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The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current species composition and diversity Gemerden, Barend S. van; Olff, Han; Parren, Marc P.E.; Bongers, Frans

Published in: Journal of Biogeography

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00937.x

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Publication date: 2003

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Citation for published version (APA): Gemerden, B. S. V., Olff, H., Parren, M. P. E., & Bongers, F. (2003). The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current tree species composition and diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 30(9), 1381-1390. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00937.x

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Download date: 12-11-2019 Appendix S1 Annotated list of 142 species included in the analysis of disturbance history of

16 ha of lowland rain forest in southern Cameroon

Family Species Habit* Recruitment plots† Recruitment‡ Guild§ Forest plots¶

N individuals/plot preference BA

OG L SC oc ab WAI n /ha -1 m2 /ha -1

Anacardiaceae Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre TL 13 0.19 0.12 0.33 3 4 2.37 0.81 0.25

Pseudospondias microcarpa TL 13 0.17 0.29 0.17 4 4 2.04 3.13 0.17

(A.Rich.) Engl.

Sorindeia grandifolia Engl. TS 68 1.58 0.41 0.33 4 4 1.54 4.63 0.12

Trichoscypha acuminata Engl. TL 8 0.22 0.00 0.00 1 1 1.00 1.38 0.06

Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea purpurascens Hutch. & TS 52 1.37 0.18 0.08 4 14 1.35 1.19 0.04

Dalziel

Annonaceae Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & TL 58 0.61 1.12 1.42 4 4 2.19 6.50 0.31

P.J.Maas

Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Engl. & TL 128 1.11 2.41 3.92 3 3 2.35 Sb 0.31 0.04

Diels

Greenwayodendron suaveolens TL 224 2.94 3.41 5.00 4 4 2.12 8.88 0.24

(Engl. & Diels) Verdc.

Meiocarpidium lepidotum TS 46 0.89 0.76 0.08 4 4 1.56 Sb 5.19 0.11

Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal TL 14 0.08 0.65 0.00 4 4 1.79 Sb 1.81 0.12

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. TL 106 1.11 2.24 2.42 2 2 2.22 5.06 0.28

Apocynaceae Alstonia boonei De Wild. TL 26 0.03 1.18 0.42 3 2 2.34 Pr 2.19 0.79

Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf TL 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Ld 0.56 0.03

Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf TL 102 0.17 0.53 7.25 3 3 2.73 Ld 0.50 0.03

Picralima nitida (Stapf) T.Durand & TL 1 0.00 0.06 0.00 4 4 2.00 Sb 2.13 0.07

H.Durand

Rauvolfia caffra Sond. TL 14 0.00 0.41 0.58 3 3 2.62 0.38 0.03

Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. TL 47 0.03 0.76 2.75 3 3 2.75 Pr 0.38 0.01

Tabernaemontana crassa Benth. TS 214 2.50 3.59 5.25 4 3 2.18 Sb 3.56 0.09

Bombacaceae Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv. TL 2 0.00 0.00 0.17 4 4 3.00 Pr 0.06 0.01

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. TL 2 0.00 0.12 0.00 4 4 2.00 Pr 0.13 0.10

Burseraceae Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. TL 61 0.17 1.88 1.92 2 3 2.44 Ld 0.63 0.15

Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J.Lam TL 269 7.22 0.47 0.08 1 1 1.20 2.81 0.18

Dacryodes macrophylla (Oliv.) TL 73 1.53 0.82 0.33 1 1 1.60 3.81 0.17

H.J.Lam Santiria balsamifera Oliv. TL 125 2.54 1.59 0.75 4 4 1.73 3.69 0.22

Cecropiaceae Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex TL 122 0.00 7.06 0.17 2 2 2.06 Pr 5.63 0.89

Tedlie

Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv. TL 7 0.08 0.06 0.25 4 4 2.49 Sb 0.56 0.02

Chrysobalanaceae Maranthes chrysophylla (Oliv.) TL 19 0.25 0.53 0.08 4 4 1.81 Sb 0.06 0.00

Prance

Combretaceae Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels TL 6 0.03 0.00 0.42 4 3 2.82 Pr 2.44 0.85

Connaraceae Jollydora duparquetiana (Baill.) TS 97 2.33 0.53 0.33 1 1 1.52 0.25 0.00

Pierre

Ebenaceae Diospyros bipindensis Gürke TS 35 0.81 0.24 0.17 1 1 1.53 Sb 3.44 0.08

Diospyros conocarpa Gürke & TS 90 2.19 0.53 0.17 1 1 1.44 Sb 0.38 0.01

K.Schum.

