INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)
Final Technical Report April 2020
IDRC Project Number: Grant number 108224-001
Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada
Submitted by: Bedoshruti Sadhukhan, ICLEI South Asia
ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC Project Consortium: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)
Solapur, Maharashtra and Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, Location of the study: India
Time Period of Report: 15 January 2017 – 2020
Copyright: © 2020, ICLEI South Asia
Disseminated under Creative Commons Attribution License Licensing Information: (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Disclaimer
This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of IDRC or its Board of Governors. IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020
Table of Contents
Abbreviations ...... 8
1 Executive Summary ...... 11
1.1 Objective ...... 11 1.2 Activities ...... 11 1.2.1 Preparatory Phase ...... 12 1.2.2 Planning Phase ...... 12 1.2.3 Implementation Phase ...... 12 1.3 Outcomes and outputs ...... 13
2 Introduction ...... 15
3 Research Problem ...... 16
4 Synthesis of Research Results and Development Outcomes 18
5 Research Methodology ...... 25
6 Preparatory Phase ...... 25
6.1 Activity 1: Selection of micro-catchment for both cities ...... 25 6.1.1 SWOT Analysis of micro-catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada ..... 26 6.2 Activity 2: Constitution of RURBAN platform and multi-stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) ...... 28 6.2.1 RURBAN platform interactions ...... 29 6.2.2 RURBAN Meetings in Solapur ...... 29 6.2.3 RURBAN Meetings in Vijayawada ...... 30
7 Planning Phase ...... 32
7.1 Activity 3: Hydrological and climate modelling of selected micro- catchments ...... 32 7.2 Activity 4: Development of IAdapt Framework for Catchment Management Plan Preparation ...... 33 7.2.1 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Solapur ...... 34 7.2.2 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Vijayawada ...... 35 7.3 Activity 5: State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools ...... 37
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7.4 Activity 6: Decision Support Tool Framework ...... 39
8 Implementation Phase ...... 40
8.1 Activity 7: Pilot project implementation: Vijayawada ...... 41 8.1.1 Adaptation module for Vijayawada for DST framework ...... 47 8.2 Activity 8: Pilot project implementation in Solapur ...... 50 8.3 Activity 9: Capacity building of stakeholders on various aspects of IUWM, climate change, scientific decision making ...... 55 8.3.1 Exposure visit ...... 55 8.3.2 Site visits ...... 55 8.3.3 Awareness and information, education and communication (IEC) activities ...... 56 8.3.4 Visit by expert to Vijayawada micro-catchment for hands-on-training 56 8.3.5 Exposure and exchange visits of researchers and officials ...... 56 8.3.6 All partner visit to Vijayawada project city ...... 56 8.3.7 Exposure Visit on Integrated Water Management practices for Vijayawada catchment managers ...... 57 8.3.8 Training Workshop on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water Harvesting Techniques in Solapur ...... 57 8.3.9 Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur Municipal Corporation...... 58 8.3.10 Awareness and Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activities with Schools in Solapur City ...... 58 8.3.11 Exposure Visit to Nagpur for Solapur Municipal Officials ...... 58 8.3.12 Research project on biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur ...... 59 8.3.13 A Focus Group Discusses IAdapt Project Activities ...... 59 8.3.14 State-Level Meeting Reviews of IAdapt Activities ...... 59 8.3.15 Expert Visit for Pilot Project Identification ...... 59 8.3.16 MIKE training by IITM in Chennai ...... 60 8.3.17 Meeting with commissioner for pilot projects in Solapur ...... 61 8.3.18 Discussions with Local Stakeholders in Ekrukh Micro catchments ... 61 8.3.19 Meetings with Rural Authorities ...... 61 8.3.20 Meeting with District Authority in Solapur ...... 61 8.3.21 IAdapt project presentation to Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection Team in Vijayawada ...... 61 8.4 Compendium on financing options for recovery and reuse of wastewater ...... 62
9 Project Outputs ...... 66
9.1 IAdapt Framework ...... 66 9.2 Hydrological and climate modelling of the selected micro-catchments 67 9.2.1 Climate Change Assessment ...... 67 9.2.2 Hydrological Modeling: ...... 68 9.2.3 Urban Heat Island Map ...... 68
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9.3 State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools ...... 68 9.4 Decision Support Tool...... 69 9.5 Catchment Management Plan ...... 71 9.6 Finance Compendium ...... 72 9.7 Minor Outputs ...... 72
10 Project Management ...... 74
11 Challenge Management ...... 75
11.1 Technical challenges ...... 75 11.2 Management challenges ...... 75 11.3 Political challenges ...... 76
12 Research Ethic ...... 77
13 Project Communications ...... 77
13.1 Dissemination ...... 77 13.2 Networking ...... 79
14 Overall Assessment and Recommendations ...... 80
List of Figures
Figure 1 Methodological Framework for DST ...... 40 Figure 2 WEAP Model for Water Balance in Vijayawada ...... 42 Figure 3 WEAP Model for Domestic Water Demand, Vijayawada ...... 43 Figure 4 WEAP Model for Unmet Water Demand, Vijayawada ...... 43 Figure 5 WEAP Model for Water Demand after Investment Scenario ...... 44 Figure 6 Water Demand According to Stakeholders ...... 45 Figure 7 Water Demand Scenario before Investment Scenario ...... 46 Figure 8 Water Demand after Investment ...... 46 Figure 9 Methodology of Developing Solution Pathways ...... 47 Figure 10 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions ...... 48 Figure 11 WEAP Impact Scenario – Canal Purification ...... 49 Figure 12 Ground Water Recharge Structure in School Compound in Solapur ...... 52 Figure 13 School CampShala in Solapur...... 52 Figure 14 Design of Constructed Wetland at Ekrukh Lake ...... 54 Figure 15 Project Site at Ekrukh ...... 54 Figure 16 WEAP Assessment Model ...... 70 Figure 17 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions ...... 70
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List of Tables
Table 1 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-Catchments ...... 27 Table 2 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments ...... 28 Table 3 Schedule of Interviews for IUWM Review ...... 38 Table 4 List of Adaptation Solutions in Vijayawada ...... 50 Table 5 Water Quality Assessment ...... 54 Table 6 Proposed Business Models for Review ...... 62
List of Annexures
Annexure 1 SWOT Analysis Report for Delineated Micro-catchments Annexure 2 RURBAN Core Team and Stakeholder Team - Solapur Annexure 3 RURBAN Core Team and Stakeholder Team - Vijayawada. Annexure 4 Administrative Order – Institutionalising RURBAN Platform in Vijayawada by District Magistrate and Collector Office Annexure 5 Hydrological and Climate Modelling of Solapur and Vijayawada cities Annexure 6 IAdapt Framework for Development of Catchment Management Plans Annexure 7 Catchment Management Plan - Solapur Annexure 8 Catchment Management Plan - Vijayawada Annexure 9 Interview Guidance Questionnaire - IUWM Review Annexure 10 Paper - IUWM Toolkit Review Annexure 11 Decision Support Tool – Strategy Paper Annexure 12 Implementation of DST in Vijayawada - Presentation Annexure 13 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Assessment Report Annexure 14 Ecological Status and Rejuvenation Strategy of Ekrukh Lake – Plan of Constructed Wetland Annexure 15 Rural Exposure Visit - BibiDarfal and Wadala village Annexure 16 MIKE Software Training and Exposure Visit to Vijayawada Annexure 17 Report on IEC Activities in Solapur Micro-catchments Annexure 18 Visit by Expert to Vijayawada Micro-catchment for Hands-on-Training Annexure 19 Report on Partners Visit to Vijayawada Annexure 20 Exposure Visit - Hyderabad Annexure 21 Report on Training Program on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water Harvesting in Solapur Annexure 22 Report on Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur Municipal Corporation Annexure 23 Report on IEC Activities in Solapur City
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Annexure 24 Exposure visit - Nagpur Annexure 25 Minor Research Project - Biodiversity Study of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur Annexure 26 Report on Focus Group Discussion Annexure 27 CMP Training Modules Annexure 28 DST Training Modules Annexure 29 Financial Compendium and Feasibility Analysis of Wastewater Reuse for Industry and Agriculture in Solapur and Vijayawada Annexure 30 Letter from Solapur Municipal Corporation Annexure 31 Letter from Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Annexure 32 FGD Report - Selection of Micro-catchments Annexure 33 Quadrat Study Report Annexure 34 Questionnaire for FGD Annexure 35 Newspaper articles Annexure 36 Project Brochure in English Annexure 37 Project Brochure in Marathi Annexure 38 Project Brochure in Telugu Annexure 39 Pilot Project Brochure Annexure 40 Brochure IADAPT Framework Annexure 41 Brochure DST Framework Annexure 42 Brochure IUWM Toolkit Review Annexure 43 Brochure RURBAN Platform Annexure 44 Newsletter 2016-2017 Annexure 45 Newsletter 2018-2020 Annexure 46 First Partner Meeting Report Annexure 47 Second Partners Meeting Report Annexure 48 Internediate Partners Meeting Report Annexure 49. Third Partners Meeting Report Annexure 50 Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress 2019 - Proceedings Annexure 51 Session Description - Resilient Cities, Bonn 2019 Annexure 52 Report on International Conference under IAdapt Project
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Abbreviations
ACCCRN Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network
AdoptIUWM Adopting Integrated Urban Water Management in Indian Cities
AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
APFSD Asia Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development
ARTI Appropriate Rural Technology Institute
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOT Build-Operate-Transfer
CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CGM Chief General Manager
CMP Catchment Management Plan
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DAY-NULM Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission
DST Decision Support Tool
EU European Union
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GCM General Circulation Models
GWP Global Water Partnership
GWP Global Water Partnership
HEC-HMS Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydraulic Modeling System
HH House Holds
HMWSSB Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
IAdapt Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities
IAP ICLEI ACCCRN Process
IDRC International Development Research Centre
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IITM Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
IRAP Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy
IRAP Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy
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IUWM Integrated Urban Water Management
IWA International Water Association
IWMI International Water Management Institute
IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Program
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
JSA Jal Shakti Abhiyan
Kmph Kilometres per hour
MBBR Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
MCM Million Cubic Meter
MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran
MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
MLD Millions of Liters Per Day
MP Member of Parliament
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NGO Non-Government Orgnization
NRW Non Revenue Water
NULM National Urban Livelihoods Mission
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PPP Public Private Partnership
RCP Representative Concentration Pathways
RURBAN Rural-Urban
RWH Rain Water Harvesting
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCS-CN Soil Conservation Service Curve Number
SMC Solapur Municipal Corporation
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWITCH Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
TCPO Town and Country Planning
TMC Thousand Million Cubic
UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
ULBs Urban Local Bodies
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UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific
UWS Urban Water Supply
VMC Vijayawada Municipal Corporation
WAC World Aqua Congress
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WBM Water Balance Model
WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning
WRD Water Resources Department
WRF Water Research Foundation
WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organisation
ZP Zilla Parishad
ZPS Zilla Parishad Solapur
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1 Executive Summary
The Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities or IAdapt Project has been designed to meet the requirement of cities to address their water resource challenges by engaging with multiple levels of stakeholders and water users (rural and urban) and developing climate adaptive catchment level action plans. The idea is to enable cities to move from traditional approaches of water management (that plan, establish and operate water supply, wastewater and storm water systems as separate entities) to an ‘Integrated Approach’ based on the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). The project was implemented in two Indian cities - Solapur in Maharashtra, and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and their surrounding catchments – which face issues related to droughts, floods and water conflicts.
1.1 Objective The overall objective of the project was to institutionalize climate change adaptation in city and catchment policy and planning by implementing climate proof integrated urban water management (IUWM) /integrated water resource management (IWRM) approaches through participatory planning, simple decision support tools, catchment level action plans, and multi- pronged financing approaches. This was planned to be achieved by creating an enabling ecosystem within cities to adopt and implement IUWM and IWRM approaches at catchment level guided by simple and effective tools for the local authorities.
The specific objectives of the project include:
A. Establish multi-stakeholder platforms to bring together rural-urban/upstream-downstream stakeholders to enable information exchange, share different priorities and needs, and promote collaboration in planning for improved water management. B. Improve city and catchment level water security by incorporating climate adaptation measures in the existing IUWM framework, expanded to include the whole catchment C. Build the capacity of stakeholders to apply IUWM principles, incorporate climate change adaptation, implement both participatory and science-based decision making, and to access climate and water based project financing D. Produce a scientifically sound, participatory informed, Catchment Management Plan for long term water security and management at catchment level incorporating the needs of urban and rural stakeholders; E. Create of a compendium on 'innovative' financing options for IUWM and IWRM, facilitated through cross-learning; and, F. Pilot at least two city-catchment level 'adaptation options' selected by the stakeholder committee and communities, one in each of the two participating municipalities.
1.2 Activities The project consisted of three major phases – preparatory phase, planning phase and implementation phase. Each phase consisted of a number of smaller tasks and activities which contributed to the achievement of the overall objective of participatory, climate adaptive and integrated water management in the two project cities. The different phases of the project are outlined below:
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1.2.1 Preparatory Phase This is the initial phase of the project, where the project implementation area was selected through a micro-catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated. The main activities include:
Analysis of topography and hydrological flow patterns through open source GIS softwares Assessment of socio-economic and environmental parameters like climate, demography, socio-economics, environmental and basic services of water, wastewater and other allied sectors focus group discussions, quadrat studies and key personnel interviews SWOT Analysis of this information collected Two micro-catchments were selected - one in each city-region of Solapur and Vijayawada Introduction of project to the municipal corporations, district collectorate, village panchayats (local authorities) to bring different stakeholders on board A multi-stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) and a RURBAN (Rural – Urban) Platform was developed including members of the rural and urban local authorities, civil society, institutes, private sector and other stakeholders to discuss catchment level issues of water resource management.
1.2.2 Planning Phase This was the second phase of the project that consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework for developing catchment management plans. The main activities include:
Development of IAdapt Framework as a step by step guidance framework to help cities engage with their rural counterparts and formulate catchment management plans for their shared water resources considering both current and future water availability scenarios vis-à-vis climate change. Hydrological and climate modelling for the cities to assess the climate risks with reference to water resources. This information was used in the IAdapt Framework to identify interventions in the catchment management plan that could minimise such risks. Development of a Decision Support Tool (DST) to support the selection of interventions for implementation that best demonstrate integrated water management in the catchment in the context of a changing climate. Development of a compendium of financial models, specifically with reference to waste water management for the two project cities to support integrated water management.
1.2.3 Implementation Phase This is the final phase of the project, which consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making. The main activities are:
- Selection and finalisation of pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and urban areas in consultation with RURBAN platform stakeholders and core team members in Solapur city and project villages. - For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected - bioremediation based constructed wetland plant for waste water treatment flowing into Ekhrukh Lake and roof top rainwater harvesting for a municipal school complex in the city.
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- In Vijayawada, the DST was field tested on the 24x7 water supply scheme proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project to promote integrated water management. - Trainings and capacity building of officials in the city, villages and district authorities. - Peer learning through site visits and exchange visits
1.3 Outcomes and outputs The major outcomes of the project are:
1. Development and trial of RURBAN Platform - this is a group of stakeholders from rural and urban areas developed as a means of engagement among these stakeholders to plan for shared natural resources. 2. Development of capacity of local authorities to collaboratively and scientifically plan for water resources - using the IAdapt Framework (a step by step guidance toolkit for local authorities to develop climate adaptive catchment management plan), climate and hydrological modeling studies, the Decision Support Tool (a tool to help local authorities prioritise water management interventions to promote integrated management), local government officials from rural, urban and district levels have been trained on developing catchment level water management plans in a collaborative manner considering climate change impacts on water resources. 3. Capacity building of local stakeholders - 2 site visits, 2 exchange visits to nearby cities and villages and 4 training workshops have been conducted under the project for local stakeholders (including communities, institutions, students, NGOs, etc) and urban and rural local authority officials. This has increased their understanding of integrated water management, its linkages with climate change and the dependencies of water on other sectors such as waste water, solid waste, storm water, health, agriculture among others. 4. Demonstrated integrated water management - through pilot interventions in the project cities, integrated water management systems have been showcased. In Solapur, management at the demand and supply side have been addressed through rain water harvesting and constructed wetland systems developed under the project in urban and rural areas respectively. In Vijayawada, integration has been tested through the Decision Support Tool which was implemented on a live project of 24/7 water supply scheme.
The major outputs of the project include:
1. IAdapt Framework Toolkit - a step by step guidance toolkit that will help local authorities to develop scientifically informed, collaborative catchment management plans for water resources. 2. Climate and Hydrological Modeling Report - city specific hydrological and climate modeling reporting has been prepared to understand the city specific climate risks. This information was used to prepare the catchment management plans for the 2 city regions. 3. Decision Support Tool - a tool to help local authorities to identify climate resilience interventions that support integrated water management. 4. Catchment Management Plans for Solapur and Vijayawada - 2 catchment management plans have been prepared using the IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and Climate Modeling Report under the project.
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5. Financial Compendium - a financial compendium has been prepared for the two cities in the context of reuse and recycling of treated waste water under the project. 6. Review of IUWM Toolkits - a detailed assessment of existing IUWM toolkits have been conducted under the project to understand the relevance and gaps of different models. 7. Training Manual - a training manual has been developed on the Catchment Management Planning process based on the IAdapt Framework specifically for officials of local authorities. 8. Small research project - A research project was supported under the project, led by Dr. M N Jagtap, from Research Centre and Post Graduate Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur in which 2 research students carried out a study on local biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake of Solapur, that lies within the selected micro- catchment. 9. Pilot projects – 2 pilot projects in Solapur and 1 project in Vijayawada to field test the concepts of integrated water management.
In addition, the project and its outcomes has been disseminated through various channels such as a dedicated website, newsletters, brochures, and through national and international conferences, such as the ICLEI World Congress 2018, Resilient Cities Bonn 2019, Resilient Cities Asia Pacific 2019. A one-day International Conference on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management was organised in New Delhi on 20 November 2019. In this dissemination workshop, the outcomes and outputs of the project were presented to a number of cities and practitioners coming from different parts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
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2 Introduction
Cities in South Asia face extreme water insecurity due to a changing climate and rapid urbanization, resulting in flooding, water shortages and drought, within city boundaries and in their surrounding catchments. This creates a range of short-term and long-term consequences on human health, physical assets, economic development, and social systems and cities need to start taking action on them. However, cities are not closed systems and in most cases, city- centric responses alone are inadequate to meet such challenges.
The IAdapt Project has been designed to address the requirement of cities to manage their water resource challenges by engaging with multiple levels of stakeholders and water users (rural and urban) and developing climate adaptive catchment level action plans. The idea is to enable cities to move from traditional approaches of water management (that plan, establish and operate water supply, wastewater and storm water systems as separate entities) to an ‘Integrated Approach’ based on the principles of IWRM and IUWM. The project was implemented in two Indian cities - Solapur in Maharashtra, and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and their surrounding catchments – which face issues related to droughts, floods and water conflicts.
The project consisted of three major phases – preparatory phase, planning phase and implementation phase. In the Preparatory Phase, the project implementation area was selected through a micro-catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated. The Planning Phase consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework as a step by step guidance framework that will help cities engage with their rural counterparts and formulate catchment management plans for their shared water resources considering both current and future water availability scenarios vis-à-vis climate change. It was used by the Core Team and RURBAN Platform members to develop the Catchment Management Plan for managing their water resources, supported by the Decision Support Tool (DST) and hydrological and climate modelling study. A compendium of financial models was also developed for the cities. The final Implementation Phase of the project consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making.
The pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and urban areas have been selected through a consultation with the RURBAN platform stakeholders in Solapur and finalised in consultation with the core team members in Solapur city and in the villages with the village panchayat officials. For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected. In rural areas, the pilot focused on reduction of pollution load in one of the important water sources for the city - the Ekhrukh Lake – using bioremediation techniques with the help of a constructed wetland. In urban areas, the pilot project focused on the reduction of demand of fresh water by using rain water harvesting technologies to recharge ground water in 3 municipal schools of the city. In Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project of 24x7 water supply scheme that was proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project to promote integrated water management.
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3 Research Problem
The project was aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro- catchment of two cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri- urban and rural areas. There was no change in the research problem over the period of the project.
The key research questions which the project addressed are:
A. How can the adaptive capacities of cities be enhanced by adopting an IUWM based approach at the city level and extending it to catchment level?
This question looks at both governance mechanisms and technical approaches that could support cities in engaging with different stakeholders and water users and move from a city centric approach of managing water supply and waste water disposal to a catchment based approach of water resource management.
In order to address this question, the project developed the IAdapt Framework for preparation of Catchment Management Plans for water resource management. This framework gives detailed guidelines on how local authorities at rural and urban levels that share water resources can work collaboratively and in a technically sound manner to form catchment level plans. In order to identify the climate risks to water resources in the project cities, a detailed city level climate projection study was conducted, that also looked at urban heat island effect and its impacts on water resources. The IAdapt Framework is supported by a Decision Support Tool (DST) that helps the local authorities to select resilient interventions for water management that support integrated management looking at catchment level benefits.
B. Which levers and incentives are most effective for enabling participation by key stakeholders (grass root organizations, NGO’s, local body heads etc) in sustaining continuous dialogue on water resource management and adopting an IUWM based approach?
