Poverty & Race

PRRAC POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL

November/December 2005 Volume 14: Number 6

Sundown Towns by James W. Loewen

Between 1890 and 1968, thousands than in any other single state), and per- contrary, between about 1863 and of towns across the drove haps 50 across the country. 1890, went every- out their black populations or took steps To my astonishment, I found 472 where in America. During this “spring- to forbid African Americans from liv- sundown towns in , a clear ma- time of freedom,” many communities, ing in them. Thus were created “sun- jority of all of the 621 incorporated especially those with large Quaker, down towns,” so named because many places of more than 1,000 population. Unitarian or Republican populations, marked their city limits with signs typi- (I made no systematic study of towns welcomed them. Then, between 1890 cally reading, “Nigger, Don’t Let The smaller than that.) Similar proportions and 1940, blacks commenced a “Great Sun Go Down On You In ___.” Some obtained in Indiana, , Oregon Retreat.” This period is becoming towns in the West drove out or kept and probably many other states. I found known as the “nadir of race relations,” out Chinese Americans. A few excluded hundreds more across the United States when peaked, white owners Native Americans or Mexican Ameri- and now estimate that probably 10,000 expelled black baseball players from the cans. “Sundown suburbs” developed a such towns exist. By 1970, more than major (and minor) leagues, and flour- little later, mostly between 1900 and half of all incorporated communities ishing unions drove African Americans 1968. Many suburbs kept out not only outside the traditional South probably from such occupations as railroad fire- African Americans but also Jews. excluded African Americans. (Whites man and meat processor. I learned of these towns gradually, in the traditional South were appalled During this era, whites in many com- over many years. Back in the 1960s, by the practice—why would you make munities indulged in little race riots that when going to college in Minnesota, I your maid leave?) Sundown towns until now have been to history. heard residents of Edina, the most pres- ranged from hamlets like De Land, Il- Whites in Liberty, Oregon, for ex- tigious suburb of Minneapolis, boast linois, population 500, to large cities ample, now part of Salem, ordered their that their community had, as they put like Appleton, Wisconsin, with 57,000 blacks to leave in 1893. Pana, Illinois, it, “Not one Negro and not one Jew.” residents in 1970. Sometimes entire drove out its African Americans in The Academy Award-winning movie counties went sundown, usually when 1899, killing five in the process. Anna, of 1947, Gentleman’s Agreement, their seats did. Independent sun- (Please turn to page 2) taught me about the method by which down towns were soon joined by “sun- Darien, Connecticut, one of the most down suburbs,” often even larger, such prestigious suburbs of New York City, as Glendale, a suburb of Los Angeles, CONTENTS: kept out Jews. Later I learned of the with more than 60,000; Levittown, on acronym that residents of Anna, Illi- Long Island, more than 80,000; and Sundown Towns...... 1 nois, applied to their town: “Ain’t No Warren, a Detroit suburb with 180,000 Report from New Niggers Allowed.” residents. Orleans ...... 3 Each of these stories seemed outra- Chicago Events ...... 5 geous. I resolved to write a book about Senate Apology ...... 7 the phenomenon. Initially, I imagined The History Resources ...... 11 I would find maybe ten of these com- Volume 14 Index ...... 14 munities in Illinois (my home state, These towns and these practices do where I planned to do more research not date back to the Civil War. On the

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1015 15th Street NW • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20005 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper (TOWNS: Continued from page 1) nances in Arizona, Oklahoma, Kansas, if they did manage to acquire it. Some Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, towns required all residential areas to Illinois, followed suit in 1909, Illinois, Indiana, , Ohio, be covered by restrictive covenants— Pinckneyville probably in 1928. Maryland and probably many other clauses in deeds that stated, typically: Harrison, Arkansas, took two riots by states. Some towns believed their ordi- No lot shall ever be sold, con- nances remained in effect long after the whites before the job was done—in 1905 veyed, leased, or rented to any and 1909. Decatur, Indiana, expelled 1954 Brown decision and 1964 Civil person other than one of the white its black population in 1902. White Rights Act. The city council of New or Caucasian race, nor shall any workers in Austin, Minnesota, repeat- Market, Iowa, for example, suspended lot ever be used or occupied by edly drove out African Americans in its sundown ordinance for one night in any person other than one of the the 1920s and 1930s. Other towns that the mid-1980s to allow an interracial white or Caucasian race, except drove out their black populations vio- band to play at a town festival, but it such as may be serving as domes- lently include Myakka City, Florida; went back into effect the next day. tics for the owner or tenant of said Spruce Pine, North Carolina; Wehrum, Other towns kept out African Ameri- lot, while said owner or tenant is Pennsylvania; Ravenna, ; cans by less formal measures, such as residing thereon. [from Edina] Greensburg, Indiana; St. Genevieve, cutting off city water, having police call Missouri; North Platte, Nebraska; Or- hourly all night with reports of threats, Always, lurking under the surface, egon City, Oregon; and many others. or assaulting African-American children was the threat of violence or such Some of these mini-riots in turn spurred as they tried to go to school. milder white misbehavior as refusing whites in nearby smaller towns to have to sell groceries or gasoline to black their own, thus provoking little waves Between about 1863 and newcomers. of expulsions. White residents of 1890, African Americans The Civil Rights Movement left Vienna, Illinois, set fire to the homes these towns largely untouched. Indeed, in its black neighborhood as late as went everywhere in some locales in the Border States forced 1954! America. out their black populations in response Many towns that had no African- to Brown v. Board of Education. American residents maintain strong oral Some sundown towns allowed one Sheridan, Arkansas, for example, com- traditions of having passed ordinances exception. When whites drove African pelled its African Americans to move forbidding blacks from remaining af- Americans from Hamilton County, to neighboring Malvern in 1954 after ter dark. In California, for example, Texas, for example, they allowed the the school board’s initial decision to the Civilian Conservation Corps in the elderly “Uncle Alec” and “Aunt comply with Brown prompted a 1930s tried to locate a company of Af- Mourn” Gentry to remain. In about firestorm of protest. Having no black rican-American workers in a large park 1950, whites in Marshall, Illinois, even populations, these towns and counties that bordered Burbank and Glendale. christened their exception, “Squab” then had no African Americans to test Both cities refused, each citing an old Wilson, the barber, an “honorary white their public accommodations. For 15 ordinance that prohibited African man.” Meanwhile, Marshall posted the years after the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Americans within their city limits after traditional sundown signs. Other per- motels and restaurants in some sundown sundown. Other towns passed ordi- mitted exceptions included live-in ser- towns continued to exclude African vants in white households and inmates Americans, thus forcing black travel- Poverty and Race (ISSN 1075-3591) of mental and penal institutions. ers to avoid them or endure humiliat- is published six times a year by the ing and even dangerous conditions. Poverty & Race Research Action Coun- Today, public accommodations in sun- cil, 1015 15th Street NW, Suite 400, Maintaining down towns are generally open. Many Washington, DC 20005, 202/906- Sundown-ness towns—probably more than half—have 8023, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: given up their exclusionary residential [email protected]. Chester Hartman, policies, while others still make it un- Editor. Subscriptions are $25/year, How have these towns maintained $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. themselves all-white? By a variety of comfortable or impossible for African Articles, article suggestions, letters and means, public and private. DWB, for Americans to live in them. general comments are welcome, as are example—“driving while black”—is no notices of publications, conferences, new phenomenon in sundown towns; job openings, etc. for our Resources Adverse Impacts Section. Articles generally may be re- as far back as the 1920s, police offic- ers routinely followed and stopped black printed, providing PRRAC gives ad- These towns also have an adverse vance permission. motorists or questioned them when they © Copyright 2005 by the Poverty stopped. Suburbs used zoning and emi- impact on their own residents. When & Race Research Action Council. All nent domain to keep out black would- kids ask parents why they live in a given rights reserved. be residents and to take their property (Please turn to page 6)

