Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7692 Special Issue-6 pp. 2580-2589 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article

Pharmacognosy of angustifolia Grown in Differently Treated Soils

Kistamma Singanaboina* and Venkateshwar Chinna

Department of Botany, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Cassia angustifolia vahl, commonly known as Senna. In Tamil it is known as swarna patri is well known for its various medicinal properties in Indian systems of medicine. It is useful in habitual costiveness. It lowers bowels, increases peristaltic movements of the colon by its K e yw or d s local action upon the intestinal wall. It is used as expectorant, wound dresser, antidysentric, Cassia carminative and laxative. Useful in loss of appetite, hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly, angustifolia , indigestion, mal aria, skin diseases, jaundice and anemia. are made into a paste, and Quantitative, applied to various skin diseases. The present work deals with the anatomy, quantitative Powder microscopy, physical constants and fluorescence analysis of the leaves. Diagnostic analysis, characters of powder include unicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata.The powder Stomata, analysis helps to check the adultration of drugs. This would help therapeutic investigations Anatomy and standardization of formulations containing leaf material of C. angustifolia. The aim of Pharmacognosy present study is to use stomatal characters as aid in of medicinally useful Cassia . The study would help in the identification and authentication of these medicinal plants on the basis of stomatogenesis.

Introduction

Pharmacognosy which is a science of the pharmacognosy forms an important bridge knowledge of medicinal plants is one of the between the pharmaceuticals and basic important subjects in the overall curriculum sciences (Text book of pharmacognosy – of the pharmaceutical education in India and Rosaline). world. Pharmacognosy is an important link between pharmacology and study of Cassia is a large genus of around 500 Medicinal plants. Pharmacognosy is a vital species of flowering plants in the family link between Ayurvedic and Allopathic leguminosae (Lodha et al., 2010). Cassia systems of medicines. It provides a system species are annual under shrub, the genus where in the active principals of crude drugs Cassia comprises of 580 species of herbs, derived from natural origin can could be shrubs and , which are widely dispensed, formulated and manufactured in distributed throughout the world of which dosage forms acceptable to allopathic only twenty species are indigenous to India system of medicine (C.K.Kokate, (Anonymous 1950). Medicinally, Cassia A.P.Purohit, S, and B.Gokhale).In a nutshell angustifolia Vahl is an important plant

2580

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

(Harnischfeger and stilze 1983) is small herb growing to a height of 2-3 feet. In systematically placed in to the division- India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Magnoliophyta, Class-Magnoliopsida Sub Pradesh and Karnataka. Its commercial class–Rosidae, Order–, family– cultivation has recently come up in Kutch Caesalpinaceae. (Gujarat) and Jodhpur (Rajasthan).It is mainly used as a blood purifier, laxative for Taxonomical classification of Senna relieving constipation and to treat skin diseases. It contains a powerful natural : Cassia anugstifolia laxative called anthraquinone and is Kingdom: Plantae approved by the world health organization Sub Kingdom: Tracheobionata (WHO).Senna consists of the leaflets are Division: Magnoliophyta golden brown in color after drying. Cassia Class: Mabnoliopsida angustifolia is one of the most widely used Subclass: Rosidae herbal laxatives (Dermarderosian, 2005). Order: Fabales Cassia species are well known in folk Family: Caesalpinaceae medicine for their laxative and purgative Genus: Cassia uses. They are also used for treating skin Species: angustifilia diseases such as ring worm, scabies, eczema and wounds (Rastogi and Mehrotra). Synonyms of Cassia angustifolia Materials and Methods Language Names English Indian Senna, Tinnevelly Collection of the plant material Senna Hindi Sana ka pat Cassia angustifolia seeds were procured Sanskrit Svarnapatri from the CIMAP, Hyderabad. The seeds Telugu Nela tangedu were sown in earthen pots in Green house of Malayalam Sunnamukhi, Connamukki Botanical Garden, Department of Botany, Kannada Nelavarika sonamukhi Osmania University, and Hyderabad. Plants Tamil Nilavarai, Nelavakai were grown in three exposure, the black soil, heavy metals of cadmium 10ppm, Senna is one of the most commonly used Chromium 20ppm, Nickel 16ppm were laxative drugs in the Eastern and Western introduced into the soil pots and in third set, countries for the treatment of constipation. Calcium hydroxide was also added along Commercially available consists of the dried with heavy metals to the soil. Plants were leaflets of Alexandria Senna (Cassia exposed and studied 3 different conditions acutifolia Delile) or Tinnevelly Senna garden soil, Heavy metal added soil and (Cassia angustifolia Vahl) belonging to other is heavy metals with 1%Ca(OH)2 plant family Leguminosae.(United states added soil. Addition of heavy metals was pharmacopoeia 2004; T.E. Wallis, Ed.2004) chromium-20ppm, at every concentration Cassia angustifolia is an ayurvedic herb and condition triplicates were maintained more popularly known as Senna. It is also and average value is considered. Earlier known as Swarnapatri in Sanskrit. Senna is study was conducted with these 3 heavy an Arabian name but it is native to Sudan. It metals to know at which concentration. was brought into used by Arabian physicians Plant can tolerate and grow normally and for removing capillary congestion. It is a with that study these 3 concentrations were