This question explored the various means of enabling participation of different stakeholders effectively in common platforms. These enablers included such soft skills such as conceptual clarity of the need for resource management, ability to engage successfully with stakeholders as well as financial resources to be able to participate in common meetings. Language of communication is a major barrier to effective participation.
To address this question, a RURBAN Platform was established in each project city, which brought together rural and urban stakeholders to discuss issues of common concern regarding water security, quality, quantity, availability and use. It was ensured that the discussions in this platform were in the local language, so that everyone could understand and participate effectively. Technical trainings were provided in local language so that basic concepts of water resource management can be explained to everyone and stakeholders can discuss their issues and concerns freely. The critical factor to bring together stakeholders was to ensure that all stakeholders get an opportunity to speak and feel included in the final decisions that are taken so that inclusive and participatory actions can be taken.
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C. What are financial mechanisms that could promote and adequately compensate stewardship of watershed services in catchment areas of cities, to support the successful implementation of an IUWM approach?
The project helped identify a range of prioritised interventions that support integrated water resource management in the catchment. Implementation of these interventions requires time and money, apart from technical skills and socio-economic ownership. Successful IUWM approaches in the city region was found to be based on not only environmental and socio- economic factors, but also on political priorities that shape the budget allocation to a large extent.
A detailed financial assessment was conducted in the context of reuse of waste water in the two cities to identify means of using recycled water for industrial and domestic purposes. Public private partnership models have been considered in this assessment. It is envisaged that reusing and recycling water would be beneficial for both maintenance of quality and quantity of available water resources, while at the same time ensure that all stakeholders have an incentive in protecting water resources.
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4 Synthesis of Research Results and Development Outcomes
The overall objective of the project is to “institutionalize climate change adaptation in city and catchment policy and planning, by implementing climate-proof Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) and Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches through participatory planning, simple decision support tools, catchment level action plans and multipronged financing approaches.” The project has successfully achieved this institutionalisation of participatory, climate adaptive and integrated catchment level water resource planning through the establishment and engagement of the RURBAN platform in developing the Catchment Management Plan. Climate models developed for the project cities were used to identify climate risks to the cities and chalk out action plans with climate resilient interventions of water resource management. Financial models have been developed for the two cities, focusing on the options for wastewater reuse and recycling that supports integrated water management. The project has been able to identify a methodological approach to develop climate responsive water management at the catchment level through a participatory process.
The specific objectives of the project were achieved through the various activities carried out as part of the project. These achievements are outlined below:
Objective 1: Establish multi-stakeholder platforms to bring together rural- urban/upstream-downstream stakeholders to enable information exchange, share different priorities and needs, and promote collaboration in planning for improved water management.
The project has successfully identified members of a RURBAN platform and a multi- stakeholder Core Team for urban and rural areas for the two project cities, as an institutional mechanism to facilitate participatory planning of water resources.
The major outcome of the project is the development and trial of the concept of rural and urban engagement to plan for shared resources. The RURBAN platform helps to bring together rural and urban stakeholders for participatory decision making to support resource management and was a unique outcome of the project. The project has successfully demonstrated that using the RURBAN Platform catchment management plans for shared water resources could be developed in a manner that takes into account the needs of all users while minimising the risks to any one particular community. The RURBAN platform has been appreciated by the district authorities in Solapur and Vijayawada. Urban local authorities, officials from the district collectorate and rural local authorities together participated in the RURBAN meetings and consultations in the project, actively giving suggestions and providing inputs. Many of the meetings in the project cities were also hosted by the district authorities. The Vijayawada District Collector has passed a government order formalising the RURBAN Committee that will make all future decision making participatory in nature.
The RURBAN Platform stakeholders and Core Team groups have been consulted regularly throughout the project, both in formal workshops and also through one on one meetings to finalise the Catchment Management Plan in Solapur and Vijayawada.
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Identifying the successful pioneering of micro-planning in integrated water resources management initiative, an administrative order was issued by the Vijayawada District Collector directing setting up and institutionalising the District RURBAN Steering Committee. The members for the same have been identified and communicated to be an active member of such a first-of-its-kind committee.
Main activities:
Identification of RURBAN Platform members in consultation with district authorities and municipal corporations Conducting RURBAN meetings regularly throughout the project Institutionalising RURBAN Platform through government orders
Outcome: The activities helped to try out a RURBAN Platform in two cities in India and develop institutionalised mechanisms of engagement of rural and urban stakeholders in a common platform to discuss issues that affect both of them.
Outputs:
2 RURBAN Platforms created in 2 project cities 3 RURBAN Platform meetings conducted in each project city
Objective 2: Improve city and catchment level water security by incorporating climate adaptation measures in the existing IUWM framework, expanded to include the whole catchment
An IAdapt Framework has been developed as a workable model which helps to integrate climate risks to water management principles at a catchment level. The tool was developed combining the concepts of the city level AdoptIUWM toolkit (for city level IUWM planning) and the ICLEI ACCCRN (Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network) Process toolkit (for climate resilient planning). Hydrological modelling of the micro-catchments was conducted to assess run off and climate impacts on available water resources. Climate modelling of the micro-catchments was conducted to predict climate scenarios, which was used to develop relevant climate adaptive strategies that can reduce risks to the water resources. The report on ‘Status of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Toolkits - A Critical Review’ was developed and considered in fine-tuning the IAdapt Framework.
The IAdapt Framework was implemented in the two project micro catchments selected in Solapur and Vijayawada. The tools helped to conduct climate change and socio economic vulnerability assessment, carry out a water balance assessment, identify fragile systems linked to water resources and identify resilient strategies promoting climate adaptive and integrated water resource management approaches. The prioritised strategies and pilot interventions were identified to develop an integrated catchment management plan. For both Solapur and Vijayawada, the climate resilient interventions on water resource management has been identified in consultation with the urban and rural stakeholders.
The Catchment Management Plan (CMP) of Solapur has been ratified by the Mayor of Solapur Municipal Corporation and the CEO of the Zilla Parishad.
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Activities:
Develop IAdapt Framework Carry out Shared Learning Dialogues (SLDs) with RURBAN Platform members to prepare catchment management plan for water resources
Outcome: The activities helped to develop a CMP for the 2 cities that looks at collaborative water resource management considering the impacts of climate change on shared resources and considering rural and urban stakeholder interests.
Outputs:
IAdapt Framework
Objective 3: Build the capacity of stakeholders to apply IUWM principles, incorporate climate change adaptation, implement both participatory and science-based decision making, and to access climate and water based project financing
Stakeholder meetings, consultations and site visits were held in rural and urban areas in both the micro catchments (Solapur and Vijayawada) to strengthen the collaborative efforts and partnership among rural-urban stakeholders for integrated water resource management initiatives.
Four trainings have been conducted for urban and rural stakeholders in Solapur and Vijayawada. Different aspects of water resource management and conservation have been considered in the trainings, including watershed management, good practices of water management, rain water harvesting, acoustic leak detection, and solid waste management. IEC activities were carried out in schools of Solapur to spread information on water management and conservation.
Exposure visits have been organised for stakeholders from Vijayawada and Solapur to other cities. Sites to be visited were selected on the basis of identified needs of the participating local authorities. It helped the officials to learn from actual practice and live examples and was appreciated more than classroom style trainings and workshops. In Solapur, an exposure visit to BibiDarfal and Wadala villages was conducted by the administrative and elected representatives from rural areas (TaleHipparga, Ekrukh and Haglur villages in Solapur micro catchment) and the Agriculture Officer for Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) from the District Collectorate in Solapur to understand the approaches to implement community-led participatory water management project for the improvement of water situation in the rural areas. An exposure visit was conducted for urban and rural catchment managers of Vijayawada to Hyderabad, while Solapur urban catchment managers visited the city of Nagpur. The visits introduced them to good practices in urban water management.
The capacity building activities of the project had a lasting impact on the urban and rural beneficiaries of the project.
The RURBAN Platform meetings organised throughout the project (3 in each project city over the period of the project) provided opportunity to discuss with stakeholders and build their
Page 20 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 capacity on integrated water management practices. Participation of different institutions, NGOs and practitioners led to rich discussions. Training manuals have been developed on the IAdapt Framework and Decision Support Tool and city level trainings were organised for technical staff from municipal corporation and Zilla Parishad to train them on the development of catchment level water management plans. The DST and financial modelling was also presented in these trainings and officials were engaged through exercises and working groups to improve clarity of understanding.
Activities:
Training and capacity building of local stakeholders and government officials through workshops, exchange visits, etc - 4 training workshops, 1 exchange visit to Vijayawada from Solapur, 3 site visits to Nagpur, Hyderabad, Wadala village Capacity building workshops for local stakeholders such as women and children - 3 workshops organised National Conference on IAdapt was organised to disseminate information about project Preparation of training module on Catchment Management Plans using IAdapt Framework and Decision Support Tool
Outcome: The activities helped to generate awareness among the local government officials and other stakeholders regarding water management and collaborative planning processes.
Outputs:
12 capacity building events organised in the 2 project cities, apart from a number of one on one interactions with local officials 3 training workshops for Solapur and Vijayawada district and local government officials on catchment management planning using IAdapt Framework Training module on Catchment Management Plan using IAdapt Framework and Decision Support Tool developed
Objective 4: Produce a scientifically sound, participatory informed, Catchment Management Plan for long term water security and management at catchment level incorporating the needs of urban and rural stakeholders;
Based on the results of IAdapt framework and implementation of decision support tool an integrated catchment management plan has been developed through the project for the cities of Solapur and Vijayawada. The document considers the climate modelling information of the two cities developed by IIT Madras to identify climate risks and the framework tools were used to conduct a participatory vulnerability assessment, water balancing and risk assessment to finally identify the climate adaptive interventions for integrated water resource management.
The draft Catchment Management Plans were vetted by the local RURBAN stakeholders and ratified by them.
Activities:
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Using the IAdapt Framework to identify climate risks, fragile systems, carry out water balance assessment, conduct vulnerability assessment, conduct risk assessment and identify resilient strategies Climate projections developed at city level to understand climate risks Prepare Catchment Management Plan (CMP) for Solapur and Vijayawada Ratification of CMP Preparation of Decision Support Tool (DST)
Outcome: The acitivities helped to develop two scientifically sound, participatory CMPs for the 2 project cities
Outputs:
2 CMPs Hydrological and Climate Modeling report for Solapur and Vijayawada Decision Support Tool
Objective 5: Create of a compendium on 'innovative' financing options for IUWM and IWRM, facilitated through cross-learning; and,
The compendium of financing options with a focus on waste water management has been developed by IWMI. Detailed discussions were conducted with the city officials to shortlist waste water management as a common concern in the two cities. Innovative financing options for waste water management have been identified for Solapur and Vijayawada. A financial modelling was conducted to provide a compendium of financial provisions for the local governments and carry out a financial feasibility of wastewater reuse for industry and agriculture.
Activities:
Collection of data on waste water treatment and reuse and potential for recycling Desktop research Preparation of financial model on waste water reuse in Solapur and Vijayawada
Outcomes: The activities helped to understand the current potential for recycling and reuse of waste water and therefore realistically provide solutions for better integrated water management in the 2 project cities.
Outputs:
Financial Modeling study for Solapur and Vijayawada
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Objective 6: Pilot at least two city-catchment level 'adaptation options' selected by the stakeholder committee and communities, one in each of the two participating municipalities.
The pilot projects in Solapur have been discussed in local stakeholder meetings and RURBAN Platform meetings regarding adaptation options that would be suitable to implement.
On the basis of discussions with the RURBAN platform and Core Teams, several options for pilot implementation were shortlisted for Solapur. These included acoustic leak detection in the city to reduce leakage losses in the water supply system, bioremediation technologies for lake rejuvenation and waste water management, and rain water harvesting for ground water recharge. Finally a two pronged approach was selected. In the rural area, a constructed wetland was proposed to treat the waste water flowing in the Ekhrukh Lake – one of the water sources for the city, while in the urban area ground water recharge using rain water harvesting has been proposed to reduce water demand in the city.
In Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project that was proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project to promote integrated water management. The DST tool has been field tested in Vijayawada with reference to the 24x7 water supply scheme that has been proposed in the city.
Synthesize the main research results during the project, highlighting the progress made by the project. This should be done by listing each specific objective as it is written in the Grant Agreement, highlighting the progress for each one
Activities:
Discussion with RURBAN Platform members to identify potential pilot interventions 2 pilot projects selected to implement in Solapur Testing of DST in Vijayawada on a live project as pilot project
Outcomes: Pilot projects helped to showcase integration of water management by looking at two aspects - addressing water availability to reduce demand and improve water quality to augment water resource availability.
Outputs:
Rainwater harvesting project in a municipal school complex in Solapur Constructed wetland system in a village in Solapur catchment Testing of DST in Vijayawada
Unexpected, surprising or interesting innovative results:
Zilla Parishad (ZP) Solapur emerged as a strong stakeholder in Solapur whereas the District Collector of Vijayawada took the lead in institutionalising the RURBAN Platform in that city. The involvement and interest in the overall project and RURBAN platform strengthened the engagement activities in the city and rural areas. Officials from the Zilla Parishad, Solapur and Collector’s Office, Vijayawada participated and collaborated for a training programme on
Page 23 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 catchment management plan, decision support tool and financial models. At the final conference of the project organised in November 2019 in Delhi, representatives from the ZP Solapur participated in person, while the Collector from Vijayawada participated virtually.
It was however, noticed that the decision making using the RURBAN platform faced a lot of barriers particularly because of jurisdictional boundaries. As a result, the project had to develop 2 separate pilot projects for the urban and rural areas in such a way that it contributes to preservation of a common water resource.
Impact of research results on specific communities or populations in the targeted country(ies) at the end of the project:
The IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and the Catchment Management Plans, along with the supporting documentation on local climate projections (prepared by IIT Madras) and financial modeling of wastewater treatment systems (prepared by IWMI) has been shared with the two project cities and the respective district authorities. The project has led to the development of a catchment management plan for the project cities that will enhance water security for the city-regions and improve water availability for the residents in general.
The primary impact of the project on the communities has been through the training and capacity building of local communities that has provided information regarding water conservation, water pollution, sanitation, and other related issues with water management. Communities were also benefited through the pilot interventions in the village and in the school complex in Solapur. The constructed wetland system benefited about 40 households directly, while generally improving the cleanliness of the village Tale Hipparga where it has been developed. The Rain Water Harvesting system in the municipal school complex in Solapur also benefited all the students (more than 300) in the school and is expected to improve the public health generally in the region due to access to clean water.
Potential uptake of project results within 3 years of the end of the project:
The District Collector of Vijayawada has issued a government order to institutionalise the RURBAN Platform in Vijayawada to replicate the model of cooperation in other mandals. The Zilla Parishad and Municipal Corporation of Solapur have expressed interest in the financial modeling and in implementing the Catchment Management Plan in the region. The Zilla Parishad has expressed interest in replicating the pilot intervention of the constructed wetland system in other villages under Namami Chandrabhaga program of the State, of including the climate modelling results in developing local plans at village level, and in developing integrated catchment management plans for other micro catchments within North Solapur based on IAdapt framework. The District Water and Sanitation Mission Cell officials are in the process of preparing the proposal for yearly activities and their budget estimates. ICLEI South Asia is following up so that they can be involved in the process for technical inputs as well as implementation of IEC activities once the budget is sanctioned. The project has also been discussed with Mr. Sanjay Kundu, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources of the Government of India.
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5 Research Methodology
The project consisted of three main phases as mentioned above - Preparatory Phase where the project implementation area was selected through a micro-catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated; Planning Phase that consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework for developing catchment management plans and the Decision Support Tool and the Implementation Phase which consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making. Each phase consisted of a number of smaller tasks and activities which contributed to the achievement of the overall objective of participatory, climate adaptive and integrated water management in the two project cities.
6 Preparatory Phase
In the Preparatory Phase, the project implementation area was selected through a micro- catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated.
Two micro-catchments were selected in each city-region in Solapur and Vijayawada, on the basis of topography and hydrological flow patterns analysed through open source GIS softwares, coupled with an assessment of socio-economic and environmental parameters in the areas. Focus group discussions, quadrat studies and key personnel interviews, was supplemented with data collected on various parameters like climate, demography, socio- economics, environmental and basic services of water, waste water and other allied sectors to select the micro-catchments. The prioritised micro-catchment among the delineated micro- catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada where the project activities will be implemented has been identified through a SWOT Analysis.
Discussions with the municipal corporations, district collectorate, village panchayats (local authorities) helped to introduce the project and its objectives, and bring different stakeholders on board to carry out the different activities of the project. A multi-stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) was formulated to carry out the project activities and promote collaborative action. A RURBAN (Rural – Urban) Platform was developed including members of the rural and urban local authorities, civil society, institutes, private sector and other stakeholders to discuss catchment level issues of water resource management. It included members from the urban local government, the district government and the state governments to promote collaborative action and planning for improved water management through greater exchange of information. To promote RURBAN interactions, Shared Learning Dialogues and consultation meetings were conducted in both urban and rural areas within the micro catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada.
6.1 Activity 1: Selection of micro-catchment for both cities In this activity, the most suitable micro-catchment among delineated micro-catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada were selected to conduct the project activities.
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In the first semester of the project, a framework was developed to identify vulnerable micro- catchments by collecting socio-economic, cultural and environmental information from the villages in the micro-catchments using FGDs, quadrat studies, and key personnel interviews. Information and data was collected for all the delineated micro-catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada regarding the local profile, demography, land tenure and land use, livelihood patterns, socio-economic conditions, environmental aspects, basic services, and climatic and socio-environmental changes over the years. Community perceptions and requirements for micro-catchment conservation, community attitude to such work (willingness to participate, capacity to participate etc) were also assessed. Information on water management and governance issues, watershed services and ecosystem services, vulnerable population and exposure to natural calamities was also analysed.
Based on the information collected, a SWOT Analysis on ranking method was conducted in all the micro-catchments. The SWOT Analysis conducted for all the delineated micro- catchment areas for both the cities is attached in Annexure 1. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are identified for each delineated catchment area. Each micro- catchment is provided a score on the basis of SWOT parameters for example a catchment area is given a positive score based on the number of strengths and opportunities; similarly a catchment is given a negative score if the number of threats and weakness are high. The catchment areas were finally ranked based on the overall negative and positive scoring. The micro-catchment with the highest score was selected for the implementation of the project.
6.1.1 SWOT Analysis of micro-catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada The SWOT Analysis of four micro-catchments identified in and around Solapur revealed that micro-catchment S3 is the most suitable one for implementing the project with the highest scoring.
The micro-catchment S1 has four villages; two of the villages are on the periphery of the city and are highly affected by urbanisation and industrial activities while the other two are outside the city boundary. Untreated sewage discharged by Degaon stream is the major issue in this micro-catchment. The groundwater and underground drainage is used to irrigate sugarcane crops. Community has undertaken water conservation works like stream (nallah) widening, ground water recharge pits under various government funded schemes. The micro-catchment is ranked 3rd based on SWOT. The micro-catchment S2 has a prominent lake in the region used for drinking water, irrigation and industrial uses for villages like Hotgi-Sawathed, Yatnal, Kumbhari. But due to high levels of pollution in lake the related livelihoods have diminished over the past few years. The micro-catchment ranked 4th. The micro-catchment S3 includes Ekrukh Lake, a major water body in the area. Solapur Municipal Corporation and 10 more villages are sharing this water resource. Sewage discharge and use of fertilizer in the nearby villages is affecting the quality of water in Ekrukh Lake and is the major concern. Besides that due to inadequate rainfall, the capacity of the lake has reached nearly half of its original. This Micro-catchment ranked 1st in the SWOT Analysis. Micro-catchment S4 covers 3 villages (Pakani, Shivani, Tirhe). It includes a water treatment plant (80 MLD) of Solapur Municipal Corporation on Ujjani water supply scheme. Sinna River in this micro-catchment, used to be a perennial river but construction of a dam, industrial development and wastewater discharge has transformed it to a seasonal water source. Increased industrial and infrastructural development in this catchment along with climate change adverse impacts will put additional
Page 26 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 stress on the water resource in future. The micro catchment is ranked 2nd based on SWOT Analysis.
The micro catchment S3 has been selected as the potential area for the project implementation in Solapur.
Table 1 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-Catchments
Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-catchments Micro- Positive Negative Total Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Rank catchment Score Score sore Micro- 4 -5 1 -2 5 -7 -2 3 catchment S1 Micro- 3 -5 2 -4 5 -9 -4 4 catchment S2 Micro- 9 -4 2 -1 11 -5 6 1 catchment S3 Micro- 3 -3 2 -1 5 -4 1 2 catchment S4
In Vijayawada, out of seven micro-catchments delineated, SWOT Analysis was conducted only in four, since the remaining three are located within the city boundary and do not support the rural –urban characteristics that is an essential component for the project. The SWOT Analysis revealed that micro-catchment V3 is most suitable for the implementation of the project.