2 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 PRRAC has tried to be of assistance in the policy dialogue taking place on race, class, and the rebuilding of New Orleans and other areas devastated by the recent hurricanes. In September, we prepared several policy analyses on housing options for displaced families, and we recently co-hosted (with the New York-based Center for Social Exclusion) a meeting of racial justice organizations (both national organizations and groups from the Gulf region) to discuss long- term rebuilding principles for housing, education, health, employment and civic participation. Last week, Chester Hartman was invited, as both PRRAC’s Director of Research and as a founder of Planners Network (a national organization of progressive urban planners) to participate in an ambitious “Community Forum on Rebuilding New Orleans,” sponsored by the community organizing network ACORN. Herewith his report: Report from New Orleans

by Chester Hartman

I was privileged to be invited to failure (or is it intention) of govern- To be sure, it is the upper-income participate in ACORN’s Nov. 7-8 ment. In itself it is an insulting mes- wards and neighborhoods that house Community Forum on Rebuilding sage to those who were forced out of most of these folks. The former popu- New Orleans, held at LSU in Baton their homes, a deterrent to return. lation is widely scattered—to 44 Rouge. Several dozen planners, archi- Because I’ve just returned and need states, one speaker told us. Some got tects and other resource people from to get the Nov./Dec. issue of Poverty one-way tickets to Chicago, Montana, around the country met with local and & Race off to the printer, I’ve opted Alaska.... national ACORN (Association of for a set of pithy, somewhat disjointed The people we heard from want to Community Organizations for Reform notes—partly due to time constraints, move back now—but where, how? It’s Now) members and staff persons for a painful to hear that constant need and day and half, following a 6-hour bus It is estimated that of a know how hard it will be to satisfy it. tour of New Orleans. The thrust of the pre-hurricane population At the moment, there’s no there there. effort is to strengthen the role of dis- Hundreds of FEMA trailers are sited placed persons and the African-Ameri- of close to a half in open spaces distant from the city, can community in general in planning million, only 50-75,000 creating depressing, anomic instant and implementing what happens in people now live in New slums and isolation. The bus passes post-hurricane New Orleans, and to Orleans. many open areas within the city— ensure that those who want to return parking lots of closed shopping cen- can and will. ters and big box stores, for example— The city—at least the four neigh- but it also reflects a bit of the city’s and we wonder why FEMA could borhoods we toured (Gentilly, New chaotic atmosphere; I hope these jot- not at least place their trailers there so Orleans East, the 9th Ward, Uptown/ tings can convey something about the that displacees would be and feel closer Carrollton—all poor or working- city, the people who are and were to the city and their old neighbor- class)—staggers the imagination: mile there, and the impressive efforts hoods. after mile of partially and totally de- ACORN and others are making to cre- Another good trailer idea that stroyed homes, stores and other small ate a positive, progressive rebuilding FEMA resists: Place a trailer on the businesses, with precious little sign of process and product: lot of a family’s house, so that they any rebuilding effort or human activ- (Please turn to page 4) ity of any sort. Fallen trees and aban- Our tour buses have on the wind- doned vehicles are everywhere. Whole shield signs saying “No Bulldozing.” sections of the city still have no elec- All 50 of us on the bus briefly intro- We join our voice with millions tricity, water, sewer service, telephone duce ourselves. Every local ACORN of others saying good-bye to Rosa service, traffic lights, daily mail ser- member ends her/his introduction with Parks, who provided the spark vice. Massive, massive heaps of de- words such as “and I’m ready to go that set the nonviolent civil rights bris—garbage, furniture, carpets, re- home.” movement ablaze, and history- frigerators and other appliances—are The city is something of a ghost maker to as the first everywhere. Why, over two months town—little evidence of life. It is esti- woman (and second African after the storms, there could not be mated that of a pre-hurricane popula- American—Thurgood Marshall dozens of trucks and front-loaders, tion of close to a half million, only the first) ever to lie in state in the hundreds of workers to remove this 50-75,000 people now live in New Capitol. dangerous, unhealthy and demoraliz- Orleans—counting the full range/types ing garbage says volumes about the of abodes, temporary and permanent.

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 3 (NEW ORLEANS: Continued from page 3) future—all that creates a need for coun- longer they wait, the more damage seling, support and, for some, more builds up from mold, rain and other can return to the neighborhood, begin serious services. factors. to protect and salvage their old home, A universal complaint is lack of re- Public transportation has been only link back up to friends and neighbors. liable information: Why, in this age partially restored. We are told that FEMA says it will do so only if and of such sophisticated modes of com- only 13 of the city’s 57 bus routes are when electricity, water and sewer ser- munication, can the government not even operating—and at far less than vices are there. But why not provide, at least take it upon itself to keep people regular service; only 33 of the city’s temporarily at least, portajohns, fully informed as to current condi- 370 buses are running. So many house- bottled water, generators? People want tions, available resources and how to holds have lost their cars to the storms and need to return—now. access them, anticipated improve- and will need to rely on public trans- Evictions are rife, as landlords seek ments? portation to get to jobs, hospitals, to get tenants out of the way to clear With the city’s economic base to- friends. the path for redevelopment. With the tally undermined, there is hardly any Whether a house is salvageable or court system in disarray, eviction ac- revenue—from sales taxes, property not is not an easy call. Red, yellow tions are handled by courts all over taxes, income taxes. Neither the state and green markers—based on what can the region, with judges unsympathetic nor local government has the resources only be cursory inspections—identify to the plight of tenants, and in a Loui- needed to provide badly needed ser- houses that, respectively, must be torn siana legal context where tenants have vices. FEMA is held in universal con- down, are rehabilitable, or (in very few rights. Some homeowners have tempt: They let out huge contracts few cases we saw) habitable. It is esti- secured forebearance and relief from to big, politically favored firms, and mated that some 50,000 housing units their mortgage-holders, but most are forbid their contractors to talk with need to be built—who will do that, forced to make monthly mortgage pay- local people—city councillors in- with what funds, where, for whom? ments for houses they cannot live in, cluded. They can’t/won’t give out blue Accurate estimates for salvaging or even gain access to. roof tarps to all with broken or miss- houses are unavailable. Knowledgeable Health issues are prominent: unsafe folks at the conference say that conditions in the houses—mold, par- One health issue that for houses that got “only” a few feet ticularly, as well as lead and asbestos. seems to be virtually of water, we’re talking $40-50,000/ Water is generally unsafe to drink. And unrecognized and unmet unit; where the water rose above 6 with the widespread loss of jobs, given feet, it will cost $90-100,000/unit. the destruction of businesses of all sizes is mental health. Many houses have small mountains of and types, people have lost their heath debris right in front—the city, clear- insurance as well. ing roofs, so at least the next rain won’t ing the streets, just piled it there. One health issue that seems to be do further damage. Insurance compa- Schools are closed—a few parochial virtually unrecognized and unmet is nies as well are dissed—claims person- schools have just re-opened. The mental health: the trauma of going nel and inspectors are in short supply, school board has just decided to re- through the hurricanes, losing one’s settlement offers are slow and inad- open some 30 K-12 schools as charter home and social network, not having equate, people don’t have the funds to schools. That undermines the teachers clarity about the near or long-term begin to restore their homes. And the union. And, since these schools will be able to choose their students, it is almost certain that low-income and Katrina Resources minority kids, especially those with behavioral problems, ed kids, low-performing students, will not be Katrina Information Network: www.katrinaaction.org high on the preference list. And to the People’s Hurricane Relief Fund: www.communitylaborunited.net extent that elite institutions like Tulane The Black Commentator: www.blackcommentator.com take responsibility for some of these ACORN Proposal for Hurricane Katrina Recovery and Rebuilding: schools, preference will be given to www.acorn.org/rebuilding children of their faculty and staff. “Hurricane Recovery . . .” Act (HR 4197): www.congress.gov Class and race disparities just keep re- PolicyLink’s “Ten Points to Guide Rebuilding in the Gulf Coast Region”: asserting themselves. The disruption www.policylink.org to education caused by classroom/ Reports from Brookings Institution: www.brookings.edu/metro/ school changes (several times for many katrina.htm students) takes its toll—high classroom Center on Budget & Policy Priorities: www.cbpp.org/11-2-05hous.htm turnover has been shown to correlate For information on the class action lawsuit against FEMA: with school dropouts, poor perfor- www.lawyerscommittee.org mance, behavioral problems, dis-

