ELSINKI . SOCIETY TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE 1999 IN HELSINKI

FINAL REPORT

22 - 24 November 1999 • . t, ~ ; ' ' EXPLORING THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY

><.. Conference and exhibition organised by: L.U L.U * * * EUROPEAN COMMISSION Finnish National Technology Agency (.) * * * * * * Information Society ...... , TEKES * * * Directorate-General '(-"' FOREWORD

It is my honour to hereby present you the final report of the 1ST 99 Conference. The conference was held last November in Helsinki and jointly organised by the European Commission and Tekes, the National Technology Agency of Finland. The final report summarises the main conclusions from the conference and provides independent observations by external rapporteurs on the conference sessions and workshops. I expect that the report will provide valuable guidance for future work in the Information Society.

The 1ST 99 conference set out to provide a meeting place for jointly exploring the road towards the future Information Society, for building new partnerships, and for renewing our commitment to realise an Information Society that brings benefits to all.

The most advanced policy and technology developments for the Information Society were subject of intense debate at the conference. While at was not the intention to reach definite conclusions there was a clear impression of progress and growing understanding.

A number of new international collaborations have been launched including the Global Cities Dialogue, the EU-US dependability initiative and the Euro-Latin American IS Initiative. No doubt there is also a concrete follow-up to the many personal contacts and to the investment opportunities that were presented at 1ST 99.

The European Commission is committed to bringing the benefits of the Information Society within reach of all Europeans. In particular I mentioned at the conference the eEurope initiative. Its ambitious and concrete targets were presented in full extent by President Prodi last December (see also http://www.ispo.cec.be/eeurope­ initiative.htm).

I think we succeeded in achieving the objectives of the conference, as also shown by a survey conducted among the participants (91% rated the conference good or excellent). 1ST 99 provided a unique meeting place for the Information Society com­ munity with over 3200 participants of which more than one-third from outside the EU.

I can also highly recommend the 1ST 99 Website, www.ist99.fi, where the full proceedings of the conference have been made available as well as the survey of participants' opinions about the conference.

I trust you will find the report interesting reading and I look forward to your suggestions for future work in making the Information Society a reality for all in Europe.

Sincerely,

Erkki Liikanen Member of the Commission

1ST 99 Conference Final Report

(' {5/) '/ )'': -·1/'i?.:: TABLE OF CONTENTS

Summary I Opening Plenary 6 Children Shaping the Future 8 Global versus local: the digital regional economy I 0 Europe on the move 12 Net Learning 14 Making Technology Work in Europe 16 Networked Europe - Europe Goes Wireless 18 Towards a Safer Information Society by Combating Cybercrime 20 Intellectual Capital/Intangible Investments- 23 Partnerships Across the Oceans - International Co-operation 25 Content Driving Competitiveness 27 Free Software - Behind the scenes 29 Opportunities for Partnerships with Emerging Economies - International Co-operation 31 Language Matters! 33 Innovative Workplaces 36 Inclusive Information Society 38 Internet Governance 41 1-Piay, You-Play 43 The Ambient Network 45 Sustainable e-nvironment 47 Activity Afoot? (Networked Europe) 50 What Future for Employment? 52 Dear Consumer, Trust Me! 56 Policies for the Digital Age 58 Regulation in a Liberalised and Converging Environment 61 Health in the Information Society 63 Scenarios for Business in the Digital Economy 65/ WET Frontier (Information Technology Meets the Bioworld) 69 EU-US E-Commerce RTD Co-operation 71 Geographic Information in the Information Society 73 Strategic Issues in Multilateral International Collaboration - Learning from the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Initiative 76

1ST 99 Conference Final Report SUMMARY

1ST 99 was Europe's largest information telecommunications operator, media com­ society conference in 1999, with over pany, internet start-up, regulatory authori­ 3200 delegates from business, research, ty and so on. While there is not yet a com­ politics and public administration, of mon shared vision there is agreement that whom one-third were from outside the the future convergence policy needs an European Union. 1ST 99 featured 200 integrated approach with respect for speakers in 40 sessions and workshops, diversity.A number of policy principles for with an exhibition of over I 00 stands. this have been formulated in the Commission's Convergence Green Paper. The topics addressed at this conference ranged from Internet policy to next-gen­ The new approach in increasingly liber­ eration microprocessor technologies, alised and converging communications from the future of networking to the con­ markets is to reduce regulation and rely tribution of children in the information more upon competition policy, as exempli­ society. fied by the Commission's work in the Telecommunications Review. Ongoing lib­ From this wide range of topics and the eralisation including increasing competi­ variety of participants and interests some tion in the local loop is to make the infor­ main trends and themes could be mation society better affordable and observed in the inter-related categories of thereby accessible for all. economy, society, policy and technology. These observations, as reported in this A clear policy imperative emerged related summary and the attached individual ses­ to the speed at which Europe can act in sion reports, are intended to contribute regulation and self-regulation for the to the shaping of our future information information society. In an environment in society policies and programmes. which whole new commercial phenomena can arise in under a year the traditional Policy ways of policy making are no longer ade­ The leitmotiv of 1ST 99 was the interplay quate. of technology and policy. Participants showed keen interest in the sessions that The strong international participation in addressed the revision of the telecommu­ 1ST 99 confirmed the important role of nications regulatory framework as driven the information society in supporting and by rapid technology developments; the advancing international co-operation poli­ mix of regulation and self-regulation and cies, for example towards accession coun­ technology required to manage Internet tries. domain names or to combat cybercrime; and the challenge of convergence and gov­ Economy ernance in the digital age. Many discussions focused on the economy of the information society. In this 'new The technology-policy theme is extremely economy' the emphasis is increasingly on challenging: the subject matter is difficult intangibles such as digital information and multi-disciplinary; example (partial) products, services, knowledge and skills. solutions are only just emerging in a few New views are emerging about value and areas; interests are often opposing, as was value creation, signaiHng a paradigm shift visible at the conference. Yet the theme is in the way business is being done and is at the core of how we want the future being valued. These include the willingness society to look. Therefore it should not to contribute to the 'cooking pot' of the disappear quickly from the agenda and we new economy as long as one assumes that should assess progress in these matters at there will be a fair return in the long run next year's conference again. for everyone. This is exemplified by the The debate on convergence presented a open source software movement which variety of views and approaches, depend­ was prominently present at 1ST 99, as well ing on the background of the presenters: as by other parts of the intangible econo-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 1 my such as new electronic commerce to achieve wide-spread participation, business models in digital content and vir­ broad take-up and inclusiveness in the tual communities. These are approaches information society, which were also key that are now further explored and themes at 1ST 99. One session concluded encouraged in the Information Society that, despite all recent progress, 60% of Technologies work programme for 2000. citizens still are not convinced that they can benefit from information society tech­ Another view on value and valuation came nologies in their daily life and business. from the investment world, which was Therefore the emphasis needs to be on strongly involved in the 1ST 99 Investment increasing the understanding of what is Forum. The US has consistently been going on and how to act in one's own sit­ investing about two and a half times more uation. Moreover, we need to learn how to than the EU in intangibles. This happens, in learn, reflecting the move towards a con­ particular, in intellectual capital (people tinuous learning culture. In this way we and intellectual property rights) as well as can maintain the value of society's invest­ in innovation potential of the industrial ment in people and skills and enable cur­ structures and in brands. Stock markets rently excluded people to participate in reward the value of these intangibles even the information society. if book value does not reflect this. The US experience is a strong indicator for With increased mobility, increased net­ Europe to invest in skills, innovation, RTD, working as well as new ways of working and market development for the informa­ and new lifestyles are being enabled. tion society. People are seeking to create a 'multiple­ win' situation, for them as individual, for At an international conference such as 1ST their family, for their organisation or com­ 99 it is no surprise that globalisation of pany, and for the society. the economy featured prominently, amongst others in the 'global versus local' It was shown at the conference how inclu­ debate. As global traders take over local siveness can be enhanced by community markets in many respects, local traders interaction for which the Internet pro­ have to redefine their markets. It was stat­ vides new opportunities. Communities ed that a region that presents a develop­ have members with rights and obligations ment strategy which recognises the global and go beyond economic value. dimension gains credibility and becomes Community building in the information locally attractive. In this sense the trend in society creates new opportunities for the economy is from local to global, rather example for people with special needs and than local opposed to global. abilities.

Many other themes related to the econo­ Specific attention was given to the role of my were discussed, of which sustainability children in the information society, as they is highlighted here. Economic growth is are becoming active participants and needed in order to enable investment in a shapers of their own future world. more sustainable world. The information society, by creating value in intangibles, can Technology indeed lead to economic growth without Networking was everywhere in 1ST 99. increasing the burden on the environment. Moreover, it was stated that in the near However, this does not happen automati­ future 'everything is mobile'. The vision is cally. Better understanding the relationship that the future 'ambient' networks will between sustainable development and the connect people and connect things every­ information society calls for interdiscipli­ where and at every moment in time. This nary research. will lead to new paradigms for network management, for services and applications, Society and for the way we live and work. Commissioner Liikanen announced at 1ST 99 a new initiative, 'eEurope - an With the first licenses for third generation Information Society for All'. This sets out mobile networks (3G) being issued in

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 2 Europe at the time of the conference and their employability rather than being the next generation networks (4G) satisfied with being in employment. already around the corner there is scope People will more often choose to for co-ordinated RTD within the 1ST pro­ work in a team spanning several gramme aimed at the new services and enterprises rather than within a single applications. Both operators and (new) company department. service providers should be involved to test the technology and business models • Future work settings will be much and to articulate the paradigm shift that is more on-the-road and at home rather implied by 'everything is mobile'. than in the traditional office. Work technologies will be needed to sup­ It is likely that the future networks will port such dynamic contracting, team enable many applications to flourish. The work, mobility and the co-existence of analogy is with electricity, which is ubiqui­ work and non-work. tous today but has no longer a single killer application. The set of opportunities is With increased dynamics, increased mobil­ rich, enabled by emerging technologies ity, increased globalisation, language tech­ and standards such as UMTS and WAP.The nologies become ever more important. applications need to become sources of Language technologies are needed to convenience rather than exposing the mediate international electronic com­ users to the complexity of the future ubiq­ merce and to create even better usable uitous and ambient networks. It was mobile communications. They are also argued that to master the complexity a essential to boost the local information wide variety of players and disciplines are society enabling the 6700 world languages needed: technology, architecture, business to thrive rather than be threatened by models, industrial design, sociology, extinction. This has already proven to be ethnography and so on. an area that is suited par excellence for international collaboration. Emerging information society technologies also support the trend towards more Exciting new areas were explored at 1ST dynamic behaviour in communication and 99. In particular interdisciplinary research collaboration, in business, in work and was being addressed, not only in the sense even in personal lifestyle: mentioned above to understand the inter­ action between policies and technologies, • Future networks will have to deal with but also between technology areas. more frequent node disconnection Biological sciences provide promising new and transient network membership. insights for information and communica­ They will be more fluid and tempo­ tion technology, in areas such as neuro­ rary networks rather than the rather computing. Biological metaphors such as static and predefined networks of evolution and self-organisation are being today. applied in such different areas as complex networked systems and electronic busi­ • The future economy will be charac­ ness in the emerging digital economy. terised by more dynamic business relationships for which new technolo­ Results gies are needed that can mediate and The concrete results of IST99 may not broker such relationships and which always be visible to the organisers, the provide trust and confidence in an European Commission and Tekes, the increasingly dynamic, open, interna­ Finnish National Technology Agency, but tional and multi-cultural environment. undoubtedly there is a concrete follow-up to the many contacts that participants • Future work relationships will be have been able to establish, to the invest­ more flexible, with more people ment opportunities that have been explored in particular at the Investment selecting the companies they wish to Forum, and at the exhibition and to the work for at any moment in time to policy and research insights gained at the develop their own career and improve conference.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 3 A number of international collaborations transition to the new economy. Failing to have been launched, including the Global do so now will compromise Europe's Cities Dialogue, the EU-US dependability future". reliability initiative and the Euro-Latin American IS initiative. 1ST 2000 will be a good opportunity to take stock of the achievements and During the conference the three EISTP address new challenges, some of which we main prizes were awarded from 25 finalists do not even know of today. At the same competing for the highest honour in the time it is the challenge to do even better 1ST area in Europe. The conference also than 1ST 99, in terms of increasing overall resulted in this final report, which is participation, meeting the high quality intended to provide guidance for future standards that participants expect, creat­ work in the information society, as well as ing more visibility for the public at large, in a wealth of presentations available at making the conference even more interna­ the 1ST 99 Website www.ist99.fi. tional, and providing even more opportu­ nities for partnership building. Conclusions The conference was considered to be of a high quality: 91% of participants consid­ ered the program and exhibition to be good to excellent. As a three-day event it offered plenty of room for contacts between participants, which was their number one reason to participate. This year's conference was particularly impres­ sive in showcasing the future of network­ ing, mobility, and e-commerce. Robert Verrue, Director-General International co-operation was also a cen­ European Commission tral theme of 1ST 99. Many sessions Information Society Directorate-General explored opportunities for joint projects, in collaboration of the EU with the USA, Canada, Australia, CEEC, NIS, Latin­ America, and others. With one-third of all participants being from outside of the EU the 1ST conference has established itself as a truly international conference.

It was striking how much sensitivity and discussion there was to improve our understanding of the interplay of all fac­ tors that need to come together to realise the information society of the future: technology, policy, new business models, new ways of working, international co­ operation, and so on.

The conference clearly demonstrated Europe's confidence in its capabilities to shape the future 'information society for all'. The commitment to this objective and the urgency to act was underscored by politicians and business people alike. In that respect the opening session set the scene. As Commissioner Liikanen said in his speech, announcing the eEurope initia­ tive: "the time has come to accelerate the

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 4 1ST 99 FINAL REPORT Individual Session and Workshop Reports

Approach The main issues and conclusions of the 1ST 99 conference sessions and workshops are highlighted in the independent expert rapporteurs' reports that are attached. Each report is preceded by an introduction to the contents of the session/work­ shop, as provided by the session organisers which were in most cases Commission staff.

In a few cases the session report has been drafted by the session organiser due to the unavailability of a rapporteur to assist the session.

Opinions expressed in the reports are those of the individual authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Commission.

The overall coordination of this final report was jointly undertaken by Maarten Botterman, of RAND Europe, and Paul Timmers, assisted by Marika Lautso, both of the European Commission, Directorate-General Information Society.

Rapporteurs Andrew Bud, Communications Systems Associates Ltd, [email protected]. Paul Drath, Monica Schofield, Singlelmage Ltd, [email protected]. Raghu Kolli, Meru Research B.V., [email protected]. Maarten Botterman, RAND Europe, [email protected].

1ST 99 Conference Final Report s \ (2) Opening Plenary

The 1ST 99 conference, "Exploring the current mergers will mean state monopo­ Information Society" was the 1999 confer­ lies will be replaced by private quasi ence in Europe of the information society monopolies. She reflected an optimistic community. It was a unique meeting place view of Europe's abilities in competing for business people, researchers, and globally in this domain. politicians from all over the world. Erkki Tuomioja again reflected on the 1ST 99 opened a window on the future of importance of IT to the Finnish economy, the information society in terms of tech­ which otherwise traditionally focussed on nologies and applications, the legal and wood and metals. Nevertheless, there regulatory framework, visionary scenarios remains a large discrepancy between the of how people will live in the future, annual growth of IT producers at I 0% and emerging job opportunities, how business non-IT producers at 0.5 %. will be competitive, and how governments will serve citizens. It addresses the rela­ Jorma Ollila presented Nokia's view of the tionships between all these elements and market growth of communication devices how they can support each other. predicting that more handsets than PCs will be connected to the Internet by the Realising the information society for the end of 2004. benefit of all requires involvement and dia­ logue of all key players and joint action, Erriki Liikanen stressed the drivers which balancing vision and realism. Participating European policy makers need to push to in the 1ST 99 conference offered the ensure Europe maximises the opportuni­ opportunity to jointly explore visions and ties available and announced initiatives of actions, based on the most recent insights the European Commission to review tele­ and innovative developments, and to build com legislation and to promote the infor­ new partnerships to realise the informa­ mation society for the benefit of all. tion society of the 21st century. Conclusions The opening session set the tone for the and Future Directions conference. High level speakers from the European strengths in the IT sector are public and private sector were invited to reflected in the national strengths of present their visions on the shape of our Finland. As in Finland, the liberalisation of future society, and recommended actions the European telecoms market and the to take, both as Europeans and with part­ ability to develop and exploit the whole ners world-wide. spectrum of telecoms technologies have in Main issues raised the short span of five years transformed IT business development dramatically. Key Martti Maenpaa suggested that the Finnish drivers for future growth will be universal experience could show how an economy internet access and further reduction in can be transformed through electronics connection charges. By 2004 Nokia pre­ and digital trade. However, it also shows dicts that more handsets than PCs will be the weaknesses of West European atti­ connected to the internet enabling access tudes towards investment, which is still to datanet services to be available to all in risk adverse. any place.

Erika Mann stressed the pos1t1ve impact Finland is not only a European success which the liberalisation of the telecoms story in the IT sector, but also an example market had brought about, but at the same of how the commitment of government time raised the question as to whether the policies over the past I 0-15 years towards

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 6 R&D, training and education has brought To meet this challenge the Commission is about a transformation of an economy. planning to launch a new m1t1at1ve, Today, the electronics and telecoms sector "eEurope". The objective is to bring every­ is equal in importance to the traditional one in Europe- every citizen, every com­ mainstays of the Finnish economy, wood pany, every administration - on-line, and and metals. Nokia and Linux were born in this as soon as possible. The initiative will Helsinki, and today Finland is a leader in focus on: Europe with respect to e-commerce. e Cheaper and faster Internet access. e Promoting digital literacy of Europeans To remain at the forefront of develop­ e More effective capital markets, in par- ments, Europe needs to develop a more ticular as regards venture capital. competitive culture. While Europe may e A public sector which takes more lead in the development of basic technolo­ advantage of digital technologies. gies and have on the whole more universal access to higher education providing Europe is at a threshold and must move exceptional opportunities for study, many quickly or doors will be closed. Europeans such as Linus Thorvalds, devel­ oper of Linux, exploit their talent in Silicon Valley where they perceive the access to capital and equal minded compe­ tition to be better. Europeans must become more prepared to take risks.

Europe needs to pool resources and to devise a common strategy to ensure the benefits are translated into jobs, growth and improvements to quality of life. The challenge for decision-makers is to ensure Europe has the necessary skills, the appro­ priate education and school system and investment in R&D.

