EDITORIAL - SPECIAL ARTICLES AUTOMOBILES EDITORIAL - SPECIAL ARTICLES Jim Qñtíbunt AUTOMOBILES HI EIGHT PAGES {tori* PAKT SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, 1918 PART III EIGHT PAGES WILSON'S PEACE TERMS-MITTELEUROPA Proposes AMERICA'S President PEACE MAP Buffer States of Near to Gut Territory in Two in the East Can Hardly Middle Exist Without Protection FRANK H. SIMONDS By Copyright 1918.The Tribune Association Author of "The World War," "They Shall Not Pas»" dorn Of the fourteen conditions laid clown by against all comers. But this vould president Wilson in his memorable ad¬ be still another wall thrust between the six to the delib¬ Austro-German mass and the Turkish dress to Congress belong lands in which and of some international conference Germany hoped hopes erations to find her colonial place in the sun. It after the war. They are non-territorial, would restore and reinforce that wall to «ave in the case of colonial adjustments; break which Austria risked and precipi¬ they represent details in the general tated the world catastrophe. scheme of a league of nations and the in¬ In addition, the President demands for surance against future conflicts. Of them the various subject peoples of Turkey Isb&Ur.otspeak in this article, not because ï-ome form of autonomous existence. He of less than the re¬ would leave that portion of the Turkish they are importance in but because afford no Empire Asia inhabited by the Osmanli maining eight, they to its ar.d definite basis for discussion present inhabitante; but this is enly tangible Anatolia. Of more than 700.000 time, or until it becomes clear square ai this miles now under Turkish rule in Asia, relations are to exist between what sert of slightly less than 200.000. an area about the two groups of nations now at war equal tothatof Spain, are actually Turkish when peace is restored. by right of race. For the rest, Armenia, Turning directly to those of the Presi¬ with its shamefully ravaged fields and dent's conditions which deal with terri¬ cruelly decimated populations, demands torial adjustments, I desire first of all to unification with the Armenian districts of Russia and complete freedom. This Ar¬ discuss briefly the combined effect of all of menian conditions the Gcr- sítate would extend from the Black these upon grandiose Sea at Trebizond to \hc Gulf of of a under Alexan- man conception Mitteleuropa j on the direction and then to dretta, Mediterranean, facing Germany's rapidly Cyprus. It would contain upward of 4,- survey each of the conditions separately. 000,000 and have at which people an area about If you will look the map ac-1 equal to that of Great Britain. companies this article you will sec that the President's plan in restoring Serbia Buffer States and Rumania and giving Serbia a sea- Mesopotamia and Syria, with Palestine, a solid barrier coast interposes stretching belong to the Arab world, although in from the Black to the Adriatic Sea be¬ Palestine many races are represented. For tween the northern and southern groups many centuries French influence has been of nations which together form the Cen-¡ predominant about Beyrout. and there has irai Alliance. Mitteleuropa, as the Pan- been a general belief that France would Germans have conceived it, as Naumann become the protecting state for Syria wrote about it, was to be a solid block of when the war was over if the Turks were territory extending from the Baltic, to the called upon to lose their Asiatic fringes. Persian Gulf. Hamburg, on the Elbe, and Syria itself has an area of llö.OüO square Basra, above the mouths of the combined miles, about the same as that of Italy, and floods of the Euphrates and the Tigris, close to 3,000,000 people. For Americans were to be its seagates, while through the work of our missionaries, particularly Mesopotamia the great state was to touch at Beyrout. lends peculiar interest to the Persia und through Palestine approach Syrian question, but. whether under French Suez. protectorate or as an autonomous porii<*m The Dream of Conquest of the Turkish Empire. Syria would have to be This solid block of territory, in area guarded against its old masters by more than half as large as the United European troops. In the same States, with a population of more than way Palestine could exist 155,000,000, was to be bound by canals only as an independent state, and I am and railroads, the reach of sea sure that it will be erected into some beyond hind power. It contained vast re¬ of free state if its safety is guar¬ undeveloped anteed in Asia and it was conceived by the greater nations. Britain gions Minor, has to be but the central core of still vaster ex¬ every reason for desiring to see Pales¬ tine pansions which should cross the Sue/: independent, because it would .