The Micro-catchment V1 suffers from poor drinking water quality that compels households to purchase drinking water from RO plants. There is limited drinking water supply in few areas of the micro-catchment including hilly areas. Pattiseema project is being implemented in this region to meet the water demand for irrigation. This micro-catchment ranked 2nd on the SWOT Analysis. The micro-catchment V2 faces shortage of surface water for irrigation leading to overexploitation of ground water by farmers. There is a proposal to lay new water supply lines reducing loss in transmission in some urban areas of the micro-catchment. Also a barrage is being proposed near Vijayawada to allow for more storage (prevent discharge of surplus water from Prakasham barrage to the sea) and to prevent salinity creep. This micro-catchment also ranked 2nd. Micro-catchment V3 covers peri-urban areas of Vijayawada therefore agriculture is practiced by a few households living in the urban areas due to their proximity to peri-urban agricultural lands and irrigation canals. There are 4 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the rural and urban areas of the micro-catchment. Flooding of waste water is perceived to be polluting the ground water on which households depend for their domestic and drinking water use. The micro-catchment ranked 1st. The micro-catchment V4 has 2 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) in the industrial estate of the city and agriculture is the dominant occupation, with many practicing fishing as another means of livelihood. During rains, there is an occurrence of flooding of the canals causing skin diseases and other health concerns when residents come in contact with the polluted water hence an underground sewage system is proposed. The micro catchment ranked 3rd in the overall scoring.
The micro catchment V3 has been selected for the implementation of the project activities in Vijayawada.
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Table 2 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments
Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments Micro- Positive Negative Total Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Rank catchment Score Score sore Micro- 2 -7 4 -3 6 -10 -4 2 catchment V1 Micro- 4 -9 5 -4 9 -13 -4 2 catchment V2 Micro- 6 -9 6 -4 12 -13 -1 1 catchment V3 Micro- 4 -7 3 -5 7 -12 -5 3 catchment V4
6.2 Activity 2: Constitution of RURBAN platform and multi- stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) An assessment of the existing scenario to understand the preferences and constraints of the various stakeholders (upstream users & downs stream users- farmers, industrial users, commercial and residential etc) was undertaken to help design a multi-stakeholder Core Team for the two project cities and a multi-stakeholder RURBAN platform in the two project areas. This enabled a participatory approach of the planning processes that will allow upstream and downstream users as well as different policy level representatives to collaborate with each other.
The core team formulated in both the cities (Solapur and Vijayawada) under the project included Mayors, Commissioners, Public Health and Engineering Department, village level authorities (Sarpanch from gram panchayats), representation from the district level catchment managers like water resources department, agriculture department, ground water boards, major industrial groups, NGOs and local institutes). The main responsibilities of the core teams were as follows:
Support the IADAPT Process by providing information and participating in discussions in the region Secure the participation of multiple contacts across the city government in the programme Participating in workshops and consultations at different stages of the project to gather relevant information from them and incorporate their suggestions and inputs Coordinate and collaborate with all relevant departments and other stakeholders Support internal institutional capacity building to effectively fulfil the long-term resilience requirements A nodal person (names are mentioned in the list of Core Team members in Annexure 2 and 3) is also identified at the district collectorate office and at the Municipal Corporation level as the focal points for communication. These officers are responsible to initiate the process in the catchment areas. The main responsibilities of the Project nodal officers are to ensure smooth implementation of the tasks of the core team under IAdapt Framework. The main responsibilities are:
Support the project team to organise meetings of the Core Team and RURBAN Platform
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Support the project team to facilitate communication and consultation with the stakeholder group Facilitate data collection from various departments and other sources
The RURBAN platform consisted of representatives from the decision makers and leaders such as Mayor/Commissioners of the municipal corporations, District Collectors, state government agencies such as from the Pollution Control Board and Ground Water Boards, state government departments such as Urban Development and Water Resources Departments, as well as politically influential individuals such as MLAs and MPs.
The multi-stakeholder RURBAN platform was designed to bring together rural and urban stakeholders, to enable greater exchange of information, promote collaborative actions, and formulate and design plans for improved water management in the micro-catchment. Members of a RURBAN Platform were identified to ensure the implementation of an integrated governance mechanism. The Platform was responsible for interactions and discussions on integrated water management strategies and actions.
The main responsibilities of the RURBAN platform included:
Provide guidance to actions identified and planned at the micro-catchment level through the IAdapt Framework Essential support to implement water sector related actions at different levels (e.g. community, city level)
Solapur Municipal Commissioner has provided an official letter regarding the constitution of the RURBAN platform for the project. The list of Core Team and Stakeholder Group members are attached in Annexure 2 for Solapur and Annexure 3 for Vijayawada.
6.2.1 RURBAN platform interactions Several interactions were conducted to strengthen the interaction with the rural and urban stakeholders in the RURBAN Platforms, such as Shared Learning Dialogues, meetings and training workshops. Details of some of the meetings are listed below:
6.2.2 RURBAN Meetings in Solapur The first RURBAN Shared Learning Dialogue in Solapur was conducted on 15 May 2018. The meeting was chaired by the Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation (SMC) and was attended by officials from Public Health Engineering Department, Town Planning Department, City Health Department, Municipal City Engineer, Development Officers of Ekrukh, Haglur and Tale Hipparga villages and elected public representatives of two villages. Officials from Water Resources Department, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) (Rural Water Supply) and Agriculture Department along with NGOs working in the selected micro-catchment were also present. The RURBAN stakeholders were introduced to the IAdapt project, the IAdapt Framework and the results of baseline assessments, water balance analysis and hydrological and climate modelling results were shared with them. During the meeting the IAdapt Framework tools were implemented in consultation with the local stakeholders to conduct climate vulnerability assessment and identify climate risks for the fragile systems of water,
Page 29 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 waste water, solid waste, agriculture and food systems, storm water and health. The report on the RURBAN Shared Learning Dialogue is attached in Annexure 4.
The resilience interventions selected through the IAdapt Framework has been discussed with the Core Team and Stakeholder Group of the RURBAN platform.
A RURBAN meeting was also organised in 2 March 2019. In this meeting, the draft CMP outcomes were discussed with the RURBAN stakeholder members, and members helped to finalise the list of resilience interventions for water management that is part of the CMP. It also helped to identify pilot interventions to be implemented in rural and urban areas under the project. The report of the meeting is attached in Annexure 5. IIT Madras has attended IAdapt RURBAN meeting held on 2nd March 2019 in Solapur, where IAdapt framework, Decision support tool, and draft catchment management plan were discussed with Solapur Municipal Corporation.
The 3rd and final RURBAN meeting was organised in Solapur on 6th March, 2020. The meeting was chaired by Smt. Shrikanchana Yannam, Mayor, Solapur Municipal Corporation (SMC),Sri Prakash T. Vaichal, CEO, Solapur Zilla Parishad and Sri Deepak Taware, Commissioner Solapur Municipal Corporation. The meeting was attended by 25 participants including engineers from PHED SMC, Ground Water Board Solapur, Agriculture department, Environmental engineers Zilla Parishad Solapur, Gram sevak Talehippargah village and others institutions and NGOs.
The project activities, outcomes and results of each project activities were shared with the stakeholders and final CMP was presented to Solapur Municipal corporation and Zilla Parishad Solapur. The pilot projects were handed over to local authorities and a monitoring framework was discussed.
6.2.3 RURBAN Meetings in Vijayawada The first RURBAN Platform meeting was successfully conducted in Vijayawada under the chairmanship of the Krishna District Collector at his camp office on 22 May 2018. The multi- stakeholder RURBAN platform meeting had around 35 participants which included catchment managers from both urban and rural regions and representatives of water users. Representing the rural catchment managers, the CEO of Zilla Parishad, Mandal level officers, senior officials from the Department of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Department of Panchayat Raj, Department of Irrigation, Department of Rural Water Supply, Department of Rural Water Supply, Department of Industries and Department of Development Planning participated. Representing the urban catchment managers, the Additional commissioner from Vijayawada Municipal Corporation, water works engineers, community development officer, projects implementation engineer participated. There was also participation from the water users’ association and industry users’ association. During the meeting, stakeholders were apprised of the project activities and how the IAdapt project hopes to bring in participatory water resource management through the RURBAN platform. Appreciating the project, the District Collector and the Additional Commissioner (on behalf of the Commissioner) representing the rural and urban catchment managers respectively has assured support to the project.
In Vijayawada, the DST framework, the CMP framework, CMP potential interventions were finalised through stakeholder consultations with the Core team of the RURBAN platform.
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In-depth stakeholder consultations and group discussions were conducted with the Core team to get their feedback on the CMP interventions, their prioritisations and DST outputs. Additionally, Athena used this semester to conduct a research on opportunities and barriers of the RURBAN platform in Vijayawada based on which we were able to identify local context specific recommendations to overcome some of the barriers so as to achieve sustainability of the RURBAN platform beyond the project period. IIT Madras has also attended a meeting which was held in Vijayawada, in which IAdapt framework were discussed with dist. Collector, PWD official, and other govt. Officials of Vijayawada.
The 2nd RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 13th September 2019, in the District Collector Camp office under the chairpersonship of the District Magistrate and Collector. The meeting had around 25 RURBAN catchment managers as participants. Key agenda points followed for the meeting were:
The overview of project outputs and key outcomes Presentation of Catchment Management Plan, Decision Support Tool, Compendium of financing sources and Capacity building Encouragement of the RURBAN platform to be formed and institutionalised by the decision-making authority Pilot project feasibility and implementation
Post this meeting, the RURBAN Platform was institutionalised in Vijayawada through an administrative order from the District Magistrate and Collector. Issued on 10th October 2019, the letter clearly outlines the members of the platform along with their expected roles. The letter is attached as Annexure 4.
The 3rd RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 25th October 2019 where the DST pilot and its outcomes were discussed. Chaired by the District Magistrate, the meeting was attended by the identified RURBAN Platform members to ensure ownership. The details of this meeting discussion have been elaborated in the sections to come.
The 4th RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 13th February 2020, to discuss the project outcomes, terms of reference for the RURBAN members and way forward. Attended by the working group, the meeting was conducted under the chairpersonship of the CEO, Zilla Panchayat. The agenda followed for the meeting was:
● The overview of project outputs and key outcomes ● Way forward for the catchment managers to hold RURBAN meetings, to use the CMP and to operate the DST ● Encouragement of the RURBAN platform members to meet with the higher officials to discuss replicating the model at other districts of the state.
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7 Planning Phase
The Planning Phase consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework as a step by step guidance framework that will help cities engage with their rural counterparts and formulate catchment management plans for their shared water resources considering both current and future water availability scenarios vis-à-vis climate change. It was used by the Core Team and RURBAN Platform members to develop the Catchment Management Plan for managing their water resources.
A Decision Support Tool (DST) was developed in this phase to support the selection of interventions for implementation that best demonstrate integrated water management in the catchment in the context of a changing climate. It helps to understand the impacts of climate change on water systems and to develop appropriate adaptive measures in response.
Hydrological and climate modelling was conducted for the cities to assess the climate risks for the two cities with reference to water resources. The climate projections that have been identified for the cities have been used in the CMP for assessing the climate risks to the fragile systems and determine the vulnerability of the micro-catchment. This information was used in the IAdapt Framework to identify interventions in the catchment management plan that could minimise such risks.
Finally, a compendium of financial models were developed, specifically with reference to waste water management for the two project cities to support integrated water management. The business models that are pertinent to the water recovery and reuse, either in industry or in agriculture have been selected for elaboration by IWMI in consultation with Athena and ICLEI South Asia. Although initial planning for this compendium was begun in the planning phase, it was completed only by then end of the implementation phase, when the priorities of the cities regarding waste water reuse and recycling was identified clearly.
7.1 Activity 3: Hydrological and climate modelling of selected micro-catchments A hydrological modelling was conducted for each selected micro-catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada to assess the potential impacts of climate change on water resources, uncertainty in future availability of water and the linkages therein.
Hydrological models were applied to simulate the impact of a changing climate on the water cycle as well as to project future hydrological regimes. Information on climatological variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation or evapotranspiration) and on their distribution in space and time were collected and analysed. Hydrological rainfall-runoff models by using fine-scale climate parameters (e.g., temperature and precipitation) were used.
The hydrological and climate modelling report for Solapur and Vijayawada includes the following:
Climate change assessment Projection of three climate variable viz. precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature, for the next 60 years were made using 7 GCM models. This includes a projection
Page 32 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 for all four RCP scenarios namely, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5. The severity of climate change on both cities was also analysed. The report predicts the increase in the frequency of floods and droughts, impact on the magnitude of peak rainfall, increase in minimum and maximum temperature.
Hydrological modelling
Rainfall-runoff modelling for both the cities based on the present climate condition was performed using the empirical method, SCS-CN method, and HEC-HMS.
Urban heat Island effect
Urban heat island effect is another additional factor for climate change especially in cities. UHI effect on both cities was made based on the projected climate variable were made, and the critical zone in the region was identified. This can be further used for city planning and expansion.
The final report is attached in Annexure 5.
7.2 Activity 4: Development of IAdapt Framework for Catchment Management Plan Preparation An integrated framework for preparation of Catchment Management Plans - the IAdapt Framework - has been developed by using tools and methods from various toolkits on integrated water management and climate change vulnerability assessment like Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) toolkit, IAP toolkit and TEEB methodology. The framework was used to develop the Catchment Management Plan for the selected micro-catchments in the project cities. The framework is attached as Annexure 6.
The IAdapt framework was used to collect information on the selected micro-catchment in Solapur and Vijayawada to develop the Catchment Management Plan. The Framework helped to prepare a profile of the micro-catchment, conduct climate change and socio economic vulnerability assessment, carry out a water balancing assessment and use this information to develop a Catchment Management Plan for the micro-catchment in each project city. Baseline assessment is conducted to get generic information from the villages and urban areas in the micro-catchments. The climate scenarios and projections helped to get an idea of the challenges faced by the cities in terms of climate change. Present water scenario and future demand in the selected micro-catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada were also analysed based on the framework.
Basic institutional information regarding the micro-catchment area, demography, ecosystem services, agricultural resources, water resources, land use, basic service provision and governance was collected. Climate change exposure and vulnerability was assessed using secondary information based on the IAdapt Framework.
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7.2.1 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Solapur The selected micro-catchment S3 covers four villages (Ekrukh, Hipparga, Haglur Tartgaon) and Solapur city area. The total area covered by the four villages is approximately 4182.35 hectares whereas the city covers an area of about 178.57 km². The micro-catchment has approximately 1745 households (rural) and 188503 HH (Urban). The total rural population in the micro-catchment is approximately 8830 whereas the urban population is about 951,1181.
There are 3 major water bodies within the micro-catchment
Tale Hipparga Lake - approximate catchment area of 411.81 Sq.Km Siddheshwar Lake - 36 acre of lake area located in the middle of the city Ekrukh Lake - water source for all the villages located within the micro-catchment and the city, located 6km to the north of the city with storage capacity of 61.1 Mm3. In 1879, the water works of settling tanks at Bhavanipeth was constructed of capacity 27.5 MLD which supplied drinking water to citizens.
The catchment area is prone to floods as it falls in Bhima Basin area. Two climate induced extreme events (floods in the year 2005 and 20132) were recoding in the last decade. The region is also exposed to droughts usually caused by insufficient or erratic precipitation over an extended period of time, resulting in water shortage.
The IAdapt Framework was implemented in three villages and in the urban areas within the selected micro-catchment in Solapur. The tools within the Framework were used to assess climate scenarios and regional climate projections. Regional and city level studies on past trends and climate projections were referred in order to identify climate risks for the selected micro-catchment. The analysis defines two potential climate risks: increased temperature and irregular, high intensity rainfall in the region. In order to assess the future vulnerabilities of the micro-catchment, it is important to understand the projected climatic trends for the region. The detailed assessments from the ‘Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment’ prepared by the Government of India3 has been referred to for the information on the climatic trends projected for the Western Ghats region for the period 2030. The Government of Maharashtra has undertaken studies to assess the climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Maharashtra4. This study focuses on monsoonal changes for the region of Maharashtra and predicts rise in the regional temperature as well as precipitation. This was compared to the climate modeling study by IIT Madras and the potential climate risks were identified.
The toolkit helped to assess the present and future status of water (water balance), identify the focus sectors and issues, assess the fragile systems , and conduct a risk assessment of climate fragility and vulnerability of different sectors and actors. Vulnerability maps were
1 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India 2 District disaster management plan, Solapur 2017-18 3Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment. 2010. Climate Change and India: A 4X4 Assessment - A sectoral and regional analysis for 2030s. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf 4 The Met Office Hadley Centre, TERI and Government of Maharashtra. 2012. Climate change in Maharashtra- A pioneering adaptation strategy. Met Office, The Energy and Resources Institute and The Government of Maharashtra. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf
Page 34 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 prepared to pictorially identify fragile areas. Vulnerable populations within the micro catchments have been identified.
A list of climate adaptive water resource management interventions for Solapur were discussed and finalised with the RURBAN Platform members. The team visited the city of Solapur and met with the rural and urban stakeholders to discuss with them the interventions and prioritise and localise the solutions. These solutions can be run through the DST Framework that has been developed under the project (see later) to shortlist them for implementation for the urban and rural local bodies. On the basis of these discussions, a draft Catchment Management Plan has been developed for Solapur and its selected catchment.
The draft Catchment Management Plan (CMP) was presented to the RURBAN Platform stakeholder group through a RURBAN Meeting. The list of interventions that have been identified in the CMP has been presented to RURBAN Platform and in consultation with the stakeholders, 2 pilot projects were shortlisted for implementation. The final CMP was handed over to Solapur Municipal Corporation and Solapur Zilla Parishad Office and ratified by them during the 3rd RURBAN meeting organised in Solapur on 6th of March, 2020.The CMP for Solapur is attached in Annexure 7 and provides information on all the tools used.
A training module was developed as an instructional guide to develop and replicate the catchment management planning to other micro catchments. A training program was also organised for RURBAN core team to understand the process and methodology to develop CMP and action plan for the rural and urban areas within the catchment.
7.2.2 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Vijayawada The selected micro-catchment V3 in Vijayawada covers 12 villages (Ambapuram, Chegireddipadu, Done Atkuru, Haveli Mutyalampadu, Jakkulenekkelam, Narasayagudem, Nunna, Phiryadi Nainavaram, Ramachandrapuram, Surampalle, Vedurupavuluru, Velageru) and Vijayawada city area. The total area covered by the 12 villages is approximately 16451.3 hectares whereas the city covers an area of about 61.88 km². The micro-catchment has approximately 12081 households (rural) and 231759 HH (Urban). The total rural population in the micro-catchment is approximately 42246 whereas the urban population is about 263,9985. Ground water, Budameru river and agricultural canals carrying Krishna’s fresh water are the primary water sources within the micro-catchment.
Based on an analysis of historical data, Vijayawada witnessed several storms ranging from Tropical Depressions (31 – 61 km/hr) to very strong storms (88-117 km/hr). In the 137-year period between 1877 and 2013, 33 cyclonic disturbances passed within 150 km of Vijayawada City, an average of one cyclone in five years. However, most of the cyclones have weak effects. Exceptions to this rule are found in the May 1990 super cyclone with winds up to 117 kmph and the November 1977 cyclone with winds up to 183 kmph. Besides the overflowing of banks of Krishna River, Vijayawada city also experiences floods (mainly water logging) due to flows from Budameru river. The low-lying areas along the river in the city experience the water logging particularly during retreating monsoon (due to the depressions and cyclones), when reservoirs are almost at the full capacity. Our baselines assessment indicated that wards around Budameru River (drain) area are having a high incidence of water borne diseases
5 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India
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(typhoid, jaundice and diarrhea). The quality of water supply in coastal regions is at risk from rising sea level and changes in precipitation. Rising sea level and the occurrence of drought can increase the salinity of both surface water and ground water through salt water intrusion.
Regional, state and city level studies on past trends and climate projections were referred in order to identify climate risks for the selected micro-catchment. The analysis defines two potential climate risks of increased temperature and high intensity rainfall, extreme events of cyclones, heat waves and sea level rise in the region. To assess the future vulnerabilities of the micro-catchment, it is important to understand the projected climatic trends for the region. The detailed assessments from the ‘Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment’ prepared by the Government of India6 has been referred to for the information on the climatic trends projected for the Western Ghats region for the period 2030. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has undertaken a study to assess the climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Andhra Pradesh.7
Initially the watershed analysis was conducted on a smaller study area boundary and hence the pilot micro catchment included only 12 villages. However, later as the impact of the irrigation canals were identified on the city and its rural micro-catchment, it was decided to increase the study area boundary accommodating the path of the irrigation canals. The watershed analysis was re-done on the revised study area boundary. The selected micro- catchment V3 has now been revised to cover 35 villages across Vijayawada Rural Mandal and Gannavaram Mandal (Ajjampudi, Allapuram, Bahubalendrunigudem, Buddavaram, Buthumillipadu, Chikkavaram, China Avutapalle, Gannavaram, Gollanapalle, Gopavarapugudem, Jakkulanekkalam, Kesarapalle, Kondapavuluru, Kothagudem, Madalavarigudem, Mustabada, Purushothapattanam, Savarigudem, Surampalle, Tempalle, Veerapanenigudem, K.Tadepalli, Jakkampudi, Paidurupadu, Rayanapadu, Gudavalli, Gollapudi, Ambapuram, P.Nainavaram, Pathapadu, Nunna, Enikepadu, Nidamnuru, Ramavarapadu, Prasadampadu) and 20 wards in Vijayawada city area. The total area covered by the villages is approximately 260 sq.km whereas the city covers an area of about 26 sq.km. The micro-catchment has approximately 59,091 households (rural) and 305,621 HH (Urban). The total rural population in the micro-catchment is approximately 230,902 whereas the urban population is about 1,039,5188.