There needs to be concerted investment in the complete R&D cycle, in innovation and in diversifying economic structures. Developments need to centre on the user and policies need to encourage broad Rapporteurs: Monica Schofield & Paul Drath take-up. Europe's strength in mobile com­ Speakers: munications and digital broadcasting could • Martti Maenpaa IFI), Director General, National propel her into the lead for global e-com­ Technology Agency Tekes, Finland: A Flying Start for merce. These should be priorities for Europe in the Digital Era • Erika Mann, Member of the European Parliament research. • Erkki Tuomioja IFI), Minister of Trade and Industry, Finland: Why we use ICT - the Challenge for European To take advantage of the new e-economy Companies opportunities it was stated that we must • Jorma Ollila IFI), Chairman of the Board and CEO, build on the key resources of this econo­ Nokia my which are information and knowledge. • Erkki Liikanen , Member of the European Commission A major effort has to be made to acceler­ for Enterprise and Information Society ate this transition. To achieve this, Europe • Conference Announcements: Guy Hoeberechts, Event Manager, European Commission Information Society needs an initiative with immediate and sig­ Directorate General nificant impact, based on a collaborative Commission Contact: effort involving Member States and indus­ Paul Timmers [email protected]) try.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 7 Children Shaping the Future

As the fable of the Emperor's new clothes Speakers illustrated these topics with aptly captures, children are often recog­ material drawn from practical experience. nised for their audacious innocence. How Following individual presentations, a panel can we tap into their way of thinking and discussion explored specific ways in which seeing so as to help redress issues com­ young people could help us shape the mon to us all? In what way can young peo­ information society. ple be a contributing force in helping us shape the information society? Given that Main issues raised. contributions from children cannot always Children need to be involved in the role of be treated in traditional ways, how can users, testors, informants and design partners this be done in a way that is meaningful to in development of IT products (Druin) both children and the adults involved? Children's products need to relate to their world of excitement, storytelling, shoulder-shoulder collabora­ tion and embedded into their natural surroundings - blocks, stuffed animals, floor tops. The focus should be on enabling children to create their own content reflecting confidence, ownership, iden­ tity and personal growth.

Children have no voice in what is handed out to them by TV media today. Digital technology provides children the means to produce some of their own pro­ grams (Home) The session was not just about children The UN has recognised the rights of chil­ and IT, which is a very broad topic. Rather, dren on their own media. Adults can no it tried to go beyond that to see how can longer be overprotective about children. we make a 'better IT world' by listening to The media industry cannot push pro­ children's 'voices' about this subject. How grammes to children anymore. It is time to to do this is a specific topic with many listen to children, respect them and treat open questions? A number of speakers them as intelligent and more than equal. touched on topics such as: Nothing is by web alone when dealing with • Listening to the unheard voices of the vast majority of marginalised children in children. parts of the world (Cassel) • Tapping into creativity: children's con­ Vast majorities of children in the world tribution to design and designers. have no computer nor access to web. • Ways in which young people can influ­ When connecting these communities, we ence TV and new media production. have to create for the lowest denominator • Kids' summits and what can be learnt so as to include everyone. The access bar­ from these. riers are numerous and children are • Children as co-creators in the devel­ increasingly vocal about ethics and their opment of new IT-based tools . rights.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 8 Companies make products that sell. There is • Children's physical world needs to be no money for companies to make content augmented in addition to creating tools for children (Discussion) cyberspaces The driver of development for children's • Children make content that is direct, products is the vast commercial opportu­ clear and often uncomfortable to nities. Who sets the agenda for children? adults. How can adults cope with this? Adults do not follow-up children's pro­ • Children are increasingly dependent jects which raise lot of expectations on the safe world and community Adults have a responsibility for children. around them. It is not possible to Children cannot be expected to take care reach them always directly through of their own development through tech­ web. nology means. • Language is a barrier among global children community. Conclusions • Less than I 0% of the audience ( 15 of and Future Directions 150) ever worked with children in their projects There are loose efforts going on to • Children's explosion is happening in involve children actively in the 1ST. The the developing countries. India and European Commission has initiated the China will account for more than half Experimental Schools program to explore of global children. how IT can help young pre-school children • Children also deserve compensation to learn in innovative environments. The for their effort in the development University of Maryland hands out partner­ process. Can children get EC evalua­ ship contracts to children to take part in tor contracts ? their development projects. During the • Shipping computers to children ih Children's World Summit 1998 in London, developing countries may turn them participating children produced an eye into digital sweat shops. opening documentary on adults at the • Children do not have experience to conference which makes many squirm in see and make complex decisions. It is their seats. In the Junior Summit 1998 ( in the responsibility of adults. which I 000 children from 139 countries • Children should not be discriminated participated) the children practically against because of their age. They are rebelled against the adult organisers and individual people like everyone. over took the conference. They went fur­ ther after the conference raising funds, making a representation to UN and issuing passports to adults to enter their web community. Seeing some of the examples, it is clear that children of today are grow­ ing past the passive consumption model Rapporteur: Raghu Kolli faster than their age. Speakers: Introduction by: Simon Bensasson, Head of Unit, Future A number of issues emerged that need to and Emerging Technologies, European Commission, Information Society Directorate General be addressed to make children active par­ Moderator: Walter Van de Velde (B), Starlab Research ticipants of 1ST : Laboratories, Belgium • New methodologies for involving chil­ • Alison Druin (USA), University of Maryland, part-time dren need to be created simultane­ visiting professor at KTH, Stockholm ously while creating new products • Carla Rinaldi (1), Reggio Emiglia Schools • We need to move gradually from • Anna Home (UK), Director of the Childrens' Film and 'interactive text books' (where chil­ Television Foundation dren play with content created by • Justine Cassell (USA), MIT Media Lab, director of the 'Junior Summit' adults) to 'expressive media' (where Commission Contact: children create their emotions, stories Jakub Wejchert [email protected]) in their own creative way).

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 9 Global versus local: the digital regional economy

Does globalisation lead to localisation? Large within the multi-lingual, multi-cultural trans-national companies try to learn to Europe? Virtual regions, global regions, behave as local citizens everywhere, local "Silicon Valleys" everywhere? SMEs try to learn to operate in global mar­ kets. Local and regional economies are a This session debated the local phase of the source of innovative activity (e.g. tacit knowl­ global digital economy and explored promis­ edge, cultural environments), but competi­ ing actions and policies at regional, national tiveness has to be global. Information, intan­ and European level. gible assets and services move globally fast but people as human capital and skills are Main issues raised location-bound. The changing economy: global now affecting local Unleashing the potential of European diversi­ Within this rapidly changing economy, devel­ ty and transforming its regions into a birth opments are much faster in some areas than place of global competitors require a plural­ in others. This difference in speed involves ism of regional infrastructures, applications risks, which need to be addressed. Regions and services. Scalability of applications and that fall behind will be falling behind even fur­ services, accessibility and affordability make it ther, in the future, unless action is taken to possible for both global and regional digital prevent this. Global traders will take over economies to develop. local markets in many respects, local trades have to redefine their markets. What lessons from practical experience do we have today? What policies for the growth How can local areas profit from the global of digital regional economies do we need? market? Can Europe combine global leadership with 1ST now allows sparsely populated and local adaptation? Can we create an inclusive remote areas like Lapland or the Western information society, for business and citizens, Isles to create conditions that allow people to stay and live there, whilst having access to university education and IS work. NB: this does require locally good quality infrastruc­ ture. Local Australian farmers are now sell­ ing wheat to Egypt without leaving the coun­ tryside. But this doesn't come easy. Technology will go where markets are: the main cities. To get good infrastructure at the country side extra efforts are needed. In many rural and remote areas the tele-center has become the hearth of the local hub of the Internet. They have proven to have extended the technology usage and provide access to schools in the local community.

The stimulus of the local economy leads to global interest, as a locally organised Jazz fes­ tival demonstrated by attracting more then 7000 (US) visitors for on-line participation via a web cast.

What is the role of government? Governments have a responsibility towards longer term developments, and those com-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 1o munity interests that are going beyond the knowledge: but not all the way, and at any direct interest of the individual. There are dif­ cost. The development of the digital regional ferent ways in which governments can act: by economy has become a priority. legislation (but this is hard to do well in such a rapidly changing environment), by leading In its early phase, Internet mainly focused on by example (become a main user and good urban communities for its commercial appli­ practice example, themselves), or by positive cations. It is now beginning to move to the action. The latter can be done in public and rural areas. Most information provided local­ private partnerships: this collaboration ly, is from sources far removed from the local between public and private sector is more community. Many people that are on-line necessary than ever, since both government today are looking for local products, but they skills and private sector skills are needed. are not available. For the next phase of Focal points are: Internet development a new model is need­ • How to eliminate social exclusion ed to make the Internet-world more useful • Ensuring (affordable) access for the citizen: (I) Give citizens maximum control and pro- Regional policy has become increasingly rel­ vide info at the local level: evant. Local governments should consider (2) Focus on content; the following: (3) Provision of government services; • A region needs to present a development (4) Growth of local business via electronic strategy to be globally present, in order commerce to be locally attractive (5) Customisable secure personal portals • Firms need to communicate with the global market, in order to remain com­ Attractiveness of services is key; improving petitive the context is needed. Technology moves • To retain people in a region, the region fast, but knowledge goes slow and culture needs to be connected with the global follows knowledge. Main conclusion: local economy information will become of key importance, • Support comes from national IS strate­ which offers new opportunities. Positive gies: it provides a source of funding and action by public authorities can enhance transfer of experience these opportunities. The role of government • Partnerships become possible with areas is to ensure access to good quality infra­ that otherwise would not have been structures in all areas, for all people, and to developed respond to needs in education.

An example: Canada introduces secure email Rapporteur: Maarten Batterman for all citizens. A Webcard is provided to Speakers: Chairperson: Dr Roberto Carneiro (PT), President, Grupe Forum Canadian households to facilitate buying on­ • Christos Folios, MEP, Member of the INDU Committee of line. The government aims to become a the European Parliament: Trade and technology as glob­ model user of information technology and al drivers of local economies the internet. The goal is to be known around • Hannele Pokka (FI), Governor of the Province of the world as THE government most con­ Lapland, ex-Minister of Justice : The Lapland route to the nected to their citizens. digital economy • David Reid (CA), Regional Manager Community Access - Industry Canada : Canadian regions on the move Conclusions • Owen Evans (UK), Policy co-ordinator, British Telecom and Future Directions Wales: Building the Welsh Economy on global digital infrastructures The shift in the economy is from local to • Ken Young (AUS), Community Information Victoria Inc.: global, rather than local versus global. Old Regional Australia in the Internet age markets now have to be share with global • Robert Shotton, European Commission - DG Regional players, but new markets must be globally Policy available. Local activity is still very much val­ Commission Contact: Thanassis Chrissafis ([email protected]) ued, since it depends for a large part on local

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 1 1 Europe on the move

New intelligent, ubiquitous wirelessSee The role of a national framework architecture Ambient; Mobility services allow the One speaker pointed out that in an area European citizen on the move to have such as driver services, complete solutions seamless interactive access to multimedia require the coordination of many informa­ information to support of his transport, tion sources, infra-structure authorities, business and leisure needs. The session owners of technical infrastructure and "Europe on the Move" addressed these regulators. In such an environment, it is new services and applications, and the difficult for market forces alone to create wireless visions of the future. the coordinated conditions necessary for a service to blossom. The solution is to Main issues raised develop a national reference framework Automotive journey support services within which independent elements may Two speakers addressed the opportunities be created. Up until now, in the driver for services aimed at vehicle drivers. services area, only Finland has produced These would be personalised and highly such a framework. context dependent. Such services exist to a limited degree today, but are based on Understanding of feedback effects is essential in-car intelligent systems. New mobile ser­ Contributors from the floor highlighted vices will make possible low cost, pay-per­ the importance of considering the effect use off-board dynamic services. The vision of mobile, dynamic driver support services is for turn-by-turn route guidance, direct­ on mass driver behaviour, and the conse­ ly updated to take account for current quences of such feedback. It was agreed traffic conditions, using both visual and that thought should be given to the effects verbal interactions with the driver. that might occur once penetration of such Compared to existing solutions, these will services exceeded I 0%. Policy issues be cheaper, more flexible and no longer were raised by such ideas as only provid­ tethered to the car. New billing models ing really effective route advice to avoid will have to be developed for this kind of congestion to subscribers buying a premi­ micro-information, with a tendency to um level of service. value-based pricing. Mobile operators clearly have an advantage because their Conclusions existing billing systems are well suited to and Future Directions this kind of service. It is difficult to draw many strong conclu­ sions from this session. Perhaps the two On-the-move applications should be aimed at clearest may reflect the points raised the mass market above, as follows: All speakers agreed that future new mobile services will be spawned in the The virtues of National Framework mass market rather than the business Architectures were strongly argued and market. At a top level, it was suggested convincing. Equally, the limited investment that the added value of mobile will be to in such initiatives was also clear, and the bring virtual consumer services into con­ need to do so at an EU level, rather than tact with real-time life. This will apply to national level, is obvious. There would areas such as e-commerce and games, as seem to be a strong argument for the well as ~o transport information services. Commission to review the scope for co­ In each case, a mass market target will be ordinated RTD on a common framework necessary to drive the development of within which 3G driver support services exciting services. could be implemented, engaging national

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 12 road management authorities, garages, car manufacturers and mobile operators.

The contributors to the session had many questions but few answers on the issue of feedback loop behaviour. Issues of envi­ ronmental, political and transport policy are raised by considerations of how mass­ es of people will respond to high quality congestion information and advice. Comparisons with the air-traffic control regime were raised, implying regulatory control over scarce road space. Both aca­ demic research and policy study would seem to be required here.

Rapporteur: Andrew Bud Speakers: Chairperson: Prof. Yrjo Neuva (FI), Member of the Group Executive Board, Senior Vice President, Product Creation, Nokia Mobile Phones • Mark C. Hoogenboom (NL), Senior Technology Consultant, CAP Gemini: From Mobility to lnfomobility • Morten Heuing (D), Product Marketing, TEGARON Telematics GmbH: Navigation to the Guidance • Kevin Duffey (UK) Chairman, Global Mobile Commerce Forum and Group Telecoms Director, Logical Pic: Mobile a-commerce • Prof. Yrjo Neuva (FI), Member of the Group Executive Board, Senior Vice President, Product Creation, Nokia Mobile Phones: Wireless Visions Commission Contact: Juhan i Jaaskela i nen (j uha ni. jaaskela i nen@cec. eu. i nt)

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 13 (3) Net Learning

The progress of the information society flexible manner. Learners need not has a profound effect on the development browse. Relevant material comes to them. of a new learning culture. Learning is dependent on context and on appropriate Learning is a social artefact that requires and timely access to knowledge. alignment in different contexts: learning (edu­ Multimedia and telematics based tools, cation), practice (workplace) and interests content and services are widely consid­ (leisure) (Figueriedo) ered as potential central ingredients for People learn through different ways and in evolving new ways and means of learning. different settings: by being told, by observ­ ing and by accessing resources and by The 1ST 99 Net Learning session present­ doing together. Too much focus on content ed key challenges and success factors for production alienates the context of learn­ the new ways of networked learning, ing. based on information and communication tech­ nologies. The objective was to contribute to bridging the gap between research and actual use of learning technologies, content and services in both companies, organi­ sations and private life, in both education, training and lifelong learning in general.

Avenues were indicated for us to become an active collaboration partners in the Net Standardisation to describe learning objects Learning domain, for example through key metadata, educational resources, lifecycle etc. European initiatives: PROMETEUS facilitates search and re-use (Duval) PROmoting Multimedia access to There is no real impact of R&D on Education and Training in EUropean Educational Technologies. Because of lack Society - A Partnership for a Common of support of plug and play infra structure, Approach to the Production and Delivery the technology base disappears shortly of Learning Technologies, Content and after development. Standardisation helps Services, and CEN/ISSS Workshop on developers to connect to resources and Learning Technologies. enables end-users to work with a variety of systems. Main issues raised We need to break barriers between sources The effectiveness of distance learning meth­ ods in teaching is not proven (discussion) of knowledge and adapt a mix of learning Some people work longer while others have technologies - on the job, just-in-time, always no jobs. Policy needs correction ? (discussion) accessible embedded into the workflow The US is impacting Europe. When the process (Kyyro) economy consistently grew, unemploy­ We need to accept individual learning ment fell. The growth of the economy is needs and offer customised educational limited by availability of workforce. products to suit a specific situation in a

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 14 Conclusions and Future Directions The need for a learning culture was emphasised by the fact that a new 1ST call for proposals is expected in February 2000 for research projects covering key issues such as changing job profiles, advanced training systems, school of tomorrow and learning citizen. Key issues that emerged are :

• Corporate learning extends and includes the customer • Learners are non-homogeneous • Each net educational product needs to be customised • Content needs to be related strongly to a context • Activity rich, interaction rich, cultural­ ly rich social environments over net­ works facilitate learning • Universities would not want to lock in to a proprietary educational systems Rapporteur: Raghu Kolli from vendors Speakers: Chairperson: luis Rodriguez-Rosell6, Head of Unit, Multimedia Applications for Education and Training, 1ST Programme, European Commission, Information Society Directorate General • Olli-Pekka Heinonen (FI), Minister of Transport and Communications, former Minister of Education, (tela­ working from Rauma, Finland) Net learning in the Finnish and European Knowledge Society • Albert A. Angehrn (CH), Professor; Director, Centre for Advanced learning Technologies; INSEAD - lnstitut European d'Administration des Affaires I The European Institute of Business Administration Net learning: Pitfalls and Research Questions • Juhani Kyyro (FI), Product Manager, Valmet Virtual learning Center, Metso Corporation: New Ways of Corporate Virtual learning • Antonio Dias de Figueiredo (PT), Professor, Universidade de Coimbra; PROMETEUS Steering Committee Member and Chair of PROMETEUS SIG: Organisational and Co-operative learning; • Organisations and learning Technologies: How to Make them Meet? - The Ultimate Alignment Imperative • Erik Duval (B), Professor, Katholieke Universiteit leuven; Chair of CEN/ISSS Workshop on learning Technologies; PROMETEUS Steering Committee Member; What are learning Technology Standards, and Why should we, Europeans, Care? Commission Contact: Olavi luotonen ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report IS Making Technology Work in Europe

a set of specific IS technologies. This data shows a continuous growing interest, and a willingness to pay for on-line services. All data is presented at www.ispo.cec.be.

