2400 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 To which question Mr. Kennan re.. the Chinese Communists because they States to the grades indicated under the plied: will need our economic aid. provisions of subsection 515 (c) of the Ofticer Personnel Act o! 1947: The Chinese Communists. Is this Mr. Kennan's idea of how to deal with our most deadly enemies? To be major generals That is to say, Mr. President, Mr. I recommend to the Senate that it look Brig. Gen. William Henry Abendroth, Kennan, when testifying regarding State closely into this matter. It is useless 0245799, National Guard of the United Department policy, m_ade it perfectly to examine the printed hearings for this States. clear that our Government contemplated particular statement of Mr. Kennan. I Brig. Gen. Howard Louis Peckham, 012058, the possibility of economic aid to the United States Army. refer to the hearings before the Commit· Brig. Gen. John Max Lentz, 010343, Army Chinese Communist Government, pro­ tee on Foreign ·Affairs, House of Repre­ vided that government behaved. of the United States (colonel, U. S. Army). sentatives, Eighty-first Congress, first Brig. Gen. Patrick Henry Tansey, 09299, I suppose there still are at large some session, on House bill 5330, June 8-23, Army of the United States (colonel, U. S. starry-eyed dreamers who believe that 1949. It is useless because Mr. Kennan's Army) . the leopard is going to change his spots, remarks were off the record. But if the To be brigadier generals that Communists who are now and al­ Senate Foreign Relations Committee will Col. William Preston Corderman, 016387, ways have been participants in an in­ inspect the unexpurgated transcript of United States Army. ternational conspiracy, will perhaps re .. those hearings for June 17 and 20, 1949, Col. Waldo Eugene Laidlaw, 016414, United form. But, Mr. Kennan, presumbaly, States Army. it will find there the passages I have Col. Wlllis Small Matthews, 016932, can hardly be put into any such cate­ cited. gory. Or can he? United States Army. I had supposed that Mr. Kennan's Col. Wiiliam Everett Potter, 017098, United Mr. President, so astonished were record and accomplishments would be States Army. committee members at Mr. Kennan's reviewed for the Senate in some detail. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE statement, that at the next hearing on I would say the subject deserved it. the Korean aid bill some of them cross­ Some months ago, less than a year, Mr. The following-named candidates for au­ examined Mr. Kennan further. pointment and promotion in the Regular Kennan published a book called Amer· Corps of the Public Health Service: Mr. Kennan is in a special position lean Diplomacy 1900-1950. I had sup .. in respect to Russian affairs. In cer­ To be assistant veterinarians, effective date posed that this curious work would be of acceptance: tain circles of what might be called in­ analyzed for tile benefit of the Senate. tellectual cafe society, something of an Joseph Puleo Mr. Kennan is the mysterious "Mr. X," Wendell O. Kelley aura hangs over Mr. Kennan by virtue the author of the American containment Surgeon to be senior surgeon: of the fact that his great-uncle George policy against Russia. His discussions Manly B. Root wrote a famous work on Siberia and of this interesting theory were originally Senior assistant surgeon to be surgeon: the Exile System. published in the magazine Foreign Af­ Nor is this all. Mr. Kennan entered Leo E. Melcher fairs in July 1947 and in April 1951. The Assistant surgeon to be senior assistant the Foreign Service more than 25 years discussions are included in his book on ago-on September 1, 1926, to be exact­ surgeon: American Diplomacy. George W. Metcalf and during the 1920's, as the House com­ It seems to me that the performance mittee was informed by him, he was sent Junior assistant sanitary engineer to be of a man who, as a high State Depart­ assistant sanitary engineer: to Russia with "four or five others to ment o:tncial~ was thinking about eco­ undergo a very thorough and long term nomic aid to the Chinese Communists, Mary R. Fulmer study on Russian matters." Later, in would be more than interesting to the Senior assistant scientist to be scientist: 1933, he accompanied William Bullitt Senate, and, I may say to the Nation also. Geoffrey M. Jeffery to Moscow, and was a foreign service o:tn­ Furthermore, the author of the con· cer there. In other words, Mr. Kennan, tainment poli~y deserves special atten· CONFIRMATION the eminent intellectual, was no Johnny­ tion. I think he should have had it. If come-lately in respect to communism. the United States succeeds in containing Executive nomination confirmed by He had observed it in Russia at first Russia and her satellites as successfully the Senate March 17 (legislative day of hand. He had pondered over it long. during the next 5 years as we have done February 25), 1952: The House committee questioned him in the past 5 years-and I say this, recol· NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD closely. Mr. Kennan stated that at the lecting the submergence of China, the Ivar H. Peterson, of Virginia, to be a mem­ time of the Yalta Conference, when he present situation in Indochina, the firing ber of the National Labor Relations Board for was Minister-Counselor of the Embassy of General MacArthur, the payment of the unexpired term of 5 years from August at Moscow, he did not believe the Soviet blackmail for Robert Vogeler and the 27, 1951. Union would cooperate with us after the American flyers, and numerous other war. He said he had been concerned painful illustrations of the containment with Russian matters for many years. policy-I would say that within the next He said that he and those of the State 5 years the United States will have noth· HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Department colleagues who had been ing left to contain. The Communists, trained in Russian a:tnairs since the under Kremlin leadership, will have it all. MONDAY, M ARCH 17, 1952 1920's. had very deep misgivings about I doubt if American voters are going The House met at 12 o'clock noon. things. to like that at all. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, But-- D. D., offered the following prayer: Said Mr. Kennan, and I am quoting RECESS Almighty God, may we begin this new what he said to the House Foreign Affairs Mr. SMITH of North Carolina. Mr. week with a clearer vision of Thy great­ Committee on June 20, 1949- President, as in executive session, I move ness and goodness; for then no task, how­ we were a small handful of people and the that the Senate· stand in recess until 12 ever difficult, and no experience, however appreciations that we had were far too small, o'clock noon tomorrow. tragic, can darken our minds and obscure too shallow, and they were among far too The motion was agreed to; and to provide for certain investi· friend and a great artist but a great Republic. He ~as given us a picture of gations by the Civil Service Commission American as well. As early aJ the First the room in which the Constitution was in lieu of the Federal Bureau of Investi­ World War his painting and portraits written as it was furnished at the time gation, and for other purposes, insist of Americans and things American have of the signing. He has also given us a upon its amendments and agree to the looked out at us from the pages of maga­ picture of the faces of xnost of the sign.. zines, from posters in windows and from ers and the clothes that they wore wnen conference asked by the Senate~ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the walls of famous buildings. During they signed. Mr. Speaker, he will be the request of the gentleman from Ten­ the Second World War his patriotic pleas long remembered by those now alive and nessee? [After a pause.] The- Chair on oil were more eloquent than words. posterity will recognize him as one of the hears none, and appoints the following One of his greatest works, the painting world's grea~est artists. I am proud to conferees: Messrs. MURRAY of Tennessee, of the Signing of the Constitution hangs have been his friend. MORRISON, and REES of Kansas. here in the Capitol-a daily reminder to Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, will us of the magnificent character and fore­ the gentleman yield? sight of those revered few who chartered Mr. JENKINS. I yield to the gentle· SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED our future. We recognize the fine qual­ man from Ohio. _ Mr. BARTLETT asked and was given ities in these men because they shine Mr. McGREGOR. I concur in the permission to address the House on to­ forth in the brush strokes of the man statement of my distinguished colleague morrow for 15 minutes, following any who placed them there with love and from Ohio, as well as that of the gentle­ special orders hereto!ore entered. care for not only did Howard Chandler man from Georgia [Mr. Coxl. America Mr. MADDEN asked and was given Christy paint with his hand and with has lost a great citizen and his profes· permission to address the House today his head but with pis heart as well. His sion has lost a real master. for 5 minutes, following any special enthusiasm for our great traditions and orders heretofore entered. for the momentous decisions that have framed our government impart a shin­ THE TRUMAN TAX PROGRAM ing truth to each canvas so that when Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, I ask CONGRESSIONAL DAILY DIGEST we see it we believe in its sincerity. Mr. unanimous consent to address the House Mr. PRIEST. - Mr. Speaker, I ask Christy is famous as a portrait and land.:. for 1 minute. unanimous consent to address the House scape artist. Others have described his The SPEAKER. Is there objection to for 1 minute and to revise and extend my talents more eloquently than is possible the request of the gentleman from remarks. here. It is the patriot we wish to praise; California? The SPEA~R. Is there objection to the man who carefully studied early There was no objection. the request of the gentleman from American history so that each detail Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, today is Tennessee? might be correctly portrayed; the man the last day to file Federal income-tax There was :.:o objection. who traced America's past and believed returns. As many of you know, the Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I take this in the fulfillment of a glorious destiny; Members of the California delegation minute to call attention to the birthday the man who concerned himself with have been deluged with shirts mailed by of the Congressional Daily Digest. The America's present. We must read his protesting taxpayers who have got a Digest starts its sixth year of operation message that is preserved in glowing bellyful of the Truman tax program. today. It was established in conform­ colors for all to see: "This was America You do not wonder at this spontaneous ance with part 2, section 221 of the Legis­ then-look forward, go forward, but keep outburst of indignation when you realize lative Reorganization Act of 1946, and these events ever sacred, our forefathers that Harry S. Truman in less than 7 has functioned very successfully under did not fail us nor must we fail them." years has collected more taxes from the the supervision of the Clerk of the Ho~e Howard Chandler Christy had a great American people than all the other 31 and the Secretary of the Senate, respec· gift and he shared it with us all. Let us Presidents who. preceded him, including tively. In each issue of the CoNGRES· be thankful for the beauty that was his Franklin D. Roosevelt. SIONAL RECORD the Digest carries a report bequest to us and may we all in our hearts At this time I wish to present to the oi all committee meetings and a brief make a monument to the loving memory ranking Republican on the House Ways account of the proceedings that transpire of a true American. and Means Committee the shirt which I in both Chambers. Nowhere else is it Mr. JENKINS. Mr. Speaker, I ask hold in my hand, and I ask him that it possible to find a running account of the unanimous consent to address the House be filed with the chairman of his com­ activities of all congressional committees for 1 minute. mittee, as a symbol of the fact that 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2403 Harry S. Truman is back where he Cork, Ireland. I, in turn, present it to National Guardian sells its mailing list started-in the shirt business. our Speaker with my compliments, a. to other national publications, thus en­ The GPEAKER. The Chair desires to shillelagh from O'BUSBEY to Speaker abling it to survive financially. say that if the gentleman from New York O'RAYBURN, I cannot overemphasize the sinister ef­ [Mr. REED] desires to accept the shirt The SPEAKER. I appreciate the sug­ fect on Americanism that Cedric Belfrage it is his business. It makes no differ­ gestion of the gentleman -from Illinois. and his Communist-propaganda ma­ ence to the Chair. chine promotes. The House Un-Ameri­ Mr. REED of New York. I know that can Activities Committee should, and I if I accept this shirt I will be subject THE LATE HOWARD CHANDLER CHRISTY feel sure it will, subpena Cedric Belfrage to a gift tax. I know if I pass it on to Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, to appear before it to answer many ques­ the chairman he will need it after the I ask unanimous consent to address the tions which are important to the com­ next tax bill, because he will not have a House for 1 minute. mittee itself as well as many other Amer­ shirt left. The SPEAKL:?.. Is there objection to ican people. the request of the gentleman from New York? SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED There was no objection. PROPAGANDA OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF Mr. BUSBEY asked and was given Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, MICHIGAN permission to address the House for 30 I was deeply impressed with the remarks Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Speaker,- I ask minutes today, following the legislative of my distinguished colleague from unanimous consent to address the House program and any special orders hereto­ Georgia [Mr. Cox], in regard to Howard for 1 minute. fore entered. Chandler Christy and the great contd­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to bution he has made to art in this coun- · the request of the gentleman from try. But in the picture of the Consti­ Michigan? PRESENTATION OF A SHILLELAGH TO tutional Convention, in the front is Dr. THE SPEAKER There was no objection. Benjamin Franklin sitting there, and Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Speaker, I hold Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Spealcer. I ask next to him is young Alexander Hamil.:. in my hand a page from the Detroit unanimous consent to address the House ton. Alexander Hamilton is porkayed Free Press for February 27, 1952 which for 1 minute and to revise and extend as saying: "Doctor, what have we here?'' contains a half-page ad inserted by the my remarks. And the doctor replied, "We have a Re­ State Committee of the Communist The SPEAKER. Is there objection to public, if we know enough to keep it." Party of the State of Michigan. At the the request of the gentleman from bottom of that ad is this statement: Illinois? COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA We predict that the people of Detroit and There was no objection. the State of Michigan will not permit the . Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, today Mr. VELDE. Mr. Speaker, I ask House Committee on Un-American Activities Americans the length and breadth of the unanimous consent to address the House or any other group to bring about any of land are joining the Irish in honoring for 1 minute and to revise and extend these described results by the present witch­ their patron saint and we pay our re­ my remarks. · hunt; spects to the gallant people of Irish ex­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to That the people of Detroit and the State traction on this St. Patrick's Day. tl e request of the gentleman from of Michigan will mount to ever higher levels in their fight to retain the basic constitu­ The Irish are noble people-honest. Illinois? tional rights of freedom of speech, of press, loyal, and patriotic, with the greatest re­ Th.:!re was no objection. of assembly, of religion for every ·American spect for the law of the land. This is at­ Mr. VELDE. Mr. Speaker, it should regardless of his or her political beliefs. tested by the fact that many_of them en­ be of considerable interest to Members gage in the occupation of enforcing the of Congress, as well as to all loyal Anier~ This ad refers to the hearings recently laws that we, the State and local govern­ lean people, to review the leftist and pro­ held by the Committee on Un-American ments enact. Generous, kind-hearted, Communist propagantla being issued Activities in the l{ouse of Representa­ jovial, and devoted to the principles through the national weekly known as tives in the city of Detroit at which time which founded this great Republic, they the National Guardian. the activities of Communists were ex­ make the highest type of American cit­ For a long time now this magazine posed. izen. has, in· its editorial policies as well as This ad is a brazen attempt to simply Today each of us received a fresh green its news reports, shown a tendency to deceive the people of the United States, shamrock, which was ft.own from Ireland support socialistic · Communist ·causes and especially the people of Detroit, and to us with the compliments of the Am­ and legislation. While a great deal of the State of Michigan, into believing bassador of Ireland. We are most ap­ material has been assembled by the that those rights would be guaranteed preciative of this friendly gesture and House Un-American Activities Commit­ and saved under a Communist regime. wea:. the shamrock in celebration of this tee, about this propaganda instrument, We all know that those freedoms, which important day. the committee has nqt yet notified the the Communists claim they will fight for, While I was in Europe last summer I public through a report that it is ac­ as well as all other freedoms will be spent some time in Ireland. I want to tually published by an American Com­ destroyed if communism ever controls state that nowhere in all my travels munist. the United States of America. throughout 13 foreign countries did I Cedric Belfrage, whose Communist receive a more friendly hospitable recep­ Party name was for many years George WALTER .REUTHER tion than I did from the people of Ire­ Oakden, was recently described by Mar­ land. With a twinkle in the eye and a bit tin Berkeley as a very important Com­ Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask of blarney on the tongue, I was made to munist in the United States. He for­ unanimous consent to address the House feel that I was the most important vis­ merly lived in Hollywood, where he was for 1 minute. itor who ever set foot on the hills of Erin a Hollywood correspondent for the Man­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to or gazed upon shimmering Killarney. chester Guardian; another leftist pub­ the request of the gentleman from I hold in my hand a genuine black­ lication. While in Hollywood Belfrage Pennsylvania? thorn shillelagh which came from the was a cohort of Herbert Biberman,. Gale There was no objection. county of Tipperary, Ireland. By virtue Sondergaard, Lionel and Alice Stander. Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask for of the esteem the Members of this John Howard Lawson, and other such this time to compliment that great body hold for the Speaker, I believe it notable Communists. leader and labor statesman, Walter very appropriate for him to use a shil­ The National Guardian is just another Reuther, for the courageous action he lelagh on St. Patrick's Day to preside propaganda arm of Soviet Russia which took in attempting to rid local 600 of the over the House of Representatives. This follows the American Communist Party Communist influences which unques­ shillelagh was presented to me during my line down to a "t", creating race and tionably dominated that union. The visit in Ireland by Mr. Nicholas Lakas, class· hatred among its readers and gen­ Committee on Un-American Activities one of our younger and most promising erally tearing down the precepts of our conducted hearings in Detroit for 3 Foreign Service officers, who was in constitutional Republic. In addition to days last week. These hearings disclosed charge of the United States consulate at the evil effect of its editorial policy, the beyond any peradventure of doubt that XCVIII-152 2404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_- HOUSE March 17 Communists dominated that large union, I hav3 received one letter which has a timony of those hearings to establish and the action taken by Mr. Reuther is rather novel suggestion. This corre­ that point. . to be commended by every patriotic spondent suggests that each taxpayer be I urge the House, and particularly the American. Without strong courageous billed separately at income tax time each majority leadership of the House, to take leadership such as Mr. Reuther fur­ year for his share of the interest on the action immediately so that the Congress nishes, the labor movement in the United national debt. He wants a separate col­ can conduct an independent investiga­ States would become impotent. I am not umn in the income tax return to show tion of corruption in public affairs, in so certain that that is not what the Com­ how much of the total tax paid is made which the people of the country can have munists and their fellow travelers want. necessary by our huge national debt upon confidence. Weak labor organizations with the re­ which we have to pay interest. Un­ sultant low labor standards provide doubtedly, this suggestion will not meet the soil in which the seeds of commu­ with favor from an administration dedi­ FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE nism flourish. cated to more and more spending and FOUNDING OF THE GIRL SCOUTS ever deeper debt but it deserves sympa­ Mr. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. thetic study. COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA Spee.ker, I ask unanimous consent to The annual interest on the national address the House for 1 minute, to revise Mr. BAKEWELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask debt is over $6,200,000,000. Assl,lming and extend my remarks, and to include unanimous consent to address the House that there are 40,000,000 families in this extraneous matter. for 1 minute and to revise and extend country, that means about $156 per fam­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to my remarks. ily. For a man earning an average wage the request of the gentleman from The SPEAKER. Is there objection to of $60 a week that represents about 2% Massachusetts? the request of the gentleman from weeks work. He has to work that long Missouri? just to pay his family's share of the in­ There was no objection. There was no objection. terest on our national debt. And if the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. [Mr. BAKEWELL addressed the House. Congress does not rise up, assert itself Speaker, during the last week the Girl His remarks appear in the Appendix. J and absolutely refuse to yield to the Scouts of America celebrated the forti­ President on his iinflated request for $86,- eth anniven:ary of the founding of that 000,000,000 to run the Government for organization. On Saturday in my own OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION another year, we will end up still deeper city of Lowell I attended the Greater · Mr. CURTIS of Nebraska. Mr. in red ink than we are now. That would Lowell Girl Scouts' celebration of the Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to mean, of course, sinking even more of our fortieth birthday. I wish the world could address the House for 1 minute and to tax dollars in this item of interest on the be ruled by the Girls Scouts ideal. I was revise and extend my remarks. national debt which yields no return tremendously impressed with their cour­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to whatever in the way of services or bene­ tesy and what they have occomplished the request of the gentleman from fits, but which must be met to maintain and what they stand for and what they Nebraska? national solvency and honor. live for. In these days of unrest, war, There was no objection. Little wonder that more and more of attack, and counter-attack, it is refresh­ Mr. CURTIS of Nebraska. Mr. Speak~ our citizens every day are coming ing to see a group that is just trying to er, the Office of Price Stabilization is be­ around to realize that there must be a make this world better. ginning today to make checks in 139 halt to the reckless squandering of the There has never been, so far as I know, Cities of stor.es and wholesale outlets to people's hard-earned dollars, extracted during all the 40 years of Girl Scouting a ascertain what articles are selling above from their pay envelopes, their savings single criticism or attack on any of them ceiling prices. accoi.ints, yes and even in many cases, or on their leaders. I have written a letter to Mr. Ellis from their pensions. I am sure we all wish them a happy Arnall, head of that office, asking that The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ birthday. when his agency makes that check it also tleman from New Yor~ has expired. (From the Lowell (Mass.) Sunday Sun of should report to Congress the number March 9, 1952] of articles that are selling under the ceil­ CORRUPTION IN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH GIRL ScOUTS OF AMERICA TO HAVE FORTIETH ing price. BIRTHDAY If the Congress is going to intelligently Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, I ask LOWELL PROUD OF GIRLS IN GREEN-TWO THOU­ act upon the request for an extension of unanimous consent to address the House SAND MEMBERS PLEDGE "ON MY HONOR"-AND price control, certainly we should have for 1 minute and to revise and extend THEY REALLY MEAN IT all of the facts and not just a few facts. my remarks. (By Norma G. Ackerson) The Office of Price Stabilization should The SPEAKER. Is there objection to LOWELL.-"On my honor, I will try"­ report to this Congress the result of its the request of the gentleman from This is just about as much as you could findings when it goes into these estab­ Michigan? ask of anybody-to try-and these are the lishments on what articles are selling be­ There was ::_o objection. words with which 1,500,000 Girl Scouts in low ceiling prices as well as those above Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, I take the United States begin the recitation of the ceiling prices. this time to call the attention of the Girl Scout Promise, which each of these girls in green must learn and understand before The SPEAKER. The time of the gen­ House to the subject of corruption in the she is formally invested and becomes a tleman from Nebraska has expired. executive branch of the Government. tenderfoot. · On JaLuary 14, 1952, I introduced Next Thursday Girl Scouting in America House Resolution 492, to create a special will have its fortieth birthday party, and one OUR NATIONAL DEBT bipartisan committee to do the job that of the finest youth agencies ever devised will Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I ask everyone recognizes needs to be done. receive the attention it so thoroughly de­ unanimous consent to address the House namely, to find out whether wrongdoing serves. There is no purer form of democracy for 1 minute and to revise and extend prevails in the executive branch of the in the world than scouting, and its effect my remarks. is also being felt by thousands of volunteers. Government, and, if it exists, to eradi­ The reE't of the above quoted promise re­ The SPEAKER. Is th~re objection to cate it. veals that the Scout intends to do her best the request of the gentleman from New Mr. Newbold Morris, appointed by the "to do my duty to God and my country, to York? President to clean up corruption, testi­ help other people at all times, to obey the There was no objection. fied before the Hoey committee of the Girl Scout laws." Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, quite Senate on 2 days last week. It is my Before she may wear the gold trefoil pin understandably, many of us have re­ contention that his appearance before that is the insignia of her organization, she ceived letters this past week protesting that committee conclusively demon­ must learn and understand these laws. She emphatically about the income taxes our strated that he is neither qualified nor learns that her honor is to be trusted; she people have to pay. That is only nat­ 1s expected to be loyal; her duty is to be competent to conduct an investigation useful and to help others; she is a friend ural. I certainly do not blame him. In of corruption in the Federal Govern­ to all and a sister to every other Girl Scout; fact, its a healthy symptom that the peo­ ment. On special orders today I pro­ she is to be courteous; she should be a friend ple are at last widely aroused. pose to quote from the record of the tes- to animals; she obeys orders; she is cheer- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2405 ful, thrifty, and, last but far from least, she All Girl Scouts, children and adults, pay stockings. Visiting hours were held every ls clean in thought, word, and deed. a membership fee of $1 per year, which goes afternoon from 3 until 6 o'clock, and the There are approximately 2,000 Girl Scouts to the national organization. Their troop same visitors were not allowed to come to 1n Lowell, about 300 of whom are volunteer dues are 5 cents per week, and this money the camp more than twice each week. adults. Without these women, the entire must provide equipment such as patrol books, Girl Scout program would collapse of its craft utensils, supplies for occasional parties, Purchased in 1929 own weight, and the only remuneration they and the like. It was in May of 1929 that there appeared receive is the personal satisfaction that Troops occasionally have fund-raising ac­ ln The Sun a news story headlined "Girl comes from engaging in this type of service. tivities within their own boundaries and the Scouts Buy Permanent Site for Camp." As a former Girl Scout leader and a present proceeds are used for such purposes as edu­ Through the consecrated work of many vol­ associate member, we can.honestly say there's cational trips, scholarships to camp for needy unteers who believed in the cause of Scout­ nothing like it. and deserving girls, and other events. How­ ing, a 330-acre tract of land in Pelham, N. H., was acquired from the Martina Gage What they do ever, Community Chest agencies do not con­ duct major public-fund-raising drives be­ property. These volunteers serve in many ways. cause the chest does not wish to keep con­ Thousands of dollars were needed to de­ Some are members of the council and as stantly asking people for money for the velop the property. It was necessary to con­ such serve on working committees--and they services it sponsors. The Girl Scouts adhere struct a passable road with little bridges over really work. Others are troop leaders, spe­ rigidly to this rule. · brooks, from the main road into the camp, a cial program consultants or serve on troop Occasionally a bequest comes to Girl Scout­ distance of nearly a mile. There was under­ committees. And then there are those who ing, not often and not large, but in the event brush to be cleared, a beach to be developed, only serve once in a while, when called of such a windfall it is used for sorely and many buildings had to be erected. upon, but they all really roll up their sleeves· needed equipment that could not possibly One of the most exciting fund raising and toil. be obtained under the aforementioned over­ projects from a community standpoint, was Girl Scouts work in cooperation with other laden budget. At times benefactors send a street fair held May 10, 1931. One of the agencies, mainly the Red Cross, Goodwill contributions for camp scholorships and women who was a mainstay of Scouting in Industries, Lowell Tuberculosis Association, these are awarded to girls known to leaders those days describes it in this way. YWCA, and Girls Club in planning their pro­ as deserving of this award. "What a disappointment that was I We grams and special activities. had visions of dancing on the street, booths Serves its purpose The oZcl timers and music, suppers on the stone terraces. There is no doubt that Girl Scouting ls The theme was to be a medieval bazaar. It is with deliberate intent that the names one of the finest youth services in the world of those who have made scouting what it And then it rained-a torrential rain! The today. Thousands of Lowell women speak street fair had to be in the Auditorium; ls in Lowell today are not given too much proudly of the fact that they were once attention. But there were many of them, added expense and lack of glamour. But it and they have >1orked for years. There are Girl scouts, and their memories of scouting netted over $1,400 which went a long way days are fond and happy ones. the women who have served the cause of after the contributions of more than $5,000 developing character and skills in young We ought to know, because we're one of from kind Lowell people to insure the success girls ever since the organization started in them. of our camp." Lowell in 1922. CAMP RUNELS BEST IN REGION-LOWELL COUN• Down but not out They don't ask any favors, these old timers. CIL OPERATED RESORT IN PELHAM SO RATED BY Everything went smoothly at Camp Runels They know their jobs and they go about EXPERTS IN FIELD for a number of years-perhaps the quiet them quietly. It's nothing to visit the Girl (By Norma G. Ackerson) that comes before the storm. And what a Scout headquarters at 150 Middlesex Street storm it was! Everybody remembers the and find somebody working hard in the LoWELL.-The finest Girl Scout camp oper­ ated by a local council in this section of the hurricane. Another of the "old faithful" large assembly hall, surrounded by papers workers in Scouting says of this experience: and record books, not getting in the way of country, judged on the basis of its physical set-up, location, equipment and prepared­ "I shall never forget my first view of the the staff members but just going about her camp after the storm. Nothing but great job and doing it well. It would be impos­ ness for the purpose it serves, is_Camp Runels, operated by the Greater Lowell Girl Scout fallen trees, some more than 100 years old, sible to find the names of all these women and crushed buildings. Some one assumed and we wouldn't want to omit anyone. council on Little Island Pond in Pelham, N.H. that it would be years before we could func­ In its early days, scouting in Lowell was tion again, but as Mrs. Walter Chase stood sponsored by the Middlesex Women's Club. This is not just the opinion of the writer, who has visited the camp on countless occa­ looking at this desolation she said, "This First headquarters were in Colonial Hall, and camp will open the first of next July," and when that building was destroyed by fire it sions and is admittedly prejudiced. It is the expressed judgment of experts in the field of it did." was found that the closet had not been seri­ The camp committee and its many friends ously affected and the contents, containing camping who are often overwhelmed on their first visit to Runels by the excellence of the went to work, and 35 great stumps were precious early records, were practically in­ hauled over into the woods, and many others tact. establishment. were left to help support the shore line. The Pride and joy of the agency then was the Girl Scouting in Lowell was born in 1922, larger trees were brought to Lowell where big bass drum used by the drum corps. This and it was not long after its formation, prob­ they were transformed into the boards from was found by the firemen who took it to the ably in 1924, that the need for a camp to which the new dining hall at the camp was fire station and poured the water out of it. complete its program was manifested. For made. When it dried it was practically as good as the first 2 years of its summer program the More trouble new, served the unit for many years and was agency rented the YWCA Camp at Long­ sold a few years ago. Sought-For Pond in Westford for a short For several years there was smooth sailing period in the summer. at Runels. The camp continued to grow and The oldest records available are of troop 2 prosper, its reputation sailing higher and for 1924-25, and enrolled at that time were Like everything else in scouting, the camp higher with each passing year. Constance Caverly, Ruth Doran, Isabelle program was so good it grew far beyond the And then, a few years ago, came the snow.­ Doyle, Elispolis Athanasia, Ethel Fling, Mary limitations found in renting a camp on a There had been a lot of it, thick and heavy, Hebb, Beatrice Hoar, Ruth Lambert, Mary. part-ti~e basis. The use of adjoining prop­ and the camp committee was worried. Its Murphy, Sophie Panagiatacoupoulos, Helen erty on the same pond was secured, and the members, their husbands and friends; headed Pappas, Adele Parra, Beatrice Robinson, Beu­ single large cottage on the land became Camp for Pelham one Sunday afternoon. They had lah Shaw, Evangeline Turcotte, and Myrtle Watusco. There are ·many women in Greater to go in that long camp road, nearly a mile, Scott. Lowell today who recall with happy mem­ on snowshoes. And their hearts sank to . Financial support ories the days they spent at Watusco, and their heels when they saw that the weight Girl Scouting in Lowell is a Community if they could see themselves in the pictures of the snow had caused the roof of the craft Chest agency. This year the service received we have examined while doing research for house to cave in. All the boats owned by the sum of $9,805 from the chest, the largest this article they would promptly laugh them­ the camp were stored in that building. allotment in many years. From this amount selves into tears. It took a lot of shoveling and other heavy must be paid the salaries of three people, According to the camp folder for these work to determine the damage. When the an executive director, an acting field director, years, the camp period ran from June 25 un­ wreckage had been cleared away the workers and an office secretary. til July 30. The fee was $8 per week (those were close to tears. For just about every. . The building in which the headquarters is were the good old days) and the attire for thing in the building was damaged beyond maintained is owned by the ministry at large camping was out of this world. The only repair. It took a lot of planning to replace and no rental is charged. However, from the dress brought to camp was the Girl Scout those boats, but the job was done quietly aforementioned amount must also come the uniform, and judged from today's fashion and efficiently, just like every other part of cost of heat, light, insurance, ·au inside re­ standards the wearers were woebegone look· the Scout program. pairs (and there are always many in an old ing creatures. Camp Runels is licensed by the State of building), office equipment, files, records, Girls were told to bring middies, bloomers New Hampshire. Its registration list each postage, telephone, and the hundred and (absolutely no knickers), sneakers and stock­ year contains girls from all the New England one expenses incurred in the direction o! ings, brown or black. It was emphasized States, New York, Pennsylvania, and as far Girl Scouting. that there were to be no socks and no silk west as Ohio. Many of the girls from out of 2406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 State are the daughters of former Runels ber is still named as cubchairman of the laration of Human Rights, the Genocide campers. Middlesex club's community service com­ Convention and the Draft Covenant on Hu­ The camp program is an exceptionally fine mittee. man Rights. If this treaty is r atified by the one, and Runels, which accommodates 100 SCOUTS ASSIST IN CHARITABLE ENDEAVORS Senate, and the courts enforce its provisions, girls, was 98 percent full for its 8-week pe­ then the United Nations Declaration of Hu­ riod last summer. The only vacancies were LoWELL.-Seldom is there a major com­ man Rights and other declarations, pacts, caused when it was necessary to turn down munity enterprise in this city in which Girl and covenants made under the UN charter applicants for the counselor-training pro­ Scouts do not participate. They help fold will become the supreme law of the land gram because they were under age. Christmas seals for the Lowell Tuberculosis and American rights, both State and individ­ This counselor training project is com­ Association and prepare them for mailing, ual, will be overridden by this new inter­ paratively riew in Girl Scout camping. It work on other volunteer projects as part national law. This ratification would rob is a 2-year course, taking 4 weeks each year. of their training in community life. your constitutional amendment proposal of The first summer the girls have an acceler­ PROGRAM INCLUDES VARmD ACTIVITmS a large part of its effectiveness to protect ated program in their own pioneer unit, LowELL.-The Girl Scout program covers American rights and American independence. perfecting the skills of camping. In the sec­ 11 fields of activity in which the youngsters The provisions of the treaty should be care­ ond year they serve an apprentice counselor­ are trained. The list includes agriculture, fully analyzed by each Senator. It seems to ship, assisting the leaders with crafts, water­ arts and crafts, community life, health and me the matter is of such importance that front, office duties and developing their skills safety, homemaking, international friend­ there should be a public hearing before the in all-round camping. ship, literature and dramatics, music and treaty is presented to the Senate for final Today the operating cost of the camp must dancing, out of doors and sports and games. vote. come from the $17 per week which is the fee, also including insurance which covers the "OLD TIMERS" MEMORIES GOOD As has been pointed out: campers in case of illness or injury. The LoWELL.--Oirl Scouts have phenomenal The United Nations is steadily assuming annual cookie sale pays for new equipment memories. It may be because the scouting the statute of a world government. It is and repairs. program brings many memorable experiences. slowly usurping the necessary powers from The camp is excellently equipped. It has For it was due to the fact that many of the the hands of Congress. siX new rowboats, two older ones, two sail old timers in the organization were eager to A world government means the death of boats and five canoes. The kitchen is mod­ cooperate in anything that would help serve the sovereignty of the citizens of this Re­ ern, with a large new range installed last scouting that much of the material pre­ public as set forth in the Constitution of year. The purchase of mattresses, bed­ sented here was obtained. this Union o! Sovereign States. Each Sen­ springs, screening, canvas and other equip­ ator, by his oath of omce, 1s pledged to up­ ment is done on the basis of a certain SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED hold that Constitution. amount each year. Now is the time to call a halt. The Senate One of the greatest needs of Camp Runels Mr. ELLSWORTH asked and was should not vote to endorse the principles now is a permanent building suitable for given permission to address the House of the Declaration of Human Rights, the troop camping on a year-round basis. This principles of International Law applied at house would have to have beating facilities for 10 minutes today, following the special orders heretofore entered. Nurenburg and embodied in the Genocide and be usable for such things as troop camp Convention. It has no constitutional power week ends even in the winter. In the sum­ Mrs. BOLTON asked and was given to pass any law, or ratify any treaty, mak­ mer it could be used as a staff bo\tse, as at permission to address the House on ing these principles, as well ·as those that present there is no· place in which staff mem­ Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday of will govern public and private trade, subject bers may have a period of relaxation when this week, 15 minutes each day, follow­ to determination by any legislative body the day's work is done. ing the legislative business of the day other than one subject to the vote of Amer .. There is no doubt that Lowell can be ican citizens or the courts of this Nation. proud of Camp Runels. Its exceptionally and any special orders heretofore en­ tered. These powers must be retained in the hands high standards, its excellent operation and of Congress to protect the Constitution of the good reputation it bas brought to this Mr. WOOD of Georgia asked and was the United States of America. city are things in which any city may feel given permission to address the House Hanging over this Nation at this moment a just pride. for 10 minutes tomorrow, following any is the greatest constitutional crisis in the And at the rate it is going now, that pride special orders heretofore entered. history of the Republic. will last for a long, long time. REPRESENTATIVE ROGERS IS A TENDERFOOT Mr. Speaker, we are in far more dan­ LowELL.-Representative EDITH NOURSE DANGEROUS STRATAGEM OF THE ger of losing our liberties and our free­ ROGERS was formally invested a Girl Scout, JAPANESE PEACE TREATY dom than the average American realizes. and became a tenderfoot in May 1926. To do Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I realize If we keep on going down this interna­ this she was required to memorize the prom­ that it is a violation of what we call tional road towards destruction, that has ise and laws, like any other Girl Scout. She congressional comity to criticize Mem­ been followed for the last few years, the is thereby entitled to wear the gold trefoil children of the next generation may not pin that is the symbol of Scouting through­ bers of the United States Senate. I hope my statement will not be considered a know what individual freedom means in out the country. this country. NO BARRIERS IN GmL SCOUTING criticism of the Members of that body, but I do want to sound this warning: We had better get back to the policies LoWELL.-In' the Girl Scout program there of Washington and Je:fierson, of "peace, are no boundaries regarding race, religion. They have no right to vote the American background, or anything with the exception people into Egyptian bondage, as I fear commerce, and honest friendship with of a minimum age requirement. they will do if they approve this so-called all nations, entangling alliances with Of the more than 200 troops in the Greater treaty of peace with Japan, L..J. its present none." Lowell area, many operate under the spon­ form. sorship of Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic It seems to be an attempt to subordi­ CONSENT CALENDAR Churches, and others meet in schools or privately owned buildings. nat.e our national sovereignty, as well as The SPEAKER. This is Consent Cal­ Girl Scouts are trained to respect people our States' rights, to the domination of endar day. The Clerk will call the first as individuals, and to share with all other this so-called United Nations and in that bill on the consent calendar. youngsters in activities that bear no restrict­ way undermine, and probably destroy, ing lines. The outstanding part of the Girl American freedom. In the so-called Scout program is working together in groups, United Nations, Communist Russia has AUTHORIZING PARTICIPATION OF MILI­ sharing duties and interests, and doing things far more inftuence, and she and her TARY PERSONNEL IN OLYMPIC GAMES together. Troops meeting in buildings owned satellites have many more votes, than The Clerk called the first bill on the by various churches may not be restricted to Consent Calendar CH. R. 1184) to au­ girls of the fa.1th or denomination represent­ does the United States. This Japanese ed by the church owning the property. Treaty would go a long way toward un­ thorize the training for, attendance at, dermining and destroying American and participation in, Olympic games by MIDDLESEX CLUB SPONSORED SCOUTING freedom, as you will see from this tele­ military personnel, and for other pur­ LOWELL.-The Middlesex Women's Club, poses. which sponsored the Girl Scouts in Lowell gram from a former president of the when the organization started here in 1922, American Bar Association, which reads Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ has found that bread cast upon the waters as follows: mous consent that this bill be passed will be returned in quantity. On several I have only recently had an opportunity over without prejudice. occasions the club has called upon these little of studying the proposed Japanese peace The SPEAKER. Is there objection to girls in green to help with special programs, treaty. To my mind it constitutes a back­ the request of the gentleman from and the Scouts are always willing and eager door attempt to secure Senate approval of Michigan? to help the club. A Girl Scout council mem- m any of the dangerous features of the Dec- There was no objection. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2407 INVESTIGATING FEASIBILITY OFF.STAB· Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. March 13, 1906, subject to the approval of LISHING A · COORDINATED LOCAL, Speaker, I offer an amendment to the the International Boundary and Water Com­ STATE, AND FEDERAL PROGRAM IN THE committee amendment: mission, United States and Mexico, and sub­ CITY OF BOSTON, MASS. ject also to the approval of the proper au­ The Clerk read as follows: thorities in the Republic of Mexico as to the The Clerk called House Joint Resolu­ Amendment to the committee amendment construction, operation, and maintenance of tion 254 to provide for investigating the offered by Mr. ROGERS of Colorado: Delete the bridge. Construction of the bridge shall feasibility of establishing a coordinated the last word of the committee amendment not be undertaken until after an agreement "and" and add the following sentence: "The regarding such construction has been effected local, State, and Federal program in the damages for the infringement by broadcast between the Government of the United city of Boston, Mass., and general vicinity of any work referred to in this subsection States and the Government of the United thereof, for the purpose of preserving shall not exceed the sum of $100 where the Mexican States. the historic properties, objects, and infringing broadcaster shows that" he was SEC. 2. The authority granted in this act buildings in that area. not aware that he was infringing and that for canst.ruction of the bridge shall cease and such infringement could not have been be null and void unless the actual construc­ Mr. BYRNES. Mr. Speaker, I ask reasonably foreseen; and." tion be commenced within 2 years and com­ unanimous consent that this House joint pleted within 4 years from the date of en­ resolution be passed over without prej­ The amendment to the committee actment of this act . . udice. amendment was agreed to. SEC. 3. There is hereby conferred upon the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The committee amendment was said Mid Valley Bridge Co., its successors and agreed to. assigns, and all such rights and powers to the request of the gentleman from Wis­ The bill was ordered to be engrossed enter upon lands and to acquire, condemn, consin? and read a third time, was read the third occupy, possess, and use real estate and other There was no objection. time, and passed, and a motion to recon­ property in the State of Texas needed for the location, construction, operation, and sider was laid on the table. maintenance of such bridge and its ap­ COMPENSATION OF CERTAIN EMPLOYEES proaches, as are possessed by railroad corpo­ OF THE PANAMA CANAL TWO-YEAR PRESUMPTIVE PERIOD FOR rations for railroad purposes or by bridge DISEASE OF PSYCHOSIS corporations for bridge purposes in the State The Clerk called the bill therwlse affected by the terms thereof: Trade Fair and Center and that all such ex­ penses in connection with the entry, exam­ SUpplemental agreement between the Com­ hibits should be permitted to enter the ination, appraisement, release, or custody; monwealth of P ennsylvania and the State United States duty-free. together with the necessary charges for sal- of New Jersey. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2409 Amending the agreement entitled "Agree­ between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, or by ment between the Commonwealth of Penn­ and the State of New Jersey at any location any instrumentality, public body, commis­ sylvania and the State of New Jersey creat­ north of the boundary line between Bucks sion, or public agency of, or created by or in, ing the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge County and Philadelphia County in the Com­ a political subdivision (including any county Commission as a body corporate and politic monwealth of Pennsylvania as extended or municipality) of the State of New Jersey and defining its powers and duties," as here­ across the Delaware River to the New Jersey or the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The tofore amended, by extending the jurisdic­ shore of said river. The commission may power and authority herein granted to the tion and powers of the commission. also, subject to the approval of the State commission to acquire said Tacony-Palmyra .Whereas the Delaware River Joint Toll Highway Department of the State of New Bridge, approaches and interests shall not Bridge Commission (hereinafter referred to Jersey and the Department of Highways of be exercised unless and until the Governor as the "commission") was created by a com­ the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, lease of the State of New Jersey and the Governor pact or agreement entitled "Agreement be­ such bridges as lessor to, and contract for of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have tween the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania the operation of such bridges by, one or filed with the commission their written con­ and the State of New Jersey creating the more public bodies, instrumentalities, com­ sents to such acquisition. Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commis­ missions, or public agencies. "The word 'bridge' as used in this agree­ sion as a body corporate and politic and de­ "Whenever any bridge north of the bound­ ment shall include such approach highways fining its powers and duties," executed on be­ ary line described above in this paragraph and interests in real property necessary there­ half of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (a), proposed to be acquired by the com­ to in said Commonwealth or said State as by its Governor on the 19th day of December mission pursuant to the provisions of this may be determined by the commission to be 1934, pursuant to an act of its general as­ agreement, has been constructed pursuant necessary to facilitate the flow of traffic sembly approved the 25th day of June 1931 to consent or authorization granted by Fed• in the vicinity of any such bridge or to con­ (Pamphlet Laws 1952), as last amended by eral law, the acquisition of such bridge by nect such bridge with the highway system an act of said general assembly approved the the commission shall be by purchase or by or other traffic facilities in said Common­ 18th day of May 1933 (Pamphlet Laws 827), condemnation in accordance with the pro­ wealth or State: Provided, however, That the and executed on behalf of the State of New visions of such Federal law, or the acquisi­ power and authority herein granted to the Jersey by its Governor on the 18th day of tion of such bridge by the commission shall commission in connection with the approach December, 1934, pursuant to an act of its be pursuant to and in accordance with the highways shall not be exercised unless and senate and general assembly approved June provisions of sections 48: 5-22 and 48: 5-23 until the Department of Highways of the 11, 1934 (chapter 215, laws of 1934; R. S. of the Revised Statutes of New Jersey, and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shall have ( 1937) 32: 8-1), to which compact or agree­ for all the purposes of said provisions and filed with the commission its written ap­ ment the consent of the Congress of the sections the commission is hereby appointed proval as to approach highways to be located United States was given by section 9 of an as the agency of the State of New Jersey and in said Commonwealth and the State High­ act of Congress approved August 30, 1935 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania exercis­ way Department of the State of New Jersey (Public No. 411, 74th Cong., 49 Stat. 1051, ing the rights and powers granted or reserved shall have filed with the commission its 1058); and by said Federal law or sections to the State written approval as to approach highways Whereas said compact or agreement was of New Jersey and the Commonwealth of to be located in said State. amended by a supplemental agreement exe­ Pennsylvania jointly or to the State of New "Notwithstanding any other provision of Jersey acting in conjunction with the Com­ this agreement or any provision of law, State cuted on behalf of the Commonwealth of monwealth of Pennsylvania. The commis­ Pennsylvania by its Governor on the 8th or Federal, to the contrary, the commission sion shall have authority to so. acquire such may combine for financing purposes any day of July 1947, pursuant to an act of Its bridge whether the same be owned, held, general assembly approved June 13, 1947 bridge or bridges hereafter constructed or operated, or maintained by any private per­ acquired by it with any or all of the bridges (Pamphlet Laws 592) , and executed on be­ son, firm, partnership, company, association, half of the State of New Jersey by its Gov­ described or referred to in any trust inden­ or corporation or by any instrumentality, ture securing bridge revenue bonds of the ernor on the 3d day of July 1947, pursuant public body, commission, public agency, or to an act of its senate and general assembly commission at the time outstanding, sub­ political subdivision (including any county ject to any limitations or restrictions con­ approved June 13, 1947 (ch. 283, laws of or municipality) of, or created by or in, the 1947), to which supplemental agreement the tained in such trust indenture. State of New Jersey or the Commonwealth "Notwithstanding any provision of this consent of the Congress of the United States of Pennsylvania, or by any instrumentality, was given by an act of the Congress ap­ agreement, nothing herein contained shall public body, commission, or public agency of, be construed to limit or impair any right or proved August 4, 1947 (Public No. 355, 80th or created by or in, a political subdivision Cong., 61 Stat. 752); and power granted or to be granted to the Penn­ (including any county or municipality) of sylvania Turnpike Commission or the New Whereas it is nec~ssary to protect the in­ the State of New Jersey or the Common­ vestment made by the commission in the Jersey Turnpike Authority, acting alone or wealth of Pennsylvania. in conjunction with each other, to provide bridge now under construction between the "In addition to other powers conferred city of Trenton, N. J., and the Borough of for the financing, construction, operation, upon it, and not in limitation thereof, the and maintenance of one bridge across the Morrisville, Pa., and the investments made commission may acquire all right, title, and by said Commonwealth and said State in the Delaware River south of the city of Trenton interest in and to the Tacony-Palmyra in the State of New Jersey: Provided, That approach highways connected with said Bridge, across the Delaware River at Pal­ bridge, and in order to finance additional such bridge shall not be constructed within myra, N. J., together with any approaches a distance of 10 miles, measured along the bridges over .the Delaware River and there­ and interests _in real property necessary by facilitate the fiow of traffic between said boundary line between the Commonwealth thereto. The acquisition of such bridge, ap­ of Pennsylvania and the State. of New Jer­ Commonwealth and said State; now, there­ proaches, and interests by the commission fore, sey, from the bridge being constructed across shall be by purchase or by condemnation the Delaware River by the commission be­ The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and in accordance with the provisions of the the State of New Jersey do hereby solemnly tween the Borough of Morrisville in said Federal law consenting to or authorizing Commonwealth and the city of Trenton in covenant and agree, each with the other, as the construction of such bridge and ap­ follows: proaches, or the acquisition of such bridge, said St ate, so long as there are any out­ Paragraph (a) of article X of the agree­ approaches, or interests by the commission standing bonds or obligations of the com­ ment between the Commonwealth of Penn­ shall be pursuant to and in accordance with mission for which the tolls, rents, rates, or sylvania and the State of New Jersey creat­ the provisions of sections 48; 5-22 and 48: 5-23 other revenues, or any part thereof, of said ing the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge of the Revised Statutes of New Jersey, and for bridge now being constructed shall have Commission as a body corporate and politic all the purposes of said provisions and sec­ been pledged; but such bridge may be con­ and defining its powers and duties, which tions the commission is hereby appointed as· structed at any other location north of the was executed on behalf of the Common­ the agency of the State of New Jersey and boundary line described above in this para­ wealth of Pennsylvania by its Governor on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania exercis­ graph (a). Nothing contained in this agree­ the 19th day of December 1934, and was ing the rights and powers granted or re­ ment shall be construed to authorize the executed on behalf of the State of New Jer­ served by said Federal law or sections to the commission to condemn any such bridge." sey by its Governor on the 18th day of De­ State of New Jersey and Commonwealth of In witness whereof, this 12t h day of July cember 1934, as amended by the supple­ Pennsylvania jointly or to the State of New 1951, Alfred E. Driscoll has affixed his sig­ mental agreement which was executed on Jersey acting in conjuction with the Com­ nature hereto as Governor of the State of behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl­ monwealth of Pennsylvania. The commis­ New Jersey and caused the great seal of the vania by its Governor on the 8th day of July sion shall have authority to so acquire such State to b~ attached thereto. 