer Elams und der Elamer,[84] Götterherold;[85] wurde auch noch in achämenidisch-persischer Zeit verehrt[86] Šimut[87] Sijašum Göttin Muttergöttin[88] Tempt Gott Gott des Himmels?[89] Tirutir Gott[90] Upurkubak Göttin Herrin des Weges der Edlen[91] Zizikirra Gottheit in achämenidisch-persischer Zeit verehrt[92] Bulle de scellement avec empreinte du sceau de Kuk Simut, chancelier du roi Idadu II : le roi remet une hache à son serviteur. Dynastie des Shimashki (vers 2000-1950 av J.-C.)

• The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Harper, Prudence O., Joan Aruz, and Françoise Tallon, eds. (1992), scaricabile online

• http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-i-excavations articolo sulla storia degli scavi a Susa

• http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/malian articolo su Anshan