Ground water, Budameru rivulet, rural water storage tanks and the three agricultural canals carrying Krishna’s fresh water are the primary water sources within the micro-catchment.
The micro-catchment receives rainfall mostly in the months of June to October which constitutes around 82% of the total rainfall, with Vijayawada city receiving an annual average rainfall of 982 cm. The city of Vijayawada, due to its geographical position, high rainfall variability and topography is prone to flooding. Historically, unprecedented rainfall at the end of the monsoon season has caused flooding in the outskirts of the city predominantly due to increased man-made activities such as encroachment. The Krishna river enters the city from the north leading into Budameru canal, whose networks are used to discharge excess/flood
6Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment. 2010. Climate Change and India: A 4X4 Assessment - A sectoral and regional analysis for 2030s. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf 7 EPTRI 2012 State Action Plan for Climate Change for Andhra Pradesh. MoEF, GoI 8 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India
Page 36 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 waters. The carrying capacity of Budameru canal has also reduced due to silting of drains, developments and encroachments over the years. Due to various flood control measures in upstream areas, overall flood risk for the city of Vijayawada has been reduced over the years. From historical flood data, it can be observed that flood occurrence has been on the fall in Vijayawada. Even the flood that occurred in 2009 might be attributed to the cumulative effect of above average rainfall over the previous 6 years leading to exceeding the storage capacity of the aquifer. The depletion of ground water table is also a major concern in the micro- catchment due to the increased industrial activities and over exploitation of groundwater in the area. Vijayawada Urban has ground water table at a depth of 9 m which is very less when compared to the water table depth of 21.6 m and 11.8 m at Vijayawada Rural mandal and Gannavaram mandal respectively.
As per Vijayawada Municipal Corporation and Rural Water Supply and Sewerage, Krishna, it can be observed that the urban micro-catchment has 62.7% coverage of water supply distribution network with 85% households having access to piped water supply while approximately 35% households have access to piped water supply in the rural micro catchment. As on date, 36% of the households are connected to sewage distribution networks in the urban micro-catchment. Out of the 150 MLD wastewater generated in the city per day, 120 MLD is treated while the rest is let out into the agricultural canals. Slums pockets are seen to have poor sewerage facilities and water supply facilities.
Consultations were arranged with the state, district, local body catchment managers and user groups of select villages and urban area of the pilot micro-catchment in Vijayawada to implement the IAdapt framework. The aim was to conduct an assessment of the present and future status of water (water balance) and identify the focus sectors and issues. Data on the micro-catchment was collected and water balancing conducted in the area. The fragility assessment, climate fragility assessment and climate risks were evaluated for the identified focus sectors and its issues. Vulnerability assessment was also conducted on the climate fragility statements. After which, potential interventions and solutions were identified to address the risks and issues in discussion with the catchment managers and stakeholders.
The list of potential interventions was prioritised based on their contributions to climate resilience using a set of resilience indicators and their contribution to integrated water management through a set of integration indicators. Apart from this, the interventions were also checked for their feasibility and expected impact. The CMP of Vijayawada is attached as Annexure 8 and provides information on all the tools used.
7.3 Activity 5: State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools Though of great relevance, implementation of IUWM especially in developing countries have shown some important shortfalls. In order to facilitate the adoption and implementation of IUWM, five toolkits have been developed in recent times by various organizations. They aim not only at guiding the implementing of the IUWM approach but also at assisting stakeholders in tackling the complexity of managing the urban water systems in a systematic, sustainable and inclusive manner. This report presents and compares these toolkits and how they can or they have been used to implement IUWM in several cities in the past. It highlights the benefits and gaps associated with each toolkit and informs practitioners in selecting and using the most
Page 37 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 appropriate toolkit for each case. In this review, the state of different IUWM toolkits developed by five different organizations/ consortiums are being discussed.
1. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Water Research Foundation (WRF) 2. Global Water Partnership 3. EU funded SWITCH project 4. ICLEI South Asia 5. Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP)
The paper presents an evaluation of the concept of integrated urban water management and their applications. The IWMI team through the review developed a draft manuscript titled "Status of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Toolkits - A Critical Review". In this paper, the relevance and gaps in the IUWM toolkits have been discussed. This draft was done by reviewing available existing literature and the manuals of the toolkits. However, there was need to fill a few gaps, such as on the applicability of the toolkits and on the case studies presented in the earlier draft report. Indeed, the information related to these was not available in the published outputs. In order to make the report more exhaustive and comprehensive, it was enriched through interviews with key resource personnel, who have knowledge and hands on experience in IUWM and in implementing the toolkits.
A structured questionnaire was used for Skype interviews held for gathering and validating key information related to the development of the state of the art review. The questionnaire is attached as Annexure 9. Following interviews were carried out using the questionnaire:
Table 3 Schedule of Interviews for IUWM Review
Name Organization Date of Interview Mr. Luke McPhail Water-Tech Australia 30 April 2018 Dr. Dinesh Kumar Executive Director-IRAP 04 May 2018 Ms. Suneetha Dasappa Kacker Independent Consultant 15 May 2018 Prof. C.J. (Kees) van Leeuwen KWR Watercycle Research Institute 28 May 2018 Ms. Geeta Sandal ICLEI 15 June 2018
This draft has undergone a major review to address some remarks from previous reviewers with whom it had been shared. The revised output is now available in Annexure 10.
Another round of internal peer review process is ongoing. As part of IWMI’s policies, papers intended for publication must pass an internal review and validation process. Once this process is completed, the paper will be submitted for publication to one of these two Journals.
Urban Water Journal: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?show=instructions&journalCode= nurw20#about Water Resources Management : https://www.springer.com/journal/11269
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7.4 Activity 6: Decision Support Tool Framework Supporting the IAdapt framework which is enabling the RURBAN stakeholders to transition away from traditional approaches of water management to an integrated approach through scientific decision-making process, the Decision Support Tool (DST) framework was developed. Since the IAdapt framework evaluates the critical areas for interventions across stakeholders and also designs interventions/projects through an assessment of economic, social, environmental and financial benefits, the DST found its niche in reviewing proposed interventions/projects to introduce adaptation/augmentations for greater sustainability.
Most interventions or projects in the urban and rural space originate from either local bodies or State departments with very little direct linkage with proposed interventions of the CMP. Hence, it becomes important to ensure that an intervention in the catchment area passes through an assessment to evaluate its effects on the RURBAN stakeholders and to originate a set of modifications/adaptations to make the proposed intervention more aligned to the CMP. This climate based tool highlights the deficiencies of proposed water resource projects in current conditions and future change pressures (climate induced or others) and present potential adaptation options and strategies to optimise the performance of the project such that they support integrated water management.
The DST is as action oriented as possible to ensure direct relevance and utility to the users. It is embedded in the RURBAN platform to support participatory planning. The DST will converge with the IAdapt framework where it will go beyond the CMP formulation by ensuring that all proposed interventions in the future are assessed from the lens of integrated water management before adoption and implementation.
The DST is being anchored around the Water Balance Model (WBM) which is run through the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute’s U.S. Centre. WEAP was selected as the water balance model within the DST application because of its unique approach for conducting integrated water resources planning assessments across both municipal and agricultural system with a transparent structure which facilitates the engagement of diverse stakeholders. The WEAP model includes a database which maintains water demand and supply information to drive mass balance model on a link node architecture.
The model will take demand and supply-side inputs and project the overall water balance for the current scenario which will reflect the allocation of the available grades of water (supply) among the various users (demand). The model is also capable of projecting the allocation over time and across scenarios. With a base year at 2011, future scenarios for 2041 will be developed taking inputs from the Hydrological and Climate model developed by IIT Madras as well as taking into consideration user demand scenarios.
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Figure 1 Methodological Framework for DST
Intervention Mitigation Current Proposed Impact of proposed Model rerun and Scenario of intervention Intervention provides on 'Post Adaptation water identified by for each inputs to Intervention measures balance RURBAN Scenario' member model stakeholder rerun the identified recommende model d
The DST will assess the projected impact of any proposed intervention on quantity of water supplied, quality of supply, sustainability and the impacts of the project on the RURBAN stakeholders and suggest potential modifications/augmentations to the proposed interventions to mitigate negative impacts if any. A look up module to map user level implications from the WBM to a set of potential solutions or actions points will be developed. These mitigation measures need to be curated and proposed for integration into the interventions themselves. This will be done through a look up module, which will compile all potential responses to a variety of projects, along with rules for selection of the most appropriate subset for a given WBM output based on the combination of technical, financial and sustainability linked factors.
A strategy paper on the Decision Support Tool is attached as Annexure 11.
8 Implementation Phase
The final Implementation Phase of the project consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making.
The pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and urban areas have been selected through a consultation with the RURBAN platform stakeholders in Solapur and finalised in consultation with the core team members in Solapur city and in the villages with the village panchayat officials. For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected. In rural areas, the pilot focused on reduction of pollution in one of the important water sources for the city - the Ekhrukh Lake – using bioremediation techniques with the help of a constructed wetland. In urban areas, the pilot project focused on the reduction of demand of fresh water by using rain water harvesting technologies to recharge ground water in a premices having 3 municipal schools of the city. In Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project of 24x7 water supply scheme that was proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project to promote integrated water management.
Trainings and capacity building initiatives were undertaken to transfer the knowledge developed through the project to the officials in the city and district authorities. Peer learning was promoted through site visits and exchange visits that encouraged learning by seeing. Both rural and urban local authority officials took part in such peer exchanges.
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8.1 Activity 7: Pilot project implementation: Vijayawada
As a pilot, the DST tool tested and illustrated a proposed project in Vijayawada to review and exhibit the dynamic modelling involved through a consultative process involving the RURBAN Platform.
The project selected for the DST tool was the Canal Purification Project. The objective of the project was to clean up the three canals of Vijayawada city by regulating or treating sullage outlets into the canals. The expected outcomes were pollution abatement, reduced load on groundwater and sludge use for manure in agriculture.
First, the directly and indirectly impacted stakeholders were mapped. For each of the directly impacted stakeholders, the scenario was tested using the WEAP module, where simulations for the scenario up to the horizon year were projected and shared with the RURBAN members. The Adaptation module was then utilised to understand the various triggers and the plausible solutions which could be adopted to enhance efficient water management amongst the identified stakeholders. The analysis revealed that the project would negatively impact all stakeholders and suggested for revisions with suitable recommendations. These were amenable with the decision makers.
This showed that the developed tool can measure the impact on a real time basis and help take mitigative measures to reduce the risks associated with climate change and water stress. The successful illustration of the DST has paved way for conversations to adopt the use of the tool in the water infrastructure projects in Vijayawada, mandatorily. The presentation containing DST pilot with the illustration is attached as Annexure 12.
The water balance model has been developed for Vijayawada’s study area using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System. WEAP was used for the micro-catchment which included 3 mandals, Vijayawada urban, Vijayawada rural and Gannavaram. Depicted below is the WEAP configuration for the study area. Demand nodes (indicated in red) include urban and rural household water demand, livestock water demand, agriculture water demand and industry water demand. Supply nodes (indicated in green) and their transmission links to the demand nodes include river head flow, barrage diversion, ground water withdrawal, rural water supply and irrigation tank. Existing sewerage treatment plants have also been mapped.
2011 being the current scenario, there are multiple analysis such as demand analysis, supply analysis, water quality analysis one can conduct using this model. As an initiation, unmet demand analysis was conducted for 2041 which is the projection year as indicated in the figure below. The major drivers of water demand in the catchment are population (household use) and agriculture, with livestock, industries and commercial institutions adding to the demand. The water demand in the catchment is predominantly met through 4 water sources – Prakasam barrage, canals, groundwater, and irrigation tanks. The water from Krishna river is diverted to Vijayawada city through Prakasam barrage, which is the primary source of water in the city. The water demand for agriculture is predominantly met through canals flowing from the Krishna river and irrigation tanks. The remaining water demand for both the population and agriculture is met through groundwater abstraction. In WEAP, the demand and supply nodes are plotted in the catchment and are connected using transmission links which specify the flow from the supply source to the demand node. Currently there is an unmet demand of
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82.8 MCM in the catchment which is expected to increase to 142.5 MCM by 2041, considering the current population growth rate.
Figure 2 WEAP Model for Water Balance in Vijayawada
Similarly, the water balance in the catchment can be calculated for a wide variety of scenarios where the demand or supply are affected by different policies/programs implemented in the catchment. For example, Vijayawada city is implementing a 24x7 water supply project where one of the major components is the reduction of transmission losses in the city from 40% to 8% in the coming 3 years. Through the WEAP model it can be understood that the reduction in losses can lead to a reduction in unmet demand to 130.9 MCM in 2041. Similarly, the population explosion in Vijayawada due to the development of the capital region of Amaravati is expected to lead to an increase in in pressure over the existing water sources, and thereby lead to an increase in unmet demand. Using WEAP it can be observed that the unmet demand in the catchment increases significantly to 274.9 MCM by 2041. By using the WEAP model to understand the water balance in the catchment, different water policies and water management programs can be designed or modified to account for negative externalities.
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Figure 3 WEAP Model for Domestic Water Demand, Vijayawada
Many scenarios were simulated to understand the associated impacts. The water quality of different supply sources, the amount of pollution generated at different demand nodes, and various water quality parameters associated with wastewater treatment plants can be analyzed. For instance, if the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) standards for water quality are strictly followed across all demand sites, then the unmet demand is predicted to further escalate, as depicted below.
Figure 4 WEAP Model for Unmet Water Demand, Vijayawada
The demand in 2019 in the business as usual scenario is shown as nearly 30 million cubic meter which increases to 90 million cubic meter if the water quality is required to be adhered
Page 43 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 to the CPHEEO standards. The significant difference of 60 million cubic meter is indicative of the need to address this issue, in order to assure a good quality of water supply to all the demand sites.
Yet another investment scenario of treated waste water being reused by agriculture demand nodes has been simulated in this example. It is clear that there is substantial reduction in the unmet demand if this is implemented.
Figure 5 WEAP Model for Water Demand after Investment Scenario
This affirms that this intervention greatly benefits the study area and hence can be placed as a priority. Various such analyses can be done based on the data input and stakeholder consultation for all the possible scenarios. These scenarios can be further compared in order to understand which program benefits the users and the environment the most, and policy decisions can be based on these results. The results can be imported as excel files, and independent analysis can be done on the data output generated by WEAP.
The final water accounts were calibrated to understand the unmet water demand faced by each stakeholder consumption distribution. The total unmet water demand for the catchment was 23 Million Cubic Meter (MCM). It was recognised that Vijayawada Urban Population faced the larger threat of unmet water demand of about 10 MCM accounting to about 44% of the total unmet demand, followed by Thermal Power Plant which faced the shortage of about 4.7 MCM accounting to about 20% of the unmet water demand. The share of unmet demand faced by the stakeholders are depicted in the chart below.
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Figure 6 Water Demand According to Stakeholders
Additionally, assumptions input in the WEAP model underwent some modifications.
The parameters used to assess water permissible water quality for stakeholders’ use were revised. The association of temperature changes along with water quality changes was more intricately assessed. This paved way for more precise results in the scenario, amenable with the stakeholders and decision makers.
One of the scenarios was to assess the demand and supply gap with demand side quality restrictions, here the CPHEEO restrictions applicable to India.
Currently, the quality of water available in Vijayawada does not meet the national standards (as per the water samples tested for quality parameters). In an investment scenario where, necessary infrastructure is put in place to supply water quality of accepted standards, the total quantity of safe water drastically reduces. This is depicted in the graph displayed on WEAP module. In the year 2019, the increase in unmet water demand was 7 times higher than the business as usual scenario.
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Figure 7 Water Demand Scenario before Investment Scenario
Yet another example to understand water balance on wastewater reuse scenario is attached below. It was assumed that if the necessary infrastructure construction and policy required to mandate wastewater reuse in industries and agriculture is put in place in 2019, it would take two more years (i.e., until 2021) for a stable trend of wastewater reuse to occur in Vijayawada. Hence, the graph depicted shows a sharp decline in the unmet water demand since it is being distributed amongst the stakeholders and subsequently reduces freshwater demand.
Figure 8 Water Demand after Investment
Similar scenarios can be simulated for various given conditions to assess the unmet water demand for any stakeholder at a given time until the horizon year (i.e., until 2041).
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8.1.1 Adaptation module for Vijayawada for DST framework The adaptation module consists of a multi-level list of potential intervention options that can be used to evaluate the adherence to IWRM concepts and suggest possible interventions in context of the quantity/ quality/ risk outcomes for impacted stakeholders in an investment scenario. Once the WEAP model output is derived, the adaptation module helps in arriving at intervention options for mitigating the negative externalities in the proposed investment scenario. These shortlisted interventions are presented to the RURBAN platform for participatory consultative decision making and prioritized. Post this, the final set of interventions are implemented after the review by all the members of the platform.
A detailed illustration of the methodology of developing solution pathways in consultation with RURBAN platform is indicated below,
Figure 9 Methodology of Developing Solution Pathways
The adaptation shortlisting as indicated above also takes into consideration the variation in the level of cost and effort required to implement an adaptation which will be ranked by the adaption module of the DST. This will ensure that the most cost-effective alternatives for a particular WEAP scenario is shortlisted. Additionally, the shortlisting will also take into consideration stakeholder specific elements. These go into identifying most suitable alternatives (e.g. infrastructure retrofitting and capacity utilization are usually preferable alternatives to development of greenfield infrastructure, but these presume availability of infrastructure; project governance changes are usually easier to implement compared to sectoral governance improvement, but these require the proposed project to be in a certain stage of planning etc.). These inputs will be taken from each of the RURBAN stakeholders, at least those who are impacted by the project (positively or negatively) as per the WEAP model through a simple to administer questionnaire, or alternatively through secondary data since most of this information is usually in public domain. Based on this, a shortlist will be placed in front of the RURBAN platform. The logic for the shortlisting is provided in the subsequent table.
Once the shortlisted intervention possibilities are identified, they are laid out to specific invitees from the RURBAN platform who are impacted (positively or negatively) through the intervention. These stakeholders can then consultatively identify most appropriate
Page 47 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 interventions based on a combination of implementation costs and benefits. To support them in doing so, some key elements of such a cost-benefit assessment approach will be laid out including factors such as Financial costs and resource availability taking into consideration lifecycle costs of the intervention alternatives and sources of meeting such funding (internal and potential external sources) in light of the financial capacity of stakeholders Technical capability People and process maturity Gestation time vs. intervention timelines
If in course of the consultations, the benefits of the interventions are felt to outweigh the costs, appropriate representations may be made to higher levels of decision making (State and Central) to provide resources and support for the interventions.
The stakeholder wise impact from WEAP, leading to the preliminary adaptation option list has been summarized in the previous sections. The next step was a round of consultations with the RURBAN stakeholders to finalize the adaptation set.
Figure 10 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions
1. Stakeholder wise impact 2. Preliminary Identification 3. Consultations to Finalize from Water Balance Model of Adaptation Options Adaptations
A framework (e.g. capacity, Water Balance Model run for base Adaptation module has a longlist of finances etc.) is provided to case and for the proposed project potential adaptations for various facilitate consultative decision scenario WEAP outputs making by RURBAN
Differences in Quantity, Quality and From this list, technically most RURBAN stakeholders sit together Risk to each stakeholder between suitable options are shortlisted and and identify selected adaptations the two captured presented to RURBAN platform based on the framework
In these consultations, the following inputs from the RURBAN stakeholders, especially the subset of nine stakeholders who stand to be impacted by the proposed project according to the WEAP model will be sought
Infrastructure capacity and utilization, Availability of technical, financial and managerial resources to implement the recommended adaptations, Ongoing/ planned interventions which could aid or hamper the proposed adaptations Estimated time to implement the proposed adaptations Room in the project (from VMC) to include project specific adaptations
Both the WEAP and Adaptation modules were made use of while illustrating the DST on the proposed project on canal purification. Since the primary impact was to take place in
Page 48 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 agricultural water use, directly impacted stakeholders were identified to be Vijayawada Rural agriculture, Vijayawada Rural livestock, Gannavaram agriculture, Gannavaram livestock, Vijayawada Urban agriculture. The scenario of impact on each of these stakeholders was simulated to understand fluctuations in unmet water demand.
Keeping the assumptions and desired water quality standards prescribed in the DPR, the following scenarios were arrived at:
Figure 11 WEAP Impact Scenario – Canal Purification
Post this, there was a discussion held with the impacted stakeholders to go about the Adaptation module. It triggered the following questions to be raised with the stakeholders:
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Infrastructure Is the proposed capacity sufficient to cater to the current demand?
Does this project significantly alter the behavior of users for water Demand resource dependency? Management (will users move from groundwater to canals, if the project offers that opportunity?)
Project Is transmission infrastructure to the demand points considered? Governance Is there a necessity for downstream- investment?
Quantity/Quality Is the size significant enough to impact the quantity and quality of water? considerations
After thorough discussions, final set of adaptations which were technically relevant were arrived at.