Successful examples of dissemination activi­ ties: Several European projects were present­ ed. These included: • ESIS includes reports on regulatory developments, IS promotional actions, alternative networks, technology indi­ cators, www indicators, statistical reports, who's who. www.ispo.cec.be/esis • GIP global inventory project should provide a one stop shop for national and international inventories of pro­ jects, studies and other activities rel­ evant to the promotion and further development of knowledge and understanding of the IS • EU IS Best Practices Gallery: umbrella What's the point of developing all these initiative for emerging IS best practice new information society technologies and initiatives: both a showcase and living, applications, if Europeans do not use dynamic organisation: should become them? a sustainable information society best Well, some do, but many, are either practice initiative. unaware, reluctant, or passive. • BOURBON provided bandwidth to This session showed us why this is the SMEs: experience has shown the case. It revealed interest of Europeans in importance to have SMEs involved in information societies, technologies, ser­ the design phase of the services vices, and applications, and the fascinating (Participatory design method). Benefit market potential for those that matter! for technology partners involved in It also showed successful examples of the the project were: a better understand­ information society reaching out to peo­ ing of SME needs and wants, their ple and businesses. The first part discussed business models, and the opportunity the best dissemination initiatives for mak­ to pilot scalable network solutions for ing information society technologies work SMEs. It has successfully demonstrat­ for SMEs, in the second half we were guid­ ed the impact of broadband technolo­ ed through the prototype of a 3D virtual gies on competitiveness of SMEs. visitSee 3D to the EU. • The project KITE focused on the suc­ cess SMEs could have in electronic Main issues raised commerce. SMEs operating on the What interest do European people have in Internet should start to focus upon the Information Society? differentiation. Cost leadership is not The Eurobarometer service, which sur­ a viable strategy. It is more important veys nearly 15.000 households, annually to focus at critical success factors: measures the progress of the Information Content, convenience, control, inter­ Society (IS), mainly by measuring uptake of action, community price sensitivity,

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 16 brand image commitment, partner­ to site is not satisfactory. Comparable ship, process improvement, integra­ data sets would help, including some form tion. In this technology is not a critical of data validation. The European success factor in itself, but used in Commission should play a role here. support of achieving the other critical success factors (http://kite.tsa.de) Prime Minister Tony Blair has said: "Information is the key to the modern age. 3D prototype for a virtual visit to Europe The new age offers breathtaking opportu­ At the end of the session the prototype nities, limited only by the boundaries of for a 3D presentation of European our imaginations... but there are also Institutions was demonstrated. It is the huge risks." To understand what is going intention to incorporate this as part of the on in global context is the key. It is there­ official EUROPA site. The guided visit fore necessary to: through Europa made by the project • Demonstrate the potential CITY COM will include I 0 institutions, I I • Stimulate co-operation languages. It is currently being tested by • Establish networks users on 4 institutions. • Basis for further work • Contribute to policy formulation Conclusions and Future Directions After presentation of the results of recent 'r, - . ~ Eurobarometer surveys the chairman con­ Om m-- cluded that 60% of citizens still need to be convinced that they can benefit from IS technologies in their daily lives and busi­ ness.

It is the responsibility of the EU to pro­ vide: • Regulatory framework ..... 1St .st tc:s • Promotion of, and support for, Networks, basic services and ICT Rapporteur: Maarten Botterman applications Speakers: Chairperson: J. Wenzel, Principal • Monitoring and analysing the IS soci­ Advisor, European Commission, Information Society etal and cultural impact Directorate Generai/ISAC: Introduction • Promotion of the IS • Dominique Vancrayeynest, Representative of INRA Int. Research Associates: • The invisible market - Peoples attitudes towards IS The focus of promotion is based on the Barometer findings growing belief that the business environ­ • Louis Lengrand (F), LL&A The Information Sources for ment is based on two models: knowledge Information Society Promotion : era and networked economy. Once con­ • The ESIS/GIP surveys and Best Practices Gallery • Martin Boyle (UK), Department of Trade & Industry­ vinced of benefits of ICT in general, poten­ G8 pilot projects: tial actors will start asking questions • Lessons and experiences for Europe "what can be done", "who does what"and • Aimo Maanavilja (FI), HPY and Bourbon Network. "who is who". Inventories are needed Stimulating IS take-up in SMEs : • The Blueprint for success here. Most of the current inventories suf­ • Thierry Klein (F), Citycom: EU Open Door for the fer from a lack of quality: inventories do Citizen -a 3DV prototype supply information, but not often knowl­ • A guided tour edge. Benchmarking and learning from • Sylvie Feindt (D), KITE G8 project manager: SMEs best practices are therefore key activities. guidelines to successful Internet Business • Marco Villard (A) Cartoon Artist: 'Live' illustration of Within the abundance of information from speeches during session many different sources, jumping from site Commission Contact: Jose Pato [email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 17 Networked Europe Europe Goes Wireless

After the commercial success of GSM (2nd generation mobile), the basis for the 3rd generation mobile has already been laid in Europe. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) was conceived nearly a decade ago and now there are concrete plans for deployment in Europe starting in 2002. It is now time to start thinking about the next genera­ tion of mobile and wireless networks that will complement GSM and UMTS - the 4th generation. This session had a forward looking nature and addressed 4th generation technolo­ gies, networks and services from the fol­ lowing three perspectives, which are cer­ tainly not mutually exclusive, and whose evolution will be market led:

I. 4th generation as a concept that refers to bandwidth-on-demand broadband access and distribution networks with (a)symmetric bit rates in excess of 2 Mbit/s, including broadband wireless fixed access, broadband wireless local area networks, mobile broadband sys­ changing channel conditions; etc. The tems (MBS), interactive broadcasting service and applications potential of this networks (both terrestrial and satellite perspective will also be discussed. based). Within this perspective, it is important to maximise spectral efficien­ 3. 4th generation as a concept that refers cy and to explore new spectrum fron­ to: tiers to support the anticipated • the need to network, necessarily on demand. on ad hoc basis, a myriad of ultra­ low power devices (wireless sensors 2. 4th generation as a concept that refers and actuators embedded in appliances to the need to provide seamless ser­ as well as in living beings) capable of vices over on increasing number of wirelessly transmitting a wide range distinct and heterogeneous, fixed of data rates (I 0 bit/s - I 0 Mbit/s) and wireless platforms and networks over a wide range of frequencies operating across different frequency (I OOkHz-1 OOGHz) bonds. The concept goes beyond the • other low power (0.1 - I 00 mW) need to develop systems-on-a-chip that equipment, including PDAs, palmtops can cover a few frequency bands and and laptops, where the available ser­ different technological parameters. It vices and applications reconfigure and extends to full network and terminal adapt themselves to the capabilities of reconfigurability, where continuous the devices available in specific envi­ adaptation to the actual carried data ronments. streams, traffic load, channel conditions and service environments, takes place. Main issues raised This implies network protocols that Everything is mobile adapt dynamically to changing channel One clear theme was the evolution of conditions; protocols that allow the mobile communications as a means of coexistence of low and high-rate users; connecting people to a system connecting congestion-control algorithms for things. Several speakers expressed a

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 18 vision in which household appliances, mer­ with standards in the fixed network to chandise and wallets would join the ranks create a single transaction fabric. of mobile subscribers, vastly increasing the number of nodes on the mobile network. New Paradigms Such a change would be driven on one The evolution towards 4G will offer the hand by the continuing falling cost and chance to create new service paradigms, increasing power of terminal and infra­ different from the traditional approach to structure technology, and on the other by mobile networks, the session was told. In the ubiquity of IP connectivity. particular, one such new approach, called the Spontaneous Information System con­ Air Interfaces cept, was described. Following the style of It was striking how comparatively little the session, it focused on a new mobile attention was given in the session to new network operating system rather than an air interfaces. One speaker expressed the air interface, and offered an approach to view that the increasing legacy of mobile deal with fluid, temporary networks with infrastructure investment would drive frequent node disconnections and tran­ operators to focus instead on better ways sient network membership. Application to link and integrate services. Another examples included car-embedded systems, speculated that a new high-bandwidth air mobile robotics and meeting productivity interface might be needed by the year tools. It illustrated the diversifying net­ 20 I 0, and noted the opportunities raised work ecology that will arise as 4G devel­ by liberation of the analogue TV bands. ops. Great stress was placed by some speakers on Bluetooth, as this could form an early Conclusions radio infrastructure for 4G services. and Future Directions Focus on Network Architecture Speakers praised the role of the Network architecture was given much Commission in this area, since the past greater focus. Several speakers described Framework programmes had focused the foreseen evolution, from the vertical­ European efforts in standardisation in a ly-integrated, embedded-service model of most important way and they considered I G and 2G systems, to networks based RTD to be key to the development of around horizontal layers of services. future standards. Various descriptions, resembling network operating systems architectures and Several speakers stressed the importance client-server structures, were offered. The of structuring standardisation around net­ key impact of this evolution on the man­ work services - as opposed to air inter­ agement of 4G networks was highlighted. faces- as the way to 4G, and the Commission must surely bear this in mind Focus on Network Services when considering priorities for future There was considerable stress on the def­ RTD programmes. There were also policy inition of services within each network recommendations to converge standardis­ layer on the way to 4G. It was emphasised ation of fixed and mobile network services that these should be open tools, with in areas where a single fabric would be which new application services could be valuable, such as security built, rather than fully-formed user ser­ Rapporteur: Andrew Bud vices themselves. This approach - in Speakers: which European standards programmes Chairperson: Jens Zander (S), Professor, Royal Institute of were already playing an important part - Technology, KTH was necessary because no one today • Juha Yla-Jaaski (FI), Research Fellow, Nokia Research could predict for what 4G networks Center would actually be most useful. In particu­ • Fiona Williams (IRL), Director, Ericsson Eurolab Deutschland lar, the need for an improved approach to • Michel Banatre (F), Director, INRIA security and payment support services in • David Birch (UK), Director, Consult Hyperion the mobile network layer was emphasised, Commission Contacts: together with the need to converge these Colette Maloney ( [email protected]) Francisco Guirao ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 19 Towards a Safer Information Society by Combating Cybercrime

Whereas the Internet offers huge oppor­ tunities for electronic commerce, it also opens doors for increased cyber-crime, which knows no national borders. Combating cyber-crime is an issue that has been acquiring increasing international attention and debate in the information society context. The objective of this workshop was to explore and elaborate on the various viewpoints and means of preventing and combating cyber-crime, for it may affect anyone, anytime, anywhere. It provided an opportunity to highlight new crimes, as they occur in everyday life, con­ sequent risks and damages for users and socio-economic impact, ethical aspects, prevention mechanisms, new skills and technology and regulatory requirements. Combating cyber crime is a challenging operation with ethical, political, economi­ cal aspects that reflect to the development of legislation and technology. The speakers were high level experts, with "hands-on" experience in preventing/combating effec­ tively cyber-crime from their specific fields of action. The workshop had a twofold effective security and other trust-build­ dimension and the key themes focused on: ing technologies. So far, considerable a) Legal problems -their solutions & their achievements have been booked to this limits, and the law enforcement per­ end, and ever more promising ones are spective by specialised police: in the era expected in the near future (e.g. by of globalisation, the criminal laws in dif­ endeavours of the 1ST Programme). ferent States are not always "compati­ ble" with each other. Concerns on com­ bating cyber-crime are being voiced in Main issues raised international forums. In the field of sub­ The chairman Mr. George Papapavlou stantive criminal law, discussions involve introduced the topic by stressing the sensitive issues such as privacy, confi­ opportunities provided by the 1ST for dentiality, fraud, child pornography etc. business growth, improvement of the qual­ In the field of the procedural criminal ity of life, education and job creation. He law, the ongoing discussions involve sen­ pointed out that as information flow sitive issues like trans-border co-opera­ assumes an ever-increasing economic, tion, interception, search, seizure, and political and social value, so do the poten­ preservation of data (stored/traffic), tial gains of criminal abuse, and cybercrime competent jurisdiction etc. has developed into a threat for today's b) The existing and the future technologi­ Information Society. He mentioned that at cal solutions & their limits: RTD has the international level various fora have been potential to provide affordable and co-ordinating or harmonising activities for

Within the framework of the Council of Europe-Committee of Experts on Crime in Cyber-Space (PC-CY), the European Countries but also the US, Japan and other observers are working since February 1997 on the drafting of a Convention on cyber-crime. The Convention is expected to be completed in December 2000. On I 0 December 1997 the GS Ministers of Justice and of the Interior approved a I 0 point Action Plan for combat­ ing the use of the Internet and other high technologies for criminal purposes, which is currently being implemented. Illegal and harmful content on the Internet: Decision No 276/ 1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 January 1999 adopting a multiannual Community action plan on promoting safer use of the Internet by com­ bating illegal and harmful content on global networks (Official Journal L 33 of 06.02.1999, p.l ). See the Internet Action Plan website, http://www2.echo.lu/iap. Protection of minors and human dignity in the Information Society: Council Recommendation of 24 September 1998

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 20 combating cybercrime, such as the security relative to the requirement per Council of Europe, the GS, etc. At the (set of) player/s, depending on the func­ European Union level, in the last three tions of an organisation. He pointed out years there have been several relevant ini­ that there is no I 00% bullet proof securi­ tiatives,,,. The Council of Ministers adopt­ ty. Adversaries to security systems are: ed an Action Plan to combat organised Vulnerable Design & Implementation; crime, and there are possibilities for fur­ Careless/dishonest user (inside person­ ther initiatives at EU level. nel/partner), or third parties (personnel The first speaker Dr. lan WALDEN from another organisation, or other out­ focused on the UK experience on sider), and social attacks. IT Security does Offences, Jurisdiction & Evidence. He not work by obscurity; strong encryption pointed out that traditional legislation is key to security. He stressed the fact that does not cover adequately computer anonymity and security against fraud do related offences such as computer fraud, not exclude each other and that solutions computer forgery, unauthorised are possible to protect e-commerce and access/computer misuse ("hacking"), users from viruses, Trojan horses etc. Dr. transnational crime (extraterritoriality) Waidner replied to the questions raised etc. To overcome the climate of uncertain­ after his speech as follows: If the systems ty, and to cope with the cyberspace needs, are customised to serve the policy of a new legislation has been developed in the specific organisation they are more effec­ UK. The speaker stressed also the vital tive; smart cards do not solve all prob­ importance of effective training for justice lems; co-designing is too flexible and does and law enforcement authorities. Dr. not guarantee security properties; we Walden replied to the questions raised need secure and simple OS (Operating after his speech as follows: Electronic evi­ Systems), and separating applications; dence gathering has both pros and cons, security systems can boost trust; privacy and that the issue is a complex one con­ should be supported by law. cerning sensitive aspects of human/civil rights protection and the needs of law The third speaker Mr. Ekkehart Kappler, enforcement; the existence of different focussed on "Combating Cyber-crime" Training Programmes requires good co­ with emphasis on the difficulties in the operation at national/international level Internet investigations. He stressed the between the various authorities/organisa­ fact that the protection of human rights is tions involved; when a protected informa­ a fundamental demand. Data protection tion security system is broken into (e.g. and privacy laws are necessary to safe­ unauthorised access/hacking), this should guard the human rights, they should not be addressed by substantive computer hamper, however, criminal prosecutions criminal law; as to the ISPs' liability, the that are necessary to protect life, health, principle "the less you know the less you and property of the citizens. He men­ are liable" could apply. tioned that criminals are using modern systems obviously and often more effec­ The second speaker Dr. Michael Waidner, tively than law enforcement. There is no focussed on: "Cybercrime - Technology real new crime committed through the Perspective". He mentioned that IT secu­ Internet, but the perpetrators merely fol­ rity protects the Integrity, Availability and low new roads. He pointed out that the the Confidentiality of the data (within e.g.: Internet industry should appreciate that communication, file system, payment sys­ the police is not its enemy but an assistant tem). There is multiparty or multilateral in safeguarding personal security and free

on the development of the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and information services industry by pro­ moting national frameworks aimed at achieving a comparable and effective level of protection of minors and human dignity. (Official Journal L 270 of 07.10.1998, p.48). Child pornography and interception of communications for law-enforcement purposes: On December 1998 the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council gave its political agreement on the basis of an Austrian initiative to a draft Joint Action (now reformatted into a draft Decision after the entry into force of the EU Amsterdam Treaty) to combat child pornography on the Internet, now subject to the opinion by the European Parliament. In the period 1996-1999 the European Commission has supported under the STOP Programme and the DAPHNE Initiative (managed by the Directorate General Justice and Home Affairs) several research and operational projects on the subject of preventing and combating child pornography on the Internet. Moreover, in December 1997 the EU Council extended the Europol mandate in trafficking in human beings to the production, sale and distribution of child pornography materials.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 21 (4) trade. Mr. Kappler replied to the questions Conclusions raised after his speech as follows: There is and Future Directions no harmonisation within the EU as to the content related offences and such har­ The chairman summed up the outcome of monisation could take years; currently the debate by addressing the speakers there are 42 contact points world wide with two key questions: I) What should be which are linked to the G8 24h/7d net­ the role of industry in combating cyber­ work, and there will be more in the future; crime; 2) What could be done at EU level there are not many data/privacy crimes on effectively combating cybercrime. reported by the Lander to the Federal As to the first question:There should be a police in Germany, where the electronic balanced co-operation between the ISPs information gathering system has been and the law enforcement with particular working for two years; there should be a emphasis to transparent procedures. minimum retention time for freezing infor­ Industry should co-operate only according mation by ISPs for law-enforcement pur­ to the law. A relationship of mutual respect poses. In this respect and to avoid exces­ and trust should be developed between sive costs, not all information should be industry and law enforcement authorities. stored; 50% of the in- coming information As to the second question: The Treaty of on committed criminal offences originates Amsterdam has introduced provisions for from outside Germany; encryption should closer police and judicial co-operation in be freely used but users may have to give criminal matters and for approximation of law-enforcement investigators the key in laws and regulations on criminal matters. specific circumstances. It provides therefore the legal framework for EU actions. Some harmonisation of The fourth speaker Dr. J.F.L. Roording, substantive criminal laws may be envis­ focussed on "The Information Society: A aged. There should be close co-operation Challenge to the Criminal Law". He men­ with the EU and other international tioned that modern information technolo­ fora/organisations (e.g.G8, Council of gy challenges the criminal law. He pointed Europe). There should be sufficient train­ out that traditional concepts and proce­ ing of the law enforcement. In short, there dures have to be adapted to new crimes is a vital need for further and eminent (hacking) and new investigative methods action at EU level, both in the legislative (interception of data communications), and in the not-legislative areas. according to the so-called off-line-on-line­ principle: what applies to the real world (off line), should also apply to the virtual world (on line). As to the liability of the ISPs, he mentioned that, in principle, the ISPs should not be criminalised; this Rapporteur: exemption from liability, however, could be Kiveli Ringou (European Commission) Speakers: made conditional on certain requirements Chairperson: George Papapavlou, Head of Unit, Internet­ (e.g. to report to the police or block linked Services, European Commission, Information access to the relevant information). The Society Directorate General most important challenge is the interna­ • Ekkehrt Kappler (D), Erster Kriminalhauptkommissar, tional character of computer crime. This Bundeskriminalamt challenge seems most difficult to meet • J.F.L.Roording (NL), Lawyer- co-author of the Computer because criminal jurisdiction is traditional­ crime bill pending before the Dutch Parliament) Ministry ly bound to national territories. Dr. of Justice - The Hague Roording replied to the questions raised • Michael Waidner (A), Manager Network Security and Cryptography, IBM Research Division - Zurich Research after his speech as follows: cyber crime Laboratory should be defined more carefully; the pro­ • lan Walden (UK), Director of Computer Related Crime posed EU Directive on Electronic Research Center, University of Queen Mary & Commerce includes certain conditions on Westfield College "Caching", which might become obsolete Commission contacts: in few years; technology neutral legislation Anne Troye ([email protected]) is required to combat cybercrime in an Kiveli Ringou ([email protected]) effective and long-lasting manner. Dominique Gonthier ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 22 Intellectual Capital/Intangible Investments How much is your business worth

Radical changes are taking place as a result sions such as how much to invest in R&D, of the shift from a material-oriented training and brand development and eco­ towards an information- and service-ori­ nomic policy decision-making where tradi­ ented economy. In several different tional measures of productivity may no domains there is growing concern that the longer be ~pplicable to an economy where instruments available for economic and service and digitised products are the business management are no longer ade­ main providers of economic growth. quate. The issues are of continuous importance • Policy makers have insufficient data on but take on a crucial role during restruc­ the shift from investment in tangible turing, mergers and acquisitions and deci­ assets in the economy, and limited sions on out-sourcing. information on the volume of trade in services and intangible goods. The session provided presentations of the • Managers in industry are coming under overall problem from Clark Eustace, the increasing pressure to assess the investment view from Charles Goldfinger impact of investment in intangible and some practical research from the assets, such as R&D, training and the MAGIC project as well as two industrial ICT infrastructure on the value and case studies: a holistic accounting performance of the company. approach from Ramb0ll and the manage­ • Financial analysts can no longer rely on ment of human resource capital from ICL the book value of a company as a reli­ Finland. able guide to valuation of an enter­ prise for investment purposes, and Conclusions there are growing concerns over the and Future Directions tendency to lock in the know-how of There appears clear evidence that there key personnel with restrictive exclu­ has existed for over two decades a large sive contracts. discrepancy between European and USA Main issues raised investment in intangible investments. As reported by Eustace, the US has consis­ The economies of the US and the EU are tently been investing about two and a half achieving growth through new and emerg­ ing technologies which collectively pro­ vide the means of distribution and devel­ opment of products and services which do not need to the same extent investment in traditional capital assets such as produc­ tion machinery. This means that businesses can no longer be valued according to traditional accounting practices which rely heavily on ,historical evidence" and the valuation of fixed assets. This fact becomes obvious when comparing the book value and mar­ ket (stock) value of emerging IT service providers and ,internet companies".