1947, and was executed on behalf of the bridge, approaches, and interests, whether the ALFRED E. DRISCOLL, S tate of New Jersey by its Governor on the same be owned, held, operated, or maintained Governor, State of New Jersey. 3d day of July 1947, be and the same is by any private person, firm, partnership, [Great seal] hereby amended to read as follows: company, association, or corporation, or by Attest: " (a) The commission may acquire, con­ any instrumentality, public body, commis­ LLOYD B. MARSH, struct, rehabilitate, improve, maintain, re­ sion, public agency, or political subdivision Secretary of State. pair, and operate bridges for vehicular or (including any county or municipality) of, And, on this 17th day of July 1951, John pedestrian traffic across the Delaware Rivei: or created by or in, the State of New Jersey S. Fine has affixed his signature hereto aa ' 2410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 Governor of the Commonwealth of Penn­ River Joint Toll Bridge Commission in con­ why there was no departmental report sylvania and caused the great seal of the nection with the recent litigation covering accompanying the committee report? commonwealth to be attached thereto. the sale of the Tacony-Palmyra and Burling­ Mr. DURHAM. There is no depart­ JOHN s. FINE, tou-Bristol Bridges by a private corporation Governor, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. to a public agency of Burlington County, mental report, as I recall, but as far as [Great sealJ N. J. I would advise you that there is no I could determine there was no objec­ Attest: liability on the part of the Delaware River tion to it. I am sure the gentleman re­ GENE D. SMITH, Joint Toll Bridge Commission in connection alizes the difficulty we find ourselves in. Secretary of the Commonwealth. with that litigation. The highest court in This only gives the Civil Defense Au­ SEC. 2. Subject to the provisions of the the State of New Jersey has rendered its de­ thority the same right and privileges of compact or agreement between the Com­ cision in this case and has denied leave for acquiring property that the Army, and monwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of reargument. An application for .review has been made to the United States Supreme the Navy, and the ·Air Force have at the New Jersey creating the Delaware River present time. They have to receive au­ Joint Toll Bridge Commission, as amended. Court. said commission is hereby authorized to ac­ The State of Pennsylvania and the State thorization from the committee on each quire any bridge heretofore constructed un­ of New Jersey are, I know, extremely anxious piece of property that they acquire over der the authority or with the consent of the to have congressional approval of the inter­ $25,000, and they also have to inform the Congress across 'the Delaware River. Said state compact referred to in Senate 1938. committee of the acquisition of proper­ commission is hereby authorized to com­ Both States are in complete agreement with $5,000 $25,000. the provisions of this bill as passed by the ty between and At the bine for fim.ncing purposes any two or present time I think the difficulty arises more bridges heretofore or hereafter con­ Senate. There is nothing in either the com­ pact or Senate 1938 which affects the above­ because of the fact that they have to go structed or acquired by the commission and through this procedure and come to to fix and charge tolls for the use of such mentioned litigation or which would involve bridges so combined and to pledge such tolls the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge <;:om­ Congress for each piece of legislation. in accordance with the provisions of the said mission in such litigation. Mr. BYRNES. I understand that is compact or agreement, as amended: Pro­ With best personal regards, I am what they have to do, but I personally vided, That in fixing the rates of toll to be Sincerely, do not see. anything wrong in coming to THEODORE D. PARSONS. charged for th ~ use of any bridge hereafter Congress. Did not this agency_get into const ructed or acquired by said commission The Senate bill was ordered to be read some difficulty some years ago in at­ or any bridges so combined, the same shall a third time, was read the third time, tempting to acquire some large tract of be so adjusted as to provide funds sufficient to pay the reasonable costs of maintaining, and passed, and a motion to reconsider land and buildings? · repairing, and operating such bridge or was laid on the table. Mr. DURHAM. No. Of course, the bridges and their approach facilities under A similar House bill (H. R. 4900) was desire to acquire that property did not economical management, and to provide laid on the table. finally terminate in an agreement. The funds sufficient to amortize the costs of such difficulty is that they have to come up bridge or bridges and their approach facili­ here on each piece of legislation as far ties, including reasonable interest and RESERVE CERTAIN LAND, PUBLIC as this agency is concerned. If the Con­ financing cost, as soon as possible, under DOMAIN IN NEV ADA gress wants to take up the time, that is reasonable charges, and. said commission R. 4285) may continue such tolls on all bridges here­ The Clerk called the bill made at 50 percent of the appraised value read the third time, and passed, and a a nearby municipal corporation in the same of the property as determined by the Secre­ State or Territory, for the purpose for which tary." motion to reconsider was laid on the the land has been classified, at a reasonable table. Page 3, line 3, insert a comma following the annual rental, for a period up to 20 years, word "rental." and, at the discretion of the Secretary, with Page 3, line S, insert the word "a" following a privilege of renewal for a like period, or the word "contain." AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE ( c) lease such land to a nonprofit corpora­ BLIND Page 3, line 16, strike all of section 3 and tion or nonprofit association at a reasonable insert in lieu thereof: The Clerk called the bill U have width of two hundred and seventy-four feet, actly true. It is true that the title now and containing approximately three and is in the United States Government, and that treaty. What are you going to do seventy-one one-hundredths acres (herein­ if this bill becomes law it will still be in about the treaty? after referred to as the "owners") have the United States Government for the Mr. ARMSTRONG. Surely the gen­ agreed to erect upon such premises, or upon use of the Indians. In other words, they tleman knows that we could fulfill those an equivalent area which has been approved would be holding it in trust for the In­ treaties and do justice to the Indians. by the Administrator of General Services, a dians. In this instance these Indians Mr. CRAWFORD. But we have abro­ building or buildings of such design, plan, have built some homes there. They have and specifications as may be approved by gated many treaties with the Indians, the Administrator of General Services as their gardens. They have spent some of and that is where a great deal of trouble suitable for the use of the Bureau of Cus­ their own funds and of course some of bas come from. toms, the Immigration and Naturalization the reimbursable loan funds on the land, Mr. ARMSTRONG. The gentleman Service, the Public Health Service, and the but the tenure is uncertain, the title is surely knows that I am not advocating Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, uncertain, and this is merely intended any injustice to the Indians. The very the Administrator of General Services ls au­ to give title to the United States in tru.st fact that this land is to be held in trust thorized, subject to an appropriation there­ for the Indians. is turning the clock back. The gentle­ fore, to enter into one or more leases at a fair annual rental for the use of such build­ Mr. ARMSTRONG. Why must we man knows many of us are interested in ing or buildings and such premises, or such give these lands in trust to the Indian the matter of doing away with the In­ parts thereof as are necessary, for a term of Bureau? Why cannot these Indians own dian Bureau. Why should there be an 20 years after such building or buildings the land outright? Many of them are Indian reservation in the State of Wis­ are ready for occupancy. almost white. Not one of them, I am consin, anyhow? Those people are Amer­ (b) Such tracts of land in the city and informed, is a full-blooded Indian. Why ican citizens, and they ought to be county of El Paso are described more or less should they not own this land like any treated as such. as follows: TRACT I other citizens in this country? Mr. CRAWFORD. If the gentleman Mr. MORRIS. We are working with Beginning at a point in the easterly line will yield, I place myself in that class, of block 21 in Campbell Addition to the cit y m ight and main along that line, but it is but I am going to respect the contracts a rather laborious process and and we of El Paso, Tex., and in the westerly line of as we tried to get out from under this South El Paso Street one hundred and sixty will have to do it in an orderly way in situation. order to do a good job of it. feet southerly from the northeast corner of Mr. ARMSTRONG. I would expect the said block 21; Mr. ARMSTRONG. I want it done in Thence southerly along the easterly line an orderly way. the contracts of the Federal Government to be respected. of block 21 and the westerly line of South Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent El Paso Street seventy-three and eight­ that t his bill go over without prejudice. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tenths feet to the northerly line of right-of­ Mr. CUNNINGHAM. If the gentle­ the present consideration of the bill? way of the E. P. & S. W. Railroad; man will withhold his request for a mo­ Mr. ARMSTRONG. I ask unanimous Thence westerly, parallel with and twenty­ ment, is it not a fact that if this bill is consent that this bill be passed over five feet from the center line of the said passed the title to this land, which is without prejudice. right-of-way one hundred fifty and twenty­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to seven one-hundredths feet more or less to n ow adjacent to an old Indian reserva­ the north-south center line of a closed alley t ion, will then be in the same situation the request of the gentleman from Mis­ in block 21; as the title to the original or the old souri? Thence northerly along the said alley cen­ Indian reservation land? There was no objection. ter line thirty and seven-tenths feet more Mr. MORRIS. That is absolutely cor­ The SPEAKER. That is the last eli­ or less to a point four feet southerly from rect. gible bill on the Consent Calendar. the south line of lot 5 projected; 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2413 Thence easterly along a line four feet El Paso, Tex., which is also the southwesterly The SPEAKER. Is a second de­ southerly from and parallel with the south corner of the intersection of West Tenth manded? line of the said lot 5, one hundred and and South El Paso Streets; forty-four feet to the point of beginning; Thence southerly along the easterly line Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Being parts of lots 2, 3, and 4, in the of the said block 21 and the westerly line Speaker, I demand a second. block 21 aforementioned, and easterly one­ of South El Paso Street one hundred and Mr. RANKIN. I ask unanimous con­ balf of closed alley adjacent to the afore- siXty feet to a point four feet south of the sent, Mr. Speaker, that a second be con­ 1t1entioned property. south line of lot 5 in the said block 21; sidered as ordered. TRACT 2 Thence westerly four feet from and parallel with the south line of the said lot 5, one The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Beginning at a point in the easterly line hundred and forty-four feet to a point in the request of the gentleman from Mis­ Of South Santa Fe Street and the southerly the north-south center line of an alley which sissippi? Une of the right-of-way of the E. P. & S. W. has been closed; There was no objection. Railroad, which point is sixty-six and eighty­ Thence northerly along the said center line The SPEAKER. The gentleman from two one-hundredths feet northerly from the one hundred and sixty feet to a point in 1outhwest corner of block 21 of the Campbell Mississippi is entitled to 2C minutes, and the northerly line of block 21 and the south­ the gentlewoman from Massachusetts Addition to the city of El Paso, Texas; erly line of West Tenth Street; Thence easterly along a line twenty-five Thence easterly along the northerly line will be entitled to 20 minutes. feet southerly from and parallel with the of block 21, one hundred and forty-four feet Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, this bill center line of the right-of-way of the to the point of beginning; seeks to provide a 2-year presumptive Ji;. P. & S. W. Railroad two hundred eighty­ Being lots 5-10, inclusive, and the north­ period for the disease of psychosis, in­ nine and six-tenths feet ·more or less to a erly four feet of lot 4, and half of the alley stead of the 1-year period which exists point in the westerly line of South El Paso adjoining the said lots in the block 21 afore­ Street, which point is forty-four and four today. Of course, the bill applies only to mentioned. service-connected cases, including pre­ one-hundredths feet northerly from the TRACT 5 northeast corner of block 17 of the Campbell sumptively service-connected cases, and Addition; Beginning at the northwest corner of block 21, Campbell Addition of the city of El Paso, would provide compensation based on Thence southerly along the west line of the degree of disability, and would pro­ South El Paso Street and the east line of Tex., which is at the southeast corner of block 17, Campbell Addition, projected three the intersection of South Santa Fe and West vide also for priority in the admission of hundred four and four one-hundredths feet Tenth Streets; such cases to veterans• hospitals. to the southeast corner of said block 17. Thence easterly along the northerly line Hearings were held by a subcommittee Thence westerly two hundred and seventy­ of the said block 21 and the southerly line and the bill was unanimously reported by four feet along the southerly line of block of West Tenth Street, one hundred and the full committee. It is our belief that 17 to the southwest corner of the said block thirty feet to the north-south center line of a closed alley in the said block 21; the 2-year presumptive period is a very and the easterly line of South Santa Fe conservative period of time, inasmuch as Street; Thence southerly along the north-south Thence northerly along the westerly line center line of the closed alley in block 21, World War I veterans sut!ering from a of block 17 projected and the easterly line of one hundred ninety and seven-tenths feet similar affliction had until January 1, South Santa Fe Street three hundred ninety­ more or less to the northerly line of a fifty­ 1925, or approximately 6 years presump­ six and eighty-two one-hundredths feet to foot right-of-way of the E. P. & S. W. R. R.; tive period. the point of beginning; Then westerly along a curve to the I have contended all along, Mr. Being all of block 17, part of what was right twenty-five feet from and parallel to the center line of the said right-of-way one Speaker, that we should treat these boys formerly Eleventh Street between blocks 17 at least as well as we treated the veterans and 21, and that part of block 21 lying south hundred thirty-nine and seventy-five one­ of the right-of-way of the E. P. & S. W. Rail­ hundredths feet more or less to a point in of World War I, but we have had consid­ road. the easterly line of South Santa Fe Street, erable opposition at the other end of the TRACT 3 which is one hundred thirty-six and seventy­ Capitol. On the last day of the first four one-hundredths feet southerly from the session of the Eighty-second Congress, Beginning at a point in the west line of northwest corner of block 21; South El Paso Street and the east line of Thence northerly along the westerly line the Senate passed a bill providing hospi­ block 21, Campbell Addition projected of block 21 and the easterly line of South talization for cases of this type, and twenty-five and ninety-six one-hundredths Santa Fe Street one hundred thirty-siX and denying compensation. In other words, feet southerly from the southeast corner of seventy-four one-hundredths feet to the they passed a bill providing hospitaliza­ the said block 21; point of beginning, being lots 11-15 and part tion for these presumptively service-con­ Thence westerly at an angle of seventy­ of lots 16, 17, and J 8, and one-half of the nected psychosis cases, but denied them three degrees twenty-six minutes with the alley adjoining the said lots in the block 21 east line of block 21, one hundred fifty and compensation. I accepted that proposal afore-mentioned. in an et!ort to get some better treatment forty-four one-hundredths feet to the P. c., SEC. 2. The act entitled "An act to make thence westerly along a curve to the right provision for suitable quarters for certain for men sut!ering from this dread dis­ one hundred thirty-nine and eighteen one­ Government services at El Paso, Tex., and ease. I believe that all pension and com­ hundredths feet more or less to a point on for other purposes", approved June 19, 1934, pensation benefits should be on a uni­ the east line of South Santa Fe Street and as amended, is hereby repealed. form basis, and thus the committee has the west line of block 21 sixty-six and eighty­ SEC. 3. There are authorized to be appro­ two one-hundredths feet northerly from the reported favorably on this bill. priated such sums as may be necessary to No estimate has been compiled as to southwest corner of said block 21; carry out the purposes of this act. Thence northerly along the west line of the cost. block 21 and the east line of South Santa The bill was ordered to be engrossed Let me say, Mr. Speaker, that we have Fe Street fifty-siX and forty-four one-hun­ and read a third time, was read the third heard a great deal this morning about dreths feet to a point one hundred thirty­ time, and passed, and a motion to recon­ the shirts that have been sent to Mem­ six and seventy-four one-hundredths feet sider was laid on the table. bers of Congress by the taxpayers. You southerly from the northwest corner of said block 21; wait until the mothers and fathers, Thence easterly along a curve to the left AMENDING VETERANS REGULATroNS widows and orphans of disabled veterans one hundred fifty-four and forty-six one­ and the veterans themselves, begin to hundredths feet more or less to the P. C., Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I move send in bloody shirts to Congress, and thence easterly along the tangent one hun­ to suspend the rules and pass the bill then you will have something to look at, dred thirty-five and fifty-six one-hundredths

dlrect it. This conflict may result 1n acts A form of catatonia characterized by im­ agined hostile environment. To demon­ directly opposite to those suggested to the pulsive, often stereotyped, overactivity so strate that his conception rests on an unreal individual. This reaction, as well as in­ largely motivated from within as to appear basis, it is necessary that the schizophrenic creased suggestibility whereby the individual purposeless is called catatonic excitement. be supported by sincere and patient friend­ follows out each suggestion iumediately, The patient may appear delirious or be sleep­ liness until he can gain insight into the fact echolalia, and echopraxia, the latter two less and thus rapidly exhaust himself. Neg­ that his illness has arisen because of his o·wn. meaning, respectively, repetition of words ativism and destructiveness may be observed. misinterpretations. The objective is to stim­ spoken to him and repetition of the acts of The speech may vary from mutism to a rapid ulate his attention, detach his emotions from another person-all common in varying de­ pressing flow. subjective material, redirect his interests to grees in schizophrenics-may be interpreted 4. Paranoid: Delusions which are illogical things outside himself, inculcate healthful as defense reactions against the intrusion and unrelated to reality, hallucinations, and social habits, and abstract him from his spir­ of the disavowed environment. the usual schizophrenic disturbances in as­ itual isolation. Important aids are occupa­ Activity mannerisms may occupy a large sociations and affects, together with nega­ tional therapy, congenial companionships, place in the clinical picture. They consist tivism, are the most prominent symptoms in and a carefully planned recreational program. of stereotyped (without variation) affecta­ this group. This type tends to make its The patient's distorted ideas should noj; te tions of manner, speech, and gait; of gri­ frank appearance in persons 30 to 35 years refuted, but accepted without cr.itical com­ maces, ticlike movements, puckering out of of age. Delusions of persecution are the ment or perhaps with an observation that the mouth or wrinkling the forehead, and, chief manifestation, but depressive hypo-. they probably will change or have a different in many instances, of elaborate and ritual­ chondriacal, or fantastically expansive, ob­ significance to him as he recovers from his istic routines of behavior. viously wish-fulfilling, ideas are common. illness. As the patient improves he may be allowed to interpret his own ideas, but this With such disorder and disequilibrium Prognosis manifest in the mental life of the patient, is not specifically encouraged. For, except A perpianent disorganization of personal­ by a skilled therapist, only extre·mely super­ it is not surprising to find a certain physical ity does not invariably result from a schizo­ ficial interpretations can safely be given, disequilibrium often accompanying schizo­ phrenic episode. Not only the catatonic, but since the psychologic significance of his phrenia. This may be manifested in cold, also the other forms may be episodic in char­ psychotic ideas might be overwhelmingly cyanotic extremities, or blotchy skin and acter; frequently, however, the course of the traumatic to the patient. widely dilated pupils. Seizures may occur, disease ultimately become$ uninterrupted. espectallJ in the early stages. Some patients Insulin therapy: This treatment is suit­ Patients may recover with little scarring, able only for institutionalized patients, since show a lowered metabolism. During acute but careful observation generally detects phases, many schizophrenics lose weight. constant supervision is required. Insulin slight losses in spontaneity, in sense of ( E< 14), 10 to 20 u., subcut., is given on the Clinical Types humor -or elasticity of personality, and a first day and increased by 5 to 10 u. on each As transitions f~om one type to another dulling of affectivity. If the psychosis rep­ succeeding day until signs of severe shock often occur during different pha~es of the resents an insidious development from a pre­ appear. (Food, of course, is withheld during psychosis, the present tendency among psy­ viously distorted personality and its inher- · the preceding several hours.) Coma is occa­ chiatrists is not to attempt to divide schizo­ ent characteristics, the prognosis usually is sionally produced by a dose of 40 u., but most phrenia into the various classic · types. poor. Consequently, the mildness of early patients require 80 to 90 u. Subsequently a However, these are descriptively important. symptoms bears no relation to ultim·ate out­ smaller amount may have the same effect, 1. Simple: Manifested by a gradual and in­ come. In the simple type, the prognosis is and it is wise to reduce the dose by 5 to 10 u. sidious change in personality, with increas­ not good, and the course of the hebephrenic from time to time to test the effect. Shock ingly pronounced disturbances in emotion, forni tends ta be progressive. In the cata­ treatments, at a rate of 5 to 6 times a ·week, interest, and activity. If hallucinations oc­ tonic type many of the patients are restored may have to be continued until 65 or ·70 have cur they are fleeting. Delusions play no im­ to their prepsychotic level for varying lengths been given, but favorable cases often respond portant role. Interest is withdrawn from of time. The paranoid type is considered by or before the 50th treatment. In discon­ the external world and there is a diminished particularly malignant, although remissions tinuing the therapy, the dose is tapered off by response to social demands. Varied degrees which may be looked upon as social recoveries a reduction of 20 to 40 u./day. of this deviation may appear. Many such do occur. Wet, dry, and convulsive types of insulin persons become tramps, vagrants, delin­ Dia_gnosis shock are encountered. (1) Wet shock, the quents, or prostitutes. Apathy, preoccupa­ · Schizophrenia in its initial stages must be most common, starts with_ sweating, hunger, tion, and inactivity characterize many hos­ differentiated 'from hysteria, compulsion_ sleepiness, slurred speech, and confusion. pitalized individuals of this type. neurosis, and manic-depressive psychosis Coma folJows and a Babinski sign appears, 2. Hebephrenic: There is a tendency to in­ (q. v:). Various conditions such as thyro­ to be replaced later in case of extreme shock clude under this classification cases not to1'icosis, fevers, kidney or heart disease, by a general areflexia that includes loss of readily fitting into other -groups. The idea­ toxemia of pregnancy, may precipitate a th:e pupillary light reflex. (2) Dry shock is tional content of the hebephrenic tends to­ latent schizophrenia or a delirioid state re­ practically the same except that the patient ward fantasy, with fragmentary rather than sembling this disorder. Carefully appraising perspires very little. (3) In the convulsive elaborate or systematized' delusions. Hal­ the patient's prepsychotic personality often type generalized clonic movements are char­ lucinations are frequent, associations are· helps in