-:erve as a buffer Canal and sweep up Egypt and North state against invasion from the Africa, following the pathway of Arabian north and, even if Syria remained Turk¬ conquests, and eastward the ish, push the Osmanli far back from Suez push along and the frontiers of route of Alexander thé Great, now fol¬ Egypt. There is be¬ lowed in part by the Bagdad Railroad, to sides the question of Zionism, of world in¬ the frontiers of India. terest, but not bearing on the present discussion. This dream had existed before the pres¬ As for it cannot ent war; the Bagdad Railroad ac a detail Mesopotamia, stand on its own feet. Its are in the had been the cause of endless Shaded portions show Mitteleuropa Mr. Wilson would liberale. Solid black shows people Arab, not Turk¬ plan territory which would be left to Germany, Austria and Turkey. but unless under international bickering; but the war itself, ish, British protectorate cr garrisoned and guarded bringing as it did the demonstration of of by internation¬ greater than that Germany herself bc- fand boldly demanded that Germany sur land a al forces it would fall into the meaning of sea power, strengthened' may only remotely concern us, but be in minority in Austria, the Germans Turning now to Serbia, the President anarchy and for the war and a population of over render this dream and evacuate those con- we the determination of the Germans to build arc all concerned vitally in preventing would be in a hopeless minority in their proposes not merely evacuation, but perhaps revert to the Turk. It is well to 42,000,000.a population, then, exceeding quered districts and release those con¬ the ffor 'ace realities in this an unlike their colonial erection of an empire in Europe which half of the Dual Monarchy, unless Galicia Serbia thus restored free access to Eastern field. How¬ empire which, that of France in 1911. races the With all these quered which are pawns in her tre¬ hall !)«¦ ho it can as were set even ever fine in it be to create a possessions in Africa, should not be swept strongHhat aspire, it off, and. were this to be sea, and this can mean only that Serbia theory might annexations the European half of the new mendous game. Not until con¬ ti« new Armenia and another Arab t-:p as a mere incident of British activity, Germany will, the control of all other continents, done they would still lind themselves in a should have Northern Albania, conquered kingdom, empire would represent 736,000 square sents to this is peace thinkable, and any as well as their colonies as those of France American Asiatic and African. difficult situation, for the Slav element. her in the First Balkan War and sur¬ howeveralluringarethe phrases about free¬ '".'eeing go. mile -, thrice that of herself. And peace that did not by dom and the had gone in the the Germany destroy Mitteleuropa (îiven the German conception of force and .crains with each year. And were the Slavs rendered at the Conference of London autonomy, plain truth is that eighteenth century, it is necessary to bear in mind that it is would be an assured German and under actual with new energy, turned to the victory \ iolence, of German supergreajtness, of to obtain equal representation Austria under German and Austrian and only protection of European Germans, with this in full view that the Ger¬ a promise of a of pressure whatever a plan speedy resumption the the German mission to heal the; world would cease to be a German their nations, the disguise, can these conquest and construction of domain be¬ mans are by pawn; through the ineffable folly of Sir Edward negotiating with the Russians at battle. Europe would be compelled to and then influence and their states be created or so yond the baleful influence of dominant conquest by method:' well ox power would break up Grey. Deprived of this "window on the maintained, and, Brest-Litovsk and have declared against make a fresh coalition against William II. in far as history goes, joint maritime power. amplified Alsace-Lorraine before the the Austro-German alliance, for they are sea," Serbia insisted upon all of protectorates evacuation of conquered territories in ad¬ as it did against Napoleon after Auster- war and in holding have in In the scheme of the ac¬ Belgium since, it is a matter anti-German to a man. Macedonia, to proved impossible practice. Mitteleuropa vance of peace.or ever, so far as one litz, after .lena and after of including portions assigned tual control was to rest in the hands of the Friedland, life and death that the Germans should A in the The Need of Protectorates can see. Belgium, Poland, Lithuania, the Wagram. Wedge Between Germans and Magyars Bulgaria ante-bellum agreement, Germans. Of the 185,000,000 inhabitants not get control of .100.000,000 of members and this the Second Balkan War That Syria under a French protectorate Baltic Provinces, industrial France. In a word, the first issue of war This, after all, means another reduc¬ produced in lands included in the the of "inferior races" and arm and tram. and led might develop into a state capable of a dwelling plan only these, with Serbia and Rumania now is the freedom of tion of Mitteleuropa. Mr. Wilson would to the present World War. '.5.000.U00 were German race together Europe, dominated from those, new and invincible hordes. It measure of independence and self-defence actually by the in a measure see the transformation of Austria into a Serbia insisted upon holding Macedonia, and But this this 40 (which bring complete control of the by the