This is a major challenge not only to our traditional notions of the values of compa­ nies which are being bought and sold, but also to business investment decision-mak­ ing. This encompasses management deci-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 23 times that of the EU. This, it was argued, information and aspects of economic could be the most significant factor in management such as the use of busi­ explaining US dominance in driving the ness performance indicators for eco­ digital economy. nomic forecasting and decision-mak­ ing. It needs to be tackled jointly by Europe has been slow to recognise and the various institutional actors on an react to this fact, but as evidenced by the inter-disciplinary basis. case studies from ICL and Ramb0ll and the • The issue is acute. If Europe is to com­ results of surveys from MAGIC presented pete with the US, investment in at the session EU industries are now try­ ,intangibles" relating to R&D, innova­ ing to address the problem. So far this is tion, training and market develop­ largely at the level of human ment must be increased and this resource/knowledge management and ICT needs to be recognised at a policy investment. It is accepted that recruitment level. and retention of well-qualified staff is cru­ • ICT industries are not alone with this cial to business success. But the lack of problem, all sectors are moving to a practical measurement and value assess­ more service or ,intangible" based ment tools for this purpose is a real man­ economy, but the very low level of agement problem. In a survey by the FhG­ tangible assets required by many new IAO 83 % of industrial respondants believe ICT companies has provoked an earli­ that measuring intellectual capital is criti­ er awareness of the issue in this cal to achieving business success. domain because of the high stock If the value of a company mainly lies in the value of emerging digital technology knowledge which resides in the heads of companies. individual employees, means must be found either to encourage these individu­ Strong support was given by attendees at als to share the knowledge or to prevent the session for a separate workshop to be these persons from leaving for example if organised by the Commission on this the company should change ownership or topic. It was recognised that the full impli­ management. This means that employer­ cations of what the speakers proposed employee relationships can directly impact needed fuller discussion between high on the value of a business. In addition level managers, and appropriate attemps are now being made to define Commission services. Case studies need other classes of intangible assets such as to be identified and worked on to find structural capital, innovation and product practical performance assessment indica­ potential, and market capital. tors. The sense of the meeting was that the Commission should take an initiative The clear messages of the session were: in this.

• Industry, especially in the ICT sector, Rapporteur: Monica Schofield but also in other sectors, is aware that Speakers: knowledge management increasingly is Introduction and welcome: Ronald Mackay, European Commission, Information Society Directorate General, a key element in a establishing the Electronic commerce unit value of a business, but at present • C. Eustace (USA), Mantas Associates / Brookings there exist no means for external Institute: The key issues stakeholders or investment analysts • C. Goldfinger (B), GEF S.A.: The investment perspec­ to measure the performance of a tive • L. Haapanen (FI), QPR : The MAGIC project company with respect to these • J. Warschat (D), Fraunhofer lAO: The research per- aspects. Such indicators need to be spective identified. Current industrial best practise • The problem transcends all aspects of • J. loudes (F), Cap Gemini business management including • C. St0vring (DK), Ramb0ll accounting practices, corporate • A. Haggren (FI), ICL Commission Contact: investment strategy and disclosure of Ronald Mackay ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 24 Partnerships Across the Oceans International Co-operation

The session highlighted RTD co-operation Bilateral co-operation with Japan also opportunities with industrialised coun­ develops, and an SME partnering event is tries, chiefly with the US and Japan. The planned to take place in Japan in October session indicated opportunities and practi­ 2000. This event will provide Japanese and cal solutions towards intercontinental European companies active in the fields of partnerships. multimedia with opportunities for finding partners and matching their skills and Reports were presented on EU-US expe­ competence. riences from business partnerships, in the field of dependability - the EU-US initiative Main issues raised on dependability was launched in this ses­ This session addressed RTD co-operation sion. There was also reporting from the between the industrialised countries, in area of multi-lingual systems - the first particular the USA, Japan and the EU. It results of the joint 1ST-NSF call on multi­ described some problems experienced, lingual systems was presented as well as how these had been overcome, and new further opportunities for EU-US co-oper­ opportunities for international co-opera­ ation in this domain. tion. Cultural barriers to co-operation were EU-Japan co-operation was first highlight­ mentioned by most speakers. These ed in the context of the International included language, administrative rules, Manufacturing Systems initiative. The IMS intellectual property rights and protec­ initiative has seen its first call for propos­ tion, and business culture. als in the Fifth Framework Programme in June. Substantial experience has been Timescales for establishing international gained in this initiative for RTD co-opera­ collaboration and obtaining benefits were tion in a multilateral context including long. For example, in multi-lingual sys­ with Japan. tems, it had taken 18 months to organise parallel Calls for Proposals in the USA and the EU. Once collaborative projects start­ ed, it took time for the international part­ ners to understand each other before the real benefits of co-operation began to flow.

Perhaps because of the problems of col­ laboration at this level, the subjects addressed had specific focuses. In one case, access to a unique technical resource motivated collaboration. In others, the scale of the problems addressed encour­ aged a concerted effort across developed countries. Some topics - such as remote support of equipment across the world - have an intrinsic international dimension, and could benefit from international insights. Conclusions and Future Directions Overcoming communication problems require more than just translation. Words

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 25 have different meanings in different cul­ tures. For example, for some the word "model" means a high level description of causes and effects, while for others it means a precise equation or physical mock-up. In a similar way, the same con­ cept can be expressed in different ways in different regions. "Trustworthiness" in the USA translates as "dependability" in the EU.

Differences between the regions concern­ ing IPR and Anti-Trust Law can inhibit col­ laboration. For example, if the Japanese government funds research, it also owns the resulting intellectual property. In the equivalent case in the EU, ownership would rest with the developer. In the USA, experience of collaborative research is limited and so consistency with anti­ trust legislation is often questioned.

EU funding of RTD is carried out accord­ ing to a single set of administrative, finan­ cial and legal rules. In the USA, many agencies fund research, each with its own priorities and support mechanisms. It was suggested that the NSF could provide a single interface to US funding agencies. International collaboration in RTD can produce concrete benefits. This is not lim­ ited to cases where the scale of the prob­ lem requires international resources. The different approaches of the different regions - incremental improvement in Japan, generic analysis in Europe, "can do" Rapporteur: Paul Drath approach in the USA - can combine to Speakers: achieve more than a consortium from one Chairperson: G. Metakides, Director, Essential of the regions might achieve. Information Society Technologies and Infrastructures, To establish a collaboration framework, European Commission, Information Society Directorate three ingredients - in addition to money­ General were required: • B. Randel (UK): Dependability, The Context. • B. MacDonald (USA), White House and G. Metakides, European Commission: Launch of EU-US Joint • Suspension of formal processes and Dependability Initiative procedures, to facilitate discussion • G. Strong (USA), NSF: EU-US co-operation initiative in and exploration of possibilities multilingual systems • Recognition that all sides must gain • H. Ohkura UPN), Toyo Engineering Corporation , from collaboration Japan: EU-Japan co-operation in the IMS context • Participation of the research commu­ • M. Ollus (FI), Vtt Automotive: Experiences from industry nity in each region in developing the in co-operation with Japan framework. Commission contacts: Michel Bosco([email protected]) Erik Habers ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 26 Content Driving Competitiveness

As we stand on the threshold of the new The user's role in traditional film making is millennium, creativity and digital expres­ grossly neglected. New business models sion are shaping our culture, research and cut down production costs by redefining economy. From the citizen and the artist the production process without affecting publishing freely and globally to a fusion of the quality of end product. These models research and applied creativity. From the apply to other domains as well such as digital entrepreneur to I 00 I channels, cas­ architecture. cading multimedia content back to the cit­ izen: the ultimate 'consumeter' of what Let a thousand flowers bloom. It is better to will and will not sell. And so the digital have many small projects than mega projects. momentum gathers speed. Everyone is a bit of artist, scientist and busi­ nessperson. (Davenport) Content Driving Competitiveness looked Convergence was anticipated in 1980s. But at emerging standards and business mod­ it was expected in tools not networks as els for digital content and examined the is the result now. Mega projects are suit­ impact of new content technologies on able if the anticipated outcome is well the Information Society and beyond. defined. Smaller projects are flexible and Realising the Information Society and evolve innovatively within constraints. A empowering the citizen has profound Mexican opera project puts out a new implications for all concerned and pre­ episode just 36 hours after last episode sents particular challenges and opportuni­ based on audience feedback. ties for culture, science and the economy. The session examined these issues Conclusions through the eyes of an artist, a scientist and Future Directions and a businessman. They will help us to There are plenty of European non-com­ come to terms with and understand the societal and cultural changes and the tech­ mercial sites which are innovative, have nological and economic developments we compelling content, high usage and limited can expect. resources. Broekmann showed several such sites. B-92, a political site from Main issues raised Belgrade, had 18 million hits in seven days New media artists need a high speed cultur­ during the Kosovo war. Audio artists who al backbone to collaborate in pan-European broadcast music on the net invented a site projects. (Broeckmann) which is a virtual studio of one physically A survey of art projects on the web located on a server. With this they can reveals a high degree of innovation, talent continue to broadcast even while travel­ and usage-of- Hmited Fe-sources compared to browse and buy style of American sites. ling to several countries. Innovation is dri­ A European level cultural backbone con­ ven by limited resources, passion and a necting the active centres such as Berlin, need. Amsterdam, London and other places will People are willing to participate and help contribute to an explosion of European build something for a 'fair exchange of art talent. value'. As they become involved in pro­ jects, they aspire from amateurdom to 85% of the budget is spent on a (lim before professional quality inputs. They move anyone sees it. Technology can enable people from consumption (driven by curiosity, to be involved in the (lim making process, pro­ affiliation) to value creation (dedication, vide location information, hunt for costumes passion and work). Companies which build and sets and build up publicity through word this people involvement into their process of mouth.(Hoegh) command high values. Eg. Geocites sold to

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 2 7 Yahoo at a high prize because of their 3. Issues related to IPR and remuneration member relations, unfortunately without in user created content need address­ giving any benefits to users. ing. The MIT 'things that link' and 'things that think' projects create new content in extraordinary ways - through interactions of people with physical environments. Eg. Pigeons on a video wall fly away when somebody walks past and settle down later. Their philosophy is open-knowledge framework based on creativity, openness and sociability. It is up to the industry to discover and exploit value.

Key issues: • Enabling conditions need to be creat­ ed for user created content in non­ commercial and artistic settings • In commercial settings, an 'exchange value' has to be created which encourages people to participate for something in return (could be an experience ... like TV shows). • Use of technology for social applica­ tions is not realised. Normal uses tend to be productivity oriented. • Perhaps this form of people participa­ tion is unique and may acquire a dis­ tinctive European flavour over time (like Scandinavian co-operative approach or the Dutch polder model).

Suggestions for policy I. The involvement of artists and media community is grossly underestimated in 1ST programmes. Some of the work in this sector far beats the projects under­ taken in 1ST by technology community. Artists understand and invoke emotions in humans. Their participation is essen­ tial in 1ST to improve quality of life. Special initiatives and contractual mech­ anisms may be formulated (an artist is most of the time an independent person Rapporteur: Raghu Kolli without any organisational affiliation) to Speakers: draw artists and media explorers into Chairperson: Kieran O'Hea, Seagrange Ltd. (LL 1ST projects. • Glorianna Davenport (USAL MIT Media Lab • Andreas Broeckmann (NLL V2_0rganisation, Co-ordi- 2. New business models and application nator of the European Cultural Backbone. scenarios that involve participation of • Thomas Heogh (UKL Arts Alliance end users as content creators, editors Commission Contacts: and production assistants needs to be Bernard Smith, ([email protected]) encouraged. Kieran O'Hea ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 28 Free Software - Behind the scenes

This session explored some aspects of the to promote other activities. After all, in "Libre software" role (also called Free the IS the money is no longer in the prod­ software or Open source software) in the uct: it is now in the service. For instance Information Society. when Kodak started to sell cheap cam­ eras: it led to a much larger market, buying First of all, the "distributed" development a lot of films and a lot of photo paper. The process were discussed, trying to under­ same goes for printers: the money is not in stand if and why it could produce better the printer, but in the ink used. software than other "classical" develop­ ment processes, by trying to compare How to use Free Software? classical business models versus "free soft­ Open standards make you less dependent ware" based business models. Also on the "owner": there is no monopoly of explored were the underlying economic installed base. Regarding the security of aspects of free software and the robust­ open source software, it was expressed ness of such an economy. Finally, discus­ that security is a matter of trust. Hiding a sion in the panel addressed some aspects source will not secure the use. Open it that were developed in previous speeches, shows where the strengths and weakness­ for instance the strategy for businesses es (to be improved) are.Again another fac­ using, or based on, free software or on the tor in "free software" providing a business use of free software to enforce publicly case: as important developer in the available standards (data formats, proto­ domain, companies may want to "buy" cols, etc.). your services to ensure security based on the latest developments. Main issues raised What is Free Software? Regarding trustability of free versus pro­ "Free software", or "Open source soft­ prietary software: it is clear that one loos­ ware" is software developed along open es one side of accountability that comes standards: i.e. the sources are freely avail­ from the transaction: who to blame. able for all to use and further develop pro­ However, this can be solved by statistical vided it is pursued under the same proof, or by paying someone to be scheme. With open source software it is accountable. For open software it is possi­ possible for all software developers to ble to hire someone to take responsibility: create their own work. In fact, open for propriety software one does not have source software producers have left the a choice but trust the "owner". game of competing for monopoly. Quality control is based on peer review: Conclusions one puts code on the Internet and gets and Future Directions feedback from users and other develop­ Rishab Gosh demonstrated the "cooking ers: this makes it possible to improve the pot model" to explain why making open software. source software would make sense. Instead of barter goods (exchange one Is there a "business case"? good against another) it often makes Although there is a growing class of peo­ sense to put both goods into a process ple driven by altruistic motives according (the "cooking pot") and get a meal out of to the chairman, open source software it which is better then one + one. This bet­ development does not have to rely on ter meal you split, thus making profit (win that, alone. Companies make open source - win: both have "better food" this way). software to make money. By giving out something you receive appreciation by In IS products like open source software society/market. It can also be a good way the result is even better, since there is

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 29 (5) Infinite replication. It doesn't matter when Conclusion by the chairman, concerning someone takes something out of the pot, the possible role for the European because there is nothing less after! Commission was to put in some money to stimulate further collaboration, but should In the new economy net gain is no longer not attempt to lead the research. As such dependent on transaction: you have your the Commission should support open "net gain" already achieved by production. software development as policy. The refer­ Therefore a "contribution to the pot" is ence of a draft issue paper was given to not based purely on altruism, but on per­ the audience (http://eu.conecta.it). ceiving the value to be there. And it gets better: the more people use the product, Under the European co-operative the higher your added value becomes to research programme the programme pays be. Of course developing open source for the pot, i.e. for the "overhead of col­ code should not be all of you do, but it can laboration". Within the 1ST help to improve your profile/provide mar­ Workprogramme 2000 "To foster the ket leadership: based on this you can "sell" development and use of open source soft­ other products or services. ware" is recognised as specific objective. Even more so: there is not only one pot. If you put the lid on your pot, the value will start diminishing rapidly, because people will go to the other pot.

Open source removes friction and allows people to make decisions, with full infor­ mation, without the ballast of installed base. More people understand that, as the growth of the "market" for open source software shows. Two years ago at COMDEX Linux was presented in a small room with a handful of people. Linus Torvalds at COMDEX in 1999 got the same number of audience as Bill Gates. The only difference in terms of interest was that Linus Torvalds received a standing ovation. Rapporteur: Maarten Botterman Speakers: In a way it is sad that in the most recent Chairperson: Michael Tiemann (US), CYGNUS, court case the judge concluded that • Jonathan Prial (US), IBM : IBM and Open Source Microsoft did act as a monopoly. This Software means somehow that the free market sys­ • Rishab A. Ghosh (India), First Monday: Free software tem failed. Linux should have prevented economics models that, not the US Department of Justice. Panel : What Strategies for business ? On a question from the audience on what • Jean-Claude Guedon (CA), Universite de Montreal, Panelist will happen if complexity creeps into Linux • Dirk Hohndel (D), SuSE Rhein/Main AG, Germany, I open software as much as in Microsoft's, Panelist where nobody knows anymore what is in • Bernard lang (F), INRIA, France, Panelist it, the panel responded that indeed open • Philippe Aigrain, European Commission, Information source software does not have someone Society Directorate General: Results from the working clearly responsibly, but one can go to ser­ group and further steps by Commission vice providers and pay them to be respon­ Commission Contact: sible. laurent Cabirol ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 30 Opportunities for Partnerships with Emerging Economies- International Co-operation

Emerging economies are rebounding. The ficial collaborations could be established. Asian economies are strongly recovering, While information technology is impor­ the Latin American countries are stable tant to the emerging economies, it is not a and the Mediterranean area is more close­ panacea. Collaboration in the IT area is ly linked to the EU than ever before. The needed to address the development countries have a very well developed objectives of the country concerned. human potential and the market opportu­ nities are immense. Collaboration in IT can be viewed as a threat, rather than an opportunity. This is In order to support co-operation in 1ST especially the case where the emphasis is with emerging economies, the on selling hardware rather than on collab­ Commission is launching new programmes oration in software development. in 1999: the EUMEDIS programme which Within the emerging economies, adminis­ will support co-operation activities with trations and governments have limited the Mediterranean Countries and the awareness of the possibilities for collabo­ ASIA IT&C programme which will foster ration in research and development where co-operation with Asia. Discussions for this involves companies rather than uni­ further co-operation with Latin America versities and research institutes. are ongoing, and a successful EU-Latin Companies wishing to become involved America Forum on Global have to rely on other sources for guidance Communications was held in June this in this matter. year. Furthermore arrangements are being made for emerging economies to finance Conclusions their participation in projects of the 1ST and Future Directions programme. In most of the regions discussed, the econ­ omy is growing faster than that of the EU. Based on their extensive experience the In the case ofTurkey, half its external trade speakers highlighted how co-operation in is with Europe. This should represent an RTD can be mutually beneficial for the opportunity for EU organisations. industry and academic world in both the Each region is investing in IT in a variety of EU and the emerging economies, and applications. For example, in Costa Rica, which support mechanisms exist to fur­ there are initiatives in telemedicine, which ther this co-operation. link half the country's hospitals; in linking Main issues raised rural communities using satellite commu- The session outlined the potential for RTD collaboration between EU organisations and those in emerging economies, in Central and Southern America and South East Asia. Co-operation between organisations in Europe and the emerging economies can poten­ tially benefit both sides. The challenge is to find out how mutually bene-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 3 1 nications to provide services such as health and email; and in providing comput­ er based training for students. In Turkey, 7000 SM Es are being attached to an e­ commerce network, while policies and the legal and technical infrastructure for e­ commerce are under development. A national academic network has been established, and investment in JT was fore­ cast to be I 00 billion euro over the next five years. In Asia, co-operation is pro­ moted between 16 countries and the EU in eight domains. Plans such as these indi­ cate areas where collaboration would be possible.