Table 4 List of Adaptation Solutions in Vijayawada
The result was amenable with the stakeholders. The DST process was appreciated by the decision makers since it enabled a bottom-up approach for better water management and initiated dialogue.
8.2 Activity 8: Pilot project implementation in Solapur
In Solapur, two pilot implementation projects were selected to be implemented – one in the urban area and one in the rural area. The projects were selected such that the ultimate goal of integrated water management can be supported. Therefore, the urban project focused on reducing fresh water consumption by harvesting and using rainwater while the rural project focused on improving quality of water in the micro-catchment by treating sullage water flowing into the water source that is common for both rural and urban areas. Both these pilot interventions thus work towards building water security in the Ekrukh micro catchment and were selected for implementation based on discussions with the RURBAN Platform members.
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Pilot project 1: Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting potential for 25 buildings in Solapur and demonstration at 1 location
Aim: To assess the potential of roof top rain water harvesting for ground water recharge for 25 SMC buildings and implementation at one location
Issue: Solapur city is located in a drought prone zone of Maharashtra. Urbanization, reduced rainfall and NRW losses has put a lot of stress on existing water resources and therefore it is necessary to consider alternate sources through rainwater harvesting (RWH). Uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater has resulted in decline of ground water table in Solapur. As a priority, government buildings should be considered for RWH and demonstration to citizens for promoting this.
Approach and technology: A Rain water harvesting survey report was developed by Enviraj Consulting Pvt. Ltd to evaluate RWH potential of 27 public buildings in Solapur (including 11 schools, 8 hospitals and 8 shopping complexes). A field survey was carried out to collect the relevant data on the annual water demand of the selected buildings, physical measurement of rooftop area and review of existing RWH structure (if any). The total roof top rainwater harvesting potential of these buildings is estimated to be more than 6600 cu.m. annually. The report was submitted to Solapur Municipal Corporation on 4th December, 2019 for approval. Based on the report, most potential sites for the pilot intervention were selected in Solapur city. The report is attached as Annexure 13.
Through this project, rooftops of three schools in a single complex of camp area were selected to collect rain water for ground water recharge after filtration.
For ground water recharge using rain water from roof tops, a collection and filtration system along with a recharge shaft is placed at the school. The filtration tank consists of 3 compartments include provision for 1st flush, actual filtration with gravel, charcoal, sand and storage for recharge which is connected to a 150 ft deep recharge shaft. The system needs a physical check for vandalism daily, while the filtration unit needs to be cleaned every year. All leakages should be repaired and roof tops cleaned before the monsoons every year and the first flush should be washed out.
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Figure 12 Ground Water Recharge Structure in School Compound in Solapur
Results and discussion: Average water demand of the three schools is about 1200 l/d (437.66 m3/year) each. The total roof top area covered through this system is about 19,800 sq. ft having potential of recharging ground water of 675 m3/year. This will be about 58% of the total annual water demand of the selected schools. However, it is to be noted that the total roof tops of these three schools has potential of recharging groundwater to the extent of about 70.66% of the total annual water demand (if the entire roof top is used) which can benefit about 250-300 students.
This project will also be used to conduct awareness activities and promote RWH for ground water recharge. As the system is located in school/govt. building it must be properly protected from vandalism. In order to support the Jalshakti mission of the Government of India such models could be replicated based on detailed assessment.
Figure 13 School CampShala in Solapur
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Pilot project 2: Low cost wastewater treatment plant – Constructed Wetland at Talehipparga village
Aim: To develop a replicable pilot scale low cost sewage treatment plant for the treatment of Wastewater entering into the Ekrukh (Hipparga) Lake from village Tale Hipparga at Solapur
Issue: Initial analysis of water scenario of Ekrukh lake micro-catchment highlighted that almost all the villages including 3 project villages are discharging their untreated sewage (mostly gray water and sometimes overflow of septic tanks) in the neighboring water resource – Ekrukh lake. Multiple wastewater streams are seen flowing from these villages and polluting the lake water. The lake water is being used for drinking purpose by some parts of the Solapur Municipal Corporation and some villages through adjoining bore wells or open wells as well as in irrigation schemes. Lack of funds, technical manpower and infrastructure at village level make it difficult to have sophisticated STPs.
Approach and technology: In order to treat sewage from the villages and reduce the pollution of the lake water, a low cost, low maintenance and replicable wastewater treatment plant has been installed in Tale Hipparga village. Due to close proximity of the water resource, availability of land and considering local ecosystem it was proposed to install a bioremediation based constructed wetland system in which local plant species would be used to consume nutrients from the wastewater. The treated wastewater could be used for irrigation or discharged in the lake. A report on the rejuvenation strategy of Ekhrukh Lake is attached as Annexure 14.
The constructed wetland system consists of a screen chamber, a settling chamber, an oxidation pond, a tank for gabion structure, a constructed wetland tank, furrows for constructed wetland, a cascade for aeration and a clean water tank. The implemented system has capacity of treating waste water of 18 m3/day considering about 200-225 population and 50-70 livestock which discharges their wastewater in the selected stream.
There needs to be a daily physical check for vandalism and cleaning of screens and channel. Once a week, the settling unit and water tank needs to be cleaned. De-sludging oxidation pond and extra growth of plants should be cut every 3 months. Water quality should be analysed once a year to confirm working proper functioning of the plant. Treated water can be used for irrigation.
Results and discussion: The constructed wetland system provides a good alternative as a low cost treatment for remote areas. The initial analysis of influent and effluent water samples showed the efficiency of more than 90% and is expected to stabilize at 70-80% if maintained properly.
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Figure 14 Design of Constructed Wetland at Ekrukh Lake
It was also observed that the influent BOD load varies a lot from 250 to 680 mg/lit because of the cattle dung, overflow of septic tanks and flushing of already settled sludge from the open areas. It is advised to reuse this water only after disinfection.
Table 5 Water Quality Assessment
Parameters (28 Jan. 2020) Inlet (mg/l) Outlet (mg/lit) BOD 686 27.4 COD 1709 75 Oil and Grease 22 9.50 Suspended solids 4153 48 Ammonia nitrogen as N 84.4 42.3 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N 270 108
Free Ammonia as NH3 103 51.5
Figure 15 Project Site at Ekrukh
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8.3 Activity 9: Capacity building of stakeholders on various aspects of IUWM, climate change, scientific decision making Various capacity building activities were organized in both the project cities to enhance technical, social and economical capabilities of local stakeholders to contribute collaboratively and plan scientifically for efficient and sustained use of water resources.
8.3.1 Exposure visit An exposure visit was conducted on 6th June 2018 for the administrative and elected representatives of TaleHipparga, Ekrukh and Haglur villages and the Agriculture Officer for Integrated Watershed Management Program from the District Collectorate. The participants visited BibiDarfal and Wadala village to understand the contribution of people’s participation for rural water conservation projects. Lokmangal Foundation - a local NGO, conducted awareness campaigns and provided financial support to villagers for water conservation activities. Nallah (storm water stream) widening, desiltation, plantation, compartment bunding, weir construction, ground water recharge were some of the projects explained by Mr. Vishal Deshmukh, the expert who was involved in most of the works supported by Pani Foundation, non-government organization. He had motivated villages for shramdan (voluntary physical labour contribution). Wadala village conducted sanitation and water conservation projects through participatory involvement in planning and implementation, developing a Wadala pattern for water conservation works. Mr. Baliram Sathe, a leader of Wadala village, motivated each and every house for their involvement and participation in water conservation activities consistently over time. Villagers also constructed soak pits for gray water aiming for gutter free village. A report on the rural exposure visit is attached as Annexure 15.
An exposure visit by Solapur government officials to Vijayawada was organised on 7th February 2020. Four officials from Solapur travelled to Vijayawada to understand the water management initiatives. The exchange facilitated cross learnings among the officials. The participants visited the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) centre first. Here, a detailed presentation and tour of the place was given to understand the water intake, distribution, quality check of the entire system. Various equipments used to monitor the same were exhibited and explained by the SCADA implementing agency, for better comprehension. The team then visited Prakasam Barrage to see the Krishna river intake well and distribution system. Post this, a special interaction with the CEO, Zilla Parishad was arranged for, where there were discussions towards possible collaborations between Solapur and Vijayawada. The group from Solapur had a round table meeting with their counterparts in Vijayawada where the city’s work and ongoing projects were discussed. This was attended by Additional Commissioner of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation, accompanied by the Chief Engineer. The visit facilitated a good dialogue on how both the catchments could learn from each other. As a part of the final agenda, the team visited the Head Water Works to have a look at the water treatment and distribution. Report of the exposure visit are attached as Annexure 16.
8.3.2 Site visits A site visit was conducted on 6th April 2018 by the official from Public Health and Engineering Department, Solapur Municipal Corporation and Principal of Agricultural Institute, Solapur to Ekrukh micro-catchment to understand the issues and possible climate based adaptations in the selected micro-catchment area of Ekrukh (Hipparga) lake. The team of 2 officials, supported by ICLEI South Asia, visited Ekrukh lake, Haglur and Tale Hipparga villages and
Page 55 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 interacted with political heads of the villages and farmers to know about existing water levels, quality of water, water supply schemes, sanitation and farming practices.
8.3.3 Awareness and information, education and communication (IEC) activities In Solapur community engagement meetings and workshops were conducted to encourage local communities to understand water cycle and principles of integrated water management on the 12th, 14th and 16th of July, 2018. Discussions were held with local communities to make them understand urban and rural ecosystem based services and water interactions.
Activities on WASH were conducted with 2 secondary schools with about 70 students from within the micro catchment in Solapur on 12th July 2018. Activities like inter school drawing competition on water management, showcasing movies on personal hygiene and water management, quiz on best practices and WASH training programs were conducted in three villages within the micro catchment with about 130 students from 3 schools on 14th July 2018. Plantation activity was also carried out with the help of these schools and students.
Discussions with about 20 women stakeholders were conducted in the villages on 16th July 2018 to understand water management practices and local issues. Women were apprised on simple strategies to conserve water and reuse waste water.
Meetings were also conducted with local youth groups to encourage involvement in awareness activities on WASH and water management in their villages. A report on the IEC activities in the rural areas is attached as Annexure 17.
8.3.4 Visit by expert to Vijayawada micro-catchment for hands-on-training A hands-on-training session on Integrated Water Resources Management was conducted for rural stakeholders in Gannavaram mandal of the pilot micro-catchment on 11th July 2018. The primary objective of the session was to be a forum for knowledge sharing. The catchment managers shared their issues and challenges with the experts allowing them to curate the session to fit their requirements. The session was attended by approximately 30 people which included Gannavaram Mandal Parishad President, the Mandal Parishad Development Officer, the ex-Chairman of the Zila Parishad, Sarpanches and Panchayat Secretaries of the villages, representatives of Water User Associations, farmers and residents of the villages. The report on the visit along with participant signed list and newspaper clippings in the regional language which were published announcing the session is attached in Annexure 18.
8.3.5 Exposure and exchange visits of researchers and officials IITM Coordinator has undertaken a visit to IWA at Netherland and discussed on urban water management issues.
A workshop on Urban Water Management was organised by IITM on 2nd April 2018. Dr. Kala Vairavamoorthy, Executive Director, IWA delivered lectures in this workshop. A total of 90 participants from the nearby institutions, officials dealing urban engineering, urban governance, urban planning and non-government organizations participated in the workshop.
8.3.6 All partner visit to Vijayawada project city A field visit to Vijayawada project city was organized for all the project partners on 9th October 2018. The objective of the field visit was to get the project partners familiarized with the
Page 56 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 catchment area in Vijayawada. As part of the field visit, the partners first went to the village of Jekkulanekkulam, a village in the Vijayawada micro-catchment, where they interacted with the village Sarpanch and a few local farmers about the water situation in the village. The partners then proceeded from Jekkulanekkulam to the Sewerage Treatment Plant in Ajith Singh Nagar where the Assistant Engineer briefed the partners regarding the working of the STP. The next destination of the field visit was the Head Water Works of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation at V.D. Puram. The Assistant Engineer at Head Water Works gave the partners a tour of the water treatment, SCADA monitoring, and water quality testing facilities at the site and explained in detail the supply and distribution system for the entire city. A report of the visit is attached in Annexure 19.
8.3.7 Exposure Visit on Integrated Water Management practices for Vijayawada catchment managers An exposure visit to Hyderabad was conducted on 21st January 2019, for catchment managers of Vijayawada micro-catchment. The objective of the visit was to introduce the stakeholders to the best practices in urban water management in Hyderabad, with the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) recently being awarded the ISO certification for best practices in urban water management. The exposure visit was attended by 2 officials from Vijayawada Municipal Corporation, and 1 official from the Water Resources Department. The exposure visit included a visit to the Amberpet Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), the lake restoration site at Durgam Cheruvu, and included a discussion with the Chief General Manager, Revenue regarding metering in Hyderabad. A visit report is attached in Annexure 20.
8.3.8 Training Workshop on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water Harvesting Techniques in Solapur ICLEI South Asia organized two training workshops on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water Harvesting Techniques in the Ekrukh micro catchment, Solapur on 27th September 2018.
The first training workshop was conducted in Solapur city with the support of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) Department Solapur Municipal Corporation. The workshop was chaired by Mr Trimbak Dhengale-Patil, Deputy Commissioner, SMC and Ms Vishali Awad, Technical Expert, NULM, SMC. The technical training was conducted by Mr Mahesh Sudhakar Siddheshwar, President, Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI), Pune to build capacity of the local women from economically weaker section of the society and Self Help Groups member under NULM in SMC. The training was attended by more than 70 women from local self- help groups, municipal sanitary workers and officials working under NULM department, SMC along with ICLEI SA Team.
The second training workshop was conducted in Haglur Village and was attended by 50 women from three villages (Ekrukh, Haglur and Hippragh). The technical training was conducted by Mr Mahesh Sudhakar Siddheshwar, President, Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI), Pune and aimed at building awareness and capacity of the rural women and Self Help Groups member of Mahila Bachat Gat.
The details of the trainings are given in Annexure 21.
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8.3.9 Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur Municipal Corporation ICLEI South Asia with the support of Solapur Municipal Corporation organised a Training Workshop on Acoustic Leak Detection System in Solapur City on 25th September 2018. The technical training was conducted by Mr Ashu Prajapati, Assistant Manager, TAISEI Technical Services Pvt. Ltd from Hyderabad and was chaired by Head of PHE Department, Solapur Municipal Corporation and Additional Director, Town and Country Planning (TCPO), Solapur Municipal Corporation. More than 40 Municipal engineers and 20 Zonal heads for water work attended the training program. Onsite training for municipal engineers was also conducted at sites selected under Smart City Mission for Area Based Development Work in the city.
Details of the training programme are given in Annexure 22.
8.3.10 Awareness and Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activities with Schools in Solapur City Awareness generation is considered through intensive IEC activities using electronic media print, trainings, outdoor through interpersonal communication etc. An inter-school drawing competition was organised by ICLEI SA with the support of Solapur Municipal Corporation at Solapur Municipal Corporation School Camp on 26th of July, 2018 under the IAdapt project. The aim was to generate awareness among school children, teachers and municipal education department staff on integrated water management approaches.
Mr Santosh Bulbule, Municipal Corporation BITS Supervisor, Solapur, chaired the training program along with Mr Bhawan Munde, Principal, Municipal School Camp, Mr Shahbaz Akashi, Municipal Corporation School No 9, Mr Fayad Sheikh from Municipal Corporation School Boys Camp Solapur and ICLEI team. More than 117 students (class 8 to 10) from 20 Municipal Corporation Schools in Solapur and 2 private schools from the city participated in this competition.
The details of the programme are given in Annexure 23.
8.3.11 Exposure Visit to Nagpur for Solapur Municipal Officials An exposure visit to Nagpur was organised on 22nd to 24th October 2018 by ICLEI-South Asia under the IAdapt project for municipal officials of Solapur. Main objectives of the visit were:
To showcase the best practices in sustainable water management To interact with the officials of other local government involved in water management To know about the technological progress in the field of water and waste water management from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
For this exposure visit, Solapur Municipal Corporation (SMC) nominated three officials of Public Health and Engineering Department looking after water and waste water management in the city who are involved in day to day operation of water management as well as new projects proposed under Smart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) mission. Nagpur has already implemented few projects similar to the projects proposed by Solapur for sustainable water management. Hence the learning for
Page 58 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 this exposure visit would be used to implement projects in pipeline with better understanding and improved planning. The details of the visit is attached in Annexure 24.
8.3.12 Research project on biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur A small research project is being supported under the project under Dr. M N Jagtap, from Research Centre and Post Graduate Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur. Under the project, 2 research students, under Dr.Jagtap are carrying out a study on biodiversity of Ekrukh (Hipparga) Lake of Solapur that lies within our selected micro-catchment. The main objectives of the project are to evaluate the physico-chemical status of different types of agriculture soils and water of Ekrukh lake, study the floral biodiversity, isolate toxic cyanobacteria and phytoplanktons and develop awareness among the villagers regarding water management.
Three quarterly reports have been submitted on the project by the research team. The final report is attached as Annexure 25.
8.3.13 A Focus Group Discusses IAdapt Project Activities
A focus group discussion was organised on 11th of February 2019 at the office of the CEO, Zilla Parishad, Solapur. The discussions centred on the activities that were undertaken to implement IAdapt tools, the updates on programmes that were being implemented and proposed at the district level. Mr. Vijay Londhe, Deputy CEO, Zilla Parishad, Solapur, presided over the meeting, which was attended by officials and 11 engineers from the District Water and Sanitation Mission Cell. During the discussion updates were shared by ICLEI SA and the engineers on current programs and initiatives. The CEO appreciated the tasks undertaken at Solapur and provided his support for future activities. The details of the meeting is attached as Annexure 26.
8.3.14 State-Level Meeting Reviews of IAdapt Activities
Representatives of ICLEI South Asia met officials of the Water and Sanitation Support Organisation (WSSO) of Maharashtra at a meeting on the 8th of February 2019 in Navi Mumbai. The Director of WSSO chaired the meeting, which involved a state-level review. Updates on the project activities conducted in Solapur, including micro catchment selection, identification of the RURBAN platform, climate risks to the water resources of the region and vulnerable systems and areas, besides prioritised projects, capacity building and awareness activities were among the topics discussed at the meeting. Valuable suggestions from the department were incorporated in the project activities.
8.3.15 Expert Visit for Pilot Project Identification
A field visit to Solapur micro catchment was conducted on 26-27 February 2019 by experts from University of Delhi. Professor C. R. Babu, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems, University of Delhi, & Ex-Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dr Vijay Kumar, Assistant Professor, Shivaji College, University of Delhi along with project team from ICLEI South Asia Visited Ekrukh lake, Tale Hippargha and Haglur villages. The visit aimed at identification of pilot Projects in the micro-catchment with the aim to reduce pollution in Ekrukh Lake.
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Training Workshop on DST, CMP and Financial compendium for Solapur and Vijayawada
ICLEI South Asia with the support of Zilla Parishad Solapur (ZP Solapur) organised a Training Workshop on catchment management planning, decision support tool and financial modelling in Solapur City on 19 th and 20th of December 2019. The training workshop was chaired by Sri PrakashT.Waychal, CEO, Zilla Parishad, District Collector Office, Solapur, Mr Vijaya Londe, Deputy CEO Zilla Parishad, District Collector Office and Mr Ajay Singh.V.Pawar, Municipal Chief Advisor and Deputy Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation. The training was attended by 30 participants including engineers from the Water and Sanitation Department, Zilla Parishad Solapur (ZPS), Environmental Engineers from ZPS, Municipal Engineers from Public Health and Engineering Department SMC, Planning Department, SMC, Accounting Department (ZPS), Gram Sevak Tale Hippargah Village and Students from Dayanand College Solapur. Teams from ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonormics and International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka presented the methodologies and tools developed under the IAdapt Project including the Catchment Management Plan preparation using the IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and the Financial Compendium.
Training modules have been prepared for the IAdapt Framework to prepare Catchment Management Plans and was used to deliver the training by ICLEI South Asia. The training was in the form of a powerpoint presentation supplemented by case studies and exercises. The Athena team discussed the Decision support tool with example from Vijayawada. The IWMI team explained the financial options – like Municipal Bonds, mechanisms of Viability Gap funding as well as utilizing private funds through PPP structuring of service delivery. During this training, the financial model was elaborated with all the assumptions of performing the financial model, which might be utilized later by the municipal corporation. The CMP Training Module and DST Training Module are attached as Annexure 27 and Annexure 28 respectively.
The Training program received a positive response from the participants. Mr Ajay Singh.V.Pawar requested all the participants to include IUWM approaches in their day to day planning and explained the need for such approaches in drought prone regions like Solapur. He appreciated ICLEI efforts on data collection and developing the catchment management plan and requested to share the financial models in detail with the commissioner and other municipal heads. Mr Londe , Deputy CEO, ZPS suggested to up scale the pilot interventions to other villages under ongoing programs like Water Safety and Security Plans and Swatch Bharat Mission-Rural.
The training programme in Vijayawada included 11 members from the Working Group of the RURBAN Platform, who were presented with the overview of project outputs and key outcomes. The meeting was chaired by the District Collector. They were explained about the operation of the DST through training modules. The RURBAN platform members encouraged project staff to meet with the higher officials to discuss replicating the model at other districts of the state.