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 rupted links to teachers and fellow lose their attachment to their former database for returning residents re- students. neighborhoods; monitoring expendi- garding procedures and programs for Municipal elections are supposed to ture of federal disaster-related spend- essential services. (Any academics who take place on February 4. How will ing; evaluating the performance of in- want to plug into this effort should those scattered around, without a regu- surance companies; providing maps contact me: [email protected].) ❏ lar address, without access to a poll- and GIS systems help; developing a ing place, vote? People are worried that Gov. Blanco will postpone the elec- tion. ACORN folks want to use the election as a way of ensuring account- ability on the part of elected officials —punishing those who have not Chicago 1966 helped, running progressive, people- oriented candidates. Hearing/knowing In coordination with the upcoming Chicago-based conference “Fulfill- that, the Governor may be more in- ing the Dream: The Chicago Freedom Movement, Fortieth Anniver- clined to postpone. sary, 1966-2006” (see conference description below), PRRAC is marking Ever present is the broader picture the event with an interactive chronology of that watershed summer in the and threat of the levee system and the fair housing movement. River. Can/should the levee system be It was in 1966 that Dr. King and other national civil rights organizers rebuilt to withstand a level 5 hurri- confronted the difficulties of organizing against Northern segregation and cane? What will it cost? When will/ were reminded once again of the crucial role of local leadership and grass- can it be done? Is the Corps of Engi- roots activism. Some of the same themes of the modern fair housing move- neers capable to carrying this out com- ment found their first expression here—the recurring dynamic of housing petently, given its past dereliction desegregation vs. community development, and the complex interplay be- (“We need to think about a wrongful tween private discrimination and government policy. It was in the midst of death suit against the Corps,” one per- the 1966 campaign that the landmark Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Au- son asserted.) Should people return if thority case was filed—a case that would eventually go to the U.S. Supreme this is not done? Court and define the scope of constitutional protection against government- How to deal with, access, satisfy sponsored segregation. The lessons of the 1966 struggle in Chicago—in- the needs of the evacuees? Houston has cluding the eventual settlement brokered with Mayor Daley—still resonate some 30,000. ACORN has established today. a Katrina Survivors Association, na- PRRAC’s chronology includes links to contemporaneous newspaper ac- tionwide, to communicate and orga- counts of the marches, photographs, and first-person recollections of the nize so that their voice is included in events. See www.prrac.org/projects/chicago1966.php rebuilding plans. The two dozen or so academics at “Fulfilling the Dream: The Chicago Freedom Move- the conference met a couple of times ment, Fortieth Anniversary, 1966-2006” is a collabora- to see what kinds of research and other tive effort to commemorate the history of the Chicago Freedom Move- help we might offer (I have an aca- ment. Coordinated by the Center for Urban Research and Learning at demic persona as Adjunct Professor of Loyola University-Chicago, this project will focus on the history of the Sociology at George Washington Uni- Movement as well as its impact on current life in Chicago. Co-sponsoring versity). We came up with over 50 spe- organizations include the Chicago Historical Society, Illinois Humanities cific ideas, which are being handed Council, Du Sable Museum, Chicago Public Library, Newberry Library over to the ACORN folks so they can and the City of Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. A national con- identify what they regard as most ur- ference is scheduled for July 22-26, 2006. gent. Plans are being made and coor- For more information, contact Professor Kale Williams at [email protected] dinated for architecture and planning or visit the detailed fortieth anniversary website at http://www.cfm40.org. studios to focus on reconstruction of New Orleans and other Gulf areas. Stu- dent spring semester and/or summer “Gautreaux at Forty—A Four-Decade Retrospective” on-site projects are possible—some sort This conference is a commemoration of the filing of Chicago’s land- of “adopt a neighborhood” project by mark public housing desegregation case in 1966. It will be held at North- specific universities. Among the pro- western Law School in Chicago, on Friday, March 3, 2006, and it is open posed research/service projects: who to the public. wants to return and what is needed for For more information, contact Professor Leonard Rubinowitz, at 312/ them to return, and how long can 503-8381 or [email protected]. people be away before they begin to

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 5 (TOWNS: Continued from page 2) 2005, however, de facto exclusion of Residents Rights Act, individuals can blacks is still all too common. do the research to “out” , especially if it is a suburb, par- At a minimum, any former sundown towns. Especially elite sundown sub- ents are apt to reply that it is a good town should now be asked to make three urbs, but even isolated independent sun- environment for raising children. The statements: admit it (“We did this.”), down towns, rely upon deniability for children know full well that their town apologize for it (“We did this, and it their policy to work. I call this the is overwhelmingly white, making it was wrong.”), and proclaim they now “paradox of exclusivity.” Residents of logical to infer that an environment welcome residents of all races (“We did towns like Darien, for instance, want without blacks is “good.” While anti- this; it was wrong; and we don’t do it Darien to be known as an “exclusive” racist whites can emerge from such set- anymore.”) Even George Wallace man- community. That says good things tings, and some have, it is far easier to aged these statements before he died, about them—that they have the money, conclude that African Americans are bad after all! status and social savvy to be accepted and to be avoided. Young people from The last chapter of my 2005 book in such a locale. They do not want to sundown towns often feel a sense of Sundown Towns is titled “Remedies.” be known as “excluding”—especially dread when they find themselves in ra- It suggests things that individual fami- on racial or religious grounds—for that cially mixed situations beyond their lies can do, policies that local govern- would say bad things about them. So hometowns. ments should put into effect, acts that long as towns like Darien, Kenilworth, Still worse is the impact of sundown corporations can take, and a new law Edina and La Jolla, California, can suburbs on the social system. The pres- that states or the federal government appear “accidentally” all-white, they tige enjoyed by many elite sundown should pass. The last, titled “Residents can avoid this difficulty. At the very suburbs—such as Edina, Darien or Rights Act,” is modeled to a degree on least, then, making plain the conscious Kenilworth, the richest suburb of Chi- and often horrific decisions that under- cago—makes it harder for neighboring lie almost every all-white town and suburbs to become and stay interracial. White residents of neighborhood in America is a first step When a white family makes even more Vienna, Illinois, set fire toward ending what surely remains as money than average for the interracial to the homes in its the last major bastion of racial segre- suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, say, they black neighborhood as gation in America. may want to express their success by late as 1954. James W. Loewen (jloewen@zoo. moving to an even more prestigious uvm.edu) is the author of Lies My (and more expensive) suburb, like Teacher Told Me and Lies Across Kenilworth. Such a family may not the very successful 1965 Voting Rights America, both published by New Press, choose Kenilworth because it has no Act. If a community has a provable sun- publisher of his just-released book, black families (as of the 2000 Census), down past (and this can be done, as my Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimen- but because of its prestige—but the two research shows), continuing over- sion of American Racism—an impor- have been intertwined for a century. whelmingly white demographics, and tant new tool for organizing around two or more complaints from recent housing discrimination issues. black would-be renters or homebuyers, Loewen is planning to produce a What to Do? then the act would kick in. Among its registry of sundown towns on his provisions, residents would lose the website (www.uvm.edu/~jloewen/); What is to be done about sundown ability to exempt mortgage interest pay- contact him if you have information towns? Governmental action does help. ments and property tax payments from on towns that did or still do keep out Until 1968, new all-white suburbs were their incomes at tax time. After all, by blacks and other minorities. ❏ forming much more rapidly than old this exemption the federal government, sundown towns and suburbs were cav- seconded by state governments, means ing in. In that year, Title VIII of the to encourage homeownership in Thank$ Civil Rights Act, along with the Jones America, a fine aim. However, v. Mayer decision, barring discrimina- homeownership by whites in sundown We are grateful to the following tion in the rental and sale of property, towns is not so fine an objective and for recent support of PRRAC: caused the federal government to does not deserve encouragement in the Joel Blau change sides and oppose sundown tax code. The day after this act is ap- John Heyman towns. Since then, citywide residential plied to a given sundown town or sub- Theodore Pearson prohibitions against Jews, Asians, Na- urb, its residents will be up in arms, Florence Roisman tive Americans and Hispanics have requesting that their government and William Rubenstein/ mostly disappeared. Even vis-à-vis realtors recruit African Americans as Judith Eisenberg African Americans, many towns and residents so they can recover this im- David Smith/Joan Apt suburbs relaxed their exclusionary poli- portant tax break. Jody Yetzer cies in the 1980s and 1990s. As of Even if no government enacts the