The emerging economies are, however, cautious concerning the type of collabora­ tion in which they might become involved. Some view IT as a threat, since it could allow easy access to their markets. Some consider the WTO agreement on IPR in software to be against their interests. Areas where collaboration is less favoured are ones involving exploitation of the nat­ ural resources of their countries, or exploitation of their low labour costs, or "vulture capitalism" - buying in order to sell quickly at a profit. More favoured are relationships which increase the value added within the economy, which may be achieved through strategic partnerships. At the company level, collaboration with the EU has brought significant benefits, in providing access to technologies which would otherwise have been too expensive, and supporting certification of processes

and products, necessary for their accep­ Rapporteur: Paul Drath tance in European markets. EU partners Speakers: can benefit from localisation of their Chairperson: R. Chaabouni, Director for Planning, Office · products, and also from low cost of the Prime Minister, Tunisia resources. The outstanding problem to be • Keynote Speaker: J. Figueres, Former President of Costa overcome was mentioned to be the tran­ Rica sition from successful project collabora­ • C. Arikan In, Vice President of Tubitak, Turkey tion to successful collaboration in market­ • N. Bhattacharya (India), SEMA Group: Co-operation ing products. This requires collaboration with Asia in 1ST : a wealth of opportunities. The Asia with companies, rather than research IT&C programme organisations, within the EU. • F. Brum (Uruguay), CCC, : EU-Latin America co-opera­ tion; experiences from industry

Commision Contacts: Michel Bosco, ([email protected]) Erik Habers ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 32 Language Matters!

Human Language Technologies aim at eas­ ing the use and accelerating the uptake of new technologies and services through natural and transparent communication, intuitive and effective information access and knowledge management. As such, they are key underpinning information society technologies that are equally relevant for citizens and for business. This session looked at some of the lan­ guage technologies, stressed their impact on current economic and societal devel­ opments, presented their successful deployments in digital services, and pro­ vided a vision of their future role in the information age. Amongst the relevant technologies are: • Transparent and natural interfaces sup­ porting multi-modal interaction - spoken, visual, gesture and hand writ­ ten - that improve the ease of use of portable (wearable) and mobile com­ munication and computing devices. With the advent of UMTS and the explosion of new service offerings, the need for a natural dialogue with per­ will communicate, interact with informa­ sonal devices becomes compelling. tion and do business tomorrow. • Intuitive, multilingual and adaptive interactivity for electronic commerce Main issues raised in the global market place that is flex­ ibility with respect to the available Opportunities and challenges for voice inter­ communication modalities to ensure face deployment terminal independence, mobility and The speech technology market is already ubiquity of electronic services. there, and substantial. In 1998 the market Sustaining the growth of electronic accrued to a total of 450 million USD, it is commerce for broader segments of expected to grow to 8 billion USD in 2003 the population and in geographically (source: H.C.Wainwrigth & Co 1999). This diverse areas rest on the provision of is without counting the localisation indus­ such technologies. try, which is a multi-billion business today. • Intelligent language agents able to process content semantically support Technology challenges are to cope with Web-related activities and knowledge the wide range of uncontrolled (noisy) intensive tasks, including decision user environments and the variability in making and knowledge acquisition. speakers, including non native speakers With the next generation internet and (how to recognise French when spoken the growing importance of intranets with a heavy English accent?), a very for information age enterprises, intel­ important user group. The terminal capa­ ligent language agents become critical bility is still a bottleneck, as well as the components of the information infra­ bandwidth, particularly in the mobile structure. domain.

The focus of the session was on spoken The significant language barrier offers a and multi-modal communication, multilin­ great opportunity (cross language conver­ gual information management, knowledge sation support) but also a tremendous computing and their impact of the way we challenge: there are only a few significant

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 33 uniform language areas in the world. It is phase of an application. The development also very difficult to segment products by paths for speech integration in applica­ languages. tions (and appliances) is: I. Limited command and control applica­ Efficient voice Interfaces will greatly bene­ tion with very robust performance fit from integration with other user inter­ 2. Advanced dialogue applications for lim­ face technologies (pointing device, pen, ited target groups and usage environ­ keypad) as back-up. ments 3. Ubiquitous availability. DARPA has posed the following research challenges to its community: An example where a voice interface could • Spoken dialogue in the car (with a lot well be extremely useful is the computer of noise around) fridge: • Real user interacting with live data, • Dialogue application with a specific making real arrangements via spoken scope; dialogue (test in Jan 2000) • Frequent use; • MT in a Day (Mandarin-to-English ) • Controlled environment. • Multi-lingual press service: translate from any language in the target lan­ Speech recognition (and action) is of great guage assistance in call centre handling. Nuance • Minority languages: create toolkit that has put in place a speech recognition sys­ can "easily" support new language tem that enables 250 employees to handle combinations over 2.5 million calls per day.

The need for and impact of speech technolo­ It is also very useful in domains where gy in relation to mobile communications machines excel. The following systems run The ubiquity and penetration of mobile successfully, already today: communication devices and the upcoming • Stock quotes: the speech application of UMTS, which will bring the potential of knows all 16.000 names of stock multimedia in the mobile domain within a offering companies and handles with­ couple of years, speech technology can out human intervention 200.000 Calls substantially improve the usability of a day. mobile devices. These mobile devices can • Long alphanumeric strings: people can­ either be multipurpose units, which we not remember them or quickly check already use today (telephone, PDA), but database (Federal Express) also an increasing range of single purpose • Fidelity Investments: applications devices (e.g. music players). quotes and trading with natural lan­ guage dialogue enables the handling of The mobile segment is also a very attrac­ up to I million calls a day (over 4.000 tive target for investment in voice inter­ available ports) faces, since it is big, and growing: • Latest application is servicing a home • Highest penetrations exceed 60% shopping network: the voice authenti­ • Penetration in all advanced markets cation which recognises the real range of 20-50% owner of a credit card allows up to 5 • Over I billion users in 2005 with a sig­ million different customers to make nificant share of media phones. 200.000 calls a day.

Specific use for mobile devices would be Conclusions in support of cross language communica­ and Future Directions tion, but also in allowing spoken access to web content. We will see a continuing convergence between the voice- and data networks Application Development (PSTN vs. Internet based). In the next gen­ First of all: voice interfaces should not be eration all information will be available via an add-on to existing applications, but both interfaces (voice/terminal). must be build in already in the design In this speech recognition will be impor-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 34 tant. It is already there, it is already useful: groups for instance may well be useful, but it works. In fact that brings us back to the depend on needs. In this voice-in is seldom good old days, where voice used to com­ asked, whereas there is a high demand for mand the network (human operators as voice-out. interface for connections).

Technologies allow us to access content wherever we are with voice (although robustness, user friendliness and penetra­ tion are still low). The next step is to replace the voice dialogue with a digital dialogue. Of course these developments need to be seen in perspective: •Internet access is still a dream to most of the World • Most of the world are not literate • Cultural and linguistic diversity is fact of the world

According to DARPA there are 6700 World Languages, of which I 000 have I 0.000 users or more. Language is impor­ tant, as it is the carrier of the cultural inheritance systems. Therefore basic researc:h is needed. What is needed to progress to a next generation of speech systems is: • A human genome level of description of all languages • A model of the language generation process • A model of group processes that involve language use • A signal-to-text transcription mecha­ nism for all languages • A model to understand overlap

In this it is seen as important to move beyond the information retrieval paradigm in interaction with external knowledge Rapporteur: Maarten Batterman sources towards just-in-time dialogic Speakers: interaction with world class expertise • Petri Haavisto IFI), Head, Speech and Audio Systems (net-centricity ). In order to further devel­ Laboratory, Nokia Research: Language technology and opments in this area, an infrastructure for information age appliances. language technology education needs to • Christian Dugast IF), Director, Nuance Europe. Speech be created. Currently we don't have the recognition in the network: Case studies to help under­ people to do the research! stand the new generation network. Support by public funds in this early phase • David Nahamoo IUSA), Director, Human Language Technology Group, IBM: New perspectives in electronic of deployment of speech technologies commerce and information services. does make sense. The first systems in • Gary Strong IUSA), Director, Communicator and Tides Europe have been deployed thanks to sup­ programs, DARPA: Bridging the digital divide: port by European Union. The initiative to Language technology research in the United States. collaborate between the US research Commission Contacts: community and the EU one is well appre­ ciated. Last remark: be realistic when set­ Roberto Cencioni, [email protected]) ting priorities: voice interfaces for special Giovanni Battista Varile ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 35 Innovative Workplaces

This session brought together novel and sustainable workplace designs incorporat­ 'forward looking' concepts of architec­ ing emerging technologies into new work­ ture, office design, and 'wearables', which place and work team concepts, incorpo­ will help to design the innovative work­ rating multidiciplinary approaches. These places of the future. should enhance creativity and productivi­ ty; ensure safe working conditions; The globalisation and the considerable improve the quality of working life and expansion of information technology and reduce the overall resource-use burden telecommunications require novel con­ on the environment, with particular focus cepts of working methods and practices. on: Universal mobile telecommunications play • Development of novel 1ST-enabled a great role in present day working envi­ workplace designs, as well as solu­ ronments. Applications of wearable com­ tions and organisational practices puters are beginning to emerge. Working aimed at supporting mobility, at shar­ in a fixed office environment is giving way ing building facilities and office space, to 'working from anywhere'. The implica­ at increasing overall agility and at pro­ tion of this needs to be taken up by archi­ moting sustainable use of resources in tects and office designers, in order to the workplace make the new reality more adaptable to • Development of novel wearable solu­ the people. We need to look at totally tions and software upgradable novel concepts of 'virtual offices, working designs aimed at significantly extend­ methods, wearables and working environ­ ing the life of workplace equipment ment' which should also act as 'customised and infrastructure and/or at substan­ agents', in the 20 I 0 and beyond! tially enhancing sustainability

The speakers specifically addressed facility In addition, the New Perspectives for management and automatically reconfig­ Work in the draft workprogramme has urable workplaces using dynamic sensors, the objectives to develop a better under­ virtual environments for team work, and standing of the social, economic, industrial groupware systems for awareness in 3D and environmental impact of novel tech­ environment using avatars and ambient nologies for work and business and, in the displays. A particular point of discussion process, provide guidance to other activi­ was also the sustainability aspects of the ties in Key Action II as well as to related workplaces and how modern technology legal and policy activities. One focus and novel approaches can be best would be: employed for it. • Improve understanding of the linkages between 1ST-enabled work and sus­ A timely and important discussion is the tainable development in a global infor­ relevance of this topic for the 1ST mation society. Particular attention Workprogramme 2000. The ISTAG report should be given to social relationships proposed the vision statement: "start cre­ in the workplace, quality of worklife ating an ambient intelligence landscape (including health and safety), changes (for seamless delivery of services and in transport, energy and material con­ applications) in Europe relying also upon sumption, as well as new opportuni­ testbeds and open source software, devel­ ties for the built environment and city op user-friendliness, and develop and con­ planning. verge the networking infrastructure in Europe to world-class." The draft 1ST Thus, this session had a two-pronged Workprogramme 2000 for Key Action II - objective: to consider 'forward looking' New Methods of Work and Electronic concepts of innovative workplaces, and to Commerce, among others, takes this into discuss opportunities to conduct research account. In the draft work programme, the under 1ST 2000 work programme, in this Sustainable Workplace Design has the gen­ technologically exciting field and impor­ eral objectives to develop and validate tant for employment.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 36 Main issues raised offices: ateliers, small companies, site offices and so on. Technologies are far advanced than the spaces we live in. Spaces need to become Key issues: more intelligent. (Fournier) • The current office will undergo a phase In innovative offices, the technology will of de-construction for new models to become invisible without insistence of emerge. presence. • We need to understand how to sup­ port knowledge work in office space, Workplace is a collection of familiar tools. factory space, living space and public New metaphor 'Carry tools and data on you'. space. Head quarters will reside in virtual space. • Changing attitudes (space that reflects Physical space is essential but secondary hierarchy is on the wane) office life (Fournier) style, social interactions, collabora­ The division between working and non­ tion, access to information will govern working time blurs. The facilities of the the new office. entire town are used. Office paraphernalia • Everyone needs to be involved in is reduced. implementing the changes. This will not be easy for large companies. Working is a social experience in the experi­ • The requirements to meet and discuss ence economy. New ideas : office laboratory, increases at key decision making phas­ buffet office (Tuominen) es of project, at the beginning and at The office space will not diminish in the the end. coming years. The nature of office will • 40-60% of business communication is change. Frequent organisational changes, done in informal meetings. knowledge requirements and mobility will • Video conferencing is not successful to require to organise office activities differ­ this day. ently. • Impact of changed offices on cities is not known. 70% of competence develops on job. The • SMEs are able to take up new work­ main. causes of job stress are : work-family places faster than large companies. con(11ct and lack of information. A survey of 30 projects revealed that traditional office is not the ideal way. (Widen) People work more productively at home than at office. Multiflex is the ability to work inside and outside the office. Exploratory office models resulted in reducing lead time by 17%, costs by 14% and improving quality by 5%. Rapporteur: Raghu Kolli Speakers: Work is a theatre activities, roles, artefacts, of Chairperson : Keith Alexander (UKL Director Centre for time, logic, geography, social behaviour, trust, group interactions ... (Schikel). Facilities Management, Strathclyde Graduate Business School • Colin Fournier (UKL Professor of Architecture and Conclusions Urban Planning, Bartlett School of Architecture : and Future Directions Innovative Workplace in the Built Environment This heavily attended session of more than • Tommi Tuominen (FI), President, Equator Helsinki Oy : A 400 people showed their concern and New Workplace Strategy for Globalisation : Virtual interest. The office as we know it is set to Workplace change for sure. Everyone is trying to fig­ • Bo Widen (SL Executive Consultant, Ericsson Radio ure out how. All the scenarios assume a System AB: Flexible Offices : New Ways to work. • Peter Schickel (D), Manager, Blaxxun Interactive AG: certain stereotypical version of office - an The Work Environment of the Future urbanised office with computers and net­ work and smart people. The speakers Commission Contact: made no references to other kinds of Aniyan Varghese ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 3 7 Inclusive Information Society

It is not self-evident that the Information ALDICT software converts automati­ Society will become an inclusive and cally between text and communica­ empowering society, as education, work tion symbols. Combined with auto­ and services, including health services, are matic translation and an e-mail mod­ more and more based on the concept of ule it will enable persons with learning an active, motivated and technologically disability {intellectual disability) to use skilled citizen. Nevertheless, some of the electronic mail and communicate threats for social exclusion could be coun­ across language barriers. teracted by information and communica­ tions technologies themselves, especially • MORE : MObile REscue GMS phone by the development of new communica­ with localisation and emergency fea­ tion tools for specific groups of persons tures, aims at integrating disabled and with disabilities and by the use of telemat­ elderly people into the mobile infor­ ics to enhance experiences of social con­ mation and communication society. nection and interest. Other European and large-scale efforts The session had a dual scope: The European Mental Health Agenda will I. It highlighted technologies and applica­ highlight the potential role of information tions with good potential for improving society technologies for more empower­ "quality of life" by empowering older ing services in many sectors of the society, and/or disabled people. The focus is including the promotion of mental health. especially on tools for inter-personal communication and on equal access for The activities of STAKES {Finnish National all persons. Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health): STAKES is the lead­ 2. The role of information technology as ing Finnish R&D agency for ICT in the both a risk factor and contributor to health care and social sectors. well-being and quality of life was also discussed against the background of the Main issues raised challenge of developing effective and The session presented several projects user-friendly applications in health and that highlight examples of possibilities to social sectors, and the progress of the enhance inclusion, and projects aiming at European Mental Health Agenda pro­ awareness raising. Main issues: moted by the Finnish Presidency in • The information society as a stimula­ 1999. tor of social isolation; • 1ST as contributor to well being and The following projects, initiatives and per­ quality of life; spectives were presented and discussed: • Applications with good potential for improving quality of life by empower­ Telematics Applications Projects ing older and/or disabled people • TASC:Telematics Applications {interpersonal communication and Supporting Cognition. This software is equal access). intended as decision support for per­ sons with cognitive disabilities (brain­ Conclusions damage or dementia). It enables these persons to cope with daily tasks, and Future Directions social interaction and the outside We do know that the Information Society world with reduced need for assis­ will affect our well being in significant tance. ways, but still we understand very little of it. The Information Society does not nec­ • ALDICT: Access of Persons with essarily become an inclusive society. In Learning Difficulties to ICT's. The order to avoid society to work in a way

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 38 we do not want, we need to make choices towards the future (www.tascsup­ now and act accordingly. port.com) • ALDIC: Access of persons with learn­ In order to work towards the future in a ing disabilities to ICTs; "Easy-to-read", positive way a European Mental Health "easy-to-understand" improves access Agenda has been established as one of the of people with all kind of literacy Finnish EU Presidency (2nd half 1999) pri­ problems. The project developed a set orities. IT will, amongst other things, high­ of pictures to help compose messages light the potential role of IS Technologies (the picture messages will be translat­ in enabling the development of new and ed to "normal" languages, although more empowering services in many sec­ not in "normal" languages grammar. tors of the society, including the promo­ www.ilsmh-ea.be) tion of mental health and prevention of • DAILY Makes daily life easier for elder­ substance abuse. ly people who have some difficulties in daily living activities and minor activi­ One of the projects developed under this ty restrictions in daily life. Daily has banner is the European Inspiration Society produced a CD Rom with information Network. Inspiration Society is defined as on assisting devices for people with a society where information and commu­ handicaps, including "where to get nication technologies are used successful­ them in your own country". ly to promote social inclusion and empow­ • MORE developed a Mobile Rescue sys­ erment. tem, consisting of a wireless GSM Phone with an integrated GPS receiv­ It was highlighted that an inclusive infor­ er. The system is backed by a MORE mation society is first of all a community. Service center with DGPS (thus able This means that you need to consider to determine the position of the community members, not only users. MORE correspondent). Based on this it becomes clear that build­ ing the information society we need to The role of Europe consider: During the seminar the main emphasis on • How to keep/create a Community support by the Commission was given in Identity terms of priorities for R&D. Future R&D • What about Rights in, but also Duties should support the development of: to the Community • Professional support • Communities are about Feelings and • User and community support Friendships (not only learning abili­ • Both research and awareness and dis­ ties) semination actions

It is to be expected that our Information Whereas the focus has been on telemedi­ Society will move towards a global web of cine, care chains and administrative appli­ virtual communities, based on virtual cations may have been of interest in the coalitions between virtual communities 4th Framework Programme, it was stated will build a communities society. In under­ that the EU should now focus its support standing the concept of collaboration towards truly innovative projects, with a between multiple communities Europe is focus on communities, social innovations in a leading position. and empowerment. In fact a focus should focus at community empowerment Applications to support participation through use of the actual and future During the session there was a lot of potentials of ICTs. emphasis on results by existing projects. Some examples are: A particular problem towards the design • TASC: to develop and evaluate com­ of 1ST products and services is that it is puter support for people with cogni­ focused at large groups, and early tive disabilities, a growing group adopters {innovators). In this way these

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 39 products and services often need to be redesigned to become useful for user with specific requirements. This is not trivial: today up to 25% of the population are critical users, having special requirements due to age, disability, or temporary handi­ cap.