2581

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589 fixed. The collected Fresh leaves and leaves Pharmacological properties were shade dried for 10-12 days and finally pulverized into coarse powders. It was Pharmodynamic properties stored in well closed containers free from environment climatic changes till usage. Senna is an anthranoid type stimulating laxative. The laxative effect is due to the Chemical constituents action of sennosides and their active metabolite, rhein-anthrone, in the colon. The plant chemically contains Sennoside A, There are two different mechanism of B, C and D (Hayashi et al., 1980). action: Sennosides present in the leaf and pod of this plant, are diglucosides of sennidins. A 1. An influence on the motility of the large number of sennosides have been reported intestine: The laxative effect is realized by (Tanaka et al., 1982) from Senna. Cassia the inhibition of water and electrolyte angustifolia is used for its purgative absorption from the large intestine, which properties (Hennabelle 2009 and Verma et increases the volume and pressure of the al., 2010). Sennoside A and B together are intestinal contents. This will stimulate colon responsible for upto 40 – 60% activity of motility resulting in propulsive contractions. crude Senna. The plant also contains rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and their 2. An influence on secretion processes: glycosides. (Newall CA, et al., 1996: Bisset Stimulation of active chloride secretion NG 1994).Additionally senna contains increases water and electrolyte content of napthalene glycosides (tinnevellin glycoside the intestine. These changes in active and 6-hydroxy musizin glycoside), electrolyte transport are dependent on flavonoid (kaempferol), phytosterols, calcium in serosal surface. The laxative myricyl alcohol, salicylic acid, chrysophenic action of Senna is partially via stimulation acid,mucilage, resin and calcium oxalate (3, of colonic fluid and electrolyte secretion, 4). In the fraction of the flavanoid family and this secretion is mediated by stimulation senna contains the yellow flavanol coloring of endogenous prostagland in E2 formation. matters kaempferol (3, 4, 5, 7- trihydroxyflavone), its glucoside They also change colonic absorption and (kaempferin) and isorhamnetin, β-sitosterol, secretion to cause fluid accumulation. calcium oxalate, mucilage, resin, saponins Enhanced permeability is the result of and polysaccharide hydrocolloids are also disruption of the tight junctions between the present. colonic epithelial cells (Soyuncu S et al., 2008). Metabolism of anthranoid laxatives Pharmacology of Senna (deWitte P, Lemli 1990; deWitte P 1993) and Sennosides (Lemli J 1998; Hietala et al., Senna leaves and pods show laxative 1988; Lemli J.1996) have been reported. activity. Leaves contain glycosides, Sennoside A, B, C and D. Two naphthalene Antimicrobial activity of Senna glycosides have been isolated from leaves and pods Anthraquinone gives the medicinal The extracts of Cassia angustifolia showed action of Senna. It appears that the aglycone anti-microbial activity. Different extracts portion is responsible for its action. (ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions) of Cassia angustifolia plant are extracting