such differentiations. acteristic. Extreme caution must be observed markedly loose, speech is incoherent,_ emo­ - In hysteria, the patient's psychologic mo­ when patients characteristically respond tional reactions are shallow and incongruous, ~ive more often is apparent, the symptoms with convulsions, which may occur at any and regressive features (soiling, wetting), are paroxysmal and more sudden in onset; time between the onset of hypoglycemia and and a certain silliness of response and action, and, unlike the schizophrenic where normal full waking. Provided the total period of often predominate. The patient becomes and psychotic elements exist side by side, the hypoglycemia has not exceeded 6 hours, an bafflingly inaccessible. The disintegration hysteric shows an alternation of normal and uncomplicated shock may be continued for 2 of personality is perhaps greater than with psychotic. In hysteria, the symbolization !s to 3 hours. any of the other types. conventional and intelligible, while in schizo­ Shock is terminated by administering 3. Catatonic: Characterized by phases of phrenia the use of symbols is individualized glucose. If the pa.tient is in light shock and stupor and excitement, frequently alternat­ and archaic. able to swallow, he is given 2 Gm. of glucose tng suddenly, although any given catatonic Compulsion neurosis: A patient with a by mouth for each unit of insulin previously episode may consist of only one phase. The compulsion neurosis consciously strongly administered that day. Otherwise, 300 Gm. catatonic form frequently has its onset, resists his obsessions and compulsions, while or m·ore of glucose in a 25 percent solution which may be acute, between the ages of 15 the schizophrenic tends to display increasing is given by nasal tube; or in extreme cases, and 25; and more often than the other types apathetic unconcern. (The schizophrenic's 25 to 50 cc. of 50 percent glucose I. V. ( E< 19). is precipitated by an emotionally disturbing hypochondriacal complaints lack the drama­ Epinephrine ( E< 20), 0.3 to 0.5 cc. of a 1 :1,000 experience. The prognosis for recovery and tization seen in the psychoneuroses.) solution subcut., occasionally is administered reintegration of personality is more favorable Manic-depressive psychosis: This fre­ to speed arousal after the glucose is given. than in other types, but after several episodes quently is most difficult to differentiate. The Upon regaining consciousness, the patient the condition tends to become chronic. onset of schizophrenia tends to be more in­ must immediately take additional carbohy­ Patients in catatonic stupor show increas­ sidious, and the excitement paroxysmal drates by mbuth (usually several slices of ing inattention, preoccupation, emotional rather than sustained as in the manic. The bread). A carbohydrate rich meal is given poverty, dreaminess, and frequently progress quality of infectiousness about the mood of as soon as the patient is fully conscious. to mutism. Inattention to their bodily the manic is lacking. The schizophrenic's delusions are more grotesque and create less Throughout the course of therapy a high needs, refusal to eat, and retention of saliva, caloric (4,000 to 5,000 C. daily), high vitamin urine, and feces are common. Negativism, tension. More often than the reverse, a psy­ chosis at first thought to be a manic-depres­ diet is prescribed. (See Diets.) gesturing, grimacing, and immobility may Insulin shock therapy is attended by many supervene and extend for a period of ex­ sive episode subsequently proves to be schizo­ dangers, among which are after-shock (a re­ tremely variable duration. The patient phrenic. slowly or at times suddenly emerges from Treatment lapse into unconsciousness, perhaps many this stuporous phase. He then may become Psychotherapy: According to some author­ hours later), prolonged coma, severe con­ virtually normal or may pass into a state of ities a schizophrenic illness is to be viewed vulsions, and extreme vasomotor or circula­ catatonic excitement. as a repudiation by the patient of an im- tory collapse. • 2416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 Convulsive shock theapy: Electroshock has in hand.) Perhaps the more rigid the per­ ness, and proneness to misinterpret others' largely supplanted Metrazol for producing sonality and therefore the less possible the actions often are overcompensated by ex­ these therapeutic convulsions, as it is less recognition tha'; conflicts exist in any part of treme aggressiveness. Folie a deux, a mental terrifying to the patient, is equally or more the psyche, the nearer the symptoms will ap­ disorder in which two intimately associated efficacious therapeutically, and produces proach those of classic paranoia. Conversely, persons develop the same paranoid ideas, is fewer fractures. Further electroshock treat­ the nearer the conflicts come to conscious explained by the responsiveness of the weaker ments are usually contraindicated if a pa­ recognition, and hence more dangerous to and more submissive to the stronger. Gen ­ tient has not improved with 20 convulsions. the ego, the nearer will the symptoms ap­ erally the infected individual relinquishes Schizophrenic patients often become ex­ proach those of schizophrenia. (Sometimes his delusions when separated from the other. tremely disturbed after several convulsions, an individual's .intellectual and emotional Folie 8. deux is not infrequent between man which ordinarily precludes the use of this acceptance of and coming to terms with his and wife, but is more frequent between sis­ form of therapy unless the patient is hos­ homosexuality may prevent-with proper ters or brothers, or any two individuals with pitalized. The relative value of insulin and psychotherapy-a schizophrenic dissolution the same background. electroshock therapy in schizophrenia has not of personality.) In a woman, conscience­ The paranoiac usually has superior in­ yet been statistically determined, but there dictated frustrations of heterosexual urges tellectual endowments, which in fact are is some indication that insul.ir. may prove to may cause discontent, tension, and a general necessary for his rationalizations. Excessive give lasting benefit more frequently, espe­ sense of dissatisfaction to such an extent use of this mechanism almost is a. hallmark cially in the paranoid type. (For details that regression takes place and homosexual of the condition. His prolonged tense and about electroshock therapy, see Involutional conflicts are awakened. She may either be­ expectant affective state stimulates atten­ Melancholia.) lieve she is persecuted by women or, working tion, he sees connections where none ac­ PARANOIA AND PARANOID CONDITIONS out her conflict on a heterosexual plane, by tually exist, and at times his concepts are men; or else that some important man-per­ Classic paranoia, which is rarely if ever rationalized into an extensive delusional seen, is a psychosis in which a circumscribed haps her physician-loves her and their system. delusional system exists without dilapidation union is being prevented only oy her enemies. Diagnosis ·of conation, affect, or a.;sociative processes. Symptoms So-called acute paranoia is discussed un­ (By conation is meant the instinctually mo­ The history may reveal that as a child the der the manic-depressive psychoses (q. v.). tivated striving aspects of the personality patient was especially needful of apprecia­ In paranoia the ideas are more sustained and that are more or less beyond volitional con­ tion; was moody, resentful of school and pa­ are supported by a. less changeable affect, trol.) In its less strict and more modern rental discipline; was unable to form good in contrast to the usual vacillations in the sense, paranoia also describes any personality play adjustments, and perhaps suspicious. manic. Since the mental operations are reaction characterized by the mechani.sms of A compensatory striving toward superiority only exaggerations of normal mechanisms,· projection and compensation. To under­ may have resulted. In the growing-up stage, at times it is difficult to differentiate the non­ stand many normal as well as psychotic the rigidity and tendency toward pride may psychotic paranoiac from the psychotic par­ m!'Lnifestations, familiarity with the nature have increased, as well as the patient's in­ anoiac. The patient must be deemed psy­ of these mechanisms is necessary, They may herent sensitiveness to the attitude of others chotic if the reaction is continuous, if his be employed to excess in practically all psy­ toward him. Before the psychosis becomes beliefs cannot be corrected, if they tend to choses, but usually are only incidental or manifest, prodromal symptoms sometimes spread, and if they are completely illogical. transitory except in classic paranoia, para­ occur. Perhaps numerous situations have Classifying these reactions as approximating noid conditions, and paranoid schizophrenia. caused the patient to react with wounded and either the paranoiac or the schizophrenic The paranoid conditions range by impercepti­ bitter pride. He analyzes his moods and sen­ pole is aided by evaluating the degree of dis­ ble gradations from classic paranoia on to the sations, may become bypochondriacal, is turbance in the individual's contacts with. state of disorganbation seen in paranoid more reserved, and withdraws from attempts reality. The more the repressed material schizophrenia. Step by step, from patient to to discuss his problems. He displays sullen comes into consciousness as hallucinations patient, a greater admixture of schizophrenic quietness, behind which lurks haughty dis­ and the more archaic the form of adjust­ features is seen . . This is reflected in inade­ dain. Periods of moody dreaminess occur. ment, the nearer the reaction approaches quate affective responses, increasingly dis­ Suddenly or gradually the conception may be schizophrenia. organized associations, and the symboliza­ born that his failures have been due to the Prognosis tion and projection of mental material as enmity of others. Now he sees new and hid­ Patients with classic paranoia or those hallucinations. In all of these reactions den significance in commonplace events: peo­ there is a tendency for what is troublesome with reactions closely approximating it, ple deliberately slight him; his situation is probably never recover; however, they may within to be projected outward in ideational endangered; he experiences vague fears and and verbal form. A patient with paranoid not require hospitalization. The patients• becomes increasingly resentful. All · suspi­ conduct often remains within bounds, society psychosis· carries to extremes the normal cions are vigorously defended. Hallucina­ methods of maintaining self-esteem; 1. e., b.y looks upon them as "cranks," they rarely tions may or may not occur; however, either act without reflection, and therefore avoid blaming others for his own failures, denying through hallucinations or ideation, he comes the possession of those of his traits that he commitment more often than patients with to feel important. Perhaps now he assumes schizophrenic-like reactions. Remissions dislikes, and by overcoming his feelings of the caricatured mien of the individual he insecurity with various compensatory striv­ -may occur in the latter types, but the ulti­ thinks himself to be. The exalted paranoic mate prognosis nevertheless is poor. ings. may believe himself a chosen one of God­ Etiology perhaps a reincarnation of Christ. He may Treatment The personality aspects from which para­ develop a bumble air, grow a beard, exhibit Whether the patient is to remain free in noia arises are: the need to shield particu­ idiosyncrasies in closing, and picture himself the community is determined by his po­ larly sensitive portions of thought-life, as tolerant and unden.tanding. He believes tential danger to others. If delusions are hunger for a recognition that cannot be he would be serene were ha not constantly directed against specific persons, confine­ achieved, and the fears and guilt feelings molested. Effect determines his logic. He ment is probably necessary; the greater the these conflicts and strivings evoke. Char­ reinterprets past events through retrospec­ expressed hatred the more imperative is com­ acter anomalies become continuous with the tive falsification and these falsifications con­ mitment. In all dealings with paranoid pa­ psychosis; both are based on the habitual solidate his new evaluations. The litigious tients-schizophrenic or otherwise--scrupu­ way in which the patient reacts to his inner type, probably an individual who always had lous honesty and truthfulness are necessary. conflicts and outer adversities. Sexual con­ been defensive about his rights, after some Often the patient will follow reasonable sug­ flicts, often unconscious, usually are opera­ legal action having resulted unsatisfactorily, gestions and greatly modify his behavior. tive. Homosexual tendencies, normal at cer­ may launch further lawsuits. His drive is to T"ne physician may become bis one confidant. tain ages and stages of development, either prove himself right and others wrong, rather Despite contrary appearances, the para­ reawakened or never fully relinquished and than the desire for justice he expresses. By noiac and schizophrenic crave love, as they unconsciously craving expression, are per­ these activities sensitive insecurity is pro­ live inwardly in a cold and colorless soli­ haps basic. Freud's description of this tected. tude to which they have withdrawn not mechanism is that the man cannot admit to Another patient may believe himself loved through choice but from unconscious moti­ conscious recognition the existence of his by some wealthy or powerful woman. He vation. Healthy human companionships unconscious "I love him"; to be admissible · writes to her; her failure to reply is to test have come to appear unattainable and, he could only say "I hate him," but this does his love. He may see symbols in the sky, or through fear of their own aggressiveness, not solve the conflict. Eventually, the un­ birds may chirp in an unusual fashion to dangerous. They withdraw to their citadel conscious thought is projected and finally only after-to them--endless frustrations. enters consciousness-as a subjectively valid show him he is loved. In other cases, sexual impotence may represent a paranoid de­ Hence, tolerance on the part of the physi­ interpretation of environmenal happenings­ cian, a. philosophic detachment combined in the distorted form "he hates me," to which fensive pattern; this shields the patient from with a. justified humility, a. sense of humor later 1£ added "he persecutes me." It is then conscious knowledge of his fundamental con­ about his own ineptness as well as the pa­ but one further ruminative step to the pa­ flicts. Or dissatisfactions with self may be tients' peccadillos, discretion, understand­ tient's conscious belief that he is important projected as the wife's discontent, and thus ing, and warmth, are the tools used to ease else he would not thus be singled out for lead to delusions of her infidelity. Deafness the paranoiacs' tensions, to help them attention. Grandiosity begins. (Grandiose in insecure persons often facilitates paranoid achieve calmer environmental adjustments, And persecutory ideas a.lmost always go hand reactions. Their seclusiveness, suspicious- and to bring some serenity, transient though 'J.952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2417 i it may be, into the lives of these sometimes The manlc's increased psychomotor re­ determining whether the obsessions or the turbulent and always troubled individuals. actions range from simple overactivity to depression came first. The patient's solici­ . Even slight deafness in a paranoid individual sustained and frenzied busyness. He may tude about his health is continuous and pro­ should be corrected, 1! possible; otherwise tear his clothing, decorate himself bizarrely, longed in neurasthenia. In hypochondriasis, the u se of a hearing aid should be insisted disarrange his room, smear the wall with mild symptoms usually will have existed for upon. Help in unraveling the family prob­ feces-all without malice. He sings, shouts a considerable time, and the attack does not lems or irritating work situations are repre­ to any passer-by, makes obscene sexual pro­ come on abruptly as in the depressive state. sentative ways by which the physician may posals, is too excited to eat, sleep, or pay at­ Prognosis be able to aid his patient. tention to any physical illness, mild or Drugs play only an incidental and not a · serious. Particularly when his excitement is The prognosis for individual episodes ts curative role in managing and treating these not extreme he may not appear fatigued, yet good and there is no residual "scarring" of patients. Extreme tension may be . some­ in other instances these patients rapidly ex­ the personality. However, the disease may what allayed with phenobarbital ( n 2)' 30 haust themselves. Actual hallucinations are assume a certain chronicity in which the in­ mg. (gr. ss) 3 times daily, and occasionally rare, but illusions that simulate hallucina­ tervals between episodes are brief or non­ a mild hypnotic such as Amytal ( ll: 3). 0.1 to tions are not uncommon. While these pa• existent. The duration of manic-depressive 0.3 Gm. (gr. iss to v) at bedtime, may be tients usually retain correct orientation, episodes cannot be predicted with certainty, indicated if the patient suffers from pro­ their poorly sustained attention may disturb but on the average, manic attacks last 6 tracted insomnia. this. A short mild depression often pre­ months and depressive attacks 9 months. cedes a manic episode. If a first episode ls a depression, it may be M ANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSES the last; if it is manic, others are apt to The term affectivity means the basal tone T.he depressive phase: Iu a considerable number of patients the episodes are confined follow. The probability of future attacks of the feeling life, and the manic-depressive varies inversely-to a degree at least--with p sychoses are called affective psychoses be­ to depressions, and often these patients' pre­ the age when the disease first appears; if cause the patient's ideas, actions, and feel­ psychotic personality has been of the melan­ cholic type. Manic-depressive depressions before 20, the prognosis is poor. Recurring ing tones are in harmonious agreement. episodes may occupy a large portion of some may be mild, acute, or stuporous. Many Classically, the disorder is characterized by mild manic-depressive depressions are not patients' lives; normal periods tend to be­ alternating per~ods of mania and depres­ recognized as such. They usually take the come shorter as age advances. Chronic sion, but some patients exhibit only one form of inertia and staleness or of hyp6- mania is uncommon before the age of 40, phase, which may be either depression or chondriasis. In either case, the patient will and the melancholia ls more apt to become elation. An occasional patient may have be downhearted, and a patient with hypo­ chronic. Repeated attacks usually leave the only one or two attacks during his lifetime, chondriacal complains will consider these mind unchanged in basic functionings, but but periodic recurrences are the rule. the cause rather than -the result of his de­ occasionally a patient may show some im­ Etiology and Incidence pression. These mildly depressed patients pairment of initiative and judgment. If the disease is initiated by a manic epi­ may be fearful, quiet, indecisive and have Treatment sode, it most frequently occurs between the feelings of inadequacy. If impure affects Only an occasional patient with manic­ ages of 15 and 25; if by a depressive episode, exist, tl!ey may be irritable, sensitive, and depressive psychosis can be cared for at home, between 25 and 35. Its incidence is greatest morose, or peevish, stubborn, and faultfind­ and then a psychiatric consultant must be among the higher social and professional ing instead of sad. The more severe depres­ available and psychiatric nurses kept on 24- group, and twice as great in women as in sions often begin thus, but profound affec­ hour duty. It often ls difficult to persuade men. An estimated one-third of siblings of tive distress rapidly supervenes. This ls re­ the family to commit the patient to a hos­ patients with the disorder become affected; flected in a stooped posture and an immobile, pital, as they do not realize to what extent thus, presumably heredity plays a role. or perplexed and troubled, facial expression. the defective judgment of these patients However, factors of environment may be of The patient sleeps poorly, wak.es early, per­ constitutes a risk to themselves and others. primary importance, as a child can incor­ haps becomes constipated, and his sexual When relatives are told that electroshock porate his parents' traits through emulation desires decrease. Because of psychomotor therapy may be indicated, and, if so, that it and identification. The psychosis usually retardation, all physical activity becomes a may put an end to the episode, they may occurs in individuals with a "cyclothymic" great exertion. Subjectively, the patient more readily agree to the patient's commit­ temperament, which may be described under may feel that his usual environment is ment. three subdivisions. The hypomanic is out­ strange or that a disaster ls impending from . The manic phase: Manic patients·want to going, vivacious, optimistic, and easily which he cannot escape, and his outlook be­ be constantly occupied and outlets for their swayed by new impressions. His superficial comes hopeless. If the feelings of distress energy must be supplied, but not to the point judgment often leads to failures; for these ;.re projected, his ideas become delusional. of producing exhaustion. Arguments and he has ready excuses. Some hypomanics are A complaining, or a suspicious persecutory, contradictions should be avoided and the hypercritical, domineering, and argumenta­ paranoid trend may exist; or his thought patient allowed to do as he wishes within tive. The syntonic is the "normal" cyclo­ life may be concerned with hypochondrlacal safe limits. The patient's distractibility thyme. He is genial, sociable, uncompli­ ideas, self-accusations, ideas of guilt, remorse, sometimes makes spoon feeding or tube feed· cated, and a practical realist. He radiates a and self-depreciation. His intense fear may Ing necessary. (See Melancholia.) A high certain warmth and ease. The melancolic create clouding of consciousness; however, caloric diet ts imperative. The treatment of often is quiet, kindly, solemn; but may be unless a patient's attention is thus impaired choice for excitement and insomnia is the gloomy, submissive, and self-depreciatory; by affective distress, orientation ls not dis· use of prolonged ·neutral · baths in tubs his hesitation and indecision betray his feel­ turbed. Illusory misinterpretations are com· especially designed for the purpose ("contin· ings of insecurity. He often is preoccupied mon, but hallucinations are infrequent. uous" tubs). These baths may be given for with his work. The psychomotor retardation, alone or aug­ several hours daily, or continuously up to Symptoms and Signs mented by some belief the patient holds­ several weeks. Hypnotics are used as little for instance, that he is unworthy of food­ as possible and, repeated only when abso­ The manic phase: Excitement ls the card!· may make spoon- or tube-feeding necessary. lutely necessary. · The most suitable are nal symptom. It may be mild (hypomania), Suicidal attempts or self-mutilations are not paraldehyde, chloral hydrate, and the barbi­ acute, or delirious. There is a quickening uncommon. turic-acid derivatives. Chloral hydrate ( ll: of the individual's entire tempo, which is Stupor is the most intense form of these 4), 2 to 2.6 Gm. (gr. xxx to xl), alone or reflected in an apparent wealth of mental depressions: the patient makes no response combined with barbital ( ll: 1), 0.3 to 1 Gm. associations (verbosity), tireless overactivity, to external stimuli, his sensorium is clouded, and feelings of elation. The patient may be (gr. v to xv), may be used. Paraldehyde he ls mute, and his face is masklike or wears ( n 5) is given in doses of 4 t o 12 cc. mischievous, playful, and have fleeting d~lu­ a fixed expression of anxiety; spontaneous sions of grandeur. Irritability and anger If the patient is in good physical condition, motor activity is slight or absent. A short and constant nursing attention which is ab­ may punctuate his elation when his requests hypomanic period often terminates the de­ are denied. If "impure" affects are present-­ pressive episode. solutely essential, is available, partial narco­ as seen in a manic with a parano ~d-like sis, prolonged for a period of days, occasion­ reaction-he may be haughty, arrogant, and Diagnosis ally will terminate a manic episode. Sodium demanding . and become abusive toward The psychosis must be differentiated from amytal ( n 6) is the drug usually employed those who momentarily annoy him. Close schizophrenia, paresis, so-called acute para­ for this purpose, and the treatment is begun observation reveals that his apparent wealth noia, and such psychoneurotic states as by giving 0.2 gm. (gr. iii) by mouth, or rec­ of ideas actually represents a limited range compulsion neuroses, neurasthenia, and tally, every 3 or 4 hours. The doses are grad­ of associational products, and his wordiness hypochondriasis (q. v.). Paresis may be dif· u ally increased during the first 3 or 4 days, is a flight from, rather than a product of, ferentiated by history, neurol.ogic signs, and thinking. He is preoccupied with the pho­ laboratory tests. Acute paranoia ls a mis­ u ntil the patient is kept asleep or deeply netics instead of the meanings of words. nomer for a hypomania in which exuberance somnolent for 15 to 20 hours daily. He is Everything around him distracts his atten­ is replaced by anger, resentment, irritability, kept continuously on his side to prevent as­ tion. Since he is not concerned with its irascibility, and perhaps delusions and piration of mouth contents or strangulation, ideational content, his talk assumes a char­ litigious tendencies. Because of the obses­ and turned at regular intervals. At least acter not unlike that of free associations, sive ideas which a depressed patient m ay ex­ two periods of wakefulness are allowed each and thus often affords clues to his uncon­ press, a compulsion neurosis sometimes is d ay for feeding and nursing care. The physi­ scious motivation. simulated; the differentiation is made by cian sees the patient during each of the;oe 2418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 periods. Pulse, blood pressure, and temper­ ness. Worrying, fretfulness, apprehension, Prognosis ature are periodically determined; cyanosis and compulsive meticulousness may have With the advent of convulsion therapy, re­ is watched for, and the narcosis immediately further reflected his insecurity. At the age coveries have been enormously increased; terminated if any untoward signs or symp­ when the psychosis occurs a sense of frustra­ 80 to 90 percent of these patients are bene­ toms develop. If its course is uneventful, tion is perhaps usual. The time may appear fited by electroshock con't'ulsions. Previous­ the narcosis sometimes is continued for 10 to have passed when earlier errors can be re­ ly about 40 percent recovered, but frequently days, after which the dose of sodium amy­ paired and when unfulfilled ambitions can only after an illness of 2 or 3 years. The tal is gradually decreased over a period of be achieved. Hence, old confiicts often be­ prognosis for the paranoid type is less favor­ 3 or 4 days. The effectiveness of this therapy come stronger and threaten the ego with able. With the latter, insulin may be indi­ is thought to depend on a partial dissolution their accompanying anxiety. This ceaseless cated if electroshock fails to cure. (See of psychotic resistance to psychotherapeutic anxiety may bring the patient to a preoccu­ Schizophrenia.) leverage. The psychotherapy used at this pation with thoughts of death. In some but stage is entirely supportive. The constancy not all Instances the psychosis is precipitated Treatment of the nurse's attentions and regularity of by loss of position, the death of an individual The danger of suicide is too great to permit the physician's visits have supportive value. upon whom the person was dependent, or these patients to be cared for outside a men­ No interpretive psychotherapy is attempted breaking up of the home. tal hospital. A high caloric diet is essential, at this time. After the patient has recovered Symptoms and Signs . and refusal to eat for longer than 24 hours from the episode, psychotherapy by an ex­ is an indication for tube feedings. (See pert may decrease the probability of recur­ Insidious changes in attitude and behavior Diets.) Aspiration pneumonia should be rence, but this is at best uncertain. may precede the manifest psychosJs by weeks guarded against through careful technic. The depressive phase: Gener al care is the or months. Spells of weeping, disinclination Paraldehye (Bo 5) in amounts up to 8 to for effort, pessimism, peevishness, irritabil­ same as for involutional melancholia (q. v.). 