German, as it was by is the totality, not the detail, of the Ger¬ seems probable. Palestine is small tongue. minority, per a fedcralized state, but several of not primarily for reasons of territorial enough Danube), are to be included. Napoleon little more than a century ago. man scheme which threatens us in Amer¬ the Aus¬ to exist as an cent, since they were Germans, and thus Until trian states would be aggrandizement, but in order to have a internationally guaranteed France was restored to her own ita, and it is a realization of this which wholly Slav, and the and there are members of a "superior" race, were to Carving Mitteleuropa common frontier with Greece and thus an community, obvious reasons rightful limits at the Congress of Vienna, has moved President Wilson to influence of these Slav states would b« the control. With the Germans were allied two Now President Wilson demands the throw outlet to sea a why customary jealousies might be until she was evicted from Hol¬ aside sufficient to break down the Austrian alli¬ the through friendly na- other races, which were to have full and restoration of Serbia and Rumania. If Belgium, our oldest tradition and fight for tion. laid aside in this instance, but how Syria, land, from Southern and from the ance with Germany. Mitteleuropa would Austria and Bulgaria were both Armenia rights; these were the this be achieved the German Germany rectification of European frontiers, her enemies and or Mesopotamia could stand approximately equal Mitteleuropa the Italian and Spanish all frontiers not then be reduced merely to the Austro- both enforced against alone in the "agyar and the Bulgar. The former num¬ is cut in half almost at the waist; both peninsulas, created by this war. Serbia unfair economic terms. But immediate future is hard to peace was bound to be a and each German bulk; it would end at the Germar see. bers the latter less than 5,000,- banks of the Danube, its main will truce, The Preaident and Austria Greece And w"ith Russia refusing to protect 10,000,000, artery, peace was followed a 'routiers. Bohemia would be a Slav but¬ through and at Salónica, by the 000, and with these added to the German be in alien hands at the Iron the speedily by renewal less all Armenians, their outlook is again dark. Gates; of the struggle of all other Only interesting and important i:; tress against German advance up tin consent of her Hellenic ally, she touched Population we have, of its rail European the Personally. I feel sure that British evacua¬ tb.cn, 00,000,000 Berlin-Byzantium-Bagdad Railway, peonies for freedom from French President's demand "for the freest Elbe; the Jugo-Slavic group tht the sea and escaped the complete suprem¬ three races which were to dominate will domi¬ along tion of Mesopotamia will prove ruling lifeline, be severed from Belgrade to opportunity of the peoples of Austria- Adriatic would be a acy of the which had borne impossible, a'i And the same is true of Ger- wedge between tin Hapsburgs, if it is not forced empire in which their collective popula¬ the Bulgarian frontier. and Bul¬ nation. for autonomous so by military events be- Turkey matiy now. Hungary development.'' I Germans and Magyars and the open sea heavily upon her in the past. l'orc tion was less than half. garia will be separated from Austria and have talked much in these If Serbia should peace is made, and I am inclined to It is essential for a!! Americans to articles about Now, with the Polish question I shal regain Northern Al¬ that Of the "inferior races," as the German Germany. And with such a the the Slav believe Syria will end as a French sepai*ation grasp the fact of because question in the East; this raises not deal again at length at this time. The bania and be assured possession of the not less than .15.000,000 were whole gigantic scheme must Mitteleuropa, it anew. protectorate. French experience in Al¬ reckons, collapse. this tact is a menace to the To-day there are within Aus¬ President proposes the "erection of an in port of Durazzo she might consent to Slavs Austrian Slavs. But the President did not here. United States geria and Tunis, where France has not 24,000,000 1(5,000,- pause almost as as trian territory 24,000,000 Slavs, just short Polish evacuate Southern Macedonia, retire be¬ 000 In much to Europe. Such a dependent state, including the ter enly brought material but also Slavs of the conquered Russian dis¬ addition, he demands that Belgium and state «if half of the total population. There are ritorics inhabited hind the line upon with prosperity tricts and would be within measurable distance by indisputably Polis! agreed Bulgaria earned native confidence, has fitted 5,000,000 Serbs of that Serbian Northern France, with Alsace-Lorraine, also 4,000,000 Latins, Rumanians and in 1912, and there be an end of the of world it would be within populations, with free access to the set might the French as .**'ate which was to be extinguished. In be surrendereil on the and supremacy; Italians. As for the task no other people are west, beckoning distance of absolute control of against these races, held and with political and economic indepen Serbo-Bulgar rivalry in the Macedonian fitted. addition, 10,000,000 French and Belgians,. Poland ami the Baltic lands on the ca.