8.3.16 MIKE training by IITM in Chennai
A hands-on training on MIKE software was organised by IIT-Madras on 5th and 6th February 2020 for 7 officials from the project cities. The participants were from the working group
Page 60 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 officials from Vijayawada and Solapur. The participants were exposed to hydrological and climate modelling through the MIKE software.
The 2-day training entailed a thorough understanding of the theory behind hydrological modelling. The participants were then given access to the demo version of the software to operate themselves. The workshop covered aspects starting right from the basics to the various applications of the software. A brief report on the training is attached as part of Annexure 16.
8.3.17 Meeting with commissioner for pilot projects in Solapur
A meeting with the Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation was conducted on 29th of June, 2019. The aim was to select the potential project to be implemented in the Solapur City. In consultation with the Deputy Municipal Commissioner, City Engineers and the nodal officer a pilot project on “Rainwater Harvesting in Solapur” was selected. Solapur Municipal Commissioner deputed PHE engineer to support ICLEI SA team to implement the pilot project in the City. A concept note is submitted to the Solapur Municipal Corporation on the pilot activities and methodology.
8.3.18 Discussions with Local Stakeholders in Ekrukh Micro catchments
Discussions were held with local authorities in Ekrukh Micro catchment to select one pilot project to be implemented in Tale Hipparga village in Solapur micro catchment during the month of July, 2019. Discussions were conducted with the village panchayats including Sarpanch and Gramsevak community members and a pilot project on constructed wetland was selected for the implementation. A meeting was also conducted with the Irrigation Department to provide the updates on the project activities especially on pilot interventions
8.3.19 Meetings with Rural Authorities
Discussions were held with local authorities in Tale Hipparga, Haglur and Ekrukh villages during the month of July, 2019 to select a pilot project and pilot site for implementation in the Ekrukh Micro Catchment. Based on the discussions, Tale Hipparga village in Solapur Micro Catchment was selected for the pilot implementation. Discussions were conducted with the selected village panchayat including Sarpanch and Gramsevak along with local residents. The pilot project on “Constructed Wetland for Waste Water Treatment” is selected for the implementation after the discussions.
8.3.20 Meeting with District Authority in Solapur
A meeting was also conducted with the Irrigation Department at district level updates the project activities especially on pilot interventions selected in rural and urban areas.
8.3.21 IAdapt project presentation to Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection Team in Vijayawada
The Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) Inspection Team visited the Krishna District for preparation of its periodic report. The final discussion before finalising the report was organised in the District Collector Camp office on 6th November 2019. It was chaired by the District Magistrate and
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Collector. The participants included the department representatives from agriculture, industries, irrigation, water resources etc.
In order to showcase Vijayawada’s work on integrated water management to the Inspection Team, the District Collector specially invited the team from Athena Infonomics to present the IAdapt project to the gathering. Project objectives, activities so far, future activities planned, and expected outcomes were presented. This was highly received by the JSA team and appreciated the co-ordination and efforts. It was decided that the excerpts of the project would be specially mentioned in the final report to be prepared by the JSA team.
8.4 Compendium on financing options for recovery and reuse of wastewater IWMI undertook the following activities, which led to the development of financing options for the two different cities.
1. Pre-select the business models that are pertinent to water recovery and reuse, either in industry or in agriculture. This has been done in consultation within the local partners.
The following business models were proposed within the partners’ group for a review
Table 6 Proposed Business Models for Review
Business Brief Description of the Tackling climate change Applicability – Models model and drive towards city parameters to be resilience (looking considered during the through the lens of IUWM/ planning/ implementation IWRM) Wastewater-related business models Cost This business model is formed Improvement of the Existence (or plan) of recovery by the operation of a public environmental discharge sewer networks and and use of entity or a public-private and emissions wastewater treatment treated partnership to recover the cost Reuse of the treated plants/ natural wastewater wastewater of wastewater treatment. Cost wastewater for irrigation and treatment solutions (like for recovery is realized through groundwater recharge to lakes), in the city periphery. agriculture / two different revenue streams: mitigate droughts impacts Existence of canal industry compost sales, and a cost- Nutrient recovery and reuse networks; groundwater saving mechanism using the Ensure agricultural recharge is ensured treatment processes to capture productivity in arid/semi-arid through water conveyance biogas and converting it to areas leading to food in the unlined canal electricity that is subsequently security and livelihood in systems used to (partially) power the peri-urban/rural areas Strong carbon credit market plant. A third possible revenue Enhance soil health and for the exchange of credits stream is through earning livelihoods which provides a revenue carbon credits by the amount of stream the biogas generated in the treatment plant. Use of This business model is Food security in both urban Existence natural wastewater primarily formed as an informal and peri-urban areas wastewater treatment for arrangement (although there Creation of livelihoods solutions (like lakes), and aquaculture can exist formal procedures)
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Business Brief Description of the Tackling climate change Applicability – Models model and drive towards city parameters to be resilience (looking considered during the through the lens of IUWM/ planning/ implementation IWRM) where wastewater from the city Improvement of sewer/canal system in the are collected in natural systems environmental discharges city periphery. and in the process of treatment Existence of a market aquaculture is being introduced demand for the end product which provides livelihoods and meet the demand for food. Treatment This business model acts as a Improvement of the Willingness of the urban and reuse complement to the main environmental discharge local bodies to regulate the of fecal wastewater treatment model. It and emissions sector (willingness to sludge is mainly designed as a Nutrient recovery and reuse provide land and agree to solution to cater to the onsite Enhancing of soil health the treatment of fecal sanitation facilities (for part of sludge). the cities without sewer National legislation / networks) and operated either policies to enhance the by the private parties / PPPs sanitation service chain (for through Fecal Sludge conveyance, treatment and Treatment Plants. reuse) Business models on nutrient recovery Compost This business model can Nutrient recovery and reuse The main criteria towards from operate at two different scales Improvement in development of compost municipal within the cities – (i) centralized environmental plant sis segregation of solid waste compost plant; and (ii) discharge/emissions. waste at the unit level – decentralized compost plants. Especially for conveyance household/businesses. This Centralized compost plants are and treatment of wastewater determines the quality of more applicable where within in sewered networks. the compost. the existing landfills/dumpsites Creation of livelihoods Behavioral change aspect there is availability of land or Possibility of earning carbon at the unit level to be taken willingness of the local urban credits through offsetting care body to provide land in the impacts of methane National/sub-national (state vicinity of the landfill/dumpsites. emission in case of open level) Decentralized models originate dumpsites legislations/policies/standar from private initiates catering Enhancing circularity in the ds to promote use of toward limits (within the cities) economy (through recycling compost/co-compost (if and take a more clustered – although this might be very compost of fecal sludge is approach for door-to-door specific for decentralized used for co-composting) waste collection, segregation composting) Competition faced by the and composting. In cases of inorganic fertilizers (since waste collection, recycling of there are subsidies and waste is another revenue productivity are high stream for such businesses. applying inorganic The organic waste collected fertilizers) can also be co-composted with dewatered fecal sludge. Compost This is an alternate model for Nutrient recovery and reuse Competition with the from rural areas with high livestock Improvement in compost derived from livestock waste presently untapped. This environmental urban waste model can operate both at the discharge/emissions.
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Business Brief Description of the Tackling climate change Applicability – Models model and drive towards city parameters to be resilience (looking considered during the through the lens of IUWM/ planning/ implementation IWRM) waste and household and the community Competition faced by the agrowaste level using livestock and agro- inorganic fertilizers (since waste. there are subsidies and productivity are high applying inorganic fertilizers) Business models on energy recovery Power/Gas Currently cattle dung and a Energy recovery and reuse Existence of national from portion of agricultural waste is Reduced carbon emissions policies for financing such manure used as cooking fuel. This and environmental interventions at the model serves as an alternate to discharge through household level. the indoor air pollution caused contaminated run-off to the Willingness to substitute by unclean cooking fuel. The nearby streams. cooking fuels at household main input to this model is the level use of livestock waste/agrowaste in household level bio-digester. Power from The business model is initiated Eligibility to earn carbon Segregation of waste is municipal by a standalone private credits required and hence solid waste enterprise or a public-private Energy recovery and reuse behavioral commitment is a partnership (PPP) where a as an alternative source and necessity private entity partners with the therefore less dependence Existence of national municipality to manage the on water-energy nexus policies for financing such solid waste generated by the Creation of livelihood interventions or promoting city. This might include two tariffs for feed in to grid different technology – (i) which helps the business to collect, segregate and process maintain O&M. organic component of MSW to Land provision by the local generate electricity and body. compost (ii) segregate the High electricity charge entire waste leaving out recyclables and generate electricity. The process of generating electricity from MSW can be done through either incineration to produce heat and steam, gasification or anaerobic digestion. Electricity and compost can be sold to households, business or local electricity authority. The key stakeholders in the business value chain are the waste suppliers, either household or the municipality; regulators- government; investors – municipality or private
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Business Brief Description of the Tackling climate change Applicability – Models model and drive towards city parameters to be resilience (looking considered during the through the lens of IUWM/ planning/ implementation IWRM) enterprise; technology supplier and plant operator – private enterprise and end users of the product–household and businesses or municipality.
The consensus was reached to focus primarily on the wastewater models in the project cities (Solapur and Vijayawada). Based on the discussions within the working group, the Model 1 was found to fit within the IUWM and IWRM framework to address water scarcity (in Solapur) and water logging/flooding (in Vijayawada).
2. The second step was to assess the feasibility of selected business models through the collection of financial data relevant for the model in order to generate different scenarios based on the financing mechanisms and opportunities of cost recovery. IWMI identified the data requirement for such modelling and appointed a consultant to help IWMI in collection of the data for the two cities.
In India, 38,254 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage is generated considering both Class-I and Class-II towns. Of this volume, 11,787 MLD is treated and the rest flows into surface water bodies in and around cities. Many cities are situated in water-scarce zones where industrial and agricultural demand for water is being met using freshwater. In recent years, governments at different levels, private players, donors and expert groups have explored alternative water supply arrangement for industry and agriculture sectors, in order to meet their water demand from recycled wastewater. Most of the wastewater is treated up to secondary level as Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are not obliged go beyond it. Municipal wastewater treated up to secondary level cannot be utilized for industrial use and it is also not suitable for agricultural purpose in most cases. Therefore, the possibility of generating revenue out of secondary treated wastewater is limited and the burden of treating wastewater is left with financially distressed ULBs. The government is trying to manage financial distress and increase efficiency introducing options like Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). We argue that wastewater reuse via PPPs need to generate both sufficient water quality and adequate revenue stream through proper tariffs to make it sustainable.
In Solapur and Vijayawada city, there is both industrial and agricultural demand for water and wastewater is till date treated at the secondary level only. Financial feasibility analysis was used to explore whether upgrading existing secondary treatment plants to tertiary level is financially feasible and which tariffs applicable to industry and agriculture sector should be set to make the model more sustainable in the long run. Within the financial models, different PPP mechanisms have been proposed that can be utilised for reclaiming wastewater from cities for industries and agriculture. The financial compendium is attached as Annexure 29.
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9 Project Outputs
The primary project outputs include:
9.1 IAdapt Framework To help formulate catchment management plans (CMP), the project has developed the IAdapt Framework Toolkit. The IAdapt Framework is based on the ICLEI Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Process or IAP toolkit, the Adopting Integrated Urban Water Management toolkit (AdoptIUWM toolkit) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) methodology for ecosystem assessment.
The Framework is designed to assist rural and urban local governments to come together and formulate catchment level water management plans guided by the principles of integrated water resource management. It promotes an integrated approach to ensuring water security, by looking at the interactions and interdependencies among water, wastewater and storm water with other sectors such as health, agriculture, solid waste, industry, etc. It brings together different administrative, planning and regulatory systems by creating a RURBAN platform that includes both rural and urban stakeholders at various levels such as local authorities as well as civil society.
The IAdapt Framework consists of five phases and will assist in developing the Catchment Management Plan for selected catchments in the city-regions. The five phases are:
Phase 1: Engagement Phase
This phase includes formation of the core team and the RURBAN platform and engagements with both entities.
Phase 2: Baseline Assessment
This phase involves collection of socio-economic, environmental and governance data at the catchment level.
Phase 3: Climate Vulnerability of Water Resources
This phase includes climate scenario assessment, scoring of water resource integration, systems assessment and risk assessment, besides vulnerability assessment. It will help to select the particular sector/ issue for developing integrated solutions for water management.
Phase 4: Solutions Assessment
This phase includes selection of resilience interventions and their prioritisation.
Phase 5: Development of Catchment Management Plan (CMP)
This phase describes the structure of the Catchment Management Plan.
The IAdapt Framework is available online and is attached as Annexure 6 as mentioned above.
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9.2 Hydrological and climate modelling of the selected micro- catchments The hydrological and climate modelling has been prepared for both the cities.
Based on our study area catchment delineation and landuse classification, in Solapur city the total area is 164.64 km2, of which, agricultural area is 60.22% , residential is 37.63% and remaining 2.15% come under other categories. In Vijayawada city total area consider as 62.55 km2, of which agricultural area is 15.99%, residential is 72.25% and remaining 11.76% come under other categories. Built-up area is higher in Vijayawada city than in Solapur. The study area mostly contains loam type soil in Solapur and Clay loam type soil in Vijayawada.
The mean annual runoff for Vijayawada city is found to be 1.44 TMC with a standard deviation of 0.58 TMC, against an annual average rainfall of 2 TMC. Thus on an annual basis about 72% of rainfall is converted to runoff from the basin.
The mean annual runoff for Sholapur city is found to be 420.7 mm with standard deviation of 180.04 using Inglis formula and 341.44 mm with standard deviation of 130.30 using Indian Irrigation department formula, against means annual rainfall of 732.5 mm. Thus, the results show that on an annual basic about 57% of rainfall run as runoff using Inglis formula (46% for Irrigation Department).
The climate model from the study reveals that: i. For rainfall and temperature, the trend is statistically are significant for both the cities. The annual average rainfall and the maximum temperature are increasing while the mean monthly minimum temperature is falling for Solapur. However, mean annual rainfall for Vijayawada is increasing. ii. From the detailed RCPs analysis under different condition, it is well established that the temperature for both cities is likely to increase. There will be an increase of 0.9 -1.20C in the first 30 years and then by about 1.5 to 30C depending upon the course of pathways it takes. iii. It is found that there is most likely to be a shift in the rainfall pattern in the cities. On average, non-monsoon rainfall will increase by 10-15 % while the monsoon rainfall will decrease by 10% which finally results in more frequent floods and droughts with a higher magnitude. Moderate to severe droughts will be more frequent for both the cities. iv. For Solapur, on an annual basis about 67% of rainfall goes as runoff from the basin and for Vijayawada, it is 72% of total rainfall. v. As for most of the cases, the rise in temperature is significantly increasing for almost all region under all RCPs scenarios; urban heat island is also bound to increase.
9.2.1 Climate Change Assessment The annual average rainfall for Solapur city is 800 mm. It receives most of the rainfall during the monsoon period, i.e. from June to October. The maximum temperature 410C during
Page 67 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 summer while in rest of the time it is around 30-350C. Annual rainfall and monthly maximum temperature show an increasing trend while the monthly minimum temperature is showing a slightly negative trend. Statistically, all the trends are significant. The rainfall is decreasing at a rate of about 0.02 mm/year and monthly maximum temperature at a rate of -0.0010C/year. The minimum temperature is decreasing at a rate of 0.00060C/year.
The annual average rainfall for Vijayawada city is around 900 mm. The monthly rainfall variation shows a high variation of rainfall from June to September. An increasing trend was observed for annual rainfall (+0.02 mm/month. It has witnessed a few moderate droughts and a few flood events in the past.
9.2.2 Hydrological Modeling: HEC-HMS model is used for simulation of runoff for the Vijayawada basin for Krishna watershed, which uses SCS-CN Method to calculate runoff generation from a catchment. The mean annual runoff for Vijayawada city is found to be 1243.95 TMC with a standard deviation of 10.08 TMC, against an annual average rainfall of 42.89 TMC. Thus on an annual basic about 72% of rainfall is converted to runoff from the basin.
For Solapur city, the simulation of runoff for Krishna watershed, which uses SCS-CN Method to calculate runoff generation from a catchment. The mean annual runoff for Solapur city is found to be 696 TMC with a standard deviation of 5.87 TMC, against an annual average rainfall of 19.89 TMC. Thus, the results show that on an annual basic about 67% of rainfall goes as runoff from the basin.
9.2.3 Urban Heat Island Map Solapur has 72% of residential land while 12% are water body and 16% with vegetation. Based on the present temperature variation, 38% of the area shows a strong heat island effect. Though the effect is very weak in about 51 % of the area.
Vijayawada has 61% of residential land, 29% water body and 10% with vegetation. Presently, 46% of land has very strong heat island effect and almost 37 % of the land with very weak heat island effect.
The report is attached in Annexure 5 as mentioned above.
9.3 State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools The State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools provides through an assessment of relevant available tools the benefits as well as the limitations and barriers to implementing each. Various IUWM models have been reviewed and a synthesis report has been prepared on the current state of these toolkits. The main toolkits that have been referred to include:
● Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Toolkit developed by The Water Research Foundation and CSIRO to assist cities and towns through the challenges of transitioning from a traditional urban water management approach to a one that promotes integration of all the UWS components ● The Global Water Partnership (GWP) IUWM toolkit developed to support the paradigm shift from theoretical to on ground Implementation of IUWM, with the main objective to
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enhance awareness of decision-makers on the approach of IUWM and to provide the necessary tools for developing and implementing IUWM strategies on the ground ● Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health (SWITCH) IUWM Toolkit intended to improve the scientific basis and shared knowledge to ensure that future water systems are robust, flexible and adaptable ● Adopting Integrated Urban Water Management in Indian Cities (AdoptIUWM) Toolkit that gives a step by step guide for integrated management of urban water sectors (water supply, wastewater and stormwater) in Indian cities, through the adoption of a sustainable and holistic water management approach, ensuring equitable allocation of water resources ● The Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP) toolkit developed for the use of policy makers and managers involved in urban water management programmes.
From the assessment, it is seen that climate change is considered to a small or large extent by all the tools except the IRAP toolkit. However, the consideration of climate impacts is not integrated clearly in the tools, and it is more a guiding principle. Stakeholder engagement is a consistent feature in all the tools. The SWITCH and AdoptIUWM toolkits are specifically targeted towards local governments for application and use.
The five IUWM toolkits have been compared using various criteria such as the method of integration for institutions and stakeholders, the adaptability and user-friendliness or their capacity to analyze the economic performance of IUWM interventions. The report assesses how climate change adaptation is promoted by each toolkit or also how spatial delineation and water balancing are to be achieved. Finally, case studies are reported on the use of selected IUWM toolkits in cities. The report is attached as Annexure 10 as mentioned above.
9.4 Decision Support Tool The Decision Support Tool or DST model consists of the following components, a. Water Evaluation and Planning Tool (WEAP) b. Adaptation Module
The Decision Support Tool architecture as approved by the Core Committee of the Vijayawada RURBAN platform is summarised below.
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Figure 16 WEAP Assessment Model
The climate-based decision support tool will primarily act as a collaborative platform that allows all relevant stakeholders to understand the impacts of climate change on their water system and to develop appropriate adaptive measures in response. The DST will use local data to simulate different flow streams and articulate the relationship between various components of the urban-rural water system to present a range of structural and non-structural adaptation pathways and measure corresponding costs. The actual choice of solutions will be derived through a consultative process to ensure high levels of ownership towards the proposed solutions across stakeholder groups. The consultative process is illustrated below
Figure 17 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions
1. Stakeholder wise impact 2. Preliminary Identification 3. Consultations to Finalize from Water Balance Model of Adaptation Options Adaptations
Water Balance Model run for base Adaptation module has a longlist of A framework (e.g. capacity, finances case and for the proposed project potential adaptations for various etc.) is provided to facilitate scenario WEAP outputs consultative decision making by RURBAN
Differences in Quantity, Quality and From this list, technically most suitable RURBAN stakeholders sit together and Risk to each stakeholder between the options are shortlisted and presented identify the selected adaptations based two captured to RURBAN platform on the framework
The proposed project data points will then be added to the existing water balance model and the impacts it has on meeting the water demand, water quality will be analysed after which mitigation measures will be curated and proposed for integration into the interventions themselves. This will be done through a lookup module, which will compile all potential responses to a variety of projects, along with rules for selection of the most appropriate subset for a model output, based on a combination of suitability factors.
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To disseminate the approach and methodology on the development of the DST framework, a strategy paper on the DST framework was prepared and is attached in Annexure 11 as mentioned above.
9.5 Catchment Management Plan For Solapur and Vijayawada, the IAdapt Framework was used to prepare a Catchment Management Plan for the selected micro-catchment under the project. The RURBAN was actively involved in preparation of this document through consultative workshops, meetings and trainings.
Baseline information was collected on the profile of the city and the selected micro-catchment area in the two cities, their water scenario, climate vulnerability, ecosystem services status, service levels regarding water, waste water and allied sectors, present institutional systems. Climate scenario assessments in the two cities reveal risks of increased temperatures and erratic rainfall, with increased extremes of rainfall. The water balance tool has been used to assess existing and future demand-supply gap in both rural and urban areas in Solapur, while the WEAP model was used in Vijayawada to assess the demand and supply gap for the selected micro-catchment.