1~ cc. (dr. i to iv) is particularly useful for Electroshock convulsions, 8 to 10, will termi­ ity, and insomnia are common prodromal the insomnia. In aged infirm patients, seda­ nate many of the:?e depressions, but since symptoms. This drastic variation from his tives must be used. with extreme caution. this is a recurrent disease and because of the accustomed effects is recognized by the pa­ Because these patients are so fearful, all amnesic features associated with the ther­ tient, and he perhaps stat es that he is be­ changes in routine should be carefully ex­ apy, experienced judgment is required to ginning to lose his mind. When the manifest plained beforehand. decide to what extent and with which pa­ p&ychosis begins, depression, anxiety. and agitation are seen, and delusions of sin, un­ Electroshock therapy; Absolute contrain­ tients it is to be used. dictions to the use of electroshock therapy In mana°ging inudly depressed patients, an worthiness, and impending death occupy his mind. Guilt feelings may cause the patient are few; they include extreme hypertension, organized program which fills the day is severe anterios<:lerosis, cardiac dooompensa­ desirable. None of the activities shou1d be retroactively to ihterpret some earlier indis­ cretion as an "unpardonable sin." He per­ tion, coronary disease, intracranial disease, strenuous or exhausting. Repetitive, and pregnancy, and skeletal deformities. Dzaths what the patient may consider as mildly de­ haps insists that he is to be butchered, or that he is damned and God cannot forgive attributable .directly to shock therapy are grading occupations---such as sorting and rare. The occurrence of fractures can be counting various types in a keg of mixed him. He states that he deserves his fate, yet begs for reassurance, only to refute any that reduced to a negligible point by proper tech­ nails, or weeding a lawn-may arouse resent­ nic. Electroshock treatments should be ad­ ment against the environment, and thus de­ may be offered as illogical and ridiculous. He may rationalize that his inner d istress ministered only by a physician well trained flect the patient's aggression away from him­ in the procedure. self. Also, the patient may respond better results from organic changes and disease; that his brain has dried up, that his intes­ Curare is a helpful adjunct. By reducing to an attitude of cool kindness than to a muscular spasm, it minimizes skeltal trauma warmly sympathetic approach. As the de­ tines are rotting away, or that he has no stomach. Hallucinations are common; God during the convulsions. (The drug is con­ pression recedes, the danger of suicide in­ traindicated in patients with m yasthenia. creases, since there is less psychomotor re­ may talk to him or a deceased parent reprove him. Although the patient's consciousness gravis, since they are unduly sensitive to it.) tardation and the patient has more energy A preparation suitable for I. V. injection · to carry it out. This fact (which relatives probably will be clear, the subjective absorp­ must be used (Bo 15). The customary dose find difficult to understand) calls for doubled tion of attention may cause him to appear precautions during convalescence. Indeci­ confused, perplexed, and bewildered. His of ·standardized curare is 3 mg./17.7 kg. (40 pounds) body wt., but three-fourths of this sion 1s characteristic of all depressions, and fear of death, projected in symbolic forms amount is safer, particularly for the first ad­ is a cardinal symptom in some of the milder and delusions, possibly accounts for the in­ cases; therefore, the patient should not be somnia. (Characteristically, depressed pa­ ministration. Oxygen and an intratracheal airway must be at hand, the larynx may required to make decisions until he has fully tients wake up early in the morning.) Pood as recovered, and in many cases should not re­ may be refused because the patient believes become paralyzed from overcurarization. sume his usual business occupation for weeks it is poisoned, or because of nihtlistic ideas Overcurarization is treated with neostigmine or months thereafter. At least in the psy­ about the absence of his stomach, or because (Bo 16), 1 cc. subcut. of a 1: 2,000 solution. chotic depressions, the use of stimulative he thinks himself unworthy. In no other If it 1.s necessary to repeat the latter, then drugs such as amphetamine is of question­ psychosis is suicide so frequently attempted. atropine (Bo 17), 0.4 mg. (gr. 1/150) also able value and in some instances may be This may represent an attempt to destroy is given to lessen any undesirable side effects harmful. rejected portions of the pers9nality, and of the neostigmine. Curare should be al­ thus put an end, to gnawing conflicts and lowed sufficient time to take full effect, usual­ INVOLUTIONAL PSYCHOSES troublesome desires. The patient loses ly several min~tes, before the convulsion is Whether involutional psychoses are related weight, becomes dehydrated, and picks at his induced. to manic-depressive psychoses is debatable, skin; his respirations are shallow and his Shock treatments are given with the pa- but for practical purposes considering them extremities cold and cyanotic. In some cases . tient lying on a firm, smooth, resilent sur­ as separate entities is Justifiable. They gen­ the psychosis has a distinct paranoid-color­ face, such as a litter with a firm pad. No erally occur after the age of 40: In women ing, and these patients often will have shown metal should touch the patient; hairpins, mcst often in the late forties and in men in prepsychotic traits somewhat like those ob­ jewelry, and false teeth are removed. After the late fifties. At· these ages the woman's served in the paranoid psychoses ( q. v.) • the patient is lying in correct position upon child-bearing potential, the symbolized Diagnosis the litter, he is asked to sit up. An ordinary source and end of energy and womanliness, In manic-depressive depression, hallucina­ pillow then is placed lengthwise across the is failing; and the man's physical and mental litter and against the patient's buttocks; vigor, and hence the symbolized ability to tions are less common. and the apprehension, fear, and ideas of impending destruction are when the patient again. lies down, the neces­ coerce fate, is waning. In this psychosis, the sary hyperextension of the spine is effected. patient's anxiety is tremendous and is ac­ less marked. Also stereotypes (unvarying repetition) of behavior or speech, or other Six assistants are needed. Two stand on op­ companied by agitation, hypochondriacal posite sides and apply pressure on the pa­ and nihilistic ideas, delusions, and hallu­ schizophrenic-like symptoms less seldom occur. The latter are more in keeping with tient's shoulders, each with his other hand cinations. The psychodynamics probably are grasping the wrJst of the patient's arm near­ similar to those outlined under the manic­ 1nvolutional melancholia. Patients wit h depressive depressions ( q. v.) , but with an arteriosclerotic psychosis who are depressed est him. The patient's arms then are flexed seldom exhibit the profound, sustained fear and held firmly but not immovably against involutional psychosis fearsome delusions his chest during the convulsion. Another as­ seen in the involutional psychotic, and slight are more frequent, and lacking are the sistant applies downward· pressure on the loss of memory is usual rather than pre­ manic-depressive's psychomotor retardation pelvis. Two others hold the patient's legs, and history of earlier attacks of mania. or de­ occupation. In the psychoneouroses hallu­ pression. cinations are rare and there are no true de­ With one hand above, and the other below, the knee. The sixth attends to the mouth Etiology lusions. Any fear these patients may have gag. This may be an applicator thickly The patient often will have exhibited such is paroxysmal, although they may exhibit padded at one end with gauze, which is placed premorbid traits as intolerance, stubborn­ sustalned anxiety. In contrast to the psy­ between the patients molars on one side; or ness, penuriousness, oversensitivity; a tend­ choneurotic, a patient with melancholia. a firm gauze-covered roll of cellulose may be ency to self-punishment as ·manifested by strives more against his sensed danger and placed In such position that the canines bite avoidance. of pleasure, a rigid moral code for as well may display gross mJsinterpretations on its a.s the mouth closes during the convul­ himself and others, and overconscientious- of reality relationships. sion. The mouth opens widely when the 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2419 convulsion begins, and during this phase the PRESENILE PSYCHOSES indiscretions or offenses. Panic states may sixth assistant applies upward pressure on Alzheimer's disease be seen. Ideas of jealousy and hypochon­ the jaw to prevent its dislocation and keeps dria.sis, as well as delusions of persecution, In an individual exhibiting symptoms of and sometimes of grandeur, are not uncom­ the gag in position to prevent biting of the dementia during the forties, this disease tongue or lips when the jaws close. mon. Speech is laborious and coordination should be suspected. It is characterized by of finer movements impaired. Before the electrodes are applied, the pa­ fairly rapid mental deterioration, memory tient's temple areas are washed with warm The first evidence that the larger vessels defects, disorientation, delirium, speech dis­ are sclerosed may be an apoplectic stroke or soapy water; and an electrolytic-conducting turbances, restlessness, h allucinations, and. jelly is rubbed on. The amount of current an aphasic attack. However, there may be apprehensive delusions. The ability to per­ premonitory symptoms, such as morning and length of application necessary to pro­ form purposeful movements may be impaired duce a convulsion vary; representative fig­ headaches, mental and physical fat igability, or lost. The most conspicuous pathologic vertigo, emotional liability; short periods of ures are 70 to 150 volts; 300 to 1,200 m. a.; lesion is the development of tangled thread­ 0.1 to 0.5 second. More than one application confusion, especially at n ight; fleeting apha­ like flbrillary structures in the cortical gang­ sias or apraxias, and momentary loss of may be required, but not more than three or lion cells. There also is nerve-cell atrophy four should be attempted on any 1 day. power in arm or leg. As the disease devel­ and neuroglia proliferation. Dementia be­ ops, the patient often weeps at trifles. The The patient is allowed a few deep breaths comes pronounced in the later phases of the between each. Ordinarily, the operator will facies become immobile, and coarse muscular disease, and spasticity and epileptic-form tremors sometimes appear. Heart and kid­ .increase the current, or time, or both, with seizures may occur. The typical atrophic each subsequent passage of current until the ney disease may be associated. Occlusion changes usually are visible by means of air or rupture of a vessel tnay cause focal de­ convulsive threshold is reached. Once this encephalography. ls determined, the same settings on the ma­ struction of nervous tissue, with resultant chine usually will be used initially- on the Pick's disease upper motor neurone paralysis and various next treatment day. Convulsions begin with This disease usually occurs between the aphasias, and aprapias. These focal lesions, a tonic stage affecting the extensor m:uscles, ages of 45 and 60, and is twice as frequent in and especially those causing the serious aphasias, hasten the deterioration and de­ and end-the longer phase of the tw~with women as in men. In most instances de­ mentia is well established within a year, al­ mentia. Epileptiform attacks, either jack­ clonic contractures of the flexors. A convul­ sonian or general, may occur and sometimes sion may last for 1 ~ minutes. When it ends, though the memory usually is retained until the patient is kept on his back until he has the disease is far advanced. However, the are the most prominent symptoms. Inter­ taken at least one deep respiration. Then he fundamental dementia is revealed by the current mild infections usually exacerbate is turned on his side a,nd a pillow is so ar­ patient's inability to utilize the recalled ma­ the symptoms. ranged under his head that free drainage of terial in forming new concepts. The symp­ SENILE DEMENTIA mucus from his mouth and throat is assured. toms arise from a relatively diffuse cortical Waning mental capacity sufficient to war­ Massaging and pinching the abdominal mus­ atrophy, plus circumscribed, localized, bi­ rant a diagnosis of a senile dementia seldom cles may aid in initiating respirations and, if lateral areas of atrophy chiefly in the frontal appears before the age of 60, and it often is necessary, artificial respiration can be given. and temporal lobes. The white matter at­ dim.cult to draw the line between such An experienced person must stay with the rophies early and the loss of ganglion cells dementia and the mental state common to patient until full consciousness returns. Im­ is pronounced. The brain may be reduced in old age. An exaggerated tendency to rem­ mediately after convulsions, patients may be weight by 200 to 300 gm. The pupillary and inisce frequently precedes both the charac­ so overexcited as to require restraints. other reflexes and the spinal fluid findings teristic amnesia for recent happenings and Patients develop varying degrees of am­ are not disturbed. Some patients with the the concurrent recession of ready recall to nesia if a sufficient number of convulsions disease are depressed, irritable, and suspi­ ever earlier life periods. Recognizing none are given. This usually ls at first an inabil­ cious, while others are euphoric. Stereotyped of this, the patient's personality character­ ity to recall famil1ar names, and it may pro­ purposeless activity is common. A gradual istics are displayed in accentuated form as ·gress until after recovery the patient may re­ aphasia occurs, but ls not accompanied by he attempts to overcome the new frustra­ member few of his psychotic ideas. Severe the spontaneous logorrhea so frequently seen tions he naturally meets. Egocentricity, ir­ and lasting impairment of memory may be in aphasia due to vascular disease. Echo­ ritabllity, and resentment of any imagined produced if more than 10 convulsions are ad­ lalia, apraxia, a.lex.la, and agraphia are com­ interference by younger persons are common. ministered in a consecutive series. With mon. The patient becomes asthenic, re­ Various compensations are attempted, exag­ fewer than 15, usually only a transitory am­ quires bed care, is helpless, develops sphincter gerated sexual activity or sexual indecencies nesia results. Customarily, electroshock incontinence, loses all capacity for speech, may result; there may be ideas of marital in­ treattnents are given one, two, or three times and dies within 4 to 6 yeft.rs, usually from fidelity; pride of appearance may be lost. a week. Each patient's schedule should be some intercurrent infection. The patient may be distrustful, prying, and individualized, taking into account his phys­ suspicious. He may become disoriented and ARTERIOSCLEROTIC PSYCHOSES wander about aimlessly, particularly at ical condition and particular needs. Any pronounced personality change in a night. Defectiv.e judgment may cause him On an average, patients with involutional person over 50, if paresis is excluded, should to disregard traffic hazards, leave gas jets melancholia recover after six or eight con­ arouse suspicion of arteriosclerotic phychosis. open, and become victimized by unscrupu­ vulsions. After the depr~ssion is lifted, most Characteristic syndromes are produced if the lous persons. Many patients hoard useless of these patients pass through a 15- or 20- arteriosclerosis is predominant in either the articles. Both hallucinations and delusions day period of euphoria before they level out. larger basal vessels or the finer arteries sup­ are common. These symptoms often are ac­ plying the cortex, but any differentiation be. companied by conspicuous physical signs of PRESENILE, ARTERIOSCLEROTIC, AND SENILE tween these two conditions often is difilcult. PSYCHOSFS senility. (After age 60 the picture of senile dementia. The senile psychoses may be divided into Each of these psychoses is a dementia may be complicated by a concurrent cerebral types and certain of these are adequately caused by organic changes in the erotica! arteriosclerosis.) Onset on the diffuse small­ described by their names: viz, simple de­ · ~rain cells. Except in the arterlosclerotic vessel form often is insidious, and may first ·terioration-the most common; delirious psychoses, there is an uninterrupted de­ be manifested by easy mental fattgability, and confused; depressed and agitated. The terioration of the patient's mental powers, anxiety, irascibility, decreased initiative, loss paranoid type is distinguished by delusions which may begin as a simple inability to of ability to concentrate, and perhaps a of persecution. With this type, orientation make fine ethical discriminations, and in­ tendency to depression. Dizziness, head­ usually remains unimpaired and defects of crease until almost all mental capacity is aches, and other unpleasant cerebral sensa­ memory may be comparatively insignificant tions may occur. The capacity for qu1ck and lost. The contents of consciousness are re­ for a long time; as these increase the de­ accurate thinking is gradually lost, and the lusions become more absurd. (See paranoia.) duced both in quantity and quality; impres­ finer sentiments become blunted. The af­ sions are taken in slowly; associations are The presbyophrenic type usually occurs in fections may change, and the patient may individuals whose prepsychotic personality tar~y or nonexistent; memory is defective; become obstinate, childish, and willful. was characterized by adaptability, vivacious disorientation and confusion may exist; the Memory. impairment, which may at first be activity, and cheerfulness. This warmth of capacity for integrating past and present only inability to recall a word, becomes gen­ personality ls retained but tbe patient va­ experience is lost; and the personality may eral as time passes. Fluctuations are char­ cilates between friendliness and irritability. appear desiccated through lack of its usual acteristic; memory and general alertness Severe memory defects exist, of which the affective responses. The presenile psy­ may be particularly bad one day and fairly patient is unaware. Character~tically, these choses-Alzheimer's disease and Pick's dis­ good the next. Unlike the person with senile voids are filled by confabulations-fantasies ease-are relatively rare forms of dementia dementia, the patient usually is aware of and related as realities. These patients are which may occur in the forties, the arterl­ distressed by his disabilities. As the disease loquacious, restless, and constanly busy in osclerotic dementias may be seen from 50 up­ progresses, episodic outbursts of excitability, purposeless and sometimes destructive ways. ward, while uncomplicated senile dementias bewilderment, and confusion may occur, Presbyophrenia is seen somewhat more com­ seldom appear before the age of 60. Clini­ particularly at night. The patient may be­ monly in women than in men. cally, the senile and arteriosclerotic de­ come meddlesome and quarrelsome; dress Diagnosis mentias are often difticult to diff2rentiate, m ay be neglected; defective judgment an d Certain differentiating features have been except in the fifties. decrea:ed inhibitions may result in sexual touched on in the preceding text and will XCVIII-153 2420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 not be repeated. On grounds of sheer prob­ riod. When that law was passed the Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask abiltty, a diagnosis of arteriosclerotic de­ members of the Committee on Veterans' mentia is given preference over that of senile unanimous consent to· extend my re­ dementia. The depressed and agitated type Affairs felt that 1 year was altogether marks and include therein the statement both of senile and arteriosclerotic dementia too short a period of time for presump­ on psychosis that appears in the House occasionally must be differentiated from in­ tion. When the bill passed the House report. I think it will probably exceed volutional melancholia and from manic-de­ of Representatives it called for a 3-year the limit of two pages, but I ask unani­ pressive depression (q. v.). Differentiation presumptive period, but the Senate at mous consent that it be included, regard­ is based on the patient's age and evidence of that time cut the period to 1 year. It was less of that fact. organic mental impairment or beginning so late in the session that it was a case The SPEAKER. Notwithstanding the vascular disea-se. of accepting the 1-year period or getting Prognosis excess, without objection the extension nothing at all. But the need for a longer may be made. The prognosis in any of these forms of period is just as pressing today as it mental disease is uniformly bad. However, There was no objection. an arteriosclerotic psychosis is not always was then and if we pass this bill today The SPEAKER. The question is, Will uninterruptedly progressive. Particularly if I feel that we can prevail upon the other the House suspend the rules and pass the there is an associated cardiac or renal dis­ body to go along with us. bill H. R. 5891? ease, these patients may have periods of con­ Of course, the question will be asked­ The question was taken; and socialism and less freedom. months later, while the 1951 tax bill was for us. True, we have not quite reached We should heed the words President Lin­ under consideration in the Ways and the point of 100 percent confiscation coln uttered a century ago, and I quote: Means Committee, the percentage op­ of inheritances; however, left-wing bu­ You cannot bring about prosperity by dis­ posed to any tax increase had risen to reaucrats are constantly urging the Con­ couraging thrift. You cannot strengthen 60 percent. Last August, when the gress to grab more and more of the prop­ the weak by weakening the strong. You Senate was rewriting the tax bill and cannot help the wage earner by pulling down reducing somewhat the increase that erty that changes hands by gift or by the wage payer. You cannot further the death. But in our income tax today we brotherhood of man by encouraging class the House had voted, 76 percent of our are closely approaching expropriation of hatred. You cannot help the poor by dis­ taxpayers said, "No, we cannot stand both individual incomes and corporate couraging the rich. You cannot establish any further increase in tax rates." And earnings to pay for budgetary excesses in sound security on borrowed money. You just recently, after the President in his both civil and military affairs and in cannot keep out of trouble by spending more January message asked Congress to find foreign benevolences. If we do not put than you earn. You cannot build character another $5,000,000,000 of new revenue, and courage by taking away a man's initia­ 83 percent of our taxpayers-83 percent, a stop to these budgetary excesses, they tive and independence. You cannot help are bound to result in national bank­ men permanently by doing for them what mind you-stated emphatically .that ruptcy. they could and should do for themselves. taxes should not be raised· again; that Not only are we completing the vicious they were now paying more than they circle of ruin that was predicted a cen­ And, we might well add today-you could afford to pay and still live de­ tury ago by Karl Marx, but we are also cannot make a nation strong or mighty cently, and that the time had come to fulfilling the infamous destiny that was by impoverishing her people through ex­ call a halt. . forecast for us in 1924 by Marx's leading cessive taxation . This is the greatest and most rapid disciple, Nicolai Lenin, when he said: . Mr. Speaker, I believe that Govern­ change in public opinion that has ever ment economy must be the first great Some day we shall force the United States been registered on any matter of na­ to spend itself into destruction. step toward relief for taxpayers. But tional import-from 42 percent to 83 the second great step should follow percent in 1 year's time. · Yet Mr. Leon Mr. Speaker, we are already spending close on the heels of the first; namely. Keyserling, the Chairman of President ourselves into destruction and oblivion. the imposition of a tax ceiling beyond Truman's Council of Economic Advisers, Our Government offices have been in­ which the Government may not consti­ has recently expressed the complacent vaded by wastrels, rascals, and thieves. tutionally go. The need for such a tax and politically unsympathetic opinion Our economy is being guided-God save ceiling has lo.og been recognized by econ­ that a fourth increase in taxes would be the mark-by leftists, dreamers, and po­ omists. It is only recently-as we have entirely in order. I ask you, Mr. tential scoundrels. Today it is entirely approached this unhappy income-tax Speaker, how far do Mr. Truman, Mr. possiblEl, as has recently been unpleas~ day-that the people of America have Keyserling, Mr. Snyder, and the rest of antly revealed, for a knave to bribe his come to realize that something must be the administration spenders think they way out of paying the tax bill that he done soon or they perish. can push the American people before owes. And in the disorganized Pentagon The excessive and oppressive Federal they create open revolt against their today it is the general custom-not the tax burden of recent years has brought unwise tax policies? exception-for taxpayers' mopey to be about a tax rebellion that is today In each of the past three Congresses squandered in outrageous purchases, and sweeping the Nation. It is a peaceful I have introduced a House joint resolu­ in such .appalling variance of contract rebellion so far, but a grim and deter­ tion proposing an amendment to the prices, as would bankrupt any business mined one just the same. Excessively Constitution relative to taxes on incomes, corporation. Bureaucrats casually shrug high tax rates are drying up the streams inheritances, and gifts. House Joint off the loss of a million dollars here, of investment capital. Industrial ex­ Resolution 268, introduced by me on two million dollars there, five mil­ pansion, the creation of more jobs, and June 12, 1951, is now before the Congress lion somewhere else, as if money grew on the production of more goods are being awaiting action. It calls for the ortho­ trees or bushes. The unsound fiscal poli­ curtailed and American industry is now dox method of amending the Constitu­ cies of the present Administration have being forced to go to the Government tion. It differs from plans which seek fed the fires of inflation, shrunk the value with cap in hand to beg for the risk cap­ to initiate a constitutional convention by of the dollar, cut in half every individ­ ital needed for expansion. This eventu­ the demand of two-thirds of the States. ual's savings, and destroyed every citi­ ally means Government ownership, Gov­ However, I can well understand why zen's future personal security. And the ernment supervision, and Government many of the States are aroused and now billions we are pouring down the rat­ control-and that is socialism, just what urge a Federal tax ceiling, because the holes of Europe provide little or no as­ England has today. Federal Government today takes four­ surance that we shall be able to count The experience of England should be fifths of every collected tax dollar, leav­ on European support in our day of need. a warning to us. England's heavy grad­ ing the State and local governments in Mr. Speaker, the process Qf hauling uated income tax and her confiscatory the difficult position of trying to support ourselves back to solvency will be no easy inheritance taxes finally forced her into themselves on the remaining one-fifth. task, put it can be done. On this un- Government ownership and socialism.. Twenty years ago the reverse was true. 2422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 The Federal Government got along on Again, these are prophetic words-as Mr. Speaker, the proposed constitu­ one-fifth of the tax dollar, leaving four­ we now realize.. Our tax system of today tional tax limitation is not-as some have fifths for the State and local govern­ is public larceny and nothing else. It tried to argue-a rich man's tax relief ments. does not even pretend to limit its ex­ program. On the contrary, it will help Mr. Speaker, a constitutional conven­ penditures to the purposes required by the little-income folks-the wage earn­ tion is a risky experiment, for its ma­ the Constitution-and you have only to ers, the small-salaried people, the pen­ chinery might easily be seized by sub­ read the testimony of civil and military sioners, and others of limited means who versives and its purposes perverted to witnesses before our various congres­ today are paying more than one-third of objectives entirely at variance with those sional committees to know that there is their incomes to support the administra­ originally intended. I say, let the Con­ today no such thing as "services eco­ tion's grandiose spending schemes, its gress act first-in the orthodox man­ nomically rendered at cost." In fact, impossible and impractical attempts to ner-pass the necessary limiting resolu­ in the gobbledygook of Truman Wash­ support the world. One-third of one's tion, and then submit it to the States ington, the simple words "services eco­ income is altogether too heavy a Federal for ratification. Surely there are nomically rendered at cost" are entirely tax for people with an income of $5,000 enough of us who recognize the necessity forgotten; they have been completely or less to bear. of giving immediate relief to the over­ erased from the New Deal vocabulary. My bill proposes to establish 25 percent burdened taxpayer. If the Congress Mr. Speaker, let me give you another as the top limit of income tax except in acts first, then-in an orderly fashion­ pertinent quotation-from a man who time of war. That, of course, is me1·e1y the amendment to the Constitution can