6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 Senate Apology

Last June 13, the United States Senate unanimously passed Senate Resolution 39 (see Resolution text in accompanying box), apologizing for that body’s past failure to enact federal anti- legislation—legislation the House had passed three times (1922, 1937, 1940). Each time the House-passed bill came to the Senate, Southern members used “states’ rights” arguments and the filibuster and other parliamentary maneuvers to prevent a floor vote—which most likely would have approved the bill. Senate Resolution 39 was an extraordinary action, reported widely in the media. The effort was the result of several years of organizing/lobbying by The Committee For A Formal Apology—initiated by publication of Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, by (Twin Palms Twelve Trees Press, 2000), the mind-blowing and sickening collection of photos, not only of the victims but of the festive crowds that regularly attended these horrific acts. Eighty of the Senate’s 100 members were original co-endorsers of the resolution, introduced by Mary Landrieu (D- LA) and George Allen (R-VA); the remaining 20 took a lot of heat for their silence, leading 12 of them to add their names. The 8 holdouts, all Republicans, were both Mississippi Senators (Thad Cochran and Trent Lott), both Wyoming Senators (Craig Thomas and Michael Enzi), both Senators (Judd Gregg and John Sununu), Texas’ John Cornyn and Lamar Alexander of Tennessee. Although Senate Majority Leader Bill First joined as a co-endorser, he acted to protect his holdout colleagues by preventing a roll call vote and by scheduling the bill’s hearing on a Monday evening, a time when the Senate chamber is nearly empty. In an effort to learn more about the work of the Committee For A Formal Apology, I interviewed Mark Planning, a DC- based lawyer who is pro bono counsel to the Committee.

Chester Hartman: Let me start off my becoming a parent in recent years ary: Lynching Photography in America. personally. You’re another anti-racist really made me think more about these CH: Was he a key figure in starting white guy. How did you get involved things. The project—the apology—was the campaign? in this? What’s your background? an opportunity to do something positive, MP: He was, along with Dick Gre- Mark Planning: I don’t have an ac- to make a contribution. gory, the entertainer activist, and Dr. tivist background. I’ve always been very CH: How did you get involved in E. Faye Williams, another prominent sympathetic to race issues, however. I it? human rights leader. Basically, after have a brother, a Jesuit priest, who’s MP: The campaign was inspired by James Allen’s book was published in very involved in race and other social the publication of James Allen’s 2000, a public dialogue began about what justice issues. I would say his work and groundbreaking book, Without Sanctu- to do with these pictures. Do we as a country continue to sweep this period of history under the rug, or do we try to do something constructive? One of my pas- New “Best of P&R” Book sions, my avocations, is 20th Century political history. I was amazed to dis- Poverty and Race in America: The Emerging Agendas, edited by Chester cover that there is very little historical Hartman, with a Foreword by Rep. Jesse Jackson, Jr., will be published by scholarship, at least by mainstream his- Lexington Books—out in January or February. A collection of 60 articles/ torians, on lynching. Perhaps this is symposia that appeared from late 2001 right up to the present issue (we because there is so much institutional snuck Jim Loewen’s lead piece in at the last minute), written by the shame on the white side, and then, nation’s leading researchers, activists and policymakers. The articles are frankly, anger by African Americans that in 7 sections: Race, Poverty, Housing, Education, Health, Democracy & this was done to their immediate past Miscellaneous. Each section ends with a heuristic quiz. ancestors. To try to rectify at least some The 400+-page book book is $34.95 pb, $95 hb. of this, Mr. Gregory, who, by the way, If you’d like to see the Table of Contents, email ([email protected]) is an incredible human being, pulled to- or phone (202/906-8025) your request. It is a marvelous set of course gether Dr. C. DeLores Tucker, Dr. readings for college, graduate school and high school students, and teach- Dorothy Height, Martin Luther King ers can request examination copies from [email protected]. Bulk or- III, and over time, people like Janet ders will be available at a considerable discount, even larger if we get such Langhart Cohen, another amazing per- orders before actual printing starts. son. She is best known, at least in the The first two such collections, published by M.E. Sharpe (Double City of Washington, as the wife of Wil- Exposure: Poverty and Race in America [1997] and Challenges to Equal- liam Cohen, the former Senator and Sec- ity: Poverty and Race in America [2001]), still are in print and still are retary of Defense. Following her mar- highly relevant for course adoptions and general reading. riage to Senator Cohen, she became the (Please turn to page 8)

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 7 (APOLOGY: Continued from page 7) MP: Her cousin, Jimmy Gillen- pain and devastation she endured for water, was lynched in Kentucky the rest of her life. Over time, other first African-American Senate spouse around the time of the first anti-lynch- lynching descendants joined our Com- since Reconstruction. The second, and ing filibuster. He refused to leave his mittee. One is Doria Johnson, whose only other, is Senator Barack Obama’s land, so a mob hanged him from a great-great grandfather, Anthony wife. tree. Mrs. Cohen did not personally Crawford, was lynched in South Caro- CH: Mrs. Cohen has a lynching know Jimmy, the victim, but she did lina. One of the pleasant surprises fol- in her family? know his mother, and the incredible lowing the Senate apology was that the community of Abbeville, where this 109th CONGRESS - 1st Session lynching took place, came together and S. RES. 39 formally apologized to the Crawford family. Doria has been working on RESOLUTION these issues for over 10 years. She has a web site and does quite a bit of Apologizing to the victims of lynching and the descendants of those vic- public speaking on the subject. tims for the failure of the Senate to enact anti-lynching legislation. CH: Where does she live? MP: She is in Evanston, Illinois, Whereas the crime of lynching succeeded slavery as the ultimate expres- but there are Crawford descendants liv- sion of racism in the United States following Reconstruction; ing all over the country. In fact, Doria Whereas lynching was a widely acknowledged practice in the United States assembled in Washington—it was ab- until the middle of the 20th century; solutely incredible—about 100 Whereas lynching was a crime that occurred throughout the United States, with documented incidents in all but 4 States; Crawford family members. On the day Whereas at least 4,742 people, predominantly African-Americans, were of the apology, they attended a recep- reported lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968; tion at the Capitol in their honor. That Whereas 99 percent of all perpetrators of lynching escaped from punish- evening they sat in the Senate gallery ment by State or local officials; to witness the apology. Another Com- Whereas lynching prompted African-Americans to form the National As- mittee member who is an actual survi- sociation for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and prompted vor—the only known survivor of a members of B’nai B’rith to found the Anti-Defamation League; lynching—is Dr. . Whereas nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress dur- After almost being lynched in Marion, ing the first half of the 20th century; Indiana during the 1930s, he dedicated Whereas, between 1890 and 1952, 7 Presidents petitioned Congress to his life to educating Americans about end lynching; this history. He founded the Black Ho- Whereas, between 1920 and 1940, the House of Representatives passed 3 locaust Museum in Milwaukee and has strong anti-lynching measures; written extensively about his personal Whereas protection against lynching was the minimum and most basic of experience. Other Committee mem- Federal responsibilities, and the Senate considered but failed to enact anti- bers include Dan Duster, the grandson lynching legislation despite repeated requests by civil rights groups, Presi- of Ida B. Wells, and ’s dents, and the House of Representatives to do so; cousin Simeon Wright, who was with Whereas the recent publication of “Without Sanctuary: Lynching Pho- Emmett in Mississippi when he was tography in America” helped bring greater awareness and proper recognition abducted and lynched in the 1950s. of the victims of lynching; The Committee was very authentic and Whereas only by coming to terms with history can the United States ef- grassroots. Everybody and everything fectively champion human rights abroad; and just came together in a beautiful way. Whereas an apology offered in the spirit of true repentance moves the You know, someone once said about United States toward reconciliation and may become central to a new under- James Allen’s book, that when you standing, on which improved racial relations can be forged: Now, therefore, view these pictures you are at once be it blessed and cursed to do “something” Resolved, That the Senate— about them. For me, it was an oppor- (1) apologizes to the victims of lynching for the failure of the Senate to tunity to work with great civil rights enact anti-lynching legislation; leaders and hopefully inspire young (2) expresses the deepest sympathies and most solemn regrets of the Sen- people to learn all of their country’s ate to the descendants of victims of lynching, the ancestors of whom were history. deprived of life, human dignity, and the constitutional protections accorded CH: How does the Committee all citizens of the United States; and function or meet, or is it really amor- (3) remembers the history of lynching, to ensure that these tragedies will phous? be neither forgotten nor repeated. MP: Most of us are here in Wash-