2582

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589 out. Antimicrobial efficacy of various polygonal shaped epidermal cells on both extracts was assessed by disc diffusion the surfaces; epidermal cells are closely method against Gram positive bacteria- packed. In Cassia angustifolia plant leaves Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative- shown the Paracytic type of stomata. The Escherichia coli. The methanol extract Stomata surrounded by two kidney-shaped shows more inhibition than ethanol and subsidiaries the conjoint walls of the water extracts. Staphylococcus aureus subsidiaries are at poles of guard cells. shows more inhibition zone than Mesophyll is differentiated in to palisade & Escherichia coli. spongy tissue. In Cassia angustifolia leaf consists the lower epidermal cells are Results and Discussion somewhat shorter than the upper ones and they possess slightly wavy walls. A Crude drugs are usually obtained from wild transverse section through the midrib region sources and are mostly collected by illiterate shows a single arc shaped vascular bundle and unskilled people unaware of their unsheathed by sclerenchymatous cells. The botanical information, authentication and vascular bundle is collateral with xylem on standardization parameters. This usually the upper region affects the safety of the final product. For safe and efficacious herbal medicine Epidermis in surface production, Appropriate control of starting material is extremely crucial. The epidermal cells were described to Pharmacognostical evaluation of different Cassia angustifolia have polygonal straight parameters is the vital etiquette for walls, The Anticlinal walls of the epidermal standardization of herbals (kumar et al., cells were described to be straight, on both 2014). surfaces of Cassia angustifolia leaf. In the present study the epidermal cells are more Microscopic and histological techniques striated on the adaxial surfaces than the abaxial surface on leaf of Cassia Transverse section of Leaflet angustifolia.

Shape of the leaf, thickness of the leaf The arrangements of the epidermal cells are lamina midrib and margins in sections view irregularly arranged, the outer walls of the and their ratio, nature of the leaf has been epidermal cells is flat on both the adaxial considered as characters of taxonomic and abaxial surfaces of leaf of Cassia significance (Vijaya kumar 1983; Koteshwar angustifolia. Rao 1986). In the present study it is revealed that the following characters the leaf has Trichomes shown isobilateral leaf, heterogenous mesophyll, palisade parenchyma, both the Both the upper and lower epidermis posses’ upper and lower epidermis possesses a trichomes and hairs. The hairs are non- prominent cuticle and sunken stomata. The glandular, unicellular, conical, often curved epidermis is usually just one cell layer thick or with papillose walls (Dutta and Mukerji and forms when protoderm cells derived 1952). The trichomes are unicellular, from the apical meristems differentiate. The uniseriate short conical warty hairs are shape of epidermal cells in present study present on Senna leaves. The base of observed that it is mostly pentagonal to trichome is broad and tapering end.

2583

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

Quantitative microscopy and water from the roots to the leaf and the materials produced in the leaf to the rest of Microscopic features not easily the plant. The pattern of leaf venation is characterized by general microscopy were important characteristic for the identification studied. This included Stomatal number, of plants. The purpose of the present study is Stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein islet and to provide a detailed foliar venation vein termination numbers. They were characters in relation to taxonomy. In evaluated according to the methods taxonomy also the disputes of keeping some described by (Evans WC 2012). species in particular genera’s or families were shifted to the original positions and to Leaf venation related position from false keepings in the floras. The leaf veins consists of vascular bundles that help in the transport of mineral nutrients

Table.1 Different solvents of Cassia leaf powder showing different colors in normal light and UV light. (Mearz and paul 1950)

Plant extract Ordinary U.V light After 24 hours U.V light light Ordinary Light Water Chromo Green Banana Sun Green Stone Gr.Ltp stone Beam Alcohol Chromo swamp Ever green Privet Gr.Ltp Acetone Mt. Vernon mist Burn swick Chrome green gr.deep green(deep)

Chloroform Privet Fir Rubient Jungle green Chrome green Deep Petroleum Green Oriental Teak wood Bronze sheen ether stone Fuchsia pinecone 10% H2So4 Cossak Quaker Guinea hen Chrome green green green deep

Fig.1 Different parts of Cassia angustifolia plant Potted Plants Flowering Plants Dry leaves Dry

2584

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

Fig.2 Powder microscopy of C. angustifolia showing a wavy epidermal cells, stomata, trichome, and mid rib Portion

Stomata Trichome Midrib

Fig.2: Cassia angustifolia leaf T.S

U.E

S.C L.E P. T V.B .B

Note: U.E=Upper Epidermis, L.E=Lower Epidermis, P.T=Palisade Tissue, P=Phlome, S.C=Sclerrrren chyma, C.C=Collen chyma

Fig.3 Leaf venation before and after venation

2585

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

Fig.4 Leaf lamina of Cassia angustifolia

Note: A= Leaf T.S of Cassia angustifolia, B= Leaf midrib portion of leaf T.S, C=Leaf lamina of Cassia angustifolia trichome are upper and lower epidermis.