When design considers from the outset a design for all concept, products for users with specific needs become as affordable as for others: thus reducing the gap of inequality. For instance the ADA legislation in USA requires manufacturers to design for all user groups.

Of course the stimulation of Digital TV offers new opportunities: its adoption will "open" the wired world to many people that would be hesitant to use or buy a PC.

Available technologies and a pos1t1ve approach by governments will bring the IS Rapporteur: Maarten Batterman in reach of everyone ... who wants to par­ Speakers: ticipate. Chairperson: Eero Riikonen (FI) • Gunnar Fagerberg (S), Senior Adviser at the Swedish Handicap Institute, President of the AAATE : Telematic applications supporting cognition • Dr Geert Freyhoff (B), Project Manager of ILSMH European Association : Access of persons with learning disability to Information and Communication Technologies • Elizabeth Kampmann Hansen (DK), Deputy Director of the Danish Centre for Technical Aids for Rehabilitation and Education : Making daily life easier for older per­ sons: Providing information on assistive devices to older persons using new, multi-media applications • Dr Maune Konttinen (FI), Deputy Director General at Stakes: Towards seamless chains of care and cure • Dr Eero Riikonen (FI), Development Manager in Rehabilitation Foundation, Co-ordinator of European Inspiration Society Network : The European Mental Health Agenda and the telematics of m~ntal health pro­ motion • Kristiina Sunell (FI), Benefon, Western Europe and mem­ ber of the MORE DE-3006 project team : Freedom of mobility for all • Artur Serra (S), Anthropologist, Co-ordinator of the Centre for Internet Applications, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya: Community networking and new commu­ nity health care systems: Complementarities in the digi­ tal society Commission Contact: Manuel Monteiro ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 40 Internet Governance

Lawrence Lessig, Professor at Harvard Main issues raised Law School, recently asserted "We have The challenges of Internet governance no problem of governance in cyberspace. The session discussed the challenges cre­ We have a problem with governanceSee ated by a medium which is instantly local Policies,. Politics & Governance." It seems and instantly global, creating challenges to that was a long time ago. Internet and understanding, regulation and enforce­ Governance are now two notions that are ment. It has had a culture of consensus inevitably linked. The modern convergence and self-regulation, which is now being of values, concepts and usage, supported challenged by its growth and prospective by digital contents, has found its territory economic impact. It is changing so fast on Internet. that it demands a governance structure that can also change rapidly. There is wide It is fair to say that over the past few agreement that it should remain a private­ years, the Internet has developed a para­ sector phenomenon, yet government has a digm of economics and politics in itself. It key role to play - even if, according to justifies growth, wealth and employment. It some in the US administration, that should tends to shape modern democracy. In only involve the US government. The short, the web plus adequate software and extension of US concepts of the primacy hardware equals e-business. But the of market forces into a global context Internet has also increased a feeling of leads als·o to friction and disagreement. uncertainty and complexity for trade, investment and commerce. Traditional The workings of ICANN policies for public affairs are blurred as The session was presented with a descrip­ well as the former frontier between pri­ tion of the structure and procedures of vate and public instruments and the confi­ ICANN, the US-based authority which is dence in co-operation for information responsible for co-ordinating the global exchanges. What will be the rules for administration of Internet names, IP num­ Internet, if any? bers and IP port and parameter numbers. There was particular emphasis placed on It is therefore essential to consider what the fact that ICANN has no power other are the main paths and basic principles for than its mandate to create and implement the deployment of the Internet world­ consensus policies. It is a bottom-up wide. The session reflected on the pend­ organisation driven by its members, in the ing issues of Internet infrastructure and private sector and has an advisory com­ architecture, international guidance for its mittee of governmental representatives. It management, competition for the Domain was pointed out that this latter arrange­ Name System, availability and fair distribu­ ment is a reversal of the usual regulatory tion of IP addresses, evolution of IP proto­ model, although one governmental repre­ cols, global openness, and more. sentative present pointed out that it was also illusory, since governments could step Thus, in the light of the decisions to be in and legislate at any time. The French taken by ICANN (Internet Corporation representative paid tribute to ICANN as for Assigned Names and Numbers) and its useful and innovative. related Councils, supported by industry, users and governments world-wide, it will The role of regulation be possible to envisage how research and The French representative discussed the industry for the Information Society could role of regulation on the Internet, and support a stable, yet progressive and described the French concept of "co-regu­ potentially truly international Internet. lation". Their view is that both more self-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 41 regulation and more public regulation will demonstrated that the issues excite enor­ be required. The Internet cannot be con­ mous interest, and that many have a con­ sidered an unregulated environment, since tribution to make. existing laws do apply to the Internet, often inappropriately; hence new, more At the session, Mr Wilkinson of the appropriate law is required. In addition, European Commission indicated that he conflicting interests are now arising on the would create and operate a mailing list Internet, in contrast to the communitarian and a panel of participants on the subject, approach of the early Internet culture. and this is an initiative to encourage. Such conflicts, relating for example to There is clearly a great thirst for informa­ trademarks, false rumours, protection of tion, and other dissemination techniques children etc. require guaranteed means to should be studied in order to encourage a protect rights and litigate to do so. The more inclusive debate throughout Europe. importance of litigation as a means to defend and enforce rights was emphasised, A clear policy imperative emerged, related although panel discussion also highlighted to the speed at which Europe can act on the inevitable difference in approach such matters. In an environment in which between countries with different legal sys­ whole new commercial phenomena can tems, in which litigation plays different arise in under a year, the traditional EU roles. approach to regulation, with its structured two-year cycles, is no longer sustainable. The role of the United States The role of the United States was Specific action points that emerged during addressed from a number of perspectives. the session related to the role of "Star On the one hand, the Policy Director of Tap", which in future, it was suggested, ICANN emphasised that ICANN, although would concentrate control over the glob­ a US-registered organisation, is not con­ al Internet in the US. Whilst the CEC is structed as an instrument of American aware of this issue, it clearly needs to be power, even if he conceded that the views addressed with some clarity. of the US Government are of particular significance at present. This was accepted and supported by the French representa­ tive. On the other hand, there was con­ cern raised during questions from the floor about US policy on Internet inter­ connect pricing and on the US-centric domination of "Star Tap" in Chicago (which excited as much confusion as con­ cern amongst those present). The Australian representative sought an end to the bilateral character of the Washington­ Rapporteur: Andrew Bud Brussels dialectic, pointing out that now Speakers: all nations are stakeholders in Internet Chairperson: Paul Twomey (AUS), CEO of the National governance. Office for the Information Economy, Chair of the Governmental Advisory Committee of ICANN, Australia Conclusions • Mr Joe Sims (USA), General Counsel of ICANN and Future Directions • Dr Pekka Tarjanne (FI), V-P Oxygen, former Secretary- General of ITU It was clear that the issue of Internet gov­ • J-N Trone (F), Adviser to Prime Minister ernance is of primary importance and Commission contacts: concern to the Information Society and to Richard Delmas ([email protected]) all its stakeholders in Europe. The session Christopher Wilkinson (ch ri stop her. wi lki nson@cec. eu. i nt)

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 42 1-Piay, You-Play

Just ask any 12-year old what he likes to do in his spare time, and you'll almost cer­ tainly hear the word "Nintendo" or "Piaystation". But what makes a box of technology amusing? And, equally impor­ tant, how will the evolving answers to that question change the way in which we work with technology? How can we use technology in our leisure time? How can we use technology to make our leisure time more enjoyable, with more emphasis on the useful realities? To provoke insight and debate, the panel assembled people with a variety of views on technology and play.

John Browing, Editor of Wired magazine, was the moderator of this session. Wired is a leading new technologies magazine, which makes technology fun. It has intro­ duced us to exciting and new products and services. It aims to change the 'nerdy' image of technology into something we can enjoy. Whether it is a discussion on a related toys {including radio control by new microprocessor or an insight into a software of model aeroplanes and trains), major player, their articles look at the software controlled gadgets and devices lighter side of things and make reading and much more. Combine this with the enjoyable. internet and you get short wave radio on the internet (just type in the frequency of The "I Play, You Play" session had, as its that radio station, and you get sound via core, the use of technology for leisure. In the computer's audio port), as well as fact, judging by store fronts, one would Internet chat, video phones, web cameras think that technology is ONLY for leisure, to see what the world looks like and much what with the proliferation of computer more. game titles, games which are many steps beyond the Pacmans or Space Invaders of 'I Play, You Play' looked at these issues and yesteryear. See the success a game like saw how we use the internet to entertain Tomb Raider has had in structuring today's ourselves in ways previously the domain of culture, or that the Star Wars Episode science fiction. One game was available before the film came out, and you see that leisure is a Main issues raised major part of business today. Combine The most powerful learning can take place such a market with the internet and you through playing games, where the individ­ get multiplayer games, real time and ual can interact and explore possibilities. excitement that beat most amusement It contrasts with traditional teaching, parks in 'bang for the buck.' which can be described as pouring content into people's heads. Leisure however is not limited by games. Leisure includes pastimes such as chess, Playing on computers has been charac­ checkers, educational software, hobby terised as anti-social, because it did not

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 43 involve interaction with others. Now it is nology? We all have prejudices on this possible for multiple players to play the subject, but are these adequate substitutes same game simultaneously, providing an for user involvement? If children are given even richer learning environment. the tools, they will use them in unexpect­ ed ways, so it could be valuable to involve IT users in general and children in partic­ them in the design of the tools. While ular can be creative users of technology, some of the panel strongly favoured a finding ways to use it that its designers did large role here for children, members of not envisage. IT therefore needs to be the audience were less supportive, sug­ designed in consultation with users, even if gesting there were already too many pres­ they are children. sures on teaching, without changing schools into computer laboratories. Teachers can be a barrier to learning using computer games. In some cases this is To use computer based games to teach because they are reluctant to embrace adults, it was observed that computer sim­ new technology. In other cases, this is ulations needed much more extensive because they don't appreciate how cre­ content and environment models if they ative children can be in adapting the tech­ were to be effective. nology. Conclusions and Future Directions Some of the benefits of IT in learning had long been demonstrated in playing chess. Computers and the Internet allowed play­ ers to readily find competitors (human or electronic) of similar standards, to find teachers, and to locate specific games and news in the field of interest. Some recent developments had been aimed at young children. One example is the CitySpace website, a virtual city envi­ ronment built collaboratively by children, educators and media artists across the Internet. The project invites young people to share stories, pictures, sounds and 3D models of their own creation, and to assemble them into a navigable, three­ dimensional city model.

Another example is KidPad, a shared whiteboard for storytelling. This supports multiple mice. Initially, sharing leads to "scribble wars", and then to division of the Rapporteur: Paul Drath whiteboard into individual territories. Speakers: Eventually, children see items of interest in Moderator: John Browning IUSA), Wired Magazine each other's territory and begin to collab­ • Coco Conn IUSA), Cityspace.org orate in the development of a story. • Murray CampbeiiiUSA), IBM, Creator of Deep Blue Developments such as these threw up the • John Thackara INL), Netherlands Design Institute question: what should the role of children Commission Contact: be in the design of this educational tech- Peter Vekinis [email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 44 PLENARY DEBATE The Ambient Network Recent technological advances have paved Main issues raised the way for the emergence of a host of new consumer devices, which look set to Wired's post-Mcluhan paradigm oust the PC from its status as the univer­ Marshall Mcluhan said that "the medium is sal computing device. the message". This was true as long as the medium constrained the message. Now The proliferation of affordable, powerful mobility and Internet remove those con­ and compact microprocessors has enabled straints, embedding information into peo­ our computing needs to be embedded in ple's lives. Wired believe that in future, the devices which can be handheld, have more message will not be constrained by band­ specific functionality than the PC and width but by "band-depth" - how well all above all, offer ease of use. These devices this information is linked together. also offer connectivity, thanks to the ubiq­ uity of high speed networks. It is forecast SUN's view that within the coming years there will be SUN takes the view that ubiquity of net­ billions of 'networked information devices' work access and network functionality will - taking the form of smart-cellular phones, change the focus from connectivity to ser­ Internet screen phones, palmtop comput­ vice. Mobile phones, key locks, even intel­ ers, network computers, to mention but a ligent signet rings will be nodes on the few- answering our day-to-day computing network. SUN promotes the use of their and connectivity needs. JINI protocol as the service discovery and provisioning infrastructure in this JAVA­ The story does not end here. With the powered world. Their view is that in two advent of software interconnection tech­ years the term "e-business" will be forgot­ nologies, some companies are looking to a ten: there will be e-business or no busi­ future where embedded computing power ness. will not only mask the complexity of the network and networked devices, but will Symbion's view allow devices to interact and share Symbian believes that the creation of new resources via the network. According to services will depend upon the creation of this vision, a device can adapt or enhance self-fulfilling prophecies - in other words, its functionality by hooking up with ser­ that new mobile services will be market­ vices - applications, storage, compute­ ing-driven, rather than demand-led. To power - on the network. In one scenario, facilitate this, they look at the role of ter­ a mobile phone can become a 'tape­ minal hardware in the commercial value recorder' by enlisting the services of a chain, and conclude that the opportunities disc on the network. In another, informa­ for advertising-driven business models are tion or data residing on remote devices so huge that mobile devices will soon be can be accessed and made available via the given away. Content-driven value will tend network to Web clients for e-business. to substitute for connectivity value as the cost of bandwidth declines. From the perspectives of companies with diverse but key technology offerings in A/catel's view this arena, The Ambient Network session Alcatel described the evolution to a new aimed to review technological, economic service provider architecture for the pro­ and marketing issues to be considered visioning of more intelligent services. This before the vision of pervasiveSee Ambient attacked head-on the challenges of imple­ computing power and ubiquitous network menting a greater variety of terminals, a connectivity can be realised. It examined range of connectivity options, and a great­ the implications for the way devices and ly increased quantity of information. systems are conceived and constructed Complex new systems will be required to (what components can be 'put out' on the support integration, service negotiation, network?), for the evolution of the greater accessibility and ubiquitous usability. networking infrastructure (when can we expect 'consumerised' network access and Ericsson's view services?), and for business, consumers The central issue raised by Ericsson was and citizens in general. that the key to devices becoming intelli-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 45 gent network elements would be the cre­ ual providers appropriate percentages ation of excellent user interfaces, to give of value from the service chain will people real control. The VCR was cited as have to emerge. an example of capability without control, • Ubiquitous usability, universal accessi­ and mobile manufacturers will have to do bility, negotiation and integration are better. Ericsson believe that Bluetooth key to any network devices. and the networking of things will actually • The negotiation between devices can be more important than mobile access to be transparent to users. the Internet. • The content for Internet took years to develop. It was pre-print physics IBM's view papers to start with. It will take some The future of ambient networking does time for content to emerge for not lie with any one killer application, devices. although it may pass through such a dom­ • WAP will be important in Europe. Web inant application during its early growth. will be important in the US. The analogy was drawn with electricity, • Everything is not going to be paid by which is today ubiquitous but has no the end user. New revenue models longer a single killer application. This will emerge. ubiquity will occur when general-purpose • Killer applications of the future might solutions fragment into specialised solu­ be: general access to the Web, access tions, if necessary migrating complexity to real time information, transactions, into the network, so that applications devices that let you do things in become sources of convenience not com­ between, local information and unified plexity to people. When challenged by directory services. Intel to consider whether customer con­ trol, rather than network centricity will Clearly, ambient environments is a com­ not remain the preferred model, the plex area and requires effort from a wide speaker noted his lack of success in variety of players and disciplines - business attempting to convince his wife to use a models, marketing, architecture, industrial Swiss Army knife in the place of all domes­ design, sociology, ethnography and so on. tic cutlery! Realising the vision requires effort at mul­ tiple levels in multiple forums. Conclusions and Future Directions The session went beyond the PC and the Web. The panellists covered a number of Rapporteurs: Andrew Bud (Main issues) & Raghu Kolli areas and presented a picture that is com­ (Conclusions and Future Directions) plex, unpredictable and inevitable in a way. Speakers: There is no hype nor 'we have got it right' Opening: George Metakides, Director, Essential solutions. The issues that emerged for an Information Society Technologies and Infrastructures, European Commission, Information Society Directorate ambient network are : General • Each player tends to see the playing Moderator: John Browning (US), Wired Magazine field from their own perspective. A • Hellmuth Broda (CH), Sun Microsystems, Chief user experiences the whole environ­ Technologist Europe: Enabling Pervasive Services ment - the result of non-collaborative • Steen Thygesen (UK), Symbion, Vice President, or part collaborative effort by many Business Development: The Wireless Tsunami - what to players. The experiences of users vary expect where mobile communications and the Internet widely. How can the individual players converge understand the total experience of • Alain Bravo (F), Alcatel, Technical Director, Alcatel Group : Ubiquitous Networking Intelligence the user ? • Bernt Ericson (S), Ericsson, Vice President, Research and • To build an end-to-end service, a num­ Innovations: From Embedded Computers to Intuitive ber of players need to work together Services on a technology and information • Mark Bregman (US), IBM, General Manager, Pervasive infrastructure which is emerging and Computing: Pervasive Computing: When Computers not necessarily mature. Disappear • The business models for how individ- Commission Contact: Colette Maloney ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 46 Sustainable e-nvironment

This workshop presented and discussed opportunities for information society technologies in support of sustainable development. A review and assessment of uses of environmental 1ST services for monitoring and management purposes, in support of an open and democratic soci­ ety and as efficient tools in economic activities and decision making took place. Encouragement to foster interaction and enable affective dialogue among researcher, industry, policy makers and stakeholders, and agents of social change toward sustainability. The aim was to high­ light emergent technological innovations and their potential implications for enhancing trajectories toward sustainabili­ ty, and address the importance of realising Sustainable IS through local initiatives and citizen participation. • The European Union's adoption of Sustainable Development as its guid­ The workshop also focused on environ­ ing principle via the Treaty of mental dimensions of sustainable develop­ Amsterdam is perceived as very ment and the interactions between envi­ important and a sign of leadership in ronmental factors and the information the area. society technologies in different socio­ • Sustainable Development can only be economic and cultural contexts. achieved if the decision process is Among the perspectives that were high­ open and accessible to everybody. The lighted are: decision process, which needs to • market perspective on environmental involve many different stakeholders information services and address environmental, techno­ • "best practice" for today's environ­ economic and socio-cultural issues mental information services simultaneously, is very complex and • relationships between sustainable needs to be supported by 1ST. development and 1ST • Policy development will have a • futures perspective for sustainable e­ stronger impact on Sustainable nvironment and development Development than development of performance indicators. Main issues raised • The 1ST-sector has many characteris­ The chairman presented the context via tics of unsustainability. It has the statements and issues such as: potential to contribute to the • Sustainable Development is far more Sustainable Development of other than environment protection: the con­ sectors, but this is insufficiently used. cept was developed to address simul­ taneously the two global problems of In an overview from a Commission official a too high pressure on the environ­ of 5th FP activities related to Sustainable ment and an increasing gap between Development, and specifically of the 1ST the Northern and the developing program and its environmental 1ST appli­ countries. cations, it was underlined that::