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 Please donate to PRRAC!

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One important part of PRRAC’s work is this publication, which has been published continuously six times a year since 1992 (back issues are available and fully searchable on our website/database). In addition, PRRAC is involved in a number of important substantive projects in housing, education and health. In the housing area, we are focusing on continuing barriers to housing mobility and desegregation in our two largest housing programs, the Section 8 voucher program and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, and we are participating in an exciting metropolitan-wide housing campaign in Baltimore arising out of the landmark Thompson case. We have also been helping to frame the policy discussion in the wake of the Hurricane Katrina disaster. In the area of education, we are continuing to promote and disseminate two major publications, Fragmented (our handbook on student turnover in high-poverty schools) and Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching. Our major health-related project is a new national directory of organizers, researchers and advocates working on issues of minority health disparities, supported by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. You can read about all of these projects on our website, www.prrac.org (under “current projects”).

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Philip Tegeler PRRAC Executive Director ington so we were able to meet regu- CH: Any idea what motivated Until Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s death larly. Initially, we put up a web site him? a few weeks ago, Dr. Williams served that included information about the MP: Apparently he has been very as her counsel. Now we’re hoping that campaign and a Senate petition that the involved the last couple of years with she will replace Dr. Tucker as the head public could sign. Then we just started Congressman John Lewis’ Faith and of the National Congress of Black knocking on Senators’ doors. Politics Institute, which organizes civil Women, a wonderful organization that CH: Was it difficult? rights pilgrimages for Senators and was started by the late Representative MP: Mr. Gregory wrote two or others. He told us that visiting these Shirley Chisholm. Dr. Williams is an three separate letters to every Senator. sites with Mr. Lewis was something impressive person and one of the au- Eventually, Senator Landrieu saw a of a life-altering experience. It also thentic foot soldiers in the contempo- copy of Without Sanctuary in connec- turns out he was a history major in rary Civil Rights Movement. tion with one of these letters and im- college but, like most people, knew CH: I understand Majority Leader mediately contacted us about serving very little about this history, especially Bill Frist tried to undercut your efforts. as the lead sponsor. She thought it best the Senate’s unique culpability for MP: We requested a roll call vote to proceed in a bipartisan manner and these crimes. on the apology. For starters, other requested that we help her find a Re- CH: Are you the convener, the ini- groups who received an apology from publican sponsor. So we started down tiator? Congress got one. But more impor- the alphabet, first calling on Senator MP: I would say Dr. E. Faye Wil- tantly, we wanted Senators to be in Allard from Colorado, then Senator liams and I are. She and I did most of Washington so they could come to the Alexander from Tennessee. Senator the Hill visits. We also took care of floor and speak on behalf of the reso- Allen from Virginia was third, and he the mundane, day-to-day chores that lution. Plenty of Senators, Democrats said yes. go with running a campaign like this. (Please turn to page 10)

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 9 (APOLOGY: Continued from page 9) American History Museum. We were told, and it may be true, that they have Remember to send and Republicans, expressed to us a exhibits already lined up for the next us items for our desire to speak. Additionally, we re- couple of years. Resources quested daylight business hours on a CH: What now? There was one Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday reference in the press accounts to a fol- section. when most of the Senators are around. low-up activity of having Senator Ri- Instead, Senator Frist gave us a Mon- chard Russell’s name taken off the day, starting at 6 pm. It was a big dis- Senate office building. Russell, of cramped spirit attained ‘greatness’ in appointment. This was the first time course, was the Senator from Georgia the Senate says more about the institu- African Americans ever received from who blocked all of the anti-lynching tion than about Russell himself.” Congress any kind of apology or legislation during the 1930s, 40s and CH: Are you working on remov- amends for past historical crimes com- 50s. ing the Russell name? mitted against them by the federal gov- MP: We think that’s a logical and MP: No. We are looking instead ernment. Numerous Senators wanted respectful thing to do. Russell, more at taking the political good will that to participate but were prevented from than any other single Senator, not only has been created and possibly pursu- doing so because of the scheduling. led all the campaigns to defeat anti- ing a joint resolution from Congress CH: The lobbying that was done— lynching legislation, but he fought to that would formally acknowledge and you described going door to door to delay and weaken all other civil rights apologize for slavery. We believe it find co-sponsors. What else was done measures considered by the Senate be- would represent another important step to produce 80 sponsors? tween 1933 and 1971. in furthering an honest dialog on race MP: As I mentioned, we obtained CH: I imagine the Russell name in this country. The issue of slavery, thousands of signatures on a petition change would be a tough sell. of course, is a good deal more com- that was delivered to the Senate. We MP: It is. Senator Lott chairs the plicated and controversial. It involves also had other groups and individuals Rules Committee, and Senator Byrd both the House and the Senate. It also contact Senators on their own. The let- is the senior Democrat. And it is re- brings in issues like reparations. ters from Mr. Gregory had to be hand- ally too bad. There were many South- CH: Are you doing anything on delivered to the Hill because of the ern Senators, perhaps more than you the reparations issue at this point? anthrax contamination at the Hart are aware of, who traveled heroic per- MP: No. In addition to possibly Building. That ended up taking a great sonal and political journeys to finally pursuing the apology for slavery, we deal of time. Then, over a two-year embrace civil rights. Richard Russell, are interested, I think I mentioned, in period, we just called on Senate of- unfortunately, was not one of these bringing the Without Sanctuary exhibit fices. It was good old-fashioned knock- Senators. He went to his grave still to Washington during February, Black ing on doors and getting lots of strange believing this white supremacist gar- History Month. These are things that looks. Eventually, after we visited bage. It is an indignity and an incred- can be achieved now. When people like enough offices and staff saw the lynch- ible insult to African Americans that Bill Clinton oppose reparations, it is a ing pictures and reviewed the history, the oldest, most prestigious Senate of- non-starter. they got it. fice building is named for him. A new CH: Have you received any offers CH: Was the book sent to all of the book just came out on the Senate called to host the Without Sanctuary exhibit Senate offices? The Most Exclusive Club: A History in Washington? MP: We brought it with us on our of the Modern Senate. It is written by MP: The Smithsonian has said they visits. a history professor from the Univer- would display it at the African Ameri- CH: I saw the exhibit at the New sity of Texas who really tears into the can History Museum in Anacostia, but York Historical Society. Senate Russell myth. On page 260, we feel very strongly that African MP: I first saw it in at the for example, he writes: “Russell’s Americans know all about these pic- King Center. Just last week I saw it virulent and unrelenting racism went tures and this history. It is white again in Chicago at the Historical largely unmentioned in the summaries Americans who need to see it. We just Museum. James Allen and John of his career and contributions. On don’t believe many of them will view Littlefield have, at their own expense, that issue, he allowed race and his ha- the exhibit if they have to travel to taken it all over the country, includ- tred for black Americans to guide his Anacostia. ing Jackson State University in Mis- decisions. The qualities for which his CH: The lynching apology got mar- sissippi and the Charles Wright Mu- Senate colleagues admired him were velous publicity. Did you have a PR seum in Detroit. We would like to ones that he extended to them as fel- person or did it just spin itself? bring it to Washington next year. low white Americans. Had Russell MP: It spun itself, really. I’d like CH: Where? had his way, African Americans to tell you we had brilliant PR in- MP: Janet Cohen and I met with would always have been excluded stincts, but the truth is the Without the folks at the Smithsonian, the from full equality. That such a Sanctuary book did most of the work