was recognized, even by the political op­ a tentative figure, never intended to be be approved by the states and put into position, as greatest among all Secre­ final, advanced to establish the principle effect. taries of the Treasury, Mr. Andrew Mel­ of a tax ceiling. In operation the tax For many years our most profound lon. In his book, Taxation, the People's could be graduated-a low rate for low­ students of economics and fiscal policy Business, published in 1924, Secretary bracket incomes, a higher rate for mid­ have advocated moderation in taxation, Mellon said: dle-bracket incomes, and the top rate for and have warned against giving too It ls the opinion of some authorities on top-bracket individual incomes and for much power to the Federal Government. taxation that this :figure- corporations, but never approaching the As long ago as 1910, Mr. Richard E. Byrd, Where investment will convert from confiscatory tax rates that exist today then speaker of Virginia's House of Del­ tax-exempt to taxable securities- and threaten to be even more tomorrow. egates, and father of Senator HARRY is below 15 percent. None of them place it Mr. Speaker, as a specific proposal-to study, to consider, to ponder over, and to BYRD, said: as high as 25 percent. It ls not too much to hope that some day we may get back on a amend-I offer the following personal in­ By approving this proposal- tax basis of 10 percent, the old Hebrew tithe, come tax schedule as a basis or starting The income tax amendment- which was always considered a fairly heavy point: the State actually invites the Federal Gov­ tax. Upon all taxable incomes of $0 to $2,- ernment to invade its territory, to oust its If the matter were not so vitally seri­ 000 a tax of 15 percent. Jurisdiction, and to establish a Federal do­ ous to every wage earner in the land, we Upon all taxable incomes between $2,- minion within the innermost citadel of the could split our sides laughing over the 000 and $4,000 a tax of 20 percent. reserved rights of the Commonwealth. simple-minded guilelessness of a Secre­ Upon all taxable incomes between $4,- • • • An army of Federal inspectors, 000 and $6,000 a tax of 25 percent. spies, and detectives wlll descend upon the tary of the Treasury who could see no State. They wlll compel men of business to reason why the income tax should be Upon all taxable incomes between $6,- show their books and to disclose the secrets higher than 10 percent. But we must 000 and $10,000 a tax of 30 percent. of their affairs. • • • On the one hand, remember Mr. Mellon held office in a Upon all taxable incomes between $10,- the inspector can blackmail the taxpayer, day when the national budget was $6,- 000 and $20,000 a tax of 35 percent. and on the other, he can profit by selling his 000,000,000 instead of $85,500,000,000; Upon all taxable incomes between $20,- secret to his competitor. Who of us who when receipts exceeded expenditures in­ 000 and over, a tax of 40 percent. have bad knowledge of the doings of Fed­ eral officials in the internal revenue service stead of being 10 to 15 billion dollars Such a personal income tax schedule can be blind to what will follow? short; when there was honesty in the would result in an immediate loss to the Internal Revenue Bureau and in the De­ Treasury of $8,500,000,000, $6,500,000,000 Prophetic words, those, Mr. Speaker, partment of Justice. That was before of which would be tax relief for the tax­ words which, in the light of r~cently ex­ big tax dodgers could avoid payment of payers in the first two brackets-"the posed corruption in the Internal Reve­ their taxes by knowing the right people, little fellows." nue Bureau, might well have been ut­ by gifts of mink coats, y tips on the Along with this personal income tax tered last week instead of 40 years ago. races, or by the pretense of illness. Un­ schedule should go a 40-percent tax rate Nor was Senator BYRD'S father the happily, that day is gone. Today we upon corporation income, made up of only man to see the inherent dangers of have in Government none of the fine old a 25-percent rate upon all corporation the progressive net income tax. An­ conservative financial geniuses who used incomes, with a 15-percent surtax upon other great Virginian, Senator Carter to keep the ship of state on an even keel all corporation incomes over $25,000. Glass, wrote into his party's 1920 na­ by handling its money matters as care­ This would also result in an immediate tional platform these words: fully as they handled their own. loss to the Treasury of $8,500,000,000. Mr. Speaker, taxes must come down. The question immediately arises, "Can We advocate tax reform and a searching the Treasury stand an immediate total revision of the war-revenue acts to fit peace I repeat: Taxes must come down. And conditions, so that the wealth of the Nation since no one seems to have the moral loss of $17,000,000,000?" Judging the m ay not be withdrawn from productive en­ courage to bring them down by normal future by the past-and that is the only terprises and diverted to wasteful or non­ means, we must adopt a constitutional way we can judge it-the answer to our productive expenditures. amendment to do the job. Do not tell question is an emphatic "Yes." That would still leave $54,000,000,000 Treasury Later, Senator Glass added: me that it cannot be done. It can be done and it must be done-in spite of the receipts to operate the Federal Govern­ In my report as Secretary of the Treasury, arguments of big and little bureaucrats; ment, out of the estimated $71,000,000,­ I specifically advocated the reduction of the maximum tax, and, indeed, of all the taxes in spite of recent hand-wringing protes­ ooo tax expectation. of t he upper brackets of the surtax, and tations of the O'Mahoney committee and The excessively high tax rates of laid down the principle • • • that the the Patman committee to whom it · is World War I were reduced four separate maximum surtax could easily be placed at a evidently much more important that times under the urging of Andrew Mel­ figure which would actually deprive the Gov­ present-day bureaucrats keep their fore lon, and each time the business expan­ ernment itself of revenue. • • • feet in the public trough than to have sion that took place as a result of the This Government has no rlght- the future solvency of the United States tax reduction so broadened the tax base The ·Senator went on to say- protected and preserved. Their puny that more dollars actually fiowed into to levy taxes for any purpose other than re­ arguments, which I imagine few of you the Treasury after the tax reduction quired by the Constitution for services eco­ have bothered to read, are so easily shot than before. nomically rendered at cost. Beyond that it full of holes that I shall not even take Again, in 1945, the Congress passed 1s public larceny. .the time to answer them. the Doughton tax-reduction bill, reduc- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2423

ing the high war taxes between six and ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE UNESCO predominantly young and representing 22 seven billion dollars. This was done in On March 25, 1949, I brought to the countries • • • met in Kharkov and the face of a Federal deficit for that year resolved upon the world-wide mass organ­ attention of the House an organization ization of art and literature a~ weapons of of $21,000,000,000. What was the result? called Artists Equity Association, in the working class in their struggle for power. A tremendous business expansion hap­ whose lists may be found practically all pened almost overnight. Five million of the notorious Red artists in the coun­ William Gropper, Communist artist, new jobs were created; the national-pro­ try. I propose to show that Artists was present; and he has continued to be duction index jumped 15 points; and the Equity Association is the latest link in present in the series of art organizations Treasury receipts jumped to an all-time a chain of Red-instigated artists' organi­ set up in America as a sequel to this first high, ending the fiscal year of 1948 with zations designed to control art and artists get-together of the pen and brush an actual Treasury surplus of $8,400,- of this Republic. phalanx of the C(lmmunist conspiracy. 000,000. Therefore, judging the future It is astounding to find that this left­ According to the Daily Worker of De­ by the past, we state very emphatically wing artists' organization is ready to cember 6, 1930, the American delegates and confidently that tax limitation, the dominate the Visual Arts Panel of the were instructed to form a national or­ adoption of a tax ceiling, with the re­ United States National Committee of ganization of revolutionary writers and sultant tax relief, will pay o:ff in the long UNESCO with 6 of its 18 panel mem­ artists upon their return to the United run. It will be good business. Also, in bers, all connected with the above Artists States. Obedient to the Soviet command, my opinion, it is the only fiscal salva­ Equity Association. They are: Hudson they formed the Workers Cultural Fed­ tion in sight today for the American D. Walker, director of AEA, Russell M. eration with Lenin's widow, Madame people. Cowles, Stanley Hayter, Abraham Ratt­ Krupskaya, Maxim Gorki, Henry Bar­ Only last week a group of State and ner, William Zorach, and Theodore busse, William Z. Foster, Upton Sinclair, local officials-governors, mayors, and Brensen, the chairman of Artists Equity's John Dos Passos, and Theodore Dreiser county officials-came to Washington committee of international cultural re­ as members of the honorary presidium. to protest the growing tendency of the lations. It announced its appearance on the Federal Government to hog all the tax The United States is going to partici­ American scene in June of 1931. Wil­ receipts, forcing them to get along with pate in the UNESCO International Con­ liam Gropper, Potamkin, Alexander the leavings. My mail-and yours too-­ ference in September of this year and the Trachtenberg, liead of Soviet publishing expresses the dissatisfaction and resent­ president of AEA, Henry Billings, radi­ ment of our people over our present-day house in the United States, who has just cal left-wing artist, has been made a been arrested for conspiracy by this Gov­ ex~essively heavy taxes. These are member of the UNESCO Advisory Com- straws in the wind. They should indi­ mittee. . ernment, and R. B. Glassford and Mi­ cate to this Congress that our spend­ Is it not time that the State Depart­ chael Gold were on the presidium. thrift, profiigate days are over, that we ment ceased in its attempts to promote Twenty-two years ago, William Gropper must provide tax reform and tax relief. communistic art that is distorted, per­ became an organizer and teacher in the and do it immediately. verted, and actually the sabotage weapon John Reed Club. For the foregoing reasons, Mr. of international communism? Regarding this Communist organiza­ Speaker, I urge the House to pass a tax­ ART MUSEUMS ARE CATS'-PAWS OF REDS tion, important step in the design of Red limitation resolution without delay. If Our great museums have teen infil­ control of art in our country, I quote we want to head o:ff financial chaos, na­ from the report of Walter Steele, of the tional bankruptcy, repudiation, and dic­ trated by this same cultural fifth column. Here in Washington at the Corcoran National Republic, before a Special Com­ tatorship, we must act, and act now. Gallery, in its sixth annual area exhibi­ mittee of the House Un-American Activ­ tion in January of this year, the sole ities: SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED juror or judge of painting was Philip The John Reed Club is a revolutionary Mr. BROOKS asked and was given Evergood, an editor of Masses and Main­ organization of artists and writers in the stream, the Communist organ on culture. United States. It was organized by the permission to address the House today Communists in memory of the American for 15 minutes, following any other spe­ He was a teacher at the Jefferson School of Social Science in New York, cited by Bo~shevik, John Reed, who was deported to cial orders heretofore entered. Russia and died there. His remains were Attorney General Tom Clark as "an ad­ placed beside those of Lenin in Moscow. junct of the Communist Party." • • • All of the John Reed Club leaders The SPEAKER pro tempore Alexander Trachtenberg. by Mr. Sweeney, James Thrall Soby, and In reply to your cable received requesting My purpose in spotlighting this writers• Marcel Duchamp, was instrumental in me to report on my activities and action in congress is to emphasize again the So­ launching the careers of Jackson Pollack fighting the imperial war, allow me to state viet-directed union of Red writer and and others, and incidentally they discov­ in short as follows: ( 1) Enclosed are just a. artist that has done so much in estab­ ered Gypsy Rose Lee and added her to few of the many cartoons on the subject lishing and inflating, in the public mind, the list of American painters. which have been published in the Morning the left-wing fakers as artists and by so Freiheit, the Jewish party paper, and one VISITED VIRGINIA'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS of th~ largest circulation. I have also drawn doing badly damaged the standard of cartoons for other publications such as the art, artists; and art teaching in this In 1950 Leslie Cheek, Jr., director of New Masses. (2) I have held exhibitions of country. the Virginia Museum in Richmond, cartoons, drawings, and painting on the im­ ART CONGRESS, AFFILIATE OF INTERNATIONAL invited Mr. Sweeney as a one-man jury perialist war and the defense of Soviet Union to present an exhibition at the museum, throughout the west coast of the United Now I come to the sister congress, the called American Painting-1950. Need­ States of America like Berkeley, San Fran­ American Artists Congress of 1936, the less to say, Stuart Davis, national execu­ cisco, Los Angeles, and in galleries in. New other affiliate of the Soviet International tive director of the subversive American York City. (3) At present, I am at work on of Revolutionary Writers listed by our Artists Congress, and others of Mr. a mural painting to be exhibited in the Government as Communist created and Sweeney's cosigners of the Moscow call Museum of Modern Art which thousands of controlled. The initiators of this con­ people visit weekly and I shall register my gress were George Ault, Arnold Blanch, such as Max Weber, winner of the New protest by exposing the war plot against the Masses cultural award of 1945, Niles Soviet Union in this painting. (4) I am Henry Billings, Peter Blume, Maurice Spencer, Adolph Gottlieb, Ernest Fiene, also organizing, through the bureau of the Becker, Nicolai Cikovsky, Aaron Doug­ and many others were not forgotten by John Reed Club, a counter exhibition to the las, Stuart Davis. Adolph Dehn, William Mr. Sweeney, nor were Miss Guggen­ exhibition of the Modern Museum, to be held Gropper, Hugo Gellert, Harry Gottlieb, heim's cultural contributions of Pollack, in the galleries of the John Reed Club by its Minna Harkavy, Ishigaki, Jerome Klein, members. The artist group of the John Reed Louis Lozowick, the late Jan Matulka, Baziotes, and Motherwell, and the Euro­ Club have also been active in painting post­ Saul Schary, William Siegel, Niles Spen­ pean antiartists Max Ernst, Ozenfant, ers and streamers for demonstrations.· • • • cer, Harry Sternberg, and Moses Soyer. Tanguy, and others, whose painting was With revolutionary greetings, sufficiently subversive to be identified as WILLIAM GROPPER. Mos·.; of these individuals knew each other in the John Reed Club. Maurice "living art" by Mr. Sweeney. Such intellectual and cultural sabotage Becker was a founder of the Communist It is alarming to learn that Mr. provides a fundamental weapon in talent publication, New Masses, and Dehn, Gel­ Sweeney, as a scholar, was induced to and material for the Red propaganda at­ lert, Lozowick, Gropper, and Soyer were present a series of illustrated lectures at tack on American institutions. various colleges and universities in Vir­ on its staff; Moses Soyer was art critic ginia by the general education board of USE OF ART AND LITERATURE IN REVOLUTION of the New Masses. the Rockefeller Foundation through its DRIVE REDS ISSUE CALL . FOR ART CONGRESS project, the Richmond Area University In 1935, Earl Browder, general secre­ The opening address was made by Center. tary of the Communist Party, and Lewis Lewis Mumford. His greeting to the RUG DISTRIBUTOR IN HISS CASE Mumford, John Reed Club organizer now artists was, I quote: Another left-wing art propagandist fancied in certain circles as an aesthetic Friends, comrades, ladies, and gentlemen: connected with the Communist Ameri­ philosopher, took part in the next sinis­ Herewith we open the first American Artists can Artists Congress was Mr. Meyer ter act of the Moscow-directed plot to Congress. On this occasion we are buoyed Schapiro who explained modern art and gain control of art and literature in the up and stimulated by a number of fra'ternal literature to his close friend, Whitaker United States. This was the formation greetings from all parts of the world .. Chambers, in the early nineteen twen­ of the League of American Writers as a Be then proceeded with greetings from ties. Mr. Schapiro became a leader of section of the International Union of the New Masses, the League of American the John Reed Club and continued his Revolutionary Artists and Writers with Writers, and other Red groups. I mignt friendship with Mr. Chambers. He se­ headquarters in Moscow, and in the fol­ mention that Mr. Mumford answered lected, in 1936, at Whitaker Chambers' lowing year the formation of its other both the writers' and· artists' "call." request, the now famous rug presented affiliate, the American Artists Congress. Another art propagandist who would to Alger Hiss in gratitude by Colonel By­ ART AND BOOK CRITICS ORGANIZED prefer, no doubt, to be known as art critic kov, the Red spy ring leader. The writers and critics of the League and who answered this Red artists' ''call" Another propagandist included among of American Writers issued a "call" in is James Johnson Sweeney, one-time edi­ the signers of the artists "call" was· Pau1 1935, and I read from that "call": tor of a publication called Transition, Strand. According to an Un-American The capitalist system crumbles so rapidly self-advertised as subversive. In this Activities report he is noted as being a before our eyes that, where as 10 years ago publication, written in English and pub­ member of from 21 to 30 Communist­ scarcely more than a handful of writers lished in France, we find the radical and front organizations. It is not surpris­ were sufficiently foresighted and courageous Communist writers and artists of Europe ing, therefore, to find him writing the to take a stand for proletarian revolution, and their American followers such as obituary article on the death of Alfred today hundreds of poets, novelists, drama­ Steiglitz, an armory show promoter, in tists, critics, and short-story writers recog­ Max Ernst and his brother comrade of nize the necessity of personally helping to the French Communist Party, Paul the Communist New Masses of August 6, accelerate the destruction of capitalism, and Eluard, Berenice Abbott, ~enneth Fear­ 1946. He ends that article with these the establishment of a workers govern­ ing, Samuel Putman, former art critic on significant words: ment. • • • We propose that a. con­ New Masses, the Trotskyite Andre Bre­ In this America which will be sm:ely won, gress of American revolutionary writers be ton, the Stalinist surrealist Louis Aragon, Alfred Steiglitz will be revered as one of the held in New York City on April 26, 27, 28, Robert Coates, of the New Yorker maga­ great engineers who helped to build its soul. 1935. • • • It will provide technical dis­ cussion of the literary applications of Marx­ zine, Gertrude Stein and her collabora­ Marxist writers endeavoring to use art ist philosophy and of the relations between tor Virgil Thompson, now music critic critiques as an instrument to bludgeon critic and creator. • • • We believe of the New York Herald Tribune, Emily artists into the Red cultural caravan in such a congress should create the League of Coleman, and scores of others. Two is­ its search for the "new world" or "Com­ American Writers, affiliated with the Inter­ sues of Transition were confiscated by munist society" is now a familiar device national Union of Revolutionary Writers. the port authorities and refused admis­ to the American artist. Among the scores of so-called Ameri­ sion to the United States because they Paul Strand also showed up at the can writers who participated in this contained obscene matter. birth of Artists Equity Association as a congress, labeled "subversive and Com­ Mr. Sweeney also has the dubious dis­ member of the board of governors. munist" by Attorney General Tom Clark, tinction of having the vile book, Out of The national executive committee of are Robert Coates, critic; Lewis Mum­ This Century, dedicated to him by Peggy the American Artists Congress included ford, Wa!do Frank, Lincoln Kirstein, Guggenheim. Miss Guggenheim pro­ among others, Peter Blume, Paul Man­ Earl Browder, Michael Gold, Van Wyck moted not only the English Marxist art ship, Alexander Brook, Louis Lozowick, 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2425 George Biddle, Rockwell Kent, Max both the Communist International ments. Now who is placed as secretary Weber, Katherine Schmidt, William Workers Order and the Artists League of of this artists outfit? None other than Gropper, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Aaron Good­ America. When the ALA was formed, Mr. Frank Kleinholz, one-time teacher elman, Arnold Blanch, Harry Gottleib, Elizabeth McCausland, writer for the at the Communist Jefferson School in Lewis Mumford, Henry Billings, Lynd American Federation of Arts, Philip New York. Ward, Ralph_ M. Pearson, and Lincoln Evergood,- and Lynd -Ward; veteran of PLANTED RED PROPAGANDISTS Rothschild. As regional members of this many listings in the files of Un-Amer­ ican Activities Committee reports, were Listed on the first letterhead of Artists committee, a casual scrutiny discloses Eauity I find 22 sponsors of the Red three John Reed Club organizers-the made vicE presidents. The aims of the Waldorf conference. They aTe honorary late Morris Topchevsky, of the Chicago Artists League.of America follow the So­ President Leon Kroll, Treasurer Joseph club, Nicolai Cikovsky, and Joe Jones. viet pattern and are especially directed to Federal, State, and municipal patron­ Hirsch, the three artists who are con­ The career of Mr. Joe Jones has been tributing editors of the Communist pub­ aided by his Red activities. In volume age. lication Masses and Mainstream, Philip '7 of the Un-American activities reports, I have endeavored to focus attention Evergood, Robert Gwathmey, and the Dr. J.B. Mathews states: on the .years of planning, organizing, traitor to the artists of America, William All four of the speakers • • • were and publicizing the world Communis~ Gropper; Harry Gottlieb, Jacob Law­ conspirators have devoted to a single Communist Party members. They are Ella rence, Mitchell Siporin, Paul Bur l:n, Reeve ' Bloor, Andrew Omholt, Herta Ware, br.anch of culture. Growing from a seed Nicolai Cikosky, Jo Davidson, C. Gmss, and Joe Jones. · planted in the minds of a handful of Jack Levir.e, Sidney Laufman. Ben Also, from the same volume: conspirators meeting behind the iron curtain, carefully tilled and fertilized by Shahn, John Sloan, Raphael Soyer. Paul Mother Bloor and Jones left the follow­ Strand, Mitchell Siporin·, Max Weber, ing day to make a joint speaking tour of Red culturists, we now see in Artists Aaron Buhrod, and James Lechay of Arkansas. Equity Association the most ambitious of all the Red attempts at art regimenta­ Iowa. Ella Reeve Bloor, "Mother Bloor" to tion and control, the fulfillment of the Now, after almost 5 years, let us see the Communists, was the mother of Har­ plan of the Kharkov conference of over who comprise the officers of AEA, this old B. Ware, top-notch agent of the two decades ago. group that is asking the artists of Amer­ ica to let it tend to their affairs and Comintern whose master cell in Wash­ USUAL .FANFARE PRECEDES ORGANISATION ington included Lee Pressman, Nathan that advertises the service of placing its Witt, John Abt, Charles Kramer, and This Artists Equity Association was so-called artists as teachers in our col­ Alger Hiss. Andrew Omholt and Herta launched amid fanfare and publicity as leges and schools, and that fee1s capable Ware are husband and granddaughter of an organization of painters, sculptors, to · advise the directors of our great the late Ella Reeve Bloor. and graphic artists, formed to serve the museums. With these connections, it is surprising economic interests of artists, in April The president is Henry Billings_ I Mr. Jones did not end up in the State of 1947, at a gala affair at the Museum have already listed him a.'.3 one of the Department. of Modern Art in New York, attended by initiators of the Communist American a couple of hundred artists and museum Artists Congress. He is mentioned as SOCIALIZATION OF ART-A PROJECT men. a member of the organizing committee The American Artists Congress was Artist Equity Association, has prm~d of the John Reed Clubs. He was active politically active and in its "call" it in­ the names of its fifty-four founding in the Artists Union, a Red-leech organi­ cluded the usual list of grievances that members. William Gropper, Commu­ za.tion of the first Roosevelt adminis­ the Communists exploit and advertise. nist organizer, is present again as one tration. In 1942 Billings, with the aid The over-all aim of the congress is, first, of the . founders of AEA. He is joined of Archibald McLeish, former Librarian control of the artists; second, infiltration by seven members of the Communist of Congress, was instrumental in forcing and control of the museums, and, lastly, John Reed Club. They are Louis Gugli­ the Reds into the Artists for Victory. the usual plan for a government art pro­ elmi, Raphael Sayer, Adolph Dehn, the Mr. Billings was a c,iirector of the Inde­ gram on a permanent basis; all ·contrib­ late John Sloan, Reginald Marsh, Ben pendent Citizens Committee of Arts, ute to the Soviet final dictum-socialized Shahn, and Nicolai Cikovsky. This is Sciences, and Professions, another Com­ art. . a nucleus of experienced organizers. munist front. In August of 1938 the formation of Then I find the late Jo Davidson who Leon Kroll, honorary president, has a the United American Artists was an­ since the days of the armory show of lengthy record in the Un-American Ac­ nounced with Rockwell Kent, notorious 1913 has been active in radical art tivities Committee reports. He was a Red, as the president. Th'is group was causes. His record as an organizer I director of the National Council of also a Soviet first political art organi­ will read from the Un-American Activi­ American Soviet Friendship, a member zation and included William Gropper, ties Committee report of July 21, 1947: of the Artists Front to Win the War, a Hananiah Harari, Boris Margo, Gwath­ The ICC-ASP was of Communist origin. supporter of the Progressive Party, a mey, Harry Gottlieb, Harold Ambellan, It was set up by the Reds in January 1945 member along with Paul Robeson of the Ad Reinhar~ and others. Paul Man­ through their fronter Jo Davidson. Reichstag Fire Trial Anniversary Com­ ship, listed 10 times in appendix 9 of Davidson was cochairman of the mittee, and a member of the Independ­ the Un-American Activities, and Eliza­ NC-ASP, the organization that staged ent Citizeus Committee of Arts, Sciences, beth McCausland, mentioned 6 times in the Waldorf so-called peace conference, and Profesfilons. the same volume, both promoted causes and eleven founding members of AEA The other honorary president, Yasuo of this organization cited "a Communist were sponsors of that notorious Red Kuniyoshi, a member of the executive front." Another group, named ironically "An propaganda stunt. Five of them were committee of the Red American Artists organizers and teachers of the John Congress, has been active in left-wing ft...merican Group," is listed in the Un­ Reed Club mentioned before. Addi­ American Activities Committee files. Be­ activities for years. tional Red sponsors were Aaron Bohrod, Sol Wilson is the secretary of this sides the ever present Mr. Gropper, the Paul Burlin, Chaim Gross, Robert usual Red art fronters such as Saul Ber­ Artists Equity. In appendix 9 of the man, Isabel Bishop, Adolph Dehn, Philip Gwathmey, Jack Levine, and Max Weber. Un-American Activities report I find him Every one of these men has been loud listed along with Frank Kirk, Minna Evergood, and Joe Jones are present and clamorous in the disloyal Commu­ with others of the same ideological per­ nist cultural bund. The majority of the Harkavy, and Stuart Davis as an exhibi­ suasion. founders have been connected with Com­ tor jn Soviet Russia under John Reed THE SPIDER CONTINUES ms WEB munists, Communist front organizations, Club auspices. In the Daily Worker_of Next I touch briefly on the Artists or Communist publications. April 9, 1948, he is on a committee pro­ League of America, located at 77 Fifth Artist Equity Association as an orgaru­ testing the arrest of Pablo Neruda, Avenue in New York, a small building zation has passed the first requirement Chilean Communist. In the same year, in which the Lincoln Steffens Lodge. of of .a Communist front. It has Red or­ he is a signer of an open letter to Con­ the International Workers Order is also ganizers, left sympathizers, and just gress asking for the defeat of the Mundt housed. Rockwell Kent is president of enough