Diospyros crassiflora Hiern TL 88 1.89 1.18 0.00 2 1 1.45 Sb 1.00 0.10

Diospyros hoyleana F.White TS 59 1.64 0.00 0.00 1 1 1.00 0.06 0.00

Diospyros suaveolens Gürke TL 76 1.14 2.00 0.08 4 4 1.68 2.81 0.08

Diospyros zenkeri (Gürke) F.White TL 12 0.19 0.24 0.08 4 4 1.79 0.81 0.02

Euphorbiaceae Alchornea floribunda Müll.Arg. TSSh 143 2.83 2.06 0.75 4 4 1.72 4.06 0.19

Antidesma laciniatum Müll.Arg. TS 2 0.06 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Sb 2.50 0.06

Antidesma vogelianum Müll.Arg. TS 15 0.22 0.24 0.25 4 4 1.99 0.19 0.01

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. TL 29 0.00 1.53 0.25 2 2 2.21 Pr 0.56 0.06

Dichostemma glaucescens Pierre TS 144 1.50 3.53 2.50 4 4 2.21 6.75 0.24

Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) TL 13 0.03 0.59 0.17 4 2 2.24 Pr 0.38 0.04

Prain

Drypetes preussii (Pax) Hutch. TL 26 0.53 0.29 0.17 4 4 1.66 1.13 0.04

Maesobotrya barteri (Baill.) Hutch. TS 10 0.28 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Sb 0.06 0.00

Maprounea membranacea Pax & TS 26 0.00 1.47 0.08 2 2 2.10 0.63 0.02

K.Hoffm.

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) TL 7 0.00 0.12 0.42 4 4 2.70 Pr 2.06 0.19

Webster

Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) TL 10 0.00 0.47 0.17 2 2 2.32 Pr 1.13 0.16

Heckel

Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) TS 46 0.03 1.47 1.67 3 3 2.56 Pr 0.69 0.02

Pax & K.Hoffm.

Uapaca guineensis Müll.Arg. TL 7 0.06 0.29 0.00 4 4 1.79 Ld 11.00 0.64

Uapaca heudelotii Baill. TL 3 0.06 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.57 0.25 0.02

Uapaca staudtii Pax TL 1 0.00 0.06 0.00 4 4 2.00 2.69 0.12

Uapaca vanhouttei De Wild. TS 45 0.42 1.12 0.92 4 2 2.13 0.56 0.04 Casearia barteri Mast. TL 76 1.47 0.94 0.58 4 4 1.74 Pr 0.69 0.02

Scottellia klaineana Pierre TL 29 0.69 0.12 0.17 4 4 1.50 Sb 2.94 0.07

Guttiferae Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. TL 90 1.56 0.65 1.92 4 4 2.01 Sb 0.06 0.01

Endodesmia calophylloides Benth. TS 35 0.72 0.47 0.08 4 4 1.62 0.44 0.03

Garcinia kola Heckel TL 2 0.03 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.68 Sb 0.31 0.00

Garcinia lucida Vesque TS 224 6.22 0.00 0.00 1 1 1.00 0.31 0.02

Garcinia mannii Oliv. TL 57 0.75 0.59 1.67 4 4 2.03 7.75 0.15

Mammea africana Sabine TL 53 1.11 0.59 0.25 4 4 1.71 Sb 0.13 0.00

Pentadesma butyracea Sabine TL 45 1.25 0.00 0.00 1 4 1.00 Sb 2.63 0.14

Huaceae Afrostyrax kamerunensis Perkins & TS 229 6.36 0.00 0.00 1 1 1.00 0.06 0.02

Gilg

Hypericaceae Harungana madagascariensis Lam. TS 2 0.00 0.06 0.08 4 4 2.59 0.06 0.00

ex Poir.