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 for us. It also turned out that the gen- hand on a white woman. It is almost Mark Planning can be reached at eral press knew very little about this too unbearable to read. You can barely [email protected]. history and, consequently, recognized turn to the next page of the Record. See also W. Fitzhugh Brundage, the newsworthiness of the apology. CH: Well, you folks are to be con- Lynching in the New South; James H. Really all one has to do is view these gratulated on a great, inspiring victory. Madison, A Lynching in the Heart- lynching photographs and read the fili- I hope you all will be able to do the land; Laura Wexler, Fire In A Cane- busters from the Congressional Record follow-up tasks. brake: The Last Mass Lynching in and it will absolutely make you cringe. MP: Thank you, Chester. We re- America; Adam Fairclough, Better It is just nonstop ranting and raving ally appreciate the interest and support Day Coming; George C. Wright, Un- about mongrelization and how blacks of the Council. der Sentence of Death: Lynching in deserve to be lynched when they lay a the South. ❏

Resources

Most Resources are Press Bldg., Wash., DC available directly from the 20045-2100, 202/662- Please drop us a line letting us know how useful issuing organization, 7145, [email protected], our Resources Section is to you, as both a lister either on their website (if http://www.nahj.org/ and requester of items. We hear good things, but given) or via other [9593] only sporadically. Having a more complete sense contact information listed. of the effectiveness of this networking function will Materials published by • “What Democracy help us greatly in foundation fundraising work PRRAC are available Looks Like: Springfield, (and is awfully good for our morale). Drop us a through our website: Illinois” — “Where short note, letting us know if it has been/is useful to www.prrac.org. Prices conversations about race you (how many requests you get when you list an include the shipping/ create ripples of commu- item, how many items you send away for, etc.) handling (s/h) charge nity” — is an 8-page, Thank you. when this information is 2005 pamphlet from provided to PRRAC. “No Study Circles Resource price listed” items often Center. Available from Confronting Racism”; discovery.com/freedom/. are free. them (possibly free), PO Topic Five is “Restor- Inf. from 800/769-8715 Box 203, Pomfret, CT ative Justice: Responding [9621] When ordering items from 06258, 860/928-2616, to Crime.” Available (no PRRAC: SASE = self- http://www.studycircles. price listed) from the • Racial Stigma and Its addressed stamped org/ [9603] Mennonite Publishing Consequences, by Glenn envelope (37¢ unless Network, Scottsdale, PA C. Loury (2005?); inf. otherwise indicated). • Call for Papers: The 15683, 800/245-7894. from www.irp.wisc.edu/ Orders may not be placed Harvard Journal of [9613] publications/focus/pdfs/ by telephone or fax. African American Public foc241a.df [9624] Please indicate from Policy is seeking submis- • Amerasia Journal which issue of P&R you sions for its 12th (2005- (published by the UCLA • “Slavery in New are ordering. 06) volume, “A Nation Asian American Studies York” is a remarkable Exposed: Rebuilding Ctr., headed by PRRAC exhibit at the NY Histori- African American Com- Bd. member Don cal Society, until March Race/Racism munities.” Dec. 16 Nakanishi) plans “An 5, 2006. Before the deadline for submissions Asian Canadian Issue” for Revolution there were • “The Portrayal of (with some flexibility). Fall 2007 and is solicit- more slaves in NY than Latinos & Latino Issues Contact Bria_Gillum@ ing contributions. 2-page any other city except on Network Television ksg06.harvard.edu [9608] abstract had a Nov. 30, Charleston, SC; 40% of News, 2004, With a 2005 deadline — but NYC’s households owned Retrospect to 1995,” by • “Pathway D: Walk- perhaps flexible — to slaves; even after NY Federico Subervi, the ing Through the Valley” guest co-editor Henry Yu, abolished slavery in Network Brownout (88 pp., 2005) is one of a [email protected] [9614] 1827, the business of the Report 2005 (24 pp., series of Faith & Life City was still tied to the June), is available Resources — “A Peace • New DVD & Teach- slave trade. Inf. at http:// (possibly free) from the Journey for Congrega- ers Guide to the Civil www.nyhistory.org/ Natl. Assn. of Hispanic tions” — Topic Three is Right Movement can be [9597] Journalists, 1000 Natl. “All God’s People: found at school.

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • 11 Poverty/ Economic/ • “High-Stakes Testing doc/2690_Mayhem Welfare Community & Student Achievement: FINAL.pdf [9616] Problems for the No Development Child Act” • “Organizing Family • “State of Awareness: (2005), from the Educa- & Community Connec- The Effects of State • “Building Communi- tional Policy Studies tions With Schools: How Characteristics on ties” is a March 28, 2006 Laboratory at Arizona Do School Staff Build Awareness & Uptake of conf. in DC, co-spon- State Univ. & the Great Meaningful Relationships the Earned Income Tax sored by Policy America, Lakes Center for Educa- With All Stakeholders?” Credit,” by Rebecca the New America Fdn., tion Research & Practice, (2005?) is available (no Epstein, Robert Espinoza, Washington Univ. Ctr. is available at www.asu. price listed) from The Jodie Harris & Kasey for Social Development, edu/educ/epsl/EPRU/ Prichard Committee, 167 Wiedrich (May 2005), is Brandeis Univ. Inst. for documents/EPSL-0509- W. Main St., #310, a 2-page summary of a Assets & Social Policy, 105-EPRU.pdf [9600] Lexington, KY 40507, report — both available and Capitol Advantage. [9617] from co-author Espinoza, Inf. from David Stoesz, • “Education Could Do at [email protected] [email protected] More” is a 2005 GAO • “Inequality in [9622] [9615] study asking the US Children’s School Dept. of Education to Readiness and Public • “Why Is U.S. Poverty take a bigger role in Funding,” by Katherine Higher in Non-metropoli- Education promoting successful Magnuson, Marcia tan Than Metropolitan interventions at the high Meyers, Christopher J. Areas,” a 2005 report • “Adding the Critical school level. Available at Ruhm & Jane Waldvogel from the Rural Poverty Voice: A Dialogue With www.gao.gov/new.items. (2005?), is available at Research Center, is Practicing Teachers on d05879.pdf [9601] www.irp.wisc.edu/ available by calling 541/ Teacher Recruitment & publications/focus/pdfs/ 737-1441; downloadable Retention in Hard-to- • “Reading to Achieve: foc241c.pdf [9625] at www.rprconline.org/ Staff Schools” (61 pp., A Governors’ Guide to WorkingPapers/ Sept. 2005) is available Adolescent Literacy” • Postsecondary WP0504.pdf [9623] (possibly free) from (2005), from the National Education Opportunity Learning Point Associ- Governors Association, is devotes its 16-page Oct. • “The Fourth World ates, 1120 E. Diehl Rd., available at www.nga.org/ 2005 issue to “Segrega- Movement/USA” annual #200, Naperville, IL Files/pdf/510GOV tion of Higher Education: report (April 2004-March 60563-1486, 630/649- GUIDE LITERACY.PDF Enrollment by Family 2005) is available (likely 6500, www/learningpt. [9604] Income and Race/ free) from Aude Seigneur org/evaluation.voice/htm Ethnicity, 1980 to 2004.” at the Movement’s DC [9595] • “Reading at Risk: Subs. to the monthly are office, 734 15th St. NW, The State Response to the $164; contact them for #525, Wash., DC 20005, • “Cracks in the Crisis in Adolescent single issues: PO Box 202/393-2822, a.seigneur Education Pipeline: A Literacy,” from the 415, Oskaloosa, IA @4thworldmovement.org, Business Leader’s Guide National Association of 52577-0415, 641/673- http://www. to Higher Education State Boards of Education 4301, subscription@ 4thworldmovement.org/ Reform” (40 pp., May (2005), is available at postsecondary.org, http:// [9627] 2005) is available (likely www.nasbe.org/ www.postsecondary.org/