innocents to meet the require- bill. 2426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 Two individuals important in Commu­ need and justification for their social­ to start rebuilding along the Soviet pat­ nist circles, Gwathmey and Harry Gott.. istic bills. Miss McCausland sent ques­ tern of social-center or community­ lieb, are vice presidents of Artists Equi.. tionnaires to 500 American artists and workshop plan where the museum is ty Association and Joseph Hirsch, cover about 40 percent replied. I will let Mr. used not to develop art alone but also artist for New Masses, sponsor of the Carey McWilliams, sponsor of almost 50 the mentality of the new Socialist human Waldorf conference contributor to Red Communist fronts, sum up this survey. being. causes, is its treasurer. He says: No right-thinking American objects to The executive director is Hudson D. Of those artists who replied­ museums exhibiting the work of living Walker. As far back as 1940 I find him American artists; in fact, it has been and Comrade Herman Baron working to­ To the questionnaire--- quite customary. Many museums have gether on an exhibition for the Red front, 44 percent stated that they depended largely art schools and lecture halls, all con­ United American Artists. Again, in or entirely on incomes other than art. Of tributing to the culture and apprecia­ these 200 painters and sculptors with • • • 1945, I find him associated with the an average of 20 years devoted to the prac­ tion of beauty in our Nation. Funds left Rockwell Kent outfit, the Artists League tice of their profession the average total in­ to purchase art of living American of America. He turns up again in 1947 come was $4,144, but the average art income painters and sculptors should be utilized as a director of the National Council of was $548. Such was the economic plight of to advance the cause of art and to stim­ American-Soviet Friendship, where he the American artist in a year of high incomes. ulate and encourage gifted artists. is joined by Philip· Jaffe of Amerasia Obviously the identity of these 200 There is no quarrel with that. But the magazine and others noted for Commu­ museums have a responsibility to see artists must be a jealously guarded se­ that no left-wing art organization such nist activities. cret of Miss McCausland. One wonders From these facts it is obvious that this as the Artists Equity Association is able if she sent questionnaires to the success­ to use either the prestige or the museum organization spreading its tentacles in­ ful artists of the class that so irks her to the very fiber of our artistic life was sister critic, Aline Loucheim, of the New facilities to advance its ambitious design farmed by a radical group, has been pre­ for union control of art. There are be­ York Times--those whose works of art tween three and four billion dollars in­ dominantly officered by notorious Red are integrated into our glorious heritage artists and so directed. vested in museum buildings, collections, of historical monuments. Or did she and facilities in the United States. The false multi-art standards pro­ confine her questionnaires to the artists moted by the avant garde of this cul­ within her circle of Reds and fellow In the Artists Equity brochure, I find tural conspiracy, the destructive "isms,'' sponsors of the Soviet propaganda at­ the statement: the futurists, the cubists, constructivists, tacks against this country? Specifically, several exhibitions have been abstractionists, expressionists, dadaists, arranged only after consultation with Equity surrealists, and now experimentalists, UNESCO TAKES PART IN FRONT on its policies and recommendations. work to the advantage of an organiza­ In San Francisco in .1950 Artists Equity, • • • A strong recommendation for a tion such as this Artists Equity which the Visual Arts Panel of UNESCO, periodic competitive exhibition he- needs numerical strength to carry out and a local coalition of groups headed by Mr. Francis Henry Taylor, director of its long-range objectives which are an Equity member, circulated a question­ Metropolitan Museum- naire under the title "Freedom of the mainly museum control and Federal sub­ said, had come from a group representing sidy of art. Consequently, Artists Equi~ Artist." A meeting-arranged in con­ Artists Equity Association. • • • Dis­ ty is out to organize the individuals who junction with this UNESCO-Artists cussion with Mr. Taylor had resulted in a have the urge to create. J!iquity questionnaire---was held at the statement by the group that the competi­ San Francisco Museum of Art whose di- tion was urgently needed. AGITATION FOR GOVERNMENTAL ART PROGRAMS . rector, Mrs. Grace M. Morley, is a mem­ BASED ON PROPAGANDA POLL ber of the Panel on Visual Arts. Both the Metropolitan Museum and Under the heading "Governmental art The first question discussed at this Artists Equity advertised the part played programs," Artists Equity says: meeting was "Do you believe that pri­ by Equity in such manner as to Equity has been working with joint com­ vate enterprise can support :fine art of strengthen that radical organization. mittees made up of representatives of six of the United States today?" Others such EXHmITS UNDER RADICAL CONTROL the leading art organizations in the country as "Why should there be public subsidy Now let us examine the competitions to prepare recommendations for a program if of Federal sponsorship of art. of fine art?" and "Is the artist free themselves. The first was called Ameri­ he is insecure.?" show the slant of this can Painting, 1950. Six thousand artists Artists Equity does not need to do this. poll. Traditional American artists of throughout the United States entered It has already been done and sponsored San Francisco, most of whom declined the competition. The exhibition consist­ by a group of. Artists Equity members. I to participate, said: ed of 307 oil paintings. Of the 307 paint­ refer to the platform for artists of the The questionnaire is so obviously a plot ings selected to compete for the prizes, Progressive Party, adopted unanimously to show that the American artists are eco­ 170, or 55 percent, were by members of July 25, 1948, at its convention in Phila­ nomically depressed and exploited. • • • Artists Equity. The regional juries of del•hia. It is an affront • • • to be subject to selection, comprising Mr. Robert Hale, Henry Wallace asked the group known an inquiry which presumes a lack of free­ dom while living under our American sys­ of the Metropolitan Museum, and 5 as the National Council of Arts, Sciences, tem of government. • • • This data directors of other museums, had 20 and Professions, the group that arranged can be used as propaganda in Europe and artist jurors from all sections of the the propaganda atfair for the Reds at the elsewhere. • • • Another purpose could country. Thirteen of those artist jurors Waldorf, to draw up a cultural plank for be to agitate for another PWA program were members of Artists Equity Asso­ the Progressive Party. A program was • • • another step toward ·a socialized ciation. The national jury of selection drawn up and sponsored by 63 individu­ state and this entire program will support included Mr. Hale and eight artists, five als, including 56 artists, and 51 are to be Artists Equity in the assumed role of being of whom were members of Artists Equity. the champion of the downtrodden American found in the membership lists of Artists artist. The jury of awards selected to award Equity. This platform, or basis for so­ Metropolitan Museum prizes amounting cialized art, hailed by such notorious Here is Artists Equity, Red lineal to $8,500 consisted of one museum direc­ Reds as Rockwell Kent, William Gropper, descendant of the American Artists tor and two artists. Both artists were and Philip Evergood, is a parallel to the Congress, using the Visual Arts Panel members of Artists Equity. Soviet art-control system. of UNESCO to further unionize Ameri­ Let us see how the members of this Artists Equity, the Progressive Party, can artists and to agitate for a socialistic organization, founded in the main by the New Masses, and the Magazine of Art, art program. notorious Reds and fellow-travelers, all publicize the same survey of the eco­ MUSEUMS USED IN BUILDING SOVIET ARCHWAY fared financially. nomic conditions of artists in the United At the American Artists Congress in First prize of $3,500 went to Artists States, made by Elizabeth McCausland, 1936, the museums were discussed. Equity member Karl Knaths, of Boston, Red propagandist. Realizing that mu.. Ralph Pearson, signer of the "call," rea­ who signed the call of the Communist­ nicipal, State, and Federal legislation soned with naive Marxist simplicity, that created American Artists Congress of is predicated upon a social need, the left since it was evident that our way of life 1936. Second prize of $2,500 to AEA wingers are conscious of the value of had failed and a new society was in the Member Rico Lebrun, of California. slanted surveys that attempt to prove offing, the museum was a good place Third prize of $1,500 to Yasuo Kuniyo- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2427 shi, of New York, radical, and presi­ It.EVOLUTIONARY ARTIST AND MRS. JOHANNES the artist to influence the thinking of dent-at that time-of Artists Equity STEEL CAPTURE TOP PRIZES the American people? Association; and fourth prize of $1,000 to This jury awarced the first prize of Mr. DONDERO. In every single pic­ Joseph Hirsch, Artists Equity treasurer $3,500 to Minna Harkavy, Artist Equity ture they paint contained somewhere in and a sponsor of the Waldorf conference. member. As a revolutionary artist, she it is the symbol of this foreign ideology; sponsor of the Communist New Masses taught revolutionary art to the Commu­ and they are trying to create the impres­ cultural award, and illustrator for Com­ nist John Reed Club as far back as 1930. sion amongst the American people that munist publications. She is hailed by the New Masses, Red­ our legitimate art as you and I have To say that this competition was a. culture mouthpiece, as a proletarian always understood it has been supplant­ triumph for Artists Equity is an under­ sculptress. Her type of so-called art, ac­ ed by this new form. In my opinion it is statement. The exhibition as a whole cording·to a Soviet propagandist, "tends just a lot of senseless slush. No one can was hailed by Art Digest as a "triumph toward a revolutionary change of the understand what they mean, yet that is of abstractionism." existing social order" and, as such, is the what they are trying to impose upon sabotage weapon of international com­ our people. DISCREDITING FREE ENTERPRISE munism used in non-Communist coun­ Mr. VELDE. The gentleman is ref er­ This so-called form of expression is de­ tries. Hers is the art described by Wil­ ring, I presume, to some of these sur­ scribed as a very impcrtant revolutionary liam Z. Foster as the revolutionary art to realistic paintings. art form by Marxist Critic Herbert be used as a weapon-I quote-"to chal­ Mr. DONDERO. Yes. I referred to Read. He calls it "art in pickle" and with lenge that of the existing ruling class." it in my speech. surrealism, whose object is--and I quote Minna Harkavy has consistently support­ from Mr. Read-"to discredit the bour­ ed Communist causes for two decades geois ideology in art, to destroy the aca­ and her radical record is of such pro­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under demic conception of art," they both, ab­ portions that she may be described as a previous order of the House, the gentle­ stract art or "art in pickle" and sur­ notorious Red. man from Iowa [Mr. GRossl is recor:­ realism; the destructive art of a transi­ The second prize of $2,500 was be­ nized for 10 minutes. tional period, are playing revolutionary stowed on Equity member Rhys Caparn, roles in the development of-to use Mr. the wife of the notorious Red radio com­ UNITED NATIONS WORLD Read's words-"the art of the future­ mentator, Johannes Steel, who has sup­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, informa­ the art of a classless society." Feeling ported 34 Communist or Red-front ·tion in my possession clearly demon.;. as Mr. Read does that the Russian brand causes. strate that it is high time the American ·of social realism is too confining for a Another Equity member received third people are informed of all the facts and Freudian Marxist of his talents, he says: prize of .$1,500. the operations of those characters con­ Nevertheless, in a world of competing · Thus we see that the sinister conspir­ nected with the magazine. the so-called tyrannies, the artist can have only one al­ acy conceived in the black heart of Rus­ United Nations World. legiance, to that dictatorship which claims sia has become a threat to the standard to- end all forms of tyranny and promises, of art in America. This has been ac­ On the basis of this information, and however indefinitely, the complete liberation complished by the revolutionary ·organi­ in the interest of national security, I am of man, the dictatorship of thE} proletariat. zation in the field of art by traitors like asking the House Committee on Un­ Gropper and Trachtenberg. Their task American Activties to thoroughly inves­ Americans do not believe in or have tigate this publication. faith in any dictatorship, and the Amer­ has been made easier by the advance guard of their brigade-the promoters Without delay, the complete back­ ican artists are objecting to this pickling of the destructive "isms," which had been ground of the officials of the United Na­ ·process of their God-given talents. used so ruthlessly by the Bolsheviks to tions World should be brought to light. Mounting indignation to the emphasis destroy the cultural base of Czarist Rus­ And it should be ascertained what the on the subversive "i$ms" and the playing sia during the period of war communism. connection is between the United Na­ up of known Communists and fell ow I have turned the spotlight of truth on tions World, the United Nations Organ­ travelers by certain so-called art author­ the evil machinations of this cultural ization, and a propaganda sheet known ities and museum directors is manifest conspiracy. No immunity should be as the National Guardian. from coast to coast. granted to the Red art termites. The · It is sbmething of an understatement The Metropolitan Museum's second loyal American artists in our cultural to say that I was astounded a few days ,competition, American Sculpture, 1951, centers of New York, Chicago, Los An­ ago when I learned that the United Na­ increased this protest. It opened De­ geles, San Francisco, and others, are de­ tions World was subsidizing the National termined to protect our cultural birth­ Guardian through the purchase of that cember 7, 1951, and closed February 24, publication's mailing list, the income 1952. Here again four of the six sculp­ right from this horde of art saboteurs who would first destroy in order to con­ from which, in connection with just one tors of the jury of selection were mem­ commercial mailing to quote the sheet bers of Artists Equity. The juries se­ trol. They must demand and get true criti­ itself, "paid the printing bill for a whole lec.ted by the museum failed to impress cal appraisal in the press. They must issue of the Guardian at times when many of the noted .sculptors of America. insist that art juries be freed from dom­ there was no other money to pay for it." Evidently the noted sculptors were right, ination of the leftists. And they must Now, what about this National Guar­ for the resulting exhibition was received see that the United States Panel on·vis­ dian? The House Un-American Activ­ with shame and disgust. This exhibi­ ual Art of UNESCO include no radical ities Committee already has considerable tion, if it were a true cross section of such as William Zorach, member of the information concerning some of its offi­ American sculpture, would indicate that Communist John Reed Club, and Henry cials and it is incriminating enough to the expression of this age was one of con­ Billings, organizer of Communist and make any decent American demand to fusion, of frustration anu rebellion, that Communist-front art organizations, to know why the United Nations World the artists seeing nothing of beauty and misrepresent the art and artists of our does business with such a sheet. Or is order were at odds with the existing so­ Republic. this a case of birds of a f eath er ftock.ing cial order. As such, this misleading ex­ Mr. VELDE. Mr. Speaker, will the together? hibition of repulsive, distorted expres­ gentleman yield? Mr. VELDE. Mr. Speaker, will the ·sion is good Communist propaganda. Mr. DONDERO. I am glad to yield. gentleman yield? The jury of awards consisted of Henri Mr. VELDE. I just wanted to compli­ Mr. GROSS. I yield to the gentleman ment the gentleman on his fine speech. Marceau, of the Philadelphia Museum. I do not know much about art myself, from Illinois. and two sculptors, Jose de Creeft, Equity but I do know a little something about Mr. VELDE. I am very happy to com­ artist and signer of the "call" of the Red communism, and I realize the truth of pliment the .gentleman on his bringing Artists Congress, and Jacques Lipchitz, a great deal of what the gentleman has out this very vital information. The European modernist, whose revolution­ to say about Communist art, especially gentleman mentioned the publication ary sculpture met the exacting require­ modern or futuristic art. I just wanted United Nations World. Does the gen­ ments of the Communist cultural maga­ to ask the gentleman this question: How tleman know if there is any other pub­ zine, New Masses.' does the American Communist Party use lication reporting the news of the United 2428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 Nations conferences that uses the words To sum up, deadly serious questions Today I have introduced a resolution "'United Nations"? must be answered in the interest of our to authorize that committee, if it is ap­ Mr. GROSS. I only know of a barber country. Among the questions are the pointed, to spend $100,000 in the dis­ shop in New York which claims to use it. following: charge of this task. Mr. VELDE. Some time ago my col· First. \ !hat is the real purpose of the Certain events have occurred since league, the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. United Nations World? January 14 when this resolution was pro­ JENISON], made a study of the publica.. Second. Is it licensed to use the name posed to which I want to call atten· tion United Nations World and, it seems "United Nations"? tion. I believe that it is now more im­ to me, he informed me at that time that Third. Is the United Nations World · portant than before that the Congress in order to use the words "United Na· using the United Nations organization should accept responsibility for investi­ tions" special permission must be ob· or vice versa, as a vehicle to propagat~ gating corruption in the executive tained from the United Nations Confer· internationalism? branch of the Government, and dis· ence, indicating to me at the present Fourth. Who are the o:fHcials, past ~harge that responsibility effectively. It time from what the gentleman has said and present, of the United Nations is the only way that confidence in their that there is no other publication bear· World and what is or was the a:fHliation Government can be restored to the Amer­ ing that name or using the words of some of them with organizations cited ican people. ''United Nations." by the committee and the Attorney There is no disagreement that an in· Mr. GROSS. I believe the gentleman General as Communist fronts? vestigation of corruption in the execu­ is correct in that. Fifth. Who are the backers, past and tive branch of the Government is need­ Mr. VELDE. I feel confident the gen .. present, of the United Nations World, ed. Even President Truman himself tleman will agree with me that this is and to what extent financially? r~cognized that this corru;>ti~n was s~ a serious infringement upon the freedom Sixth. Why did the United Nations ~i~espread and had attracted such pub­ of the press. It appears to me that any World subsidize the propaganda sheet llc mterest and attention that something publication in the United ·states or any National Guardian, through the needed to be done about it. of its Territories should be allowed to pur~ On January 9, 1952, in his state of use the words "United Nations." chase of that publication's mailing list? the Union message, the President among The gentleman also mentioned the Mr. Speaker, if the committee · will other things said the following: conduct a full-scale investigation of the publication National Guardian. I think Our kind of Government, above all others, the gentleman was present when I spoke· United Nations World, ascertaining the c_annot tolerate dishonesty among its pub­ for 1 minute about the editor of that answers to the questions I have listed llc servants. Some dishonest people worm publication, Cedric Belfrage. Martin and o~hers which will· logically develop, themselves into almost every human organi­ Berkeley, who is an ex-Communist from I predict revelations of additional inter· zation. It is all the more shocking when national, anti-American snakes at work. they make their way into a Government the Hollywood movie colony, testified at ,such as ours which is based upon the prin­ some length regarding the Hollywood ciple of justice for all. Comm~nists. He was quite a high om .. The SPEAKER pro tempore

' 2430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 deals. Mr. Casey represented James respect for and confidence in J. Edgar But the people of the United States do and John Gottlieb and Paul Buckley. Hoover and in the Federal Bureau of In- not select the Attorney General. There­ the sto-ckholders and directors of Com­ vestigation. I believe, however, that this fore he is not their representative. mercial Home Equipment Corp. question might have arisen in their _ Rather, he is the general attorney to de­ I was called on the phone by Mr. Pey­ minds: "Well now, if all of this wrong- fend the administraiton that appointed ton Ford, then of the Justice Depart­ doing that is now coming out has been him. If he did not do that, how long ment. He asked that the committee not in existence so long, and the FBI has would he be in that position? proceed with the investigation. Then been in existence so long, why has not Mr. MEADER. Unfortunately I will later Mr. Raymond Whearty, of the Jus­ some of it come out before through the have to say to the gentleman that the tice Department, appeared before mem­ activities of the FBI rather than waiting point he is calling attention to is a well­ bers of the Fulbright committee and for congressional committees tO expose talcen point, in view of the individuals urged that they not hold public it?" But the answer to that is that FBI now occupying the positions in question. hearings. policy has been to desist from investigat- Mr. JUDD. It is a weak _spot in our That, to me, is the tip-off for the rea­ ing when they run upon the name of a form of government. The Congress, in son no action has been taken by the De­ public official unless they are specifical- 1922 or 1923 passed the Budget and partment of Justice in the 2 years that ly ordered in writing by the Justice De- Accounting Act to change the method of have elapsed since then. It explains the partment to proceed with the investiga- auditing the accounts of the executive reason they have now adjourned the tion. Apparently the Justice Depart- agencies and checking on the legality of grand jury proceedings in Chicago after ment has not very often instructed the their expenditures. Prior to that time hearing only one witness. Why is the FBI to proceed with investigations when the executive branch audited itself, and Justice Department permitting the stat­ their preliminary findings disclose that was not a desirable proposition for ute of limitations to run out on the part wrongdoing by public officials. obvious reasons. That defect was cor- of this half-million-dollar fraud that is Mr. BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, will the rected by setting up in the Budget and least controversial? gentleman yield? Accounting Act, an independent audit- Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. MEADER. I yield to the gentle- ing agency, the General Accounting Of- gentleman yield? man from Illinois. fice, subject only to the Congress, and Mr. MEADER. I yield to the gentle­ Mr. BUSBEY. I wish to compliment headed by a Comptroller General, ap­ man from New York. the gentleman from Michigan for his pointed for 15 years, not eligible for re­ Mr. KEATING. The gentleman, in my very fine statement on this matter. But, appointment, and given a maximum of judgment, has performed a real service in even after the FBI is requested to make independence. Inasmuch as Congress bringing this situation to the attention an investigation of a public official it, had to do that to get fair, accurate, and of our committee, which is now conduct­ in reality, does not mean anything, be- impartial auditing. The day may have ing an investigation of the Department cause the information is generally come when we need to. set up something of Justice. I can assure the gentleman locked up under padlock and not made like it to prosecute persons in the Gov­ that I am familiar with the Commercial available. So, what is the use of it? It ernment about whom the FBI turns up Home Equipment Corp. matter to which is just an investigating agency. derogatory evidence. It would have to he refers, and I believe I can assure Mr. MEADER. I am glad the gentle- be an agency separate from and not un­ him that our committee will engage in a man pointed that out, F'BI investigations der the Attorney General who is a mem­ thorough investigation of that matter. are confidential. The action that is to ber of the President's own official family. I would like to say at this point, and be taken upon those investigations must He needs his legal counsel but perhaps at this stage of our proceedings, so far be taken by the Department of Justic.e the people ought to have also a lawyer as our committee is concerned, that to There may be many investigations of other than the administration's lawYer. date the majority members of the com­ public officials that are locked up in the It is asking a lot to expect a man to take mittee as well as the minority members files of the Department of Justice, and action that would hurt those who hired have displayed a desire to go thoroughly they may have been given the same him. People generally do not under­ into these various propositions which treatment that has been given to this stand this situation, they think the FBI have been placed before us, and while Commercial Home Equipment case. is responsible for getting rid of dan- we have encountered some obstacles in Mr. JUDD. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- gerous, or crooked, or unfit people in the our inquiry, and may reasonably look tleman yield? Government-and they feel secure. for more obstacles in the future inter­ Mr. MEADER. I yield to the gentle- They do not realize that the FBI merely posed by those who feel the pinch, in my man from Minnesota. investigates, turns its findings over to its opinion this committee will forge ahead Mr. JUDD. Does not the gentleman-su~rioi:.--th A~~atam:r-e-an::::::======:::c 1 with its inquiry and among others will think it is understandable why the Jus- . nof do anything more, in the absence of specifically look into this matter to which tice Department would not like to in- overt acts, unless or until the Attorney the gentleman has called attention. vestigate vigorously cases that might em- General acts. Mr. MEADER. I thank the gentleman barrass the administration of which it Human nature being what it is, a per­ from New York, and I appreciate what is a part? The head of the Department son is not inclined to try his best to ex­ he says about the attitude of the com­ of Justice · is the Attorney General. pose and condemn and convict those mitte of which he is a very valuable ,What is the Attorney General? He is who appointed him to the office. member. I am very confident that it the President's lawyer. The gentleman I wish you lawyers would find some will do a useful and worthwhile job and now addressing us is also a lawyer, and way to change our ·governmental mech­ penetrate below surface appearances and how often has he known of lawyers set- anism so that we would have not only get at the real truth of the conditions ting out to convict their clients? an independent judiciary and a semi- existing in the Department of Justice. Mr. MEADER. 1·am not willing to go independent General Accounting Office That brings to my mind a matter along with the proposition that the At- but a more independent prosecuting which I wonder if the gentleman is fa­ torney General is so subservient because agency. · miliar with-I do not think the general of Presidential appointment that he will Mr. MEADER. I must differ with the public is-and that is the role of the therefore fail to carry out the duties im- gentleman in part. I do not think the FBI in the investigation of corruption posed upon him by law. cure for the situation that exists here among public officials. I understand on ~r. ,ru:DD. ~s it not true that an ap- is structural reform. I think it has rather direct and reliable authority that pomtee .1s ~ubJect ~ the person who more to do with the kind of human be- it is the policy of the Federal Bureau of places him m a pos1t1on? In my State . . . Investigation to discontinue investiga­ the attorney general is not appointed . mgs that are exerc1smg the powers that tions when they run upon the name of by the 'Governor; he is elected by the have been granted by ~tatute. 