Fig.4 Different solvents of Cassia leaf powder showing different Colors in normal light and UV light

Normal light UV Light

Powder analysis and the extractions were tested in under Ordinary Light and Ultra violet light and the The powder of the leaves of Cassia residue were also observed immediately and angustifolia dissolved in different solvents also after 24 hours were verified by a

2586

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589 comparison with a color catalogue of Maerz angustifolia exhibit different identical color and Paul (1950). In Cassia angustifolia in different solvents which helps in exhibit different identical color in different identifying the taxa even it’s in powder form solvents which helps in identifying the taxa and also helps in checking the adulteration even it’s in powder form and also helps in and the drug preparation. Senna play a vital checking the adulteration and the drug role as their economic value is beyond preparation. dispute. Senna is rich source of Sennosides, glycosides and other nutrients and can Phytochemical screening provide a solution to the problem of malnutrition and other diseases to a great The presence of secondary metabolites such extent. The efficacy of Senna preparation as tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids has been evaluated in clinical trial in the and phytosterols were determined according treatment of constipation and for bowel to standard methods. These secondary cleansing before radiological investigations metabolites may be responsible for its or colonoscopy. pharmacological activities such as anti- epileptic (Sundara RL et al., 2012), References hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats Anonymous (1950).The wealth of India.Raw (Sastry AVS, et al., 2011) anti-inflammatory materials.vol II.CSIR: Delhi; 93-98. effects of the seeds (Basha SI, 2011), Basha SI, Somashekara SC, Govindadas D, antibacterial (EL-Kamali HH, EL-Amir MY Naidu CDM, Devasankariah G, 2010) and antifungal (Vipul SD, Anjana Mohato R et al., Anti-inflammatory KV.2011) properties. activity of Cassia occidentalis seeds in albino rats.Journal of Natural In conclusion, the present studies have Pharmaceuticals. 2011; 2(2):88-91. established organoleptic, macro Bisset NG (1994). Herbal Drugs and Phyto morphological, microscopic and pharmaceuticals, Stuttgart, Germany: physicochemical properties which may be Medpharm Scientific Publishers and useful in the identification of Cassia Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. angustifolia. In present study shown the Datta, S.C., and Mukherjee pentagonal to polygonal shaped epidermal (1952).Pharmacognosy of Indian leaf cells on both the surfaces; epidermal cells drugs. Bulletin 2, Govt. of Indian are closely packed. In Cassia angustifolia press. Calcutta. plant leaves shown the parasitic type of De Witte P (1993).Metabolism and stomata. The present study reveals that the pharmacokinetics of anthranoids. foliar epidermal characters are important in Pharmaco logy. 47 (suppl 1):86-97. taxonomic identification and species DerMarderosian, A (Ed) (2005). The review relationships in the members of the Senna of Natural Products Facts and examined. A greater number of information Comparisons 4thed. Lippincott, on taxa will be helpful to understand the Willam and Wilkins, St.Louis pp.176- taxonomic value of stomata type and 177. distribution. Foliar anatomical characters Dewitte P, Lemli L (1990). The metabolism such as stomata and trichomes have been of anthronoid laxatives.Hepato gastro- found instrumental in solving taxonomic enterology 37(6) 601- 605. problems. In Powder analysis In Cassia Evans WC. Trease and Evans