free) from the Comm. for recent_pubs/reading_at_ [9629] Economic Development, risk.htm [9605] Criminal 2000 L St. NW, #700, • “Moving Forward: Justice Wash., DC 20036, 202/ • “The Nation’s Report Helping New York’s 296-5860, http:// Card” — results of the High Mobility Students • “Dismantling the www.ced.org/ [9596] 2005 National Assessment to Succeed,” by Sheila School-to-Prison Pipe- of Educational Progress Kaplan, an 8-page, June line” is a 14-page, 2005 • “Saving Money & (NAEP) testing of 4th- 2005 policy paper, is pamphlet, available Improving Education: and 8th-graders are available (possibly free) (possibly free) from the How School Choice Can available at nces.ed.gov/ from 917/693-1041, NAACP Legal Defense & Help States Reduce nationsreportcard/ [9607] [email protected] Educational Fund, 99 Education Costs,” by [9631] Hudson St., #1600, NYC, David Salisbury, is an • “Mayhem in the NY 10013, 212/965- Oct. 2005, 33-page Policy Middle,” a 2005 report • Rethinking Schools 2200, school2prison@ Analysis report, available from the Thomas has available its Fall/ naacpldf.org [9598] (possibly free) from The Fordham Fdn., argues for Winter 2005 catalog Cato Inst., 1000 Mass. high standards and (“Education Resources Ave. NW, Wash., DC accountability for student for Equity and Justice”). 20001, 202/842-0200. achievement in middle 800/669-4192, http:// [9599] grades. Available at www.rethinkingschools.org/ www.edexcellence.net/ [9632]

12 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 • The Color of Agenda for America, by Families/ Jeanita W. Richardson Success: Race & High- Thomas Kochan (247 pp., (222 pp., 2005, $119.95), Achieving Urban Youth, 2005, $28), has been Women/ has been published by by Gilberto Conchas published by MIT Press, Children Greenwood, 800/225- (168 pp., 2005, $23.95), 800/405-1619. [9609] 5800, http://www. is available from Teach- • “The Family Perma- greenwood.com/ [9643] ers College Press, 800/ • Pain on Their Faces: nent Supportive Housing 575-6566, http:// Testimonies on the Paper Initiative: Family www.tcpress.com/ [9635] Mill Strike, Jay, Maine, History & Experiences in Housing 1987-1988, by the Jay- Supportive Housing,” by • Un-Standardizing Livermore Falls Working Clare Nolan, Cathy ten • Making a Better Curriculum: Class History Project, Broeke, Martha R. Burt & World: Public Housing, Multicultural Teaching Peter Kellman, Coordina- Michelle Magee (2005), the Red Scare & the in the Standards-Based tor, was published by is available from The Direction of Modern Los Classroom, by Christine Apex Press, 800/316- Urban Inst., 2100 M St. Angeles, by Don Parson E. Sleeter (224 pp., 2739. Another excellent NW, Wash., DC 20037, (289 pp., 2005), has been 2005, $23.95), is treatment of the strike and 202/261-5709, published by Univ. Minn. available from Teachers the many important issues www.urban,org/url/ Press. [9590] College Press, 800/575- it raised about communi- cfm?ID=311224 [9620] 6566, http:// ties, the relationship of • “State of Metropoli- www.tcpress.com/ [9636] union locals to the • Building on Strength: tan Housing Report national, the limits of the Language & Literacy in 2005” (22 pp.) is avail- • Critical Literacy/ National Labor Relations Latino Families & able (possibly free) from Critical Teaching: Tools Act is The Betrayal of Communities, ed. Ana the Metropolitan Housing for Preparing Respon- Local 14, by Univ. of Celia Zentella (224 pp., Coalition, PO Box 4533, sive Teachers, by Cheryl Texas Law Prof. Julius 2005, $23.95), is avail- Louisville, KY 40204, Dozier, Peter Johnston & Getman (259 pp., 1998), able from Teachers 502/584-6858, http:// Rebecca Rogers (224 published by ILR/Cornell College Press, 800/575- www.metropolitanhousing. pp., 2005, $27.95), is Univ. Press. Lots of 6566, http://www. org/ [9592] available from Teachers relevance to the current tcpress.com/ [9634] College Press, 800/575- tensions/divisiveness in • A Place to Live, A 6566, http://www. the US labor movement. Means to Work: How tcpress.com/ [9637] [9618] Health Housing Assistance Can Strengthen Welfare • Why Are So Many • Union Communica- • Measuring Health Policy is a 2005 compila- Minority Students in tion Services has avail- Disparities is a 2005 tion of studies by experts Special Education? able its 2006 books interactive CD-ROM at HUD, the Center on Understanding Race & catalog: 165 Conduit St., based course, available Budget & Policy Priori- Disability in Schools, by Annapolis, MD 21401- (free) from the Michigan ties, Fannie Mae Fdn. & Beth Harry & Janette 2512, 800/321-2545, Public Health Training other institutions. Limited Klingner (224 pp., 2005, [email protected], Center, 734/615-9439, number of free copies are $28.95), is available http://www.unionist.com/ [email protected], available from pierre@ from Teachers College [9633] www.sitemaker.umich.edu/ cbpp.org [9626] Press, 800/575-6566, mhd [9611] http://www.tcpress.com/ [9638] Environment • Barbara Jordan Immigration Health Policy Scholars • Breaking Through: • “Thirsty for Justice: Program at Howard • Immigrants, Unions Transforming Urban A People’s Blueprint for University: A 47-page, & the New U.S. Labor School Districts, by John California Water” (132 2005 five-year report on Market, by Immanuel Simmons (264 pp., 2005, pp., June 2005) is avail- this program, sponsored Ness (230 pp., 2005), has $25.95), is available able from the Environmen- by the Henry J. Kaiser been published by from Teachers College tal Justice Coalition for Family Foundation, is Temple Univ. Press. Press, 800/575-6566, Water, 654 13th St., available (likely free) [9591] http://www.tcpress.com/ Oakland, CA 94610, 510/ from the Foundation, [9640] 286-8400, downloadable 1330 G St. NW, Wash., • “A Profile of Low- at www.ejcw.org/ DC 20005, 202/347- Income Working Immi- blueprint.html [9594] 5270, http://www.kff.org/ grant Families,” by Employment/ [9641] Randy Capps, Michael Jobs Policy Fix, Everett Henderson & • The Cost of Being Jane Reardon-Anderson, Poor: Poverty, Lead is a 7-page, June 2005 • Restoring the Poisoning & Policy Urban Inst. policy brief, American Dream: A Implementation, by Working Families (Please turn to page 15)

November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 13 Poverty & Race Index, Vol. 14 (2005)

This Index includes the major articles in the six 2005 issues of Poverty & Race (Vol. 14). The categories used frequently overlap, so a careful look at the entire Index is recommended. Each issue also contains an extensive Resources Section, not in the Index below, but available in database form cumulatively for all 14 volumes. We are happy to make available photocopies of any of the articles listed in the Index. We also can send an Index for any or all of the first 13 volumes of P&R (1992-2004). Please order by number and article name and include a self-addressed, stamped envelope. You can also find these articles on our website, www.prrac.org.