Irvingiaceae Desbordesia glaucescens (Engl.) TL 17 0.06 0.65 0.33 2 2 2.32 5.56 0.64

Tiegh.

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte TL 77 0.78 2.35 0.75 4 4 2.06 Ld 4.00 0.35

ex O'Rorke) Baill.

Irvingia grandifolia (Engl.) Engl. TL 2 0.03 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.68 0.50 0.03

Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex TL 14 0.31 0.06 0.17 4 4 1.68 Ld 1.56 0.28

Engl.

Lecythidaceae Petersianthus macrocarpus TL 13 0.00 0.12 0.92 3 3 2.83 Pr 0.94 0.08

(P.Beauv.) Liben

Leguminosae-Caes. Afzelia bella Harms / A. pachyloba TL 14 0.14 0.53 0.00 4 4 1.79 0.50 0.04

Harms

Anthonotha lamprophylla / A. TL 2 0.06 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 0.38 0.01

fragrans (Baker f.) Exell & Hillc.

Anthonotha macrophylla P.Beauv. TS 278 1.31 3.71 14.00 3 3 2.45 Sb 7.63 0.15

Berlinia bracteosa Benth. TL 33 0.36 0.88 0.42 4 4 2.07 1.63 0.56

Brachystegia eurycoma Harms / B. TL 61 0.29 2.53 0.67 4 4 2.18 0.13 0.01

laurentii (De Wild.) Louis ex Hoyle

Dialium pachyphyllum Harms TL 131 2.03 1.35 3.08 4 4 2.00 7.69 0.83

Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. TL 71 0.17 0.41 4.83 3 3 2.66 Ld 1.31 0.08

Erythrophleum ivorense A.Chev. TL 29 0.33 0.71 0.42 4 4 2.09 Ld 1.19 0.79

Hylodendron gabunense Taub. TL 10 0.08 0.35 0.08 4 4 2.00 3.06 0.19

Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliv.) Harms TS 124 1.78 2.47 1.50 2 4 2.26 Sb 4.44 0.17

Julbernardia pellegriniana Troupin TL 83 1.44 1.82 0.00 4 4 1.55 0.13 0.01

Tetraberlinia bifoliolata (Harms) TL 257 3.94 6.65 0.50 4 4 1.71 1.44 0.08 Hauman

Leguminosae-Mim. Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) TL 53 0.08 1.06 2.67 3 3 2.68 Ld 0.81 0.11

W.F.Wight

Calpocalyx dinklagei Harms / C. TS 215 3.17 4.53 2.25 2 2 1.94 2.00 0.04

heitzii Pellegr.

Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms TL 2 0.06 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Sb 0.38 0.08

Parkia bicolor A.Chev. TL 19 0.39 0.29 0.00 4 4 1.45 Ld 1.31 0.20

Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. TL 139 1.86 1.76 3.50 4 4 2.15 Ld 2.94 0.32

Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) TL 22 0.25 0.53 0.33 4 4 2.11 Ld 1.50 0.42

Brenan

Leguminosae-Pap. Amphimas ferrugineus TL 5 0.06 0.18 0.00 4 4 1.78 0.06 0.00

Baphia laurifolia Baill. TS 9 0.03 0.35 0.17 4 2 2.28 0.19 0.00

Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. TL 17 0.11 0.35 0.58 4 3 2.40 1.50 0.38

Lepidobotryaceae Lepidobotrys staudtii Engl. TS 1 0.00 0.00 0.08 4 4 3.00 0.81 0.07

Medusandraceae Soyauxia talbotii Oliv. TSSh 2 0.06 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 5.13 0.14

Meliaceae Carapa procera DC. TL 106 1.61 1.94 1.25 4 4 1.95 Sb 3.19 0.12

Entandrophragma angolense TL 2 0.00 0.12 0.00 4 4 2.00 Ld 0.25 0.02

(Welw.) C.DC.

Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & TL 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Ld 0.56 0.38

Sprague) Sprague

Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pellegr. TL 21 0.17 0.24 0.92 4 3 2.47 Sb 0.38 0.04

Heckeldora staudtii (Harms) Staner TS 10 0.22 0.12 0.00 4 4 1.43 0.06 0.00

Lovoa trichilioides Harms TL 87 1.17 1.65 1.42 4 4 1.99 Ld 1.56 0.14

Trichilia gilgiana Harms TL 2 0.03 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.68 0.19 0.00

Trichilia rubescens Oliv. TL 81 0.11 0.12 6.25 3 3 2.87 0.88 0.02

Trichilia welwitschii C.DC. TL 2 0.03 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.68 8.63 0.15

Moraceae Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho TL 6 0.00 0.12 0.33 4 3 2.69 Pr 0.06 0.01

Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg TL 17 0.00 0.53 0.67 3 3 2.53 Pr 0.13 0.01

Treculia africana Decne. TL 14 0.14 0.41 0.17 4 4 2.04 Ld 1.00 0.03

Treculia obovoidea N.E.Br. TL 465 11.06 2.53 2.00 4 1 1.71 14.31 0.34

Myristicaceae Coelocaryon preussii Warb. TL 191 1.92 3.00 5.92 3 3 2.28 31.25 2.37

Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) TL 108 0.83 1.76 4.00 3 3 2.36 Ld 19.50 3.24

Warb.

Staudtia kamerunensis Warb. TL 247 2.39 2.94 9.25 4 3 2.26 21.56 0.84

Ochnaceae Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn.f. TL 125 0.17 5.65 1.92 2 2 2.37 Pr 1.69 1.69

Olacaceae Coula edulis Baill. TL 16 0.28 0.18 0.25 4 4 1.83 Sb 7.38 1.04

Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. TS 1 0.00 0.00 0.08 4 4 3.00 Sb 0.44 0.01 Ptychopetalum petiolatum Oliv. TS 7 0.19 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 1.94 0.03

Strombosia grandifolia Hook.f. ex TS 80 1.64 0.59 0.92 4 1 1.72 11.19 0.36

Benth.

Strombosia pustulata Oliv. TL 141 2.44 2.41 1.00 2 4 1.80 6.88 0.35

Strombosiopsis tetrandra Engl. TL 3 0.08 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 3.81 0.22

Palmae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. TS 26 0.00 0.12 2.00 3 3 2.90 Pr 0.06 0.01

Pandaceae Panda oleosa Pierre TS 12 0.08 0.35 0.25 4 4 2.26 Sb 1.69 0.21

Passifloraceae Barteria fistulosa Mast. TS 24 0.00 0.24 1.67 3 3 2.81 0.94 0.02

Rhizophoraceae Poga oleosa Pierre TL 7 0.03 0.24 0.17 4 4 2.31 0.31 0.11

Rubiaceae Aulacocalyx caudata (Hiern) Keay TS 12 0.17 0.24 0.17 4 4 2.06 0.06 0.00

Aulacocalyx jasminiflora Hook.f. TS 17 0.39 0.18 0.00 4 4 1.32 Sb 1.06 0.02

Aulacocalyx talbotii (Wernham) Keay TS 1 0.00 0.06 0.00 4 4 2.00 1.25 0.02

Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy TL 1 0.00 0.06 0.00 4 4 2.00 0.13 0.01

Massularia acuminata (G.Don) TS 276 3.44 4.47 6.33 4 4 2.13 Sb 0.25 0.00

Bullock ex Hoyle

Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & TL 4 0.06 0.00 0.17 4 4 1.55 Pr 0.69 0.10