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 47 • Sustainable Development is not yet tion Environmental Pressure = thoroughly implemented in the 5th FP. Population * Consumption per capita • There is a potential for 1ST to con­ * (Inefficiency of) Technology. This tribute to Sustainable Development. implies that, if one wishes to reduce • There is a need to discuss, to set focus global environmental pressure by a and to integrate actions in support of factor 2 and, simultaneously, obtain Sustainable Development. The 1ST the present Northern standard of liv­ program could foster such integra­ ing for the entire (then doubled) tion. world population, technological effi­ ciency increases are needed by a fac­ The workshop was structured into two tor 20 to 50. These can not be main themes. For each, invited speakers obtained by extrapolation of present gave short presentations, followed by dis­ trends, but demand "technology­ cussions. Under the first theme: "Is there leapfrogging"; an emerging market for environmental • The 'rebound effect' (the beneficial information services?" issues brought up potential of a new 1ST development is were: outweighed by large-scale new appli­ cations) is a reality; • 1ST services are necessary for the • Today the Sustainable Development long-term monitoring of the environ­ concept is primarily driven by legisla­ ment; tion and institutional (non enforced) • 1ST services are necessary to imple­ conventions, concepts for other, mar­ ment Disaster Management; ket driven incentives should be devel­ • Remote-sensing information is an oped; essential tool for sustainable environ­ • Insufficient methods and instruments mental management are available to "set peoples' mind"; • Telecom Operators have an important • The enlargement of EU offers a unique role to play in support of the environ­ opportunity to reconsider Sustainable ment, as manifested by the ETNO Development and environmental poli­ (European Telecoms and Network cies and their implementation. Operators) Group Environmental Charter. Moreover, they can assist in The workshop ended with a presentation the development of a more sustain­ of an initiative for strategic partnership able society, because their products and global networking for sharing of infor­ and services contribute to dematerili­ mation related to Sustainable sation of other products and services. Development. Issues raised were:

For the second theme: "What are the rela­ • The importance of globalization and tionships between Sustainable strategic partnership; 1ST should be Development and 1ST?" issues presented better utilized as a strategic domain and discussed were: for policy reflections and develop­ ment; • There is a conflict between environ- • Networking must address the prob­ mental and social Sustainable lems caused by information overload Development aspects; and different languages; whereas • The gap between have and have-nots is knowledge is power, the power of increasing; knowledge is to be better exploited • It is not clear how to study interde- and distributed. pendencies between 1ST and Sustainable Development; • Sustainable Development interdepen­ dencies can be explained by the equa-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 48 Conclusions and Future Teledemocracy pilots, such as in various Directions - 1ST-related the Government-on-Line initiatives, or noise maps at the finger tips of each citi­ Environmental information services, both zen. The 1ST-sector should address its in monitoring and data provision as well as inherent unsustainability, inter alia via management (decision support), are con­ longer lifetime of its products, standardis­ sidered as having emerging markets in ation, upgrading and repair facilities, reuse public administrations and industries. and recycling. Citizens and NGOs also request environ­ mental services, although it is unlikely that Information Society Technologies and they are prepared to pay for them. The Sustainable Development are trends that availability of environmental information are both forcefully promoted by most services for the citizens should be nations. However, their relationships and addressed in a context of 1ST and impacts on one another are not well Sustainable Development. Accurate and understood. There is an urgent need for timely environmental information, relevant research in this area, particularly to under­ for the individual citizen, should become a stand mutual impacts and interdependen­ normal public commodity. cies between 1ST and Sustainable Development and to minimise the risk of There is a need for strong alliances adverse effects. between industry, the public sector, The need for interdisciplinary research in NGOs, citizens, consumer groups and the area as well as for socio-economic and research institutions, in the development cultural studies is generally agreed. An of environmental information services. example of suggested research concerns New information architectures need to be issues related to eco-rating of products developed, to integrate local and regional and services. Various efforts to study the information and services, taking into Sustainable Information Society have been account different spatial and temporal done in EU countries. However, they have scale. The importance of open systems and remained "remote islands of knowledge" standards for data and its quality needs to and concerted actions on such activities be stressed should be initiated. Major challenges for environmental infor­ mation services are systems compatibility Sustainable Development issues are cov­ and appropriate user interfaces; these ered explicitly as well as implicitly in dif­ parts are often inadequately developed ferent parts of the SthFP and the 1ST pro­ and addressed in research, but are crucial gramme. There is a need for integration to a successful development and take-up and for cross-programme actions related of the services. to Sustainable Development, that should be addressed in future FP 1ST actions. New Actions to approach peoples' mind-setting areas for 1ST support of Sustainable in relation to Sustainable Development Development should be investigated and should be identified. Such actions should appropriate actions initiated. be based on more interactions rather than on more information, e.g. by bringing key Conclusions and Future stakeholders together under 1ST support measures. Directions - Policy related There are two major trends in the last R&D should address citizens as pro-active decade of the 20th century that will actors for realising Sustainable strongly influence our life in the 21st. Development, that have to be supported These are the Information Society by 1ST tools, especially tools for interac­ Technologies and the increasing con­ tion and decision support. Examples are sciousness for Sustainable Development. It

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 49 is believed that Information Society Technologies can help realise a sustainable society. However, the rebound effect is considered as a reality and may outweigh this 1ST potential.

Legislation and ( eco-) taxation are seen as the current main driving forces for Sustainable Development. There is a need for a larger framework for the use of nat­ ural resources that includes legislation and taxation. At the same time, the mind-set­ ting of people in relation to Sustainable Development is considered as equally important.

The enlargement of the EU offers an opportunity for Sustainable Development, because the situation is bad and many actions are needed. The ongoing transition Rapporteur: Eva lindecrona, European Commission in Central and Eastern Europe presents a Speakers: window of opportunities for impact on Chairperson: Prof. G. Vonkeman (Nl), Institute voor peoples' mind-setting as well as for imple­ Europees Milieubeleid: Sustainable Development - a mentation of cost-effective 1ST tools in challenge for 1ST support of Sustainable Development. • Wolfgang Boch, Head of Unit, European Actions suggested for approaching peo­ Commission, Information Society Directorate ples mind-setting and awareness of General: 1ST-Environment and Sustainable Sustainable Development should be initi­ Development R&D in the 5th framework programme ated and specifically tailored to the • Maurizio Cecchi (1), Telecomltalia: Environmental enlargement process. 1ST tools: a business for Telecom Operators? • Einar-Arne Herland (FI), Tekes, Best practice of Particular attention is needed for the today's environmental information services developing countries. The potential of 1ST • Sergio Vizzari (F), Matra Systems & Information: should be used to reduce rather then to Geospatial Infrastructure & Services for widen the already existing gap with the DisasterManagement : a viable market perspective North. Moreover, the South can only • Dr Thomas Schauer (D), FAW, Ulm: 1ST and become a market for 1ST from the Sustainable Development - Chances and Illusions moment its population is (1ST) literate and • Jernej Stritith (HUN), Regional Environment Centre, has access to required infrastructure. Szentendere: Ways in which 1ST can support sus­ tainable development in Central and Eastern Europe. • Dr Auli Keskinen (FI), Ministry of Environment, Finland: Joint interests of Sustainable Development and information Society • Anders Wijkman, MEP: The synergy between Sustainable Development and the IT revolution • Prof. Nazil Choucri (USA), MIT: Strategic Partnerships with Multilingual Functionality for Globalisation and localisation. Commission Contacts: Eva lindencrona ([email protected]), Wolfgang Boch ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report so Activity Afoot? (Networked Europe)

Active Networking refers to the addition prevailing network constraints by the net­ of user-controllable computing capabilities work to optimise the user experience. to data networks, which allows computa­ Active networking as a response to the net­ tion to happen within networks as data work management explosion passes through nodes (e.g., modifying, Modern IP networks are so complex that storing, or redirecting the data). The net­ it is already impossible to manage them work elements (switches, routers) per­ fully. Large amounts of status information form computations on user data that pass­ must be thrown away or ignored. The es between nodes, moreover the compu­ problem will explode when active net­ tation may be performed in response to a working allows producers and consumers (application-specific) programme supplied of information to mount applications and by the user. policies directly into the network at their discretion. Future large networks will be The expected impact of active networking simply unmanageable unless new is in accelerating innovation of the net­ approaches are found. work infrastructure. The key lies in the fact that by decoupling hardware and soft­ Such an approach, supported by 5th ware innovations, new protocols can be Framework RTD, was described by one deployed in existing equipment. In mobile speaker, involving the delegation of man­ communications where the nodes associ­ agement tasks to each node, according to ated with devices (e.g., mobile phones) are a policy-based approach. Each node constantly on the move (as callers and autonomously monitors and notifies receivers change location), active net­ events, according to detailed policies. The works could greatly simplify call routing network operator then administers poli­ management. Its major selling point may cies and notifications, rather than network be to add flexibility to the network with­ states. Implementation of this technique out compromising its scalability. might appear in the network in five years.

Main issues raised Beyond this, a more speculative approach Active networking as a response to the con­ exists, based upon a study of biological tent explosion ecologies, which are highly reactive and As sources of information on the Internet self-stabilising without requiring cen­ multiply, so the number of simultaneous tralised control. Simple working models feeds to a user will increase. Multicast will of network control have been based upon increase the number of feeds originating the functional model of the bacteriophage, from a single source. Also the richness of showing prom1smg behaviour. information feeds will increase as video Implementation of this method is ten becomes increasingly common. This will years away. place hugely increasing strain on the net­ work - strain that is inherently unneces­ Architectural Approaches to Implementing sary, because at the edge of the network is Active Networks a human being whose capacity to perceive Several papers highlighted the challenges and to generate information is actually of implementing active networks, including very limited. The solution will be to safety and security. These are partly archi­ reflect those limitations ever further back tectural issues. Architectures can range into the network, by filtering information from the rigid, where nodes are pre­ feeds, inside active network nodes, as near loaded with certain application-specific to their origin as possible. Examples of programmes, to the anarchic, where net­ this were given in several papers, showing work packets themselves carry node-exe­ how video streams could be adapted to cutable code. One speaker outlined a pro-

1ST 99 Conference Final Report s 1 posed architecture which addresses the In particular, floor discussion raised the safety and security issues. Using a net­ idea of developing hardware implementa­ work of managed programme servers, it tions of virtual machines for compiling or combines the flexibility to rapidly update running specialised Active Networking lan­ node programmes, with the security pro­ guages like PLAN-P. This excited interest vided by centralised control and distribu­ amongst those present, and should per­ tion of code. haps be encouraged by RTD support.

Programming Approaches to Implementing The use of biological metaphors for net­ Active Networks work management is an extremely inter­ Similar challenges of security, safety and, esting idea, receiving relatively few particularly, performance must be also resources. The Commission should addressed by the technology used to pro­ review whether this should be encouraged gramme the node itself. If network users by explicit RTD focus. can themselves programme nodes, the risks include such code crashing or locking the node, creating storms of network traf­ fic or swallowing all passing traffic, or slowing the node down to a bottleneck. One speaker described how the use of a very specific language (PLAN-P) for such code could automatically exclude these risks. To function securely, only the source can be distributed, implying the slow per­ formance of an interpreted language. The speaker proposed a solution to this, based on a Just-in-Time compiler, delivering in tests a performance only 5% slower than compiled C code.

First steps Most of the discussion dwelt on research work. However, one speaker described early experience with a middleware-con­ trolled prototype intelligent network. This addresses some of the basic architectural precursors to Active Networking, such as the separation of network services from Rapporteur: Andrew Bud network infra-structure. Speakers: Chairperson: Nelu Mihai (USA), Director Network Systems, IP Technologies, AT&T labs: Conclusions Commercial Use of Active Networks and Future Directions • Jonathan M. Smith (USA), Professor, Distributed Systems This is clearly an important area, already lab, University of Pennsylvania: Directions in Active supported by the Fifth Framework pro­ Networks • lan Marshall (UK), Senior Engineer, BT labs: Network gramme. However, the number of con­ Management tributors and partiCipants at the • Gilles Muller (F), Charge de Recherche, IRISA/INRIA: Workshop rather implies that it is receiv­ Active Network Programming ing insufficient attention. The impact of • Bernhard Plattner (CH), Professor, ETH Zuerich: Active Active Networking upon all aspects of the Network Nodes Information Society is likely to be so great Commission Contacts: that it deserves more focus. Roman Tirler ([email protected]) Merce Griera I Fisa ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 52 What Future for Employment?

Unemployment figures in Europe grew The session presented the latest views on steadily during the 70-s, 80-s and early 90- employment strategies in the context of s., Since 1997 a modest decline has start­ the Information Society, both presented by ed to take place, and the average figure government representatives and industry. dropped from I 0.8% in February 1997 to It was capped off by the Strategic vision of 9.3 in July 1999.This EU-15 figure does not the so called "Gillenhammer report" and show the huge difference across Europe, the latest work of the European ranging from 2.8 % unemployment in Commission, in preparation for the Luxembourg and 3.3% in The Netherlands European Summit that took place in to almost 16% in Spain. Helsinki shortly after the 1ST Conference.

Many jobs still disappear every day, mainly Main issues raised in the industry sector. But new jobs, often Moving from Employment to Employability. in new sectors, often requiring new skills, Employable people do not need to be are now making up for the losses. These without work: unemployed people can be new jobs are mainly in the service sector, trained effectively to become employable. and most of them are flexible in terms of A change of learning and education system contract and work scheme (EWON is crucial, and both employers, employees report, March 1999, Labour). and government need to collaborate in this, since: a large part of the population The countries best fighting unemployment does not have a fixed job, and, on the are those that manage to match flexible other hand, investment in modern 1ST labour supply and demand better, thus skills are investments that cannot be pro­ achieving more competitive economies. tected/ This is reflected, for instance, by the Davos World Ranking of Competitive Nations, Innovation is the key driver to growth, is the now led by The Netherlands. key driver to employment. Without innovation of your organisation These developments go hand in hand with you will loose competitive edge, and will the shift towards the Information Society, not be able to provide the stake holders partly, but very visibly, typified by the what they can get elsewhere. Without uptake of new technologies. Some indica­ innovation of your products and services tors, according to a Eurobarometer you will loose your market, because oth­ Survey by the end of 1998: ers will offer better products and services at lower prices, at some stage. • rapid growth in numbers of users of Internet at home (8% EU average, Flexible methods of working are key for ranging from 19% in Germany to 40% in Sweden) any organisation; many have experienced • integration of PC's in households (31% this. The session included some reports EU average ranging from 12% in from major players on experiences (how Greece to 60% in The Netherlands) to, and: leads to what), and on plans from • rapid adoption of GSM phones for pri­ other major organisations to introduce it. vate use (30% EU average, ranging SME's collaborate effectively in networks from 19% in Germany to 60% and in order to become full service providers. higher in Sweden and Finland) Conclusions & Future Directions The introduction of new technology In business, a PC is now the norm, and e­ seems to affect the number of personnel mail is dominant, with the availability of negatively, except for ICT technology: Internet access, according to the SPEC­ more investment seems to lead to more TRUM ICT Survey 1998. employment, here. The countries with the

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 53 highest investments in ICT are those with tools have been developed over the last the lowest number of unemployed. Today years that drasticly improve the relation­ any invention or idea has only comparative ship between customers and suppliers. value. In order to keep your customers How dramatic the change is may be best you need to keep on improving your prod­ reflected in a quote from Andy Groves uct/service. Ongoing innovation has (Intel): "In 5 years there will not be any become a vital necessity. internet companies because they will all be internet companies - or they will not Hanne Shapiro introduced a new abbrevi­ be companies at all." In order to create ation for learning in the digital Age; ICT: employment it is necessary to create enterprises first. For enterprises to be Intelligence competitive one needs low cost broad­ Imagination band telecommunications services. This Innovation requires ongoing efforts of the European Creativity Commission to promote the necessary Communication unbundling of the local loop. For today's Competence organisation of work it is important to Turbulence think Activity, not Place. In the liberalised Trust telecommunication sector reduction of Transformation cost is now crucial. BT has taken the chal­ lenge to do so by reduction of Cost of The information society is not just about Property by 40% in 2 years. Flexibility in highways and infrastructures: it should be work organisation is crucial in order to be about how it HELPS to be on-line: how do able to respond to the needs for changing we learn there, how do we navigate in that working patterns. People want it, it can space. And ... where is the fun. Initiatives reduce the impact of business on the envi­ are to be put in place in which people can ronment, and lead to a cost reduction. experience what participation in the virtu­ Technology is there today to facilitate this, al space can be about (e.g the "virtual and cannot be ignored. For this reason BT dancing tent"!). launched Options2000: a programme aim­ ing at enriching the quality and variety of The Finnish Workplace Development pro­ work settings. A key element is home gramme is proactively promoting the working (working from home), of course improvement of the quality of working life on a voluntary basis. For this technology is in both enterprises and government bod­ put in place, and dedicated furniture is ies. The Programme funds consultants to made available. For the tele/home workers assist companies in implementing new a dedicated helpdesk is put in place, in workplace organisation and technologies. order to assist when problems with the It is based on the belief that boosting technology occur. In addition a flexible workplace change leads to boosting inno­ working surround is created in the office, vation leads to economic growth and leads which include touch down places for visi­ to more jobs. The learning organisation is tors, and hot desking for an increasingly key in this Programme. Up to today more large part of the workers. then 45.000 people have been directly affected. All these concepts work and could only work on a "win-win-win" approach, taking The growing volume of supply act1v1ty, into account both the wishes of the indi­ caused by the trend towards outsourcing vidual, the family, the company, and the in large enterprises, allows newcomers to larger society. enter new markets. Although the number of SM Es with a real potential to become Deutsche Telekom is in the process of system suppliers is quite small, networking developing quality standards for telework, SMEs can be quite effective. Methods and thus making it a "normal" form of working.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 54 Like in most enterprises, this is mainly What lessons were learned: based on "alternating telework". Once the • Way of thinking is crucial standards are in place it is the intention to • Technical skills come second spread the concept rapidly throughout the • Personal attitude matters organisation. With the introduction of telework, which is is an ambivalent form of What will happen after the Millennium? employment; negative effects needs to be Despite the fact that most people were avoided, actively. In the pilot phase the specifically trained for "old" computer lan­ most important measure of success is the guages, most of current employees are fact that all participants basically are pre­ already integrated, the need in the market pared to proceed to next stage. is still growing. With a predicted shortage of 600.000 IT skilled people there will be As a former public institution France no problem whatsoever with integrating Telecom has undergone a dramatic change the others, and more. Main trends expect­ in ways of business and people over the ed in the sector: • The shift from process work to knowl­ last years. A big challenge was to keep edge everyone within the company: this • Internet will ask more "mainframe required the rapid moving of people from skills" many of the traditional activities to sun­ rise activities. A stimulus for doing so was A barrier for further development is the also that many of the required skills were ongoing integration of IT: investing in the not available on the market. Over 3 I 000 NT or Internet skills of your people people were re-deployed and retrained in makes your people become very employ­ 3 years, and I 0.000 people will move able ... anywhere. It is for this reason that towards target jobs in the next 3 years. these kind of investments should be seen 13.000 people were offered early retire- as a joint responsibility rather then that of ment, and 12.000 new (young people) the individual company. There is a role for were recruited. The "New jobs" reflect a "code of conduct" on training people, very much the full transformation from a and a clear role for public authorities for network operator towards a service deliv­ enabling current weak groups (handi­ erer. capped, long term unemployed, etc) to train. One speaker suggested public pri­ Unisys is one of those companies that vate partnerships as a logical way to deliv­ organised a specific training of unem­ er IT skills to the unemployed. ployed people to tackle the Millennium Bug. In order to overcome the huge short­ Policy conclusions to the debate included age of skills for coping with Y2000 prob­ the need for: lem it was decided to train non IT people. • Speed, quality and innovation in knowl­ Over the past few years over 130 unem­ edge production; ployed people trained: 73% succeeded in • Linkage between formal and informal reaching the level of competence needed. learning through the use of ICTs They are all employed now. And that is requires new concepts and models; • Training and (re-)skilling is a joint likely to proof to be sustainable on the responsibility of employers, employ­ longer term. More then 60% of these ees and government, and cannot be specifically trained people are now inte­ left to employers alone, since many grated in non Y2K teams. Most have people do not have a fixed employ­ learned a 2nd skill: QA and testing; domain ment relationship, and the cost of knowledge; NT skills. It was striking to see investment in 1ST skills cannot be pro­ that there were no differences in the tected;they are of value in any compa­ team, and all these people with such dif­ ny; • Accreditation of skills and competen­ ferent backgrounds were without prob­ cies: informal learning places are lems introduced in complex computing apparently becoming so much more important;

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 55 • Policy focus should change from employment to employability.