2587

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

Pharmacognosy 15th Edition, Lodha S R, Joshi S V, Vyas B A, Upadhye Bailliere Tindall Press, London. 2012, M C, Kirve M S, Salunke S S, Kadu, 538-545. S K and Rogye M V Harnischfeger, G., Stolze, H (1983).Be (2010).―Assessment of the anti wahrtep flanzendrogen in wissen diabetic potential of Cassia grandis schaft und medizin.Bad Homburg using an in vivo model‖, J Adv Pharm /Melsungen, notamedverlag. Technol Res., Vol. 1(3), pp. 330-333 Hayashi S.A.Yoshika, H.Tanaka Y.Mitani K Maerz A and Rea Paul M (1950).A yoshi Zawa (1980).Analytical studies Dictionary of color second edition, on the active constituent in crude drug MC Graw-hill Newyork. –IV. Determination of Sennosides in Newall CA, Andersen LA, Philipson JD Senna and its formulations by (1996).Herbal medicines.A Guide for HPLC.Chem. Healthcare professionals. London: Hennebelle t, wenigerB, JosephH, Sahpazs, Pharmaceutical Press. Bailleu F (2009). Senna alata Fito Rastogi P, Mehrotra BN Cassia roxburghii. terapia, vol 80, pp. 385-393. Compendium of Indian medicinal Hietala P, Lainonen H, Marvola M plants 5: 178. (1988).New aspects on the Sastry AVS, Girija Sastry V, Appalanaidu metabolism of Sennosides. B, Srinivas K, Annapurna A. (2011)., Pharmacology; 36 (suppl 1):138-143. Chemical and pharmacological Kar, A., Ed. Pharmacognosy and evaluation of aqueous extract of seeds pharmacobiotechnology, new age of Cassia occidentalis. Journal of international (P) Limited publisher, Chemical and Pharmaceutical New Delhi: 33, 157-160, (2003). Research. 3(2):566-575. Kokate, C. K., A.P. Purohit and S.B. Solomon Raju, B.G., Golusu Balakrishna, Gokhale, Ed. Pharmacognosy, 25th Devathi Suman Kumar, Musunuri Edn, Nirali prakashan: 77, (2003). Ravi Kumar, Y.Emmanuel Prakash, Kokate, C. K., A.P.Purohit, S.B.Gokhale Katragadda Aneela (2011). A herbal (2000).Text book of Pharmacognosy, plant Cassia angustifolia. J. of Atoms 14th edition, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, and molecules. 123-124. Soyuncu S, Cete Y, Noka AE (2008). Portal Koteshwar Rao., K., (1986). Anatomical vein thrombosis related to Cassia Studies in the genus Ficus L Ph. D angustifolia.Clin Toxicol (Phila); 46. Thesis submitted to Osmania Sundara RL, Ramakrishnan G, Kalaivani P, University, Hyderabad, India. Gayathri V, Ananthi S, Saranya S et Kumar D, Kumar A, Prakash O (2014): al.,(2012). Effectiveness of Cassia Pharmacognostic Investigation of occidentalis on pentylenetetrazole- Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f. induced Oxidative stress and kindling Root. The Journal of Tropical Life in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Science. 4(2)-96-100. Tropical Biomedicine. 1-6. Lemli J (1998). Metabolism of T.E. Wallis, Ed. Text book of Sennosides—an over view. pharmacognosy, 5th Edn, CBS Pharmacology; 36 (suppl 1):126-128. publishers, New Delhi: 136-138, Lemli J. (1996).The mechanism of action of (2004). Sennosides [in French].Ann Gastro Tanaka H, Murata R, Yoshida A, Hayashi S enterol Hepatol (Paris); 32(2):109-112 (1982). Analytical studies on the

2588

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) Special Issue-6: 2580-2589

active Constituents in crude drugs V: Vijay Kumar, B.K (1983). Systamatic and The structure of Sennoside G, a new Anatomical studies of some south glucoside from senna. Chem pharm Indian species of Indigofera L. Ph. D Bull 30: 1550-1556. Thesis submitted to Osmania United States pharmacopoeia 27. Rockville, University, Hyderabad, India. MD.U.S pharmacopoeia convention: Vipul SD, Anjana KV (2011). Antifungal 1686, (2004). activity of crude extracts of Cassia Verma H.K., (1989). Forensic Investigation occidentalis. International journal of of some Indian poisonous and research in phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Thesis submitted to pharmacology. 1(2):36-38. Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

2589