T.Durand) Merrill

Pausinystalia johimbe (K.Schum.) TL 55 0.36 0.18 3.25 4 4 2.20 3.38 0.17

Pierre ex Beille

Rothmannia lujae (De Wild.) Keay TS 37 0.72 0.47 0.25 4 4 1.77 1.44 0.03

Rothmannia talbotii (Wernham) Keay TS 13 0.36 0.00 0.00 1 4 1.00 0.06 0.00

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum heitzii (Aubrév. & TL 3 0.00 0.18 0.00 4 4 2.00 0.44 0.02

Pellegr.) P.G.Waterman

Sapindaceae Blighia unijugata Baker TL 1 0.03 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Sb 0.06 0.00

Scytopetalaceae Oubanguia africana Baill. TL 36 1.00 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 0.13 0.00

Sterculiaceae Cola ficifolia Mast. / C. lateritia TS 83 1.11 2.18 0.58 2 2 1.91 1.88 0.03

K.Schum. / C. argentea Mast.

Cola verticillata (Thonn.) Stapf ex TL 41 0.92 0.00 0.67 1 1 1.72 Sb 2.00 0.06

A.Chev.

Octolobus spectabilis Welw. TS 37 1.00 0.06 0.00 4 4 1.13 Sb 1.75 0.07

Pterygota bequaertii De Wild. TL 3 0.00 0.12 0.08 4 4 2.42 Ld 0.44 0.01

Scaphopetalum blackii Mast. TS 679 12.36 9.59 5.92 3 4 2.06 0.25 0.02

Sterculia oblonga Mast. TL 42 0.00 0.35 3.00 3 3 2.80 Ld 0.69 0.05

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. TL 15 0.11 0.41 0.33 4 4 2.33 Pr 0.94 0.05

Tiliaceae Desplatsia subericarpa Bocq. TS 29 0.36 0.47 0.67 4 4 1.40 Sb 0.88 0.05

Duboscia macrocarpa Bocq. TL 6 0.17 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 Ld 1.56 0.15

Microcos coriacea (Mast.) Burret TS 2 0.06 0.00 0.00 4 4 1.00 5.06 0.28 Ulmaceae Celtis mildbraedii Engl. TL 51 0.78 0.76 0.83 4 4 2.05 Sb 0.63 0.09

Verbenaceae Vitex grandifolia Gűrke TS 2 0.00 0.12 0.00 4 4 2.00 Sb 1.25 0.17

Violaceae Rinorea dentata P.Beauv. TS 12 0.28 0.06 0.08 4 4 1.76 Sb 1.88 0.05

Total forest plots (400 species): 532 35.60

Total analysis (142 species): 354 27.19

* Habit: TLS = large tree (> 15 m tall), TS = understorey tree (3 – 15 m tall) , Sh =

(multistemmed or < 3 m tall) . † Recruitment plots (plot size 625 m 2, n = 65, individuals height

≥ 50 cm and dbh < 10 cm): N = total number of individuals included in the analysis of

recruitment preference; average number of individuals in: OG = old growth forest (n = 36), L =

logging gaps (n = 17), SC = shifting cultivation fields (n = 12). ‡ Recruitment preference: oc =

occurrence preference (presence/absence), ab = abundance preference (log transformed

number individuals), WAI = weighted average index (see text). Species’ recruitment

preference is indicated by 1 = old growth forest, 2 = logging gaps, 3 = shifting cultivation field,

4 = no (significant) preference. WAI values indicate relative position of recruitment preference

for conditions ranging from 1 (old growth forest) to 3 (shifting cultivation). § Ecological guild

based on literature, mainly Hawthorne (1996) and Cable & Cheek (1998): Sb = shade-bearer,

Ld = light-demanding non-pioneer, Pr = pioneer. ¶ Forest plots (plot size 1 ha, n = 16,

individuals dbh ≥ 10 cm): average number of individuals per ha, average basal area per ha.

The values of the ten most important species in terms of average abundance and average

basal area per hectare are given in bold.The values of the ten most important species for

abundance and for dominance are given in bold.