Joan Majo, chairman of the Information Society Forum workgroup on Work and Employment concluded the debate with the remark that employment development is in correlation with innovation. We should not only look at technical innova­ tion, but also at social innovation. The technologies and tools around us change much faster then our way of thinking. Therefore the limitations in development have become to be our mentalities, our current way of thinking.

We all agree that our society was organ­ ised along the lines of the industrial age. In these times there was a need for concen­ tration of capital and people, all at the same place, all at the same time. This changed dramatically the way our ances­ Rapporteur: Maarten Botterman tors used to live, and led to the way our Speakers: lives are organised, today. However, in the Moderator: Rick Hornik (UK), Business Editor Europe, Information Society we have to move bits Time Magazine instead of materials. This opens up many • John Kelly (IRL), Irish government official Dept. of new opportunities. Old restrictions are Enterprise, Trade and Employment Entrepreneurship pol­ not valid anymore, today. The relationship icy in Ireland- Presentation of the Irish Initiative between employer and employee used to • Hanne Shapiro (DK), Director of Competence and IT of be based on the employer renting time the Danish Technology Institute on the Danish National Initiatives towards Support of Life Long Learning: from the employee. This makes no sense in Adequate training, learning and education of the work­ the IS: labour relationships can no longer force in the Information Society. be based on this. We were used to accept­ • Dr Tuomo Alasoini (FI), Director of National Workplace ing the cycle for change of basic knowl­ Development Programme of the Finnish Ministry of edge to be longer then life: this is not the Labour, Labour Market Counsellor: Supporting change truth anymore. The emergence of the IS in work organisations has accelerated the replacement of knowl­ • Matti Salmenpera (FI), Finnish Ministry of Labour, edge to become much shorter now then Member of the European High Level Group; Strategies for Job opportunities in the Information: Innovations- the the cycle of replacing people. This affects core of employment and quality work the way we should design our educational Industry experts will present their views of the impact of institutions. There is a need to revolu­ technology on employment in the next Millennium. tionise our systems for education and • Sylvie Fauconnier, (F) France Telecom : Impact of new training, hand in hand with social innova­ technologies on the evolution of jobs and professional tion. practices. • Bruno Schroder (B), Unisys Belgium. Unisys organised a This revolutionising will be hindered by specific training of unemployed people to tackle the the fact that the people currently in power Millennium Bug :what will happen after the Millennium in our society are the product of their change times: the industrial age. This puts high • Dieter Seitz (D), Deutsche Telekom AG • Les S. Clarke (UK), Director Business services, British demands on their ability to understand Telecom: Think Activity, not Place- Flexible Working in today's change, and act to it. Practise . Commission Contact: Jacques Babot [email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 56 Dear Consumer, Trust Me!

The Internet opens up uncharted new Some people consider this a misuse of means of communicating, and will soon their personal data. change drastically the way we are living, working, doing business, banking and Transaction security is another major con­ more. The possibilities seem unlimited cern. Is the supplier really who he says he with the proper technological develop­ is? Can he be relied on to deliver? Will ments, the right legal and regulatory envi­ the product be the one ordered? Will the ronment, and, most importantly, the cor­ supplier receive payment? rect understanding of the consumers expectations and demands. Building trust Protection of intellectual property is a fur­ and confidence is the challenge for a full ther important problem, especially in the exploitation of the information society case of digital goods. These could include potentialities. music, books, COs and computer pro­ The nascent information society is already grams. How can illegal copying be pre­ challenging existing legislation and regula­ vented? tion. In many cases it is not obvious how to adapt or to change laws and rules, or Finally, there are questions of redress in how to introduce the appropriate new the event of a failure of the transaction. ones. Because of these uncertainties, con­ What are the contract terms? Where is sumers do not always have the necessary the supplier located? What system of law trust and confidence in "the rules of the governs the transaction (is it, for example, game" set up by the legal landscape. The the law of the country of the supplier or lack of such trust and confidence prevents the purchaser)? Who is responsible if an consumers from fully exploiting the infor­ intermediate distributor fails to make mation society potentialities. delivery? The development of the information soci­ ety heavily builds on advanced technolo­ Conclusions gies consumers are not expected to grasp, and Future Directions and still one expects them to have trust Few consumers trust transactions over and confidence in what they do not under­ the Internet. They might browse the web stand! to find product information, but then they The session addressed trust and confi­ buy in shops. The reason for this is lack of dence with the consumers as a focal point. trust, which here means "do without fear Issues covered included the question of of the consequences". A US survey iden­ privacy, the role of technology, the legisla­ tified loss of personal privacy as a greater tion and regulation, and consumer protec­ current concern than economic down­ tion. The speakers identified the various turn, racial tension and unemployment. A trust and confidence building require­ European source claimed that I 0% of ments and discussed the possible techni­ goods ordered over Internet failed to cal, legal, and regulatory solutions address­ arrive. Questions concerning trust and ing these requirements. confidence need to be resolved so that Main issues raised electronic commerce can realise its full potential. Protection of privacy is a major concern Not only does electronic purchasing need that might limit the uptake of electronic to be secure and confidential: it also needs commerce. Transactions usually require to be easy to use. The more complicated the provision of personal data, which can the process, the less likely the consumer is for example be linked with other data to to trust it. So user interface design is also establish a profile of a customer. This in important. turn can be used to sell different products.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 57 There are several approaches to address­ ing these problems: regulation; self-regula­ tion by the suppliers; education of con­ sumers; and technology. Self-regulation was considered to lack precedents that would give confidence that it would work. A survey of existing supplier web sites showed that more than 25% lacked an address, a similar number were unclear about the price of the products on sale. 73% lacked crucial contract terms, and 90% did not state which system of law would apply to a transaction. Consumer education had a history of failure: con­ sumers will spend little time to develop sufficient knowledge to match the exper­ tise of the supplier. Trustmark standards might have a role to play here. Technology can assist in increasing security of the transaction. But some technologies, such as the use of "cookies", can be used to track the behaviour of people, so invading their privacy. Other technologies, such as electronic cash cards, can be used in trans­ actions while preserving privacy. It might be useful to classify technologies as "priva­ cy enhancing" or "privacy invading". The general conclusion was that some form of regulation was required.

Rapporteur: Paul Droth Speakers: Chairperson: Gerard J. Nouweloerts IBJ • Marc Rotenberg IUSA), Electronic Privacy Information Center: No E-Commerce without E-Privocy • Ursula Pochl IBJ, The European Consumers' Organ isotion: • Consumer protection in the information society • Dominique Brouchet If), GIE Echongeur: Confusion doesn't help soles to boom Commission Contact: Jens Kristensen [email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 58 PLENARY DEBATE Policies for the Digital Age

Digital technologies, which can access, ronment which can't be controlled. transmit, copy and manipulate information Discrimination towards other ways of at ever-increasing speeds, pose new prob­ broadcasting would not be fair. It is also in lems for policy-makers. Public policy in this light that the role and mission of pub­ certain areas is being bypassed and made lic broadcasting should be reviewed: what redundant by technological developments. is the nature of public broadcasting, what In other contexts, the full or effective is the market failure and how can it be implementation of new technologies force rectified. Through calls for tender? or require regulatory or other policy and governance changes. Nowadays policies have to focus on con­ sumer protection, cross border interac­ In this session, representatives from lead­ tion, and acknowledging the existence and ing organisations, involved in developing, importance of different languages. Policies implementing, or integrating new tech­ should become more global, rather than nologies, illustrated how these technolo­ national, since borders do not limit broad­ gies have been affected by, or have them­ cast/service anymore. It was stated that: selves affected, policy. Speakers instrumen­ I. We would like policies to be made on tal in policy making reacted to the new national/European basis, but always with challenges, and presented options for a a global perspective future framework. This exploration of the 2. We would like to have removal of all technology/policy interface considered trade restrictions on security products, how policy-makers can best ensure that since this is hindering rolling out e-com­ the digital revolution is effectively exploit­ merce world wide, by hindering devel­ ed in Europe. opment of trust

Main issues raised Many of these restrictions on security The speaker from BskyB stated that Sky products are still dating from the cold war TV represents the new business in the age, and should now be left to the market. Digital Age. In a short time an enormous Trust is key: signatures that can be growth in additional television choice has exchanged in order to guarantee legal been taken place. Additional content cre­ binding should be enforceable, and, to ation is the priority here. Next is digital complicate matters, even more so in TV, which will allow you for instance to trans-border trade choose your own angle in a sports game, but also digital shopping. In the UK, free The Digital Citizen brings a different set of "Sky-boxes" are given to households on attitudes and expectations to society. The the condition that the telephone is con­ new generation expects customization nected to it, thus allowing interaction and options and wants to "try-before­ between TV advertiser and consumer. they-buy". Technology does not count, functionality counts. Change happens, but is often difficult to understand for regulators. The speed of A comparison of the models of gover­ change stimulates the creation of new nance :

rules, without enough emphasis on revis­ Industrial era Digital era ing or abandoning the old ones. As part of Democracy Representative, passive Participatory, active a solution, the UK now intends to go to Policy Broadcast, mass production One-to-one one regulator for the converged market.

Regulation on content has become Other challenges for policy making in the extremely difficult since content provision digital age are the speed of change (if gov­ will soon be possible via Internet: an envi- ernment moves too slowly, technologies

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 59 will provide ways around it) and the need therefore requires close co-operation to rebuild the model from the ground up. between governments and businesses. 2. Policies should balance the interest of Following liberalization, there has been a users with those of companies. NB: this very rapid deployment of telecom ser­ does not mean consumers against vices. The growth of the market is esti­ enterprises: there should be more in it mated to be very high, but is probably still for both. underestimated. Positive action from the 3. The job creation potential of the digital regulator is needed, but competition pro­ age is very high, and should not be cedures are currently too slow to cope underestimated. with market needs. 4. The regulatory framework should clear­ ly distinguish responsibilities of the Lessons for the future: State, Enterprise and Citizen. Where lia­ • Avoid increasing weight of Universal bility starts and stops needs to be clear­ Service ly defined, because stakeholders need • Keep pressure on interconnection cost certainty. orientation 5. Policies should be based on tolerance • Maintain asymmetrical regulation for towards diversities in our societies. the coming years 6. Trust and credibility become key. • Make a difference in operators that invest heavy in infrastructure, and Robert Verrue of the European those who don't Commission referred to the recent • Avoid over regulation of the mobile Communication on the Telecom sector Regulatory Review. As a result of liberali­ • Be market driven in setting up the sation, prices are falling, more players are rules of the game coming through, strategic alliance emer­ • Take in account a positive divergence gence underlines the competitive nature scenario of the sector, quality of service has • Don't let private monopolies substi­ improved considerably, and telecoms has tute public monopolies clearly become the leading growth sector. • Enlarge regulators responsibilities spectrum In adapting the regulatory framework one needs to establish EU Directives. Since In Italy, the following is now seen as pri­ getting a Directive adopted takes about 2 ority in reducing the regulatory aspects to years, it is evident that regulation should a minimum, whilst protecting the interest take change in consideration, well before it of the end consumers. Priorities are: happens: therefore the EU regulatory • Unbundling of the local loop. New framework should be taking into account technologies help: Digital Terrestrial the rapid change of technology develop­ TV; Wireless local loop, UMTS; ment. Regulation should be kept to a min­ • Definition of quality of Service; imum, and the regulation policy should be • Control on retail conditions/market more clear than today. It should aim at distribution and pricing; achieving technology neutrality and pro­ • Regulation of the audiovisual sector. vide opportunity to deal with uncertainty. Enforcement of the regulatory framework Conclusions should be done at appropriate locations: and Future Directions as close as possible to market situation. Conclusions from the debate: With the recent Communication, it is the I. We need regulation that does justice to intention to replace the over 20 existing global aspects of the Internet, but does Directives on telecommunications and not hinder its development. It should media by just six new Directives. protect minors and copyright, and

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 60 More benefits could be obtained if nation­ al regulators work more systematically together, since they are often facing the same challenges/situations.

Rapporteur: Maarten Batterman Speakers: Moderator: Paul Taylor (UK), Financial Times IT Correspondent • Ray Gallagher (UK), Director of Public Affairs, Sky Broadcasting Ltd, BSkyB • Stefan Rover (D), CEO of BROKAT lnfosystems AG • David Agnew (CA), Executive Director, Governance in the Digital Economy, The Alliance for Converging Tech no log ies • Elmar Brok (D), Senior Vice-President, Media Development Bertelsman • Rene Russo (F), Vice-President, Bouygues Telecom • Roberto de Martino (1), Director, Autorita perle commu­ nicazioni • Robert Verrue, Director General, European Commission, Directorate General Information Society Commission contacts: Michael Niebel ([email protected]) Costas Paleologos ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 61 Regulation in a Liberalised and Converging Environment

Where is regulation heading? What should Most panellists agreed that access to the be regulated in liberalised markets? What local loop is a major barrier to competi­ will be the impact of convergence on tion. The former state-owned monopolies future regulation? What will the '99 review ("incumbents") still dominate this part of achieve? the telecommunications infrastructure for fixed lines. While radio communication The EU has already liberalised the tele­ offers an alternative method of access, the coms markets in Europe. Under the terms incumbents are also strong in this sector. of current legislation, the Commission is charged with conducting an examination One panellist expressed concern about of the operation of the current telecoms the effectiveness of the National regulatory framework in the light of tech­ Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). Limited nical and market developments and resources - especially compared with the changes in user demand in 1999. regulatory departments of the telecom­ munications operators - could lead to The Commission will also want to include slow processing of complaints concerning in its assessment the conclusions which interconnection. Inconsistency between were drawn in the consultation on con­ NRAs (eg concerning number portability) vergence, the experience with implemen­ could restrict the emergence of a single tation of existing directives, the conclu­ European market. sions of the consultation on spectrum management and the report on the oper­ Another panellist noted that the bundling ation of Directive 95/47/EC on the use of of telecommunications infrastructures and standards for the transmission of televi­ services had both limited competition and sion signals. The time frame for the launch led to an over-detailed regulatory environ­ of this comprehensive assessment coin­ ment. Another commented that this cides with the 1ST 99 conference. bundling also led to a lack of transparency in accounting for the cost of services. The session/panel discussion examined the issues which are of greatest relevance Incumbents frequently argue that to the review, allowing an exchange of increased competition should reduce the opinion on how the future regulatory need for regulation, which might in future framework should best be adapted to take be limited to areas where there are bot­ account of developments and market evo­ tlenecks. Competition law could then be lution. used to solve access disputes. However, from a regulatory perspective, most of the Main issues raised panellists concurred that the application The session consisted of a discussion by of competition law was considered too five panellists each representing an inter­ slow to encourage timely investment, est in the telecoms sector as follows: except by the incumbents, who already users (INTUG), an incumbent, a new own an extensive infrastructure based on entrant, a national telecoms regulator and historic investments. an equipment manufacturer. In repsonse to the Commission's recently adopted Conclusions communication on the '99 Review (COM and Future Directions (99) 539), the panellists addressed how the regulatory framework should be The panel generally agreed that, to users adapted to take account of evolving mar­ and regulators, the monopolistic heritage kets and technical advances. It focussed of the industry was still apparent. on changes needed in two or three years Incumbents frequently still hold over 90% from now - the same timeframe as set out of the market. The cost of phoning mobile in the Review Communication. phones from fixed lines could be three

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 62 times the cost of the reverse operation. necessary, separately. Technologies such as Dominant operators had the resource and VDSL could increase the viability of this the power to dominate adjacent markets, separation. Service provision would then not just for telephony, but also for related be much more open to competition: the services such as Internet or multi-media need for regulation here might eventually content provision. For most of the panel­ disappear. Regulation concerning the con­ lists, sector specific regulation should verged telecommunications infrastructure therefore continue to play a large role in would, however, continue to be needed. the industry. From a user perspective, one panelist sug­ Most panel members felt that unbundling gested further changes which would sup­ of infrastructure from service provision in port open competition. These were: the local loop would significantly enhance • Number portability between telecom­ competition. This was, however, a long munications operators should be term solution. In the short term, mandatory. Competition would then increased transparency of accounting be on the basis of service provided, would assist in achieving the objective. rather than on restricting customer Cost-based pricing for infrastructure choice. access was one possible approach. • Directory services should encompass However, as a member of the audience all operators and not be limited to the observed, in the mobile sector, prices incumbent. were frequently not cost related, yet com­ • Transferring the responsibility to pro­ petition was intense. vide universal access from the telecommunications operators to One panellist suggested that increasing governments, where it would be treat­ the available radio frequency spectrum ed as part of regional or social policy. might allow an increase in competition in the local loop. However, the practice of licensing only four or five operators might still limit competition and innovation. Another panellist observed that auction­ ing licences also had a negative effect on competition, since the highest prices could usually be paid only by the largest organi­ sations - often the incumbent telecommu­ nications operators. One suggestion was to limit the licence fee to cover only the cost of frequency management (as sug­ gested in the Commission's Review Communication), while limiting the licence Rapporteur: Paul Drath to infrastructure only, with open access to Speakers: that infrastructure by service providers. • Chairperson: Robert Verrue, Director General, Information Society Directorate General