Race/Racism 461. “Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Medi- care,” Ellen O/Brien, Sept./Oct. 443. “Apologies/Reparations,” Jan./Feb. 462. “Community Health Strategies to Improve the Life 444. “Language as Oppression: The English-Only Move- Options of Young Men of Color,” Jorielle R. ment in the United States,” Andrew Hartman, May/ Brown, Sept./Oct. June 463. “The Right to Health Under International Law and Its 445. “Sundown Towns,” James W. Loewen, Nov./Dec. Relevance to the United States,” Alicia Ely Yamin, 446. “New Orleans,” Chester Hartman, Nov./Dec. Sept./Oct. 447. “Senate Lynching Apology,” Mark Planning/Chester

Hartman, Nov./Dec. Housing 448. “Chicago Freedom Movement Anniversary,” Nov./ Dec. 464. “Why Housing Mobility? The Research Evidence Today,” Margery Austin Turner & Dolores Acevedo- Poverty/Welfare Garcia, Jan./Feb. 465. “National Gautreaux Program: Symposium,” Jan./Feb. 449. “Children Get Social Security, Too,” William E. • “The Conflict Behind Our Racial Conflict,” Paul L. Spriggs, March/April Wachtel 450. “Minority Exclusion in Small Town America,” James • “Needed: More Focus on Whiteness,” john a. H. Johnson, Jr., Ann Moss Joyner & Allan Parnell, powell March/April • “We Must Acknowledge How Poor People Live,”

Criminal Justice Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh • “Getting the Politics Rights on a National 451. “Skewing Democracy: Where the Census Counts Gautreaux Program,” Sheryll Cashin Prisoners,” Peter Wagner, March/April • “Making a Nationwide Gautreaux Program More 452. “Re-Directing the School to Prison Pipeline,” Daniel ‘Neighborhood Friendly’,” George J. Losen, July/Aug. Galster 453. “Ending the Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track – • “Needed Element: Laws Prohibiting Source of Lawyers and Organizers Partnering for Change,” Income Discrimination,” Libby Perl Judith A. Browne & Monique L. Dixon, July/Aug. • “Inclusionary Zoning – Gautreaux by Another 454. “The Cradle to Prison Pipeline Crisis,” Morna Pathway,” David Rusk Murray, July/Aug. • “Polikoff Responds [to Jan./Feb.Symposium],” Alex Polikoff, March/April Education 466. “The CLT Model: A Tool for Permanently Affordable Housing and Wealth Generation,” Gus Newport, Jan./ 455. “The O’Connor Project: Intervening Early to Elimi- Feb. nate the Need for Racial Preferences in Higher 467. “Predatory Lending: Undermining Economic Progress Education,” Lisbeth B. Schorr, July/Aug. in Communities of Color,” Mike Calhoun & Nikitra 456. “Transformation” (poem), Ronald F. Ferguson, July/ Bailey, Jan./Feb. Aug. 468. “Victory in Baltimore Housing Desegregation Case,” Philip Tegeler, March/April Families/Women/Children 469. “The Power and Limits of Place: New Directions for 457. “Life Options for Young African-American Males,” Housing Mobility and Research on Neighborhoods,” Michael R. Wenger, July/Aug. Xavier de Souza Briggs, May/June

Health Voting 458. “Towards a ‘Fair Health’ Movement,” Gail Christo- 470. “Bringing American Democracy to America’s Capi- pher, Sept./Oct. tal,” Zainab Akbar, May/June 459. “The Contribution of Black-White Health Differences to the Academic Achievement Gap,” Richard PRRAC Activities & News Rothstein & Tamara Wilder, Sept./Oct. 471. “Witt Internship Report,” March/April 460. “Very Low Birthweight in African-American Infants: 472. “New Witt Internship Award,” July/Aug. The Role of Maternal Exposure to 473. “PRRAC Research/Advocacy Grants Again Avail- Interpersonal ,” James W. able,” Sept./Oct. Collins, Jr., Richard J. David, Arden Handler, 474. “New ‘Best of P&R’ Book,” Nov./Dec. Stephen Wall & Steven Andes, Sept./Oct. 14 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 14, No. 6 • November/December 2005 (RESOURCES: Continued Diane Houk, dhouk@ from page 13) helpusa.org [9612] PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE available (likely free) • ACORN is seeking a ADVISORY BOARD from the Inst., 2100 M St. full-time, short-term NW, Wash., DC 20037, Policy Analyst/Research Frank Bonilla 202/261-5709, http:// Analyst (based in New CUNY Department of Sociology www.urban.org/ [9619] Orleans/Baton Rouge), to Xavier de Souza Briggs help investigate & MIT Department of Urban Studies & Planning produce reports and other Job written materials on a Camille Zubrinsky Charles variety of topics related Department of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Opportunities/ to rebuilding N.O. — John Goering Fellowships/ housing, education, Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Grants insurance, mortgage debt, Heidi Hartmann jobs, job-training, Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) neighborhood safety, etc. • The Fair Housing William Kornblum Resume/brief sample of CUNY Center for Social Research Justice Center (NYC) is policy analysis work to seeking a Legal Director. Lisa Donner, Harriette McAdoo Ltr./resume/list of case [email protected] Michigan State School of Human Ecology litigation by email to the [9642] Fernando Mendoza Center’s Exec. Dir., Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. Paul Ong UCLA School of Public Policy & Social Research Gary Orfield Harvard Univ. Grad. School of Education Gary Sandefur Univ. Wisconsin Inst. for Poverty Research Gregory D. Squires Department of Sociology, George Washington Univ. Margery Austin Turner The Urban Institute Margaret Weir Department of Political Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley

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November/December 2005 • Poverty & Race • Vol.14, No. 6 • 15 POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL Board of Directors CHAIR Darrell Armstrong Elizabeth Julian William L. Taylor John Charles Boger Shiloh Baptist Church Inclusive Communities Citizens’ Commission University of North Carolina Trenton, NJ Project on Civil Rights School of Law Maria Blanco Dallas, TX Washington, DC Chapel Hill, NC Lawyers’ Committee for S.M. Miller [Organizations listed for Civil Rights The Commonwealth identification purposes only] VICE-CHAIR San Francisco, CA Institute Craig Flournoy Cambridge, MA José Padilla Philip D. Tegeler Southern Methodist Don Nakanishi California Rural Legal President/Executive Director Assistance University University of California San Francisco, CA Dallas, TX Los Angeles, CA Chester Hartman Thomas Henderson Florence Wagman Director of Research SECRETARY Sprenger & Lang Roisman john powell Washington, DC Indiana University Christine Kim Camille Holmes School of Law Kirwin Institute for the Study Law Student Intern of Race & Ethnicity Center for Law & Social Indianapolis, IN Policy Anthony Sarmiento Ohio State University Danielle Wilson Washington, DC Senior Service America Columbus,OH Law Student Intern Olati Johnson Silver Spring, MD TREASURER Columbia University Catherine Tactaquin Sheila Crowley Law School National Network for National Low Income New York, NY Immigrant & Refugee Housing Coalition Rights Washington, DC Oakland, CA

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