An assessment was conducted based on IUWM principles to understand the present level of integration among different sources of water in the micro catchment. IUWM integration indicators were considered to assess the integration level in water supply, sewerage, stormwater management, solid waste management; health and agriculture. Both cities have average integration score, which shows that they have scope of improvement in integrating water management.
Based on the IAdapt Framework, climate vulnerability of the sectors were analysed. In Solapur, vulnerability assessment for the six systems viz. water supply, sewerage, stormwater management, solid waste management; health and agriculture was carried out in the context of climate change. In Vijayawada, vulnerability assessment for the four systems viz. water supply, water pollution, urban flooding, river flooding was carried out. Vulnerability maps were developed for the two identifying critical areas and vulnerable actors. Based on these assessments, resilience interventions were selected for integrated water management in the two cities.
The catchment management plan for Solapur and Vijayawada is attached in Annexure 7 and Annexure 8 respectively as mentioned above.
A training manual has been developed to enable the adoption of a sustainable and holistic water management approach, at catchment level ensuring equitable allocation of water resources. It describes the IAdapt methodology and tools to promote integrated urban water management and integrated water resource management to close the water cycle loop at catchment level and make climate informed decision to be efficient and sustainable. A manual has also been developed for the Decision Support Tool to enable cities to select resilient interventions that support integration of water sectors. The manuals are attached in Annexure 27 and 28 as mentioned above.
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9.6 Finance Compendium The financial compendium was prepared by IWMI which pre-selected business models for water recovery and reuse, either in industry or in agriculture and assessed the feasibility of these models using financial data to generate different scenarios of cost recovery.
The financial compendium for Solapur and Vijayawada city shows different PPP mechanisms for reclaiming wastewater from cities for industries and agriculture. The report is attached as Annexure 29 as mentioned above. The report presents the financial feasibility of the treating wastewater from two cities (Solapur and Vijayawada) and reuse in agriculture and industry. The financial exercise was performed after consultations with the relevant stakeholders in relation to Integrated Water Management at a city level. The financial model developed for two cities with different tertiary level of treatment is considered to be operational in Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)-type Public private partnership (PPP) with user fees being collected as a cost recovery mechanism for the private entity. In Solapur, where secondary treatment facility already exists, the study indicates that with a low initial adoption of reclaimed wastewater in the industries, the local government need to charge Rs.25.85 /m3, and Rs. 33.60 /m3 for sand-filter and reverse osmosis tertiary treatment systems. Similarly, in Vijayawada, with 10 percent adoption rate, if we choose sand filtration as the tertiary technique then industry has to pay Rs.24.80/m3 and Rs. 31.60 for sand filtration and reverse osmosis process respectively with UASB technology at the secondary level. The cost of treated water will be slightly higher in case of MBBR technology which are 26.10 and 32.95 for sand filtration and reverse osmosis respectively. In both of these cities, financial analysis reveals that increase in adoption rate would reduce the tariff rates for the industries making the projects financially more feasible and bankable.
9.7 Minor Outputs
Some of the minor outputs of the project include:
Official letters: Official letters have been obtained from the Solapur Municipal Commissioner and Vijayawada Municipal Commissioner regarding participation in the project. The Vijayawada District collector has also passed a government order for the constitution and use of RURBAN Platform in other projects. The letters are annexed in Annexure 30 and Annexure 31.
FGD reports: A number of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with urban and rural stakeholders prior to the selection of the micro-catchment in the 2 project cities. A short report on the FGDs is attached as Annexure 32.
Quadrat Study Report: A quadrat analysis was conducted for studying the biodiversity of selected villages of the micro-catchments prior to the selection of project micro-catchment. A short report on the quadrat study is attached as Annexure 33.
Questionnaires for FGD, SWOT: For the selection of the micro-catchment, a questionnaire survey was conducted in a number of rural and urban areas. These questionnaires were in Marathi and Telugu – the local languages of the project cities, to enable people to understand the questions and respond better. These are attached as Annexure 34.
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Newspaper articles: Newspaper articles have been printed in regional language on the project activities in Vijayawada and Solapur. Some of them are attached in Annexure 35.
Project Brochure: A brochure with basic information on the project has been prepared communication and dissemination to general public. It provides details of the project including the objectives, methodology, project sites, and expected impacts. The same is attached as Annexure 36.
Project Brochure in regional languages: Project brochures in the regional languages (Marathi and Telugu) are developed to strengthen the interactions with the regional and local stakeholders and to improve the outreach of the project activities. These brochures are attached as Annexure 37 and Annexure 38.
Pilot Project Brochures: Short brochures have been prepared on the pilot demonstration projects for Solapur – one on the constructed wetland and one on the rain water harvesting system. They are attached in Annexure 39.
Brochures on IAdapt Framework, DST, IUWM Toolkit Review and RURBAN Platform: For dissemination purposes, brochures have been prepared for IAdapt Framework, Decision Support Tool, IUWM Toolkit Review and RURBAN Platform. It was observed that the stakeholders found it easier to comprehend if there was a quick reference of the process of the project components. They are attached in Annexure 40, Annexure 41, Annexure 42 and Annexure 43.
Project Website: A project web site has been developed to improve communication and visibility of the project as well as to disseminate important information about the project activities. It is linked to the portal urbanwatermanagementindia.org that has other related projects on IUWM and IWRM. It provides information about the project, implementing and supporting partners, main activities, tools and resources developed under the project or used in the project as well as main events that showcase the projects. The website is regularly updated to reach out to the potential target groups like national, state and local government agencies, institutes, practitioners to collaborate and to provide a clear vision about the project activities and update latest events on the project.
Newsletter: Two project newsletters have been developed to report the activities conducted in the project and shared with stakeholders. These newsletters are attached as Annexure 44 and Annexure 45.
Report on Biodiversity in Ekrukh Lake Solapur: A small research project was supported under the project, led by Dr. M N Jagtap, from Research Centre and Post Graduate Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur. Under the project, 2 research students under Dr. Jagtap carried out a study on local biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake of Solapur, that lies within our selected micro-catchment. The report evaluates the physico-chemical status of different types of agriculture soils and water of Ekrukh Lake.
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10 Project Management
The project is being led by ICLEI South Asia, with Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras and IWMI as the partners. Each partner has specific roles and these are coordinated and monitored by ICLEI South Asia.
For the city of Solapur, ICLEI South Asia is the responsible agency from the implementing team of the project. Regular visits are conducted to the city and the staff based in the city is in touch with officials from the city as well as from the villages of the selected micro-catchment. Similar approach has been taken in Vijayawada by Athena, who is the responsible agency in the city.
Any issues arising from these visits and interactions are discussed among the partners to come to a solution. The First Partner Meeting identified the responsible individual from each partner and ICLEI South Asia keeps regular communication through telephone calls and emails with these responsible individuals to clarify administrative and technical issues of the project. The First Partner Meeting report is attached as Annexure 46.
The Second Annual Partners Meeting for the IAdapt Project was conducted on 16-17 April 2018 at New Delhi. The meeting was attended by representatives of the different project partners, including ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras, in person with representatives from IWMI, joining in online. Partners discussed project milestones and achievements of previous year. A visit by IWMI team members to ICLEI SA office in New Delhi was also made in May to discuss the on-going activities and to plan for the future initiatives. The report on the Second Annual Partners Meeting is attached as Annexure 47. A detailed work plan was prepared for next year activities and is part of this report.
A partners’ meeting was organised on 8th October 2018 at Chennai. The primary intention of the meeting was to discuss and finalise the Decision Support Tool framework. The meeting was attended by representatives of the different project partners, including ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras and IWMI. Other partners also shared their updates in their semester activities. The minutes of the meeting is attached as Annexure 48.
The Third Annual partners meeting for the IAdapt project was conducted on 14 – 15 March 2019 at Chennai. This meeting primarily discussed the work plan for the remaining period of the project. Publications that could be developed under the project was also discussed and finalised. The meeting was attended by project partners, including ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras. IWMI could not attend because of unavoidable circumstances and was consulted through Skype later on. The minutes of the meeting are attached in Annexure 49.
Apart from partner meetings, the partners also regularly met through telephone calls and in person as and when required. Regular meetings with all the partners were conducted to get project updates and to discuss dissemination and training activities planned under the projects. A team from Athena visited ICLEI South Asia office on 30th September 2019 to share project achievements in Vijayawada and discuss planned activities for conducting National level workshop. Partners also regularly visited project cities to carry out project activities and apprise and update local officials regarding the progress of the project.
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A meeting was conducted with Mr Anindya Chatterjee at IDRC office in New Delhi on 10th of December 2019. The meeting was attend by Mr Marco Rondon, Senior Program Specialist Agriculture and Environment and ICLEI team along with partners from Athena. The purpose of this meeting was to present the project outcomes and share learnings from project cities.
11 Challenge Management
The challenges that were faced in the project and their mitigation strategies include:
11.1 Technical challenges There was limited amount of data available regarding the water resources, particularly for ground water abstraction and recharge. Although the project implementing team endeavoured to access such data from different government departments, there was a delay in such procurement that impacted project deliverables, particularly in assessing the water balance and formulating the catchment management plan.
There is also limited information available regarding exact amount of water that is used in the city and in the rural areas in the absence of metered usage.
In either case, where exact data was not available, proxy data was utilised (such as using a percentage of water abstracted as water used, etc).
Station wise data on rainfall, temperature and ground water levels are required for climate change modelling and mapping. Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA) of Pune, Indian Metrological Department was contacted for the same. The data procurement from government sources is time consuming due to long procedures and rigid structure. For some of the data procurement, memberships are required, for example GSDA only shares data if the organisations and institutes are their members. To procure data from these authorities procedures to obtain membership was initiated.
For executing the WEAP modelling for DST, multiple data points are required such as loss from the system, flow volume, diversion, withdrawal, recharge, etc which is not readily available. In the absence of the same, assumptions were made based on consultations with officials from the government.
The climate data procurement from Indian Meteorology Department for the climate modeling activity has taken an inordinately long time. This was not expected and the work plan has had to be modified to adjust to this gap. It was decided by the partners that the climate modeling will be conducted as the data is procured, but the CMP and other activities will be prepared based on secondary information on climate risks to the project areas. However, catchment level projections are not available. As such, regional level projections and state or district level projections would be extrapolated for use in the project.
11.2 Management challenges In India, there are jurisdictional limits for the municipal commissioners of the cities, and they are by law not allowed to intervene in the rural areas surrounding the cities, which comes under the jurisdiction of the district collector. This resulted in some friction, however, the
Page 75 of 80 IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020 stakeholder engagement processes through shared learning dialogues provided a common platform for both parties to come together and arrive at a consensus. Meetings that have been conducted through the project with the officials indicate that both departments (district collector office and Municipal Corporation) can be brought together.
Stakeholder engagement of women was a major issue in the villages, where women traditionally are not outspoken. However, the implementing team included women who were also going to the field and they could talk to the women more comfortably than their male counterparts. There was also a lady Sarpanch (Village Head) in one of the villages in Solapur micro-catchment, whose involvement was expected to bring about better participation from women in the area. In spite of this, women’s representation at village level was lacking. The only women officer (Gram Sevak) in Solapur was transferred in the initial stages of the project. To mitigate this, during the implementation of the project, special efforts were made to involve women stakeholders by conducting various group discussions and meetings. Trainings on WASH was conducted to build awareness among women stakeholders and improve their participation in the project activities. Women’s Self-Help Groups were involved and provided trainings on solid waste management in the Ekrukh village area.
11.3 Political challenges Political challenges included the change of power and shifting of bureaucrats in the cities and district collector’s office in the middle of the project. In Solapur, 3 municipal commissioners changed and 3 mayors acted during the duration of the project. Regular communication and meetings by the field level staff facilitated a smooth transition. Introducing a local staff at the city level facilitated the continuity of the project activities. This also helped to give prior information of such expected changes.
Vijayawada having to function as an interim capital city in the recently split state of Andhra Pradesh is overwhelmed with the responsibilities and hence find very little time to spend on the project which caused delays in the deliverables. In Vijayawada, transfers of government officials in the rural areas created challenges in bringing them on board and apprising them of the project activities.
Since the Indian General elections happened in May 2019, the model code of conduct released prior to the elections imposed restrictions on the activities envisaged to be conducted with the city and district government officials. The work progress was adversely affected and delayed substantially because of national elections and the code of conduct that was implemented in the cities for the elections. However, a revised work plan was prepared keeping this in mind and the project was conducted as per that plan.
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12 Research Ethic
Ethics Review of the proposal by the llT Madras Institutional Ethics Committee was performed during the previous semester. There is no issue relating to the research ethic. See Interim Technical Report semester (August 2017) for more details.
The primary recommendation of the Ethics Review Committee was that all written materials such as questionnaires or surveys should be in local language. This is followed in the project, since local stakeholders do not understand English.
The project brochures have been developed in regional languages like Marathi and Telugu to improve communication and engagement with local stakeholders.
13 Project Communications
13.1 Dissemination The project has been presented in various regional and international fora. This will be stressed upon once the city level project activities are begun, as these can then be presented as case studies in international conferences. Some of the events in which the project was discussed include:
The Asia Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development (APFSD) 2017 – The APFSD was organised by UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) in Bangkok from March 29 to March 31, 2017. In the event, ICLEI had organised a Mayor’s Panel and the IAdapt Project was also discussed in the event. XI World Aqua Congress 2017: The 11th World Aqua Congress (XI WAC-2017) was organized with an objective to bring best of the solutions from around the world on a single platform, and present them to Indian government, policy makers and industry. ICLEI South Asia presented its initiatives under EU funded project on AdoptIUWM and IDRC funded IAdapt project in Technical Session 6 of the event. India Water Week 2017: ICLEI South Asia presented the IAdapt project under Technology solutions for the water-energy nexus session in India water week held on Wednesday, October 11, 2017. Moscow Urban Forum 2017 – The Forum was organised on 6-12 July 2017 in Moscow. In the event, ICLEI presented the work done by ICLEI on healthy natural ecosystems with local authorities and the IAdapt project was also presented as part of the presentation. The Resilient Cities 2017, Bonn – The RC Bonn 2017 was organised in Bonn by ICLEI on 4-6 May 2017. This is a global platform which brings together practitioners and researchers to discuss urban resilience. A panel discussion was organised in cooperation with IDRC on Innovative strategies for water management in fast-growing cities, where the IAdapt project was also discussed. Disaster Day Event – The event was organised by UN on October 13, 2017 in New Delhi. A presentation was made on resilience and cities by ICLEI in the event and the IAdapt project was also mentioned in the event.
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Smart Cities Expo 2017 – The event was organised in 10-12 May 2017 in New Delhi. The project was presented on 11 May under the Water Theme – Reviving water resources and management session. ICLEI World Congress, 2018: The project was presented in ICLEI World Congress 2018 hosted by the Ville de Montréal, Canada, in a session on Cities-research: Building up science in cities to drive action on the SDGs, and in another session on Gender, urban development and adaptation to climate change, organized by IDRC. Smart City Expo 2018: ICLEI South Asia presented the project as a case study for innovative method of addressing water issues in a session focused on Smart Solutions for Wastewater Management in Liveable Cities at the Smart City Expo 2018. Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress 2019: The Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific (RCAP) 2019 Congress was organised by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability and hosted by South Delhi Municipal Corporation on 15-17 April in New Delhi, India. A session was organised in this conference on Climate Adaptive Water Management to present the outcomes and results of the project. It showcased collaborative adaptive measures for sustainable water resource management and innovative financial solutions for water management through examples from the South Asian region.
All partners participated and presented different sections of the project activities and outputs. ICLEI South Asia presented on the RURBAN Platform, Athena Infonomics presented the DST model, IIT Madras presented the hydrological and climate modelling process, while IWMI presented innovative financing opportunities for resource recovery and reuse. The session also included a panel discussion with eminent speakers from India, Nepal and Philippines. The conference report is attached in Annexure 50. The presentations are available online at http://resilientcitiesasiapacific.iclei.org/rcap- 2019/presentations.html Resilient Cities Conference 2019, Bonn Germany: The RURBAN platform concept was also presented in the Resilient Cities Bonn Conference held on 26 – 28 June, 2019 in Bonn, Germany. The RURBAN platform was introduced as a mechanism of Climate Adaptive Water Management through Rural-Urban Cooperation. The session description is attached in Annexure 51. In both the sessions, the RURBAN mechanism was appreciated by the audience. The project objectives and outputs were presented to the Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection Team in Vijayawada on 6th November 2019. The presentation was well received by the audience. A presentation on ‘Governance and Decision support framework for water management through climate adaptation: Experiences from Vijayawada’ was presented during ‘Urban Thinker’s Campus- Making Chennai Water Positive’ conference on 8th November 2019. There were participants from across the country who highly appreciated the concept of RURBAN Platform and asked for quick guidelines of how this could be replicated in other geographies. International Conference under IAdapt in Delhi: An international conference was organized on 20th November 2019 in New Delhi to share project outcomes and learnings from two project cities – Solapur in Maharashtra and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and showcase success achieved under the project. The conference was attended by more than 100 participants, representing government authorities (cities, province and national),
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institutions, organisations and practitioner from India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The report of the conference is attached as Annexure 52. A meeting was conducted with Mr Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Director General, National Ganga Mission for Clean Ganga, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India to discuss the project outcomes and activities. IAdapt project presentation to the Secretariat Office, Government of Andhra Pradesh: In order to stir attention amongst the higher rungs of administration, it was decided to present the project outputs to the State Government officials. The Secretariat office in the Government of Andhra Pradesh was contacted for the same. Individual presentations were made to the Principal Secretaries of Water Resources Department (WRD), Panchayat Raj & Rural Development (PR&RD) Department and Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) Department. Additionally, the Special Chief Secretary to Chief Minister was also presented with the project objectives and outcomes. There was positive feedback from all the officials. The Principal Secretary for the WRD suggested the same model to be replicated in the water drought district Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. Plausible avenues of initiating a strict water use policy for the entire state was discussed. The idea of RURBAN Platform was presented as an innovative idea in the INK@WASH (Innovation and New Knowledge in Water Sanitation and Hygiene) in Hyderabad in January 2020. It was selected as one among the top 50 innovations from the 300+ entries from across the country. A poster on the same was also exhibited in the gallery for the participants’ reference. IAdapt at COP25: ICLEI South Asia, presented IAdapt methodology and outcomes at COP 25 on 5th December, 2019. The focus was to showcase clear interconnection between the water sector, economy and climate change and need for RURBAN approaches for water management.
13.2 Networking The project has presented certain opportunities of networking through meetings and conferences.
Brown bag Meetings organised by IDRC in New Delhi – A brown bag meeting was organised by IDRC in New Delhi, on 27th April 2017 and 25th January 2018 in IDRC office. Both these events were attended by ICLEI South Asia and the project was presented in detail. The events brought about opportunities of collaboration with other IDRC partners as well. Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Forum 2017 – The Asia Pacific Forum for Urban Resilience and Adaptation 2017 was organised in Ho Chi Minh City by ICLEI, where the mayors from the two project cities participated. The event provided opportunities to them to share about the project in different sessions. ICLEI South Asia is partnering with CDKN on Knowledge accelerator for climate compatible development Project that will be implemented in Africa, Latin America and Asia. This project will focus on knowledge synthesis and strategic outreach and engagement. Through the CDKN Knowledge Accelerator project, it has been suggested to develop a policy brief on the RURBAN platform used in the IAdapt project for dissemination in the Asian region.
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Dr. Melanie Robertson, Senior Project Officer from IDRC conducted a site visit to the project city of Solapur from 3 – 6 February 2018. During her visit, she interacted with the villages in the selected micro-catchment of Solapur as well as the Mayor and City Engineer (Nodal Officer for the project) from the Solapur Municipal Corporation. Site visits were conducted to the Ekhrukh Lake that is a potential site for intervention through the pilot project under IAdapt, as well as previous pilot project site of ICLEI South Asia in Solapur city. Representatives from Athena Infonomics attended the Consultation workshop on water and urban initiative conducted by IIT Madras and United Nations University - Institute for Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) and the hands-on training program on the developed models for Flood Inundation, Flood modelling and Damage Assessment. At this workshop, keeping in context the IAdapt framework of prioritising climate adaptive interventions for Integrated water management, we learnt scientific tools which can estimate the future state of water environment. These tools were taken up for the Decision Support Tool formulation in the project.
14 Overall Assessment and Recommendations
The project was very well monitored by IDRC team. The good part was the flexibility allowed in the project work plan to adjust according to needs arising as per the project progress. This is very well appreciated and reflects IDRC’s understanding that ground realities can be starkly different to planned paperwork. However, it was felt that if there was greater participation from IDRC representatives during national conferences, it would support the uptake of the project results at the national government level.
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ANNEXURES
INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)
Report on Partners’ Meeting 21-22 April 2017, Chennai
Proposal Code: Proposal # A-69683 Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada
Submitted by: ICLEI South Asia Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M) Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
Contents
OBJECTIVES ...... 2 DAY 1 ...... 2 DAY 2 ...... 3 NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT ...... 5
1
Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
REPORT ON FIRST PARTNER MEETING
The First Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Chennai on 21-22 April 2017. The project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2 cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM). The meeting was organised in the conference hall of IIT Madras.
OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the meeting were: - Interact with all partners face to face regarding project aims and activities - Discuss all project activities, outcomes, and responsibilities of each partner - Finalise detailed workplan for the project, timelines, reporting templates - Discuss and finalise communication methodology among partners for project coordination and management - Discuss on Advisory Committee for the IAdapt Project
DAY 1 On the first day of the meeting, ICLEI South Asia gave a detailed presentation of the project, including its work packages, milestones and how the activities are planned to be conducted in the project. IWMI presented on Integrated Water Resource Management and discussed how it could be integrated in the project activities. Athena presented on the Decision Support Tools that have been developed by them and discussed on the need for the DST in the project scope. IITM presented on the climate forecasting activity already conducted for Solapur and Vijayawada and the remaining activities for mapping the two cities’ catchment areas. The main points of discussion in the meeting were: ICLEI South Asia – Presentation on IAdapt Project - Need to specify milestones that are broadly suggested in the project proposal. This may be done as the project progresses and in discussion with all partners. - Need to delineate catchments and microcatchments so as to define the scope of the project. The area of urban, peri-urban and rural regions included in the project need to be specified. - Need to define the uncertainties of climate change that will be looked at through the project. This may be limited to changes in temperature and rainfall. - Need to define participants of RURBAN platform, their roles and responsibilities.
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Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
- Pilot projects will be identified, designed, and implemented in the project. Money will be released if a tender document can be shown as a milestone.
IWMI – Presentation on Integrated Water Resource Management - IWRM gives water balance that helps to understand linkages of water flows between different systems. - Different approaches to address water requirements with costs can be discussed and different business models can be developed as per requirements. - Criteria for selection of microcatchments must include o concepts of IUWM – number of systems/sectors that can be taken up o participation of stakeholders o cognitive ability of leaders o leadership and political interests/economics o technical feasibility requirements. Athena – Presentation on DST - Need to define the stages at which DST is required. - Need to identify target of DST - Need to understand existing decision process to be able to incorporate DST appropriately IITM – Presentation on Hydrological and Climate Modelling - GCM modelling methods will be used - Mapping of catchment areas for Solapur and Vijayawada have been done partly - Mass balance and rainfall impact needs to be considered and superimposed on present water situation - Interventions need to be proposed based on local needs – eg cropping patterns can be modified.
DAY 2 The second day of the meeting dealt with the administrative and management details of the project. During the discussion, the following issues were discussed: - Discussion on work plan and selection of micro-catchment area of the city - Advisory Group and Steering Committee - Ethics Review - Communication between partners - Templates for reporting and reporting procedure The main outcomes of the second day are: Discussion on work plan and selection of micro-catchment area of the city - IWMI to design the criteria to delineate the micro-catchment areas for the two cities, so that the areas include urban, peri-urban and rural areas based on IWRM principles.
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Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
- IWMI to ask ICLEI and Athena to provide baseline information regarding the cities (eg, political and topographical maps, baseline data on water sources and supply systems, data on sewerage and drainage, etc). - ICLEI and Athena to provide data to IWMI as required, helping IWMI design the first draft of the criteria by May 15. - Finalised outlines of the micro-catchments of the cities will be developed by May 30. Advisory Group and Steering Committee - The Advisory Group should consist of 3-5 people. To be able to coordinate with the Advisory Group smoothly and effectively, it should not consist of more than 5 members. - Members of the Advisory Group will be chosen from: o Stakeholders from the city o Ministry of Water Resources – possibly at Scientist level. o Ministry of Urban Development o Member of RURBAN Mission of Government of India o Eminent personalities like M S Swaminathan, who is already part of the IWMI Board. - The primary role of the Advisory Group would be o To provide intellectual inputs and review reports o To provide direction on how to improve the work that is already outlined in the project. - ICLEI South Asia will come out with the draft list of members of the Advisory Group and their roles and responsibilities for approval from the project partners. - The Steering Committee will consist of representatives of the project partners: o Mr. Emani Kumar from ICLEI South Asia o Mr. Vijay Bhalaki from Athena Infonomics o Dr. Kala Vairavamoorthy from IWMI o Dr. S Mohan from IITM - Apart from this, there would be responsible persons from each partner who would interact for the day to day activities of the project. o Ms. Bedoshruti Sadhukhan will be the lead coordinator from ICLEI South Asia. o Mr. Ankit Chetri from Athena Infonomics o Dr. S Mohan from IITM o Representative from IWMI is to be named later. Communication between partners - The Steering Committee will meet online once a month, to discuss the progress of the project. Ms. Bedoshruti Sadhukhan will report to the Committee during this meeting. The frequency of the meeting can be modified later as project progresses. - The responsible staff from each partner will meet through skype every 3rd Tuesday of each month at 3 pm. ICLEI South Asia will call for the Skype meeting and circulate an agenda in advance. - ICLEI South Asia will make a group email id and add all emails to this, for ease of communication.
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Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
- Athena will prepare a folder to share documents with all partners that will be accessible to all partners. - A website and brochure will be created as part of the project. Ethics Review - The project has been presented to the Ethics Committee by Dr. S Mohan from IITM. - This is pending approval from the Ethics Committee. - As per the Committee, the project must include ethical standards. All questionnaires have to be translated and all communication to community must be in local language.
Templates for reporting and reporting procedure - The IDRC templates for narrative and financial reporting were discussed with partners. - A suitable cover page will be designed for the reports and shared with all partners, so that all future reports can have similar cover page. - For reporting, ICLEI South Asia will send out a reminder email with one week notice for the reports to all partners. The partners will submit reports by one week and ICLEI South Asia will compile all reports into a single report from the Consortium by one week. This will be submitted to IDRC, who will then take a month to process payment. Once payment is received from IDRC, ICLEI South Asia will transfer money in 2 weeks.
NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT During the Partner Meeting, a number of decisions were taken regarding the immediate next steps for the project. All partners are expected to comply with the planned activities so as to keep the project progress on track. These include: Sl. Activity Responsibility No. 1. Begin interaction with city corporation, district ICLEI South Asia and Athena level administration, formulate stakeholder group and identify nodal officer in both cities 2. Finalise questionnaires for use in collection of ICLEI South Asia information from community and city to be used in selection of microcatchments 3. To send ICLEI South Asia and Athena a list of the IWMI data required for designing and outlining micro- catchments for the two cities of Solapur and Vijayawada. 4. To send ICLEI South Asia and Athena a list of the IITM data required for hydrological and climate modelling for the two cities of Solapur and Vijayawada.
5
Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project
5. Make group email id ICLEI South Asia 6. Make shared folder for sharing of documents Athena 7. List of members of Advisory committee, with ICLEI South Asia roles and responsibilities
6
INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)
Second Partner Meeting Report
16-17 April 2018
Proposal Code: Proposal # A-69683 Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada
Submitted by: ICLEI South Asia Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)
Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
Contents
OBJECTIVES ...... 2 DAY 1 ...... 2 DAY 2 ...... 4 NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT ...... 5
1
Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
REPORT ON SECOND PARTNER MEETING
The Second Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Delhi on 16 and 17 April 2017. The project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2 cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The Second Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in person. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) joined over skype. The meeting was organised in the conference room of ICLEI South Asia.
OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the meeting were: - Update on all project activities, progress and outcomes of first year - Finalise detailed workplan for the project and timelines for second year - Discuss and finalise possible publications that can be printed and used for dissemination of the project activities - Discuss the administrative issues of technical and financial reporting under the project
DAY 1 On the first day of the meeting, the work done in last year was presented by each project partner. ICLEI South Asia and Athena presented the work done in Solapur and Vijayawada, respectively; IITM presented the hydrological modelling of the two micro- catchments under the project and IWMI presented the IUWM toolkit review conducted by them. In addition, ICLEI SA presented the IAdapt Framework developed under the project to prepare the Catchment Management Plan and Athena presented the Decision Support Tool (DST) Framework developed under the project. A discussion was also held on the work plan for the second year. The main points of discussion in the meeting were: 1. ICLEI South Asia – Presentation on activities in Solapur
- The project work that has been carried out in Solapur over the last year was presented - Challenges that were faced in Solapur were discussed - An overview of the work planned in Solapur for the second year was presented
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Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
2. Athena – Presentation on activities in Vijayawada - The work that has been carried out in Vijayawada over the last year was presented - Challenges that were faced in Vijayawada were discussed - An overview of the work planned in Solapur for the second year was presented 3. Review Document on Integrated Water Resource Management toolkits - IWMI presented the review document on IUWM Toolkits that has been developed in the first year and submitted to IDRC - The document is being updated by IWMI through discussions with experts and addressing the gaps that have been identified in the first round of the review - Project partners were requested to suggest some experts who can be contacted for the same 4. Presentation on DST Framework - Athena presented the DST Framework developed under the project, wherein the scope and the possible methodology for developing the Framework were discussed with the partners - Athena presented four methodologies that can be followed for the DST. These will be discussed by them in the RURBAN meeting in Vijayawada to identify the final methodology to be followed - It was decided that the DST will feed in to the Catchment Management Plan but a mechanism will need to be worked out wherein the DST will also support in correcting the CMP, depending on the needs of the catchment managers and the prevailing conditions. DST will thus also help to take corrective steps with regard to the actions that are suggested in the CMP. 5. Presentation on Hydrological and Climate Modelling - IITM presented the hydrological modelling that they have carried out for both the cities - They emphasised on the need for more data to carry out further analysis, particularly the climate modelling of the cities to understand climate risks - The list of the data requirements will be sent out by IIT M and ICLEI SA and Athena will follow up on the availabiliity of the data for both the cities - It was also decided that IIT M will approach IMD for climate related data for both the cities
6. Presentation on IAdapt Framework - ICLEI SA presented the IAdapt framework that has been developed under the project to prepare the Catchment Management Plan - The Frame is being implemented in both the project cities to develop the CMP
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Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
7. Discussion on the work plan - ICLEI SA presented the work plan for year 2 - This was based on the IDRC approved milestones and work plan, and was modified as per the realities of the project progress - All deliverables and timelines of the work plan was discussed and were agreed upon by partners
DAY 2 The second day of the meeting dealt with the administrative and management issues of the project and publications that can be developed for project outreach. On the second day, the meeting was conducted for the first half of the day. This was followed by a meeting with Dr K.S. Murali, Senior Programme Officer, IDRC New Delhi, where all project partners participated. The main outcomes of the second day are: 1. Discussions on project finances - ICLEI SA presented the updated project financials. Comments received from IDRC on the financial reports of Semester 1 and 2 were also shared with the partners - All partners mutually agreed to submit the subsequent reports in a manner that they address all comments that have been raised by IDRC as well as finance section of ICLEI SA 2. Publications for project outreach - A discussion was held on the possible publications for project outreach. - It was decided that apart from peer reviewed papers the following will be developed: Project Brochure in English, Marathi and Telugu Annual Newsletter Project website Two pagers on case studies and good practices Two pager on the IUWM toolkit review document Two pager explaining the IAdapt framework City profiles of both project cities 3. Exchange visits for cities - Discussions were held for identifying possible sites for capacity building visits for the project cities - It was decided that ICLEI SA and Athena will share their views on possible places by email and after receiving comments on the same from all partners, the sites will be finalised 4. Communication between project partners - The group email ID will be used for all communications within partners
4
Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
- A google drive folder has been created for sharing all resources developed as part of the project - Regular partner calls have been decided on (on Tuesday, every month) 5. Discussions with Dr K.S. Murali - All project partners met Dr Murali, Senior Programme Officer at IDRC office in New Delhi. - He was provided an update about the progress of work in year one of the project - Activities planned ahead for the project were also discussed and inputs on the same were provided by Dr Murali - Dr Murali encouraged the partners to involve WOTR and Pani Foundation in the work in Solapur - With regard to the difficulty in availability of climate related data for Vijayawada and Solapur, Dr Murali gave the suggestion of having a dialogue with Skymet for the same.
NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT During the Partner Meeting, a number of decisions were taken regarding the immediate next steps for the project. All partners are expected to comply with the planned activities so as to keep the project progress on track. The revised work plan is given below.
5
Revised Work Plan
Milestone Activity Sub Activity Timeline Key Supported responsibility by Capacity Implementation of rapid IUWM tool in Baseline data collection Jan-18 ICLEI, Athena Athena, building for both cities to identify potential areas IITM, IWMI catchment of intervention Water Balance Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena managers Climate Modelling (based on Apr-18 ICLEI, Athena and key secondary studies) stakeholders Shared Learning Dialogue I May-18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M, IWMI RURBAN Platform Meeting Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M, IWMI State Government Meetings Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena Scientific hydrological and Jul -18 IIT M ICLEI, Climate Modelling, including Athena ground water balancing Training module on DST framework Modules for training of city Jun-18 Athena ICLEI officials in SLD Training programmes on DST Training workshop in Jun-18 Athena ICLEI, IIT M Vijayawada Training workshop in Jun-18 Athena ICLEI, IIT M Solapur Draft CMP framework Format of CMP Apr-18 ICLEI All partners Exposure visit to other cities in India Visit of Solapur stakeholders Jun-18 ICLEI All partners to showcase good practice Visit of Vijayawada Jun-18 Athena All partners stakeholders to showcase good practices Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project
Milestone Activity Sub Activity Timeline Key Supported responsibility by Annual State Review Meeting: RURBAN Platform Meeting May- Jun -18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
Framework Identification of vulnerability List of Indicators for DST - May -18 Athena for DST indicators for DST: Rural and Urban one for each city Basic urban rural water balancing Water Balance Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena model and/or Structure of DST for Structure of DST May-18 Athena rural and urban areas Strategy Paper on DST Jun-18 Athena Final DST Framework Draft Framework May-18 Athena IIT, IWMI Final Framework Jun-18 Athena
Reporting to IDRC Narrative Report draft Jun-18 ICLEI All partners Narrative Report final Jul-18 ICLEI All partners Financial Report Jun-18 ICLEI All partners
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INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)
Partners’ Meeting 8 October 2018, Chennai
Proposal Code: Proposal # A-69683 Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada Submitted by: ICLEI South Asia Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M) Partners’ Meeting- Minutes
Venue: 2nd Floor Board Room, Athena Infonomics, No. 15, Arcot Street, T Nagar, Chennai Date: 8th October 2018 Time: 10.30 am to 4.30 pm List of attendees
Decision Support Tool After welcoming all the partners, Athena Infonomics presented the Decision Support Tool structure and WEAP model outputs for Vijayawada. The partners discussed the importance of customizing the model for each city catchment, i.e. the focus should be on the flood prone nature of Vijayawada and drought prone nature of Solapur. The partners emphasized the importance of factoring in the impact of climate change on the intensity and duration of flood/drought years in the model. In order to account for floods in the model, it was discussed that the historical data for floods and the mitigation measures taken must be analysed using the the Decision Support Tool which can help in providing recommendations for flood resilience measures for the catchment. It might not be possible to undertake flood mapping for the catchment on WEAP, hence the use of another software for flood mapping has to be considered. The WEAP model may still be used to simulate how the proposed flood mitigation measures will positively impact the effect of floods in the region. The different interventions/scenarios that can be built into the WEAP model was also discussed, along with ways to analyse the impact of each intervention/scenario on the catchment. It was concluded that each intervention/scenario has to be analysed for its survivability, sustainability, and efficiency. Further, under sustainability, the environmental, economic, and social sustainability has to be analysed and their impacts quantified, and interventions ranked accordingly. As per discussion, it was decided that the interventions ought to be specific and not too broad. The partners also discussed the idea of stakeholders preparing the initial list of interventions, which will then be ranked based on the above mentioned analysis of survivability, sustainability and efficiency. The draft DST training module was also reviewed by the partners and they provided insights on how it can be improved and offered to provide inputs whenever necessary. Solapur Activities & Catchment Management Plan ICLEI South Asia presented the project progress in Solapur, and the various stakeholder engagement activities conducted as part of the project. The components of the Integrated Catchment Management Plan were also presented where ICLEI plans to implement their pilot project before December. ICLEI will also develop the DST for Solapur between semester IV and V. Using the Decision Support Tool, the proposed interventions will be ranked to choose the pilot project. However, the pilot project to be implemented shall be entirely dependent on the stakeholders’ requirements and capacity. The partners also discussed the next steps and timelines for the project. An exposure visit is being planned for few officials of Solapur to Nagpur, while officials from Vijayawada will be taken to Hyderabad with guidance from Dr. Dinesh. A WEAP model training session was scheduled for the ICLEI team for Wednesday. Other updates IWMI presented the work done by the organisation, the team structure, and the progress on the IAdapt project. The partners also had a discussion on the way forward for IWMI in developing business models for the prioritised CMP interventions. ICLEI mentioned that in case it is not possible to develop ground level business models, IWMI may look at best practices and respective business models. IIT Madras talked briefly of the hydrological and climate model being developed by them, and the possible timeline for completion of the tasks. Athena concluded the meeting by summarising the decisions jointly taken by the partners regarding the Decision Support Tool, Training Module and Catchment Management Plan.
INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)
Third Partner Meeting Report
March 2019
Proposal Code: Proposal # A-69683
Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada
Submitted by: ICLEI South Asia
Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)
The Third Annual Partners Meeting
The Third Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Chennai on 14-15 March 2017. The project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2 cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in person. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) could not join because of personal commitments of staff involved in the project. However, there was a skype discussion with IWMI later on to discuss the outcomes of the meting and get their inputs to the revised work plan.
The meeting was hosted by Athena Infonomics.
OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the meeting were:
- Update on all project activities, progress and outcomes of two years - Finalise detailed workplan for the project and timelines for remaining period - Discuss and finalise possible publications that can be printed and used for dissemination of the project activities - Discuss the administrative issues of technical and financial reporting under the project
ATTENDEES The attendees of the meeting included: 1. ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability South Asia: Mr. Emani Kumar Ms. Bedushruti Sadukhan Ms. Monalisa Sen, Ms. Geeta Sandal Mr. Nikhil Kulkarni 2. Athena Infonomics: Ms Ansu Alexander, Mr Ankit Chatri Mr Sairam Muthuswamy 3. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras: Dr. S.Mohan Mr Akash Ms Kartikeshawari
MINUTES OF MEETING The meeting was organized for 2 days. Each partner presented the work completed in the previous semester and proposed activities for the next semester. The work plan for the remaining part of the project duration was also discussed and finalized in consultation with the partners. The key points discussed in the meeting are: ● Updates on project activities implemented at the selected micro catchments of the project cities were provided by ICLEI SA and Athena Infonomics. Updates were provided on RURBAN meetings in both the catchments and stakeholder consultations conducted. ● Ms Ansu Alexander from Athena discussed the Decision Support tool developed under the project and proposed training program dates to the partners. She also introduced Mr Sairam Muthuswamy, who recently joined Athena as an Associate Director and will be part of the Athena team. ● Ms Bedoshruti Sadhukhan from ICLEI SA presented the update about the project achievement in Solapur and also informed about the planned meetings at State and district level. She also updated the partners on the status of integrated catchment management plan. ● ICLEI SA also informed about the work done by students from Dayanand College in Solapur supported under the project. The two abstracts based on the studies conducted by thee students on “Studies on floristic biodiversity of Ekrukh Lake, Solapur with reference to climate change” and “Diversity of Blue-Green algae in Ekrukh lake, Solapur” were selected at National Conference on Mangroves and Coastal Resources organized by Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur ● IIT Madras shared the learnings from the climate change modeling conducted for both the catchment areas and informed about the use of MIKE software for flood/ drought modeling. Prof. Mohan also suggested a need for training program for both a cities on the same. ● Athena team members also informed about four interns pursuing International development studies from The George Washington University, Washington DC. ● All partners discussed the list of publications and training modules to be developed under the project on DST and Catchment Management plan preparation. Mr Emani Kumar from ICLEI SA requested partners to work on knowledge products like working papers, flyers, 2 pagers and brochures for DST and RURBAN platform. Case studies for the two cities is also planned. He also requested all the partners to provide inputs for the website. ● Keeping in mind the election dates in both the states tentative dates were proposed for training programs and peer learning activities in both the cities. ● Partners were informed about the Asia Pacific Conference on Urban Resilience and Adaptation - Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress to be organised by ICLEI SA in New Delhi. It was decided to conduct a session in this event with presentations from all partners regarding the outcomes of the project. ● On the second day, the work plan and activities for the last semester was discussed and finalised in consultation with all partners. Financial reporting and requirement of funds for next semester activities were discussed with all the partners.
NEXT STEPS The following table provides the work to be completed in the last year of the project with tentative timelines.
Time Work to be completed March Discussion with IWMI Analysis of water sampling - Solapur Procurement of Mike Software, water monitoring toolkit
April RCAP - 15-17 FGDs in Vijayawada Water quality sampling - Vijayawada DST publication Procurement of met data for Mike Software National water mission director - invite to RCAP with speaking role
May FGD in Solapur Visit to IWMI office Modeling using Mike software
June RURBAN - Vijayawada State and national meetings - with IDRC local team and partners
June-July Academic Workshop (IIT training)
August CMP/DST/modeling/IWRM training - vijayawada and solapur
Septembe r City Exchange visit
November National Workshop
The list of publications decided for the project are:
Publications RURBAN paper July - August Peer reviewed papers - 2 by IIT/IWMI June DST paper August-September Case Studies September-October Newsletter September-October Financial compendium Training Modules July - August 2 pagers on Iadapt, RURBAN, DST March-April