1:h~ en­ a public official. Now that may be a people. He is the general attorn~y for f?rcement of the ~aw is a~ admm1stra­ very desirable policy from the point of the people, chosen to defend the people t1ve and an executive f_~.mctlon and must view of the FBI. It may have kept the of the state of Minnesota and their in- be done by the executive branch of the FBI out of hot water through not step­ terests. If he disagrees ~ith the Gov· Government. The failure here is not ping on important people's toes. ernor, he can criticize him or expose any- in the structure of the law. We have I think the general public-and the thing that he thinks is improper or il- had that structure for years, and never Members of Congress-have the utmost -legal, and it has been done in my State. encountered the situation we have now. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2431 This is a failure of human beings rather of even-handed justice. I know the genOOI the Jdint Chiefs of Staff that they either than a structural defect. tleman now address us is an able lawyer. had to clean it up or have a public ex­ Mr. JUDD. That is right. It never I have, as I say, been debating the ques .. posure made of it, and that would not occurred to the founding fathers that a tion in my own mind as to whether this be in the public interest." Then he day would come when men in as high might be another possible solution. I added, and I quote, "But you know the positions as some of those who have been would be very grateful for any help or Army-it never corrects, it just covers found guilty of malfeasance or corrup­ advice from any of the Members on that up." Those were the words of our Presi­ tion occupy, would descend to the level subject. I recognize the fact that there dent when he was a Senator and on the where they would put the administra­ are objections which immediately might investigating side of the fence. Now tion or their friends ahead of the United be raised to such a plan. My mind is the same thing is to be expected of the States. But since that is a human weak­ open as to whether the advantages out.. Attorney General's omce under the pres­ ness, we should not have structural ar­ weigh the disadvantages. ent circumstances, where all sort of ir­ rangements which so easily subject men I am by no means completely wedded regularities have been discovered. If to such temptations. to the plan myself, but I think it does there is nothing wrong, of course, there Mr. MEADER. May I ask the gentle­ deserve careful consideration by us. It is nothing to be feared or hidden. But, man, since he has raised the point, if he may be that this very committee on the more things there are that are wrong, believes that the Attorney General is so which I am now serving may pass on that the more the human tendency is not to .subservient to the President that he can­ question at some stage in its delibera­ correct, but to cover up. not independently enforce the laws gen­ tions. At least I want to tell the gen­ Mr. O'BRIEN of Michigan. Mr. erally, which he is ordered to do by the tleman from Minnesota, and the gentle­ Speaker, will the gentleman yield? statute creating his position, does he man from Michigan, that we lawyers, at Mr. MEADER. I yield. have any confidence that a special inves­ least some of us, are trying to work out Mr. O'BRIEN of Michigan. In regard tigator brought in from New York, com­ a solution which will bring about a bet­ to the suggestion of the gentleman from ing down here to clean up the situation ter situation than the one which exists New York, first of all the Attorney Gen­ that has been shown to exist, will have now. I say that as I should, and at this eral is not merely appointed by the that independence, when he is right .stage of the proceedings, without any President. He has to be confirmed by under the President's eye? reflection on anyone now or formerly the Senate in accordance with the Con­ Mr. JUDD. No; I do not think he will. holding public office. stitution. Then, if in order to free such I agree with the gentleman entirely on Mr. MEADER. I thank the gentleman appointees to the omce of the Attorney that. from New York for his contribution. I General from political infiuence, it is Mr. MEADER. The fact that he hap­ assure him I shall certainly be glad to appropriate to amend the Constitution pens to be a Republican does not mean study his proposal carefully and to help and make it by popular election to that anything at all. him if I can agree with him, and if he omce, I wonder what would be the Mr. JUDD. No; of course not. has satisfierl himself that that is the thought of the gentleman from New Mr. MEADER. I think this goes far proper solution to the difficulties we find York on applying the same thing to the beyond partisan considerations. Here is confronting us. appointment of the Supreme Court Jus­ a question of the confidence of the Mr. JUDD. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ tices and to the entire Federal judiciary people in the processes of democracy. tleman yield? in order to insure that they be free from Whether the clean-up is done by a Dem­ Mr. MEADER. I yield. · political infiuences? Would it be better ocrat or a Republican in my judgment is Mr. JUDD. I want the gentleman to that they be subject to popular elec­ wholly immaterial To appoint a Re­ be perfectly clear on this. I do not know tions instead of being appainted by the publican to give a front of independence the answer to the problem, but as a phy.. President and confirmed by the Senate when the situation is really one where sician I recognize that here is a diffi­ in accordance with the Constitution? I there is no independence does not answer culty, a weak spot, and I have to call on just want to make that statement as ex­ the situation at all, in my opinion. the specialists in the field where the pa.. pressing my thought on the proposed Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker. will the tient's malady lies for counsel and assist­ constitutional amendment. tentleman yield? ance. I am not trying to tell you what Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. MEADER. I yield to the gentle­ you ought to do. I am asking for help. gentleman yield? man from New York. I want to say one further thing. I Mr. MEADER. I will be glad to yield Mr. KEATING. The gentleman bas do not believe it tells quite the whole to the gentleman. I do not want to yield put his finger on the principal problem, story to say that the degree or kind of for too long, because that is a subject and I know the gentleman from Minne­ activity and effectiveness that you get I did not intend to discuss. sota agrees, that it is the man who is in the Attorney General's office depends Mr. KEATING. That is true. I did selected to do a job which is more im­ upon the character and quality of the not intend to discuss it either. I want to portant than the way that job is set man who is appointed as its head. That say to the gentleman from Michigan, I up. However. there is something, it is part of the story, but you have to go would be vigorously opposed to the elec­ seems to me, to what the gentleman from behind that. The character and quality tion of Supreme Court judges by popular Minnesota says about the structure of of the man who is appointed depends to vote as well as opposed to the election our system. He is an able physician and some degree upon the character and of any of the Federal judges by popular I happen to be a lawyer, so that perhaps quality and objectives and motivations of vote. I think the situation with regard he will listen to another alternative to whoever does the appointing. That, to the office of the Attorney General is the suggestion which he has made. under our system is not the American in quite a different category, but as I I have had on my desk for some time. people who are to be defended, but the have already· stated, I .am not completely but have not introduced both a bill and administration which, being human, sold on this suggestion myself. When or a constitutional amendment directed to naturally wants to defend itself. I once if I am, I will debate it at greater length the same objective. I presume perhaps had a conversation with the present with the gentleman from Michigan at the latter would be the right way to go President of the United States when he some future time when we are not im­ about it. They would provide that the was a Senator. We were on a speaking posing on the gentleman from Michigan Attorney General be an elected rather tour together. He was reporting some (Mr. MEADERJ. than appointed otn.cial. elected during of his experiences as the head of the Mr. MEADER. I am glad the gentle­ the off years when the President is not War Investigation Committee. He was man from Minnesota [Mr. JUDD] is pres­ running, with the idea in mind of estab­ talking about a situation, the details of ent, because I wanted to discuss the testi­ lishing a greater independence for the which I do not need to go into here. mony given by Mr. Morris before the office of the Attorney General. In other which was so bad that his committee Hoey committee. · words, he is in a way the President's had tried repeatedly but in vain to get Briefly, Mr. Morris was the president lawyer, but he is more than that, he is the Armed Forces or the Chiefs of Staff of a corporation, a charitable founda ... really or should be the lawyer for all to clean it up. It had to do with Han­ tion, the China International Founda.. the people in the United States. It is ford, Wash.• where we now know there tion, which, through a series of corpora­ very important that he be independent was an atomic-energy plant, and, of tions, had title to certain oil tankers. from any political influences of any kind. course, it was hush hush. He said, ''We One question was whether he got any­ That is essential to the administration finally had to go to the point of telling thing out of it. He said he did not, but 2432 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 17 apparently he shared in fees to the ex­ effort of the free world t o stop aggressions o! what is now our enemy and helping our tent of some thirty or thirty-five thou­ communism? enemy to prepare itself to fight? Mr. MORRIS. Why, of course it has. It I sand dollars, less the overhead cost of stopped it in Italy. Mr. JUDD. think there can be no ope:Pating the law office, that could ap­ Senator MUNDT. All right. One of the rea­ justification for these tankers being en­ propriately be charged to this particular sons for ECA, probably the major reason, was gaged in that trade. But, taking the client. I quote Mr. Morris' testimony to help the free world rehabilitate itself so argument that getting dollars from the on this point elsewhere in my remarks. that it could stop further Communist expan­ Communists was hurting them more The question I wanted to take up with sion. Is that right? than giving them oil was doing them the gentleman from Minnesota is the Mr. MORRIS. And promote free enterprise. good, it is obvious they would not have matter of carrying oil to the Commu­ Senator MUNDT. Is that right? been exchanging their dollars for oil Mr. MORRIS. Sure. You have got it. · nists in these tankers. I looked at the Senator MUNDT. All right. Since you and unless the oil was far more valuable to record very carefully to see whether or I both agree that that was one of the major them than the dollars. Oil is necessary not Mr. Morris was justified iii resenting reasons for ECA, did it not occur to you at in carrying on a war machine, and our the implications of impropriety in carry­ the time your ships were being paid by ECA boys are being killed with vehicles and ing oil from a Rumanian port to a to carry cargoes, that there was something so forth that are using oil. Communist Chinese port, shipments wrong about using those same ships to carry Mr. MEADER. It was partly aviation which were discontinued only shortly Communist cargoes to help defeat the pur­ lubricating oil. before the Korean war began. pose of ECA? Mr. JUDD. Yes. They are being Mr. MORRIS. I don't think, if you will ex­ Mr. Morris' defense, in part at least, amine those charters very carefully, that killed by planes which are lubricated seemed to be that by that trade his com­ those four runs defeated the purposes of ECA. with that oil. I do not think any kind pany was draining dollars out of Com­ Senator MUNDT. Not entirely, but they of sophistry or excuse can justify such munist countries. It was not dollars for helped. a trade. oil. The oil came from behind the iron Mr. MORRIS. I don't think they even helped. Mr. MEADER. If the gentleman takes curtain and it stayed behind the iron They helped to draw dollars out of Russia. that position, would he agree with me curtain, but the dollars for shipping Was that not good? Senator MUNDT. In other words, your tes­ that a man that would seek to justify charges, which were higher than simi- timony is that shipping benzene and aviation his action on such a fiimsy basis has . Iar runs for other cargoes, had to come gasoline to Communist China was an assist failed to display the qualities of an in­ out of the Communist countries. There­ to the free world, because it took some dol­ vestigator charged with the duty of mak­ by, he argued, his company was :fighting lars out of China? ing a thoroughgoing investigation of communism and was weakening the Mr. MORRIS. No. But at that time, as I wrong doing in the Government? Communists. explained, it was not inconsistent, as far as Would the gentleman have any confi­ 'l'he testimony before the Hoey com­ we knew, with the United States policy of dence that Mr. Morris knows anything mittee on this point is, in part, as fol­ trade. As I understand it, we trade today with the Soviet Union, do we not? I don't about going about that job? lows: know. How do we get all those furs over Mr. JUDD. I have not read the hear­ Senator NIXON. Do you or do you not agree here? I don't know. ings. I do not know that that is the with Secretary Johnson's appraisal of that Senator MUNDT. There is a considerable sole justification he gave. Therefore, I situation, that this was detrimental, that difference in my opinion between shipments am not going to pass on all that may this action of United Tankers in hauling oil of furs and shipments of aviation gasoline. be in the RECORD. I just answered the to and from Communist China was detri­ Mr. MORRIS. Oh, my dear Senator, if you one question which the gentleman asked mental to the interests of the United States? get dollars for furs, then you can buy gaso­ Mr. MORRIS. I don't know that. It might line. That is the way foreign trade works. me. have just lighted the lamps of China. I Senator MUNDT. You were shipping avia­ Mr. MEADER. I did not mean to en­ don't know what the oil was used for. tion gasoline to China? The tankers were? gage my colleague from Minnesota into Senator NIXON. In other words, you ques­ Mr. MORRIS. The tankers were carrying it; agreeing with me on my general thesis, tion Secretary Johnson's judgment? yes. which is that Newbold Morris, in his Mr. MORRIS. No, I am not in a position to Senator MUNDT. Between Rumania and agree or disagree. testimony before the Senate committee, China? Is that right? demonstrated clearly, if there had ever Senator NIXON. You do not take a posi­ Mr. MORRIS. If they hadn't gotten these tion? tankers, they would have gotten some others. been any doubt of it before, that he is Mr. MORRIS. I can't. I am just an ordi­ It would have moved in one way or the other. ·irresponsible, immature, and insincere. nary citizen. Senator MUNDT. The Casey group in the He was guilty time and again of eva­ Mr. FLANAGAN. On that one point, so that hands of Greek nationals refused to take it. sion, circumlocution, and tactics seeking we will be in agreement as to what was Mr. MORRIS. They might have had better to divert the attention of the committee carried to China by these vessels, let me business. say that the cargo consisted f benzene, pea­ away from the point at issue. He sought Senator MUNDT. This -was a business, ac­ refuge in technicalities. He showed dis­ nut oil, kerosene, crude· oil, and in the trip cording to Mr. Jarvis, on which a high pre­ in April 1950, that went from Constanza to mium was raid. In other words, you received respect to the committee. They tell me Dalny in north China, it carried benzene and more for that kind of business than you that he even put that sign up in front 1,008 tons of aviation lubricating oil. would from tankers engaged in trading with of him, "Keep Your Shirt On," a message Mr. MORRIS. From China back to Romania? free countries. thai; his wife had given him. He put Mr. FLANAGAN. No, from Constanza to Mr. MORRIS. Then that helps the Amer:­ that sign up in front of him, and turned Dalny. fcan mortgagees to get their mortgages paid Mr. MORRIS. To tell you the truth, I don't his back to the Senators when they were off. interrogating him. know about the cargoes. I don't know how Senator MUNDT. That answers the ques'"' many people you can kill with peanut oil, tion, I think. It gives you more money for After evasive answers Mr. Morris was but maybe you would know. your firm, the tanker firm. three times confl-onted with the follow­ Mr. FLANAGAN. On that point, I might Mr. MORRIS. But not for anybody's personal ing quotation from the New York Herald clear the record that that cargo, that spe­ Tribune before an answer was obtained: cific cargo, left Rumania in April of 1950 profit, please, sir. Not for anybody's per­ and arrived in Dalny some time probably in sonal profit. Senator MUNDT, quoting from the May, some 6 weeks before- I am just asking the gentleman from article: Mr. MORRIS. Well, the answer to the Sen­ Minnesota, as an expert on foreign af­ Mr. Morris also insisted that he never re­ ator's question is: I am quite sure that in ceived a single dollar in the transaction of May of 1950, I was not aware that the Com­ fairs and as an expert on the situation tankers which is the subject of a Senate in­ munist Chinese were stockpiling fuel to kill in the Far East, whether he can go along vestigation. Are you ready for the question? American boys. with that philosophy, when the ECA and Mr. MORRIS. Yes, sir. The first I knew about the Korean war-I the Defense Departments, through their Senator MUNDT. Do you consider that a didn't know about it before it happened. officials, had complained about these very forthright answer to the American public, Maybe you did. But June 25 was the first shipments. Does the gentleman think who expect forthrightness from their No. 1 time I knew there was a war in Korea. I that Mr. Morris has made a defense to cleanup man, when you are asked whether read it in the newspapers and heard it on the you received anything from the transaction radio. that charge, and has he got any right to and you say, "Not a single dollar," and now feel that he has been abused because you say you are cut in on a $158,000 fee? Further testimony on this point was as people call attention to the fact that Mr. MORRIS. Just let me look at my wife's follows: the corporation of which he is president, message, will you, and I will count three­ Sen ator MUNDT. I say, in your opinion, ECA which holds ultimate control of these one, two, three. I said that my firm repre­ has no relationship to communism and the tankers, was engaging in trading with sented United Tankers and everybody knows 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2433 that my firm represented United Tankers Mr. RHODES. Would not the gentle­ exercised some control helped transport pe­ e.nd everybody knows that attorneys are en­ man favor legislation to have every troleum to Red China. before the Korean titled to get paid for their services and Government official make public his total war he has been accused, by implication at everybody knows, including you, t~at Mr. least, of contributing to the deaths of Amer­ Wasson's services were not overcompensated income, the source of his income, as one ican soldiers in Korea. A man should not for. way of striking at the root of the evil be expected to submit to this sort of thing Senator MUNDT. All right, then. To get we are now talking about? . without protest, and Mr. Morris would have down to the fact. You did receive some Mr. MEADER. The gentleman, I sup­ been justified in taking vigordus exception money from this transaction as a participat­ pose, is referring to this questionnaire to such questions. ing attorney. Right? Am I right or wrong that Mr. Morris has said he is going to But that is a different thing from the now? send out. I do not know that that is hammy performance he gave. The Senate Mr MORRIS. As a member of the firm I did the answer to it at all, and I am not committee was investigating a serious mat­ receive my share of the fee under the part- sure that there is any simple panacea ter, in the course of which serious questions nership agreement. · · were raised concerning M~ . Morris. In the as a substitute for common honesty. circumstances, Mr. Morris' behavior-the He engaged in attempts to bring ridi­ Actually the situation here, in my judg­ gesticulations, the loud asides, the business cule and contempt upon the members ment, is one that cannot be dealt with of turning his back on his questioners, and of the committee by wholly irrelevant so easily on a structural basis, although his own name-calling efforts-was inappro­ attacks upon them. I say that he has there may be some structural improve­ priate tn say the least. demonstrated clearly and without any ments that can be made. It is not feasible in this space to explore question that he is not competent to dis­ The gentleman must be familiar with the jumble of corporations and interlocking directorates through which the tanker deals charge the serious responsibility of fer­ the difficulty in World War II and the that are under investigation were negotiated. reting our corruption in the executive difficulty in the present emergency of That is a job for Senator HoEY's committee. branch of the Government. getting people to leave private industry But one thing which should be of con­ Mr. Morris was willing to condone and to do an important job in Government siderable concern to Mr. M01Tis seems to wink at this oil traffic with our potential under emergency conditions where we have been established. Mr. Morris is pres­ enemies. He tried to justify the circum­ have unusual economic controls. To ident of the China International Founda­ vention by himself and his colleagues of pass a law of the kind the gentleman tion, Inc., which controlled the stock of a suggests might prevent obtaining well­ subsidiary, the United Tanker Corp. Vir­ the maritime laws of the United States to tually all of the money invested in United achieve what was specifically intended qualified people from private life to do Tanker was Chinese money, although Mr. to be prohibited in the statute namely, a specific Government job for a limited Morris insists that stock control was held by foreign acquisition of ownership and period of time. They might well de­ Americans. control of United States vessels at knock cline to serve if you require them to dis­ In 1947 Mr. Morris went to the Maritime down sale prices from the Maritime Com­ close all of their personal affairs and Commission to inquire about the possible mission. Morris and his colleagues were their private gainful activities. purchase of some tankers by United Tanker Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, will the Corp. The commission at that time had a willing to pay the Casey group $450,000 policy against the sale of tankers to for-eign for the transfer of a hollow right that gentleman yield further? interests for fear the ships might get into was not legal ownership. They were will­ Mr. MEADER. I will be glad to. Russian hands. There was no sale to United ing to pay "Oilboat Olga" Konow some Mr. RHODES. Would the gentleman Tanker, presumably because of the Chinese $300,000 in addition in brokerage fees in favor legislation of that kind to include financial interest in that corporation. A lit­ order to do .indirectly that which they also Members of Congress and the Sen­ tle later, however, three tankers were sold could not do directly. ate? It seems to me it is ciuite easy to by the commission to an outfit known as the criticize, but I believe we ourselves should National Tanker Corp., then headed by for­ I say to you that attempting to defend mer Representat.ive Joseph Casey, which im­ that kind of thing demonstrates a lack not hide behind congressional immunity. mediately sold them to United Tanker. of candor which ought not to exist in Mr. MEADER. I will go along with Then two United tankers were chartered anyone to whom we entrust wide powers the gentleman on that. Any degree of by the Soviet oil agency, which used them over the investigation of corruption in honesty required in the executive branch to transport oil from Rumania to China the Government. of the Government should also be re­ almost until the outbreak of the Korean war. I say there must be a blind spot in the quired of the legislative branch of the There was nothing illegal about this, and eye of a person who can tolerate and at­ Government, and I sympathize with the Mr. Morris said the State Department did gentleman's objective. not object to the oil shipments. He added tempt to justify that kind of activity. that he did not know former Secretary of The person who is that blind will not be I am not sure, however, tha't this Defense Johnson had lodged a protest able to recognize a corruption if be sees simple matter of requiring the filling out against the_shipments. one. of a form would guarantee honesty. I If not illegal, however, it seems clear that Mr. Morris confessed before the Senate think there would be a lot of people who the tanker deal operated to thwart and de­ Hoey committee that he did not really perhaps would do whatever they did that feat the policy of the Maritime Commission. know very much about the people who was wrong while they were in the Gov­ And Mr. Morris shared in the fees of his law ernment but not reap the reward and firm, which participated in the negotiations. put up the money that actually went In these circumstances, his performance into the buying of the tankers, that is, benefit of it until they had left the Gov­ before the committee, including his attack the Chinese who set up this China Inter­ ernment. I am sure the gentleman is on the Republican Senators, was not an ad­ national Foundation. Why did he not familiar with what I am talking about. mirable one. In his position, he should look into their backgrounds to see if His questionnaire, certainly, would not have been a willing and a cooperative wit­ there was a possibility that they had reach that kind of wrongdoing. I do ness. Instead of losing his temper and put­ Communist leanings. not think there are simple answers to it. ting on a show, he should have endeavored I believe that the whole subject must be to give every possible bit of information to Why was Morris callous and indiffer­ the committee. That· he did not do so is ent to the effort to make money by trad­ looked into and a final, authoritative going to impair, and may destroy, his use­ ing with the Communists by the China and honest report be made by the fulness as Mr. Truman's investigator of cor­ Industrial & Trading Corp.? I think Congress. ruption in the executive branch of the Gov­ he ought to have looked into matters of As a part of my remarks, I include an ernment. editorial from the Washington Evening that kind and not gotten himself in­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. The volved in this kind of situation. Any Star of Friday, March 14, 1952: time of the gentleman from Michigan man who had so conducted himself as MR. MORRIS STUBS HIS TOE has expired. to lay himself open to such an attack If Newbold Morris has been essaying the role of a modern St. George out to slay the before the Senate Hoey committee and senatorial dragon he wm not win any Oscars was unable to give any better explana­ The SPEAKER pro tempore ­ in plans made at the eleventh hour partment loyalty board w~. s correct in ple and give us action instead of llp which has held back production of a their conclusions·. service by getting rid of all employees modern type combat jet plane. Un­ It is the practice of the Loyalty Review of questionable loyalty, instead of per­ doubtedly this factor has played some Board to stop processing a case on post­ mitting them to resign after untold part in the failure to get our production a udit immediately upon being notified amounts of the taxpayers' money has of this type of aircraft underway at an that the individual has resigned. been spent to prove their disloyalty. early date. On the other hand, I be­ Mr. William T. Stone's case followed Mr. Speaker, while Mr. Stone has been lieve the failure to properly allot criti­ very closely the pattern of the John a very controversial figure in the Gov­ cally short materials has played a much Stewart Service case, up to the point of ernment for the past 5 years, not one more important part in the collapse of Stone's resignation. Both had been word has been released by the 'State De­ our jet production program. The Amer­ cleared by the loyalty board of the State partment concerning his separation. ican radio commentator Drew Pearson Department. The Board was satisfied When will the State Department learn mentioned this over the radio Sunday to pass on the loyalty and security of that they. must deal hor..estly with the night and I thoroughly agree with him Mr. Stone on the information presented public? in the strong presentation for the need in the file. However, the eligible deci­ of additional jet production. There may sion of the State Department Loyalty be materials vitally needed to produce Board in the case of Mr. Stone was sub­ The SPEAKER pro tempore