^t. inferior the Europe, and when a few hail by ruling minorities, there ciencc and territorial integrity interna regions, although many Serbians believe In Rumanians and 1,000,000 Ital¬ Thus one say that, eut the years pro¬ this review I have omitted all refer- '0,000,000 might having vided the German arc 12,000,000 Germans and 10,000.000 tionally Kuaranteod.'' This would mear that it would be unwise to attempt to ians were to be included, with bodv* at the waist, he also the with fresh resources, ence to Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian together amputates drawn from his Magyars. To-day the Magyars and the at the least the creation of a Polish statt occupy Albania and insist upon the resto¬ U; maul i Turks and a welter arms, further than this, newly organized con- Irredenta; they raise other questions. Mr. '0,000,000 by demanding he would 1 Germans control Austria-Hungary, with including all of Russian half o; ration of the old condition of 1911. peoples oT tli«- of the Turkish that the districts of Ar¬ qucsts, be certain ¡rtrike again, Poland, Wilson has spoken of both problems, and I "[ fringes outlying Turkey, while the 100,000.000 .0' a measure of assistance from the ."»,000,000 Austrian Galicia and a con: iderable empire, Arabs, Armenians and (¡reeks.. menia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine subject peoples por A Second Wall believe his words mean that he stands for would be tPrussia Obviously what the President has in fnc the cannon fodder, for the new the of the bloodiest of slavery. The German France and their restoration to our ally; soldiers, escape yoke .has still in his Looked at on the race map, it. will be It would mean, it would tin mind is that there shall be restored that a>*mics of this creation armies he also would the limbs mind the purpose which he appear, and no one can mistake his equally clear gigantic tyrants amputate had in to seen that in the north, in Bohemia, a ma¬ return of Polish rule to old Balkan won Which were 1914 repeat, the Roman prece- Danzig, wbicl League which the First insistence that Italy shall have what to complete the conquest of Uf all the German creation there is to be of Slavs, Czechs and Slovaks are is dent, and is jority is the true Polish seaport. It woul< Balkan War and broke down under Aus¬ lier due on Europe in due time and then to pass over left but scattered and weakened Mitteleuropa something more denied all real just her eastern frontiers, nothing than a can liberty and equal repre¬ mean the creation of a state with close t trian intrigue before the Second. Could some into Asia ami Africa and revive in three fractions. halfway mark, if it endure. where hundreds of thousands of Ital- sentation, while millions of Southern 100.000 .-«¡Liare miles, about the size o Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia settle their ians suffer under continents the Roman tradition of world So much for the general of A Matter of Life nnd Death Slavs from brutal Austrian tyranny. conception Eiumc to Cattaro, in Dalmatia, continental Italy, with a population c differences as to Macedonia (and a settle¬ I shall to control. a; as hope deal with these two the President's terms. Recognizing, It is not. many Americans seem tc Croatia, Slavonia, Bosnia and at a prof»« In his Herzego¬ least L'0,000,000. But such stat ment might have been had under th« ¡ems in another article. But at scheme the German planned to every thoughtful man must, that Gormar believe, a mere question of arrangements vina, have equally unfortunate conditions. would intervene the lower the mo- n°'d all of France which had along Vistul guidance of Venizelos if Austria had per¬ ment it is the destruction of been con¬ control of all of Central Europe and ol of European frontiers which lias beet The same is true of the Italians of the between the main bulk of mitted it in then ihe Balkans Mitteleuropa quered, all of and raised. German-spea' 1913), would that seems most important and most in¬ Belgium Luxemburg. Eastern Asia, German possession of We may, as Americans, be litt!« Trentino and the Rumania's of and the cast cease to be j a|i of Transyl¬ ing people minority of th the lighting ground of the teresting. is an tiic Russian territories already oc¬ 100.000,000 of of alier concerned with the exact at ¿ Mitteleuropa American subject peoples point which vania and the Banyat. Vistula. It would thus undo the work o Great Powers and with Rumania these issue, and President and, his Balkan In be a removed fron: Balkan frontier is on Wilson's greatest «ser¬ finally, gains. races, would but step marked the maps Were President Wilson's demand to b. Frederick the Great in the first Polis' three states make a Balkar cupiedEurope might compact vice in his statesmanlike address was alone this represented an area world hegemony, Mr. Wilson has rightlj j the eastern frontier of a truly free Po met. the Germans and the Magyars would partition. alliance which would insure mutual free* in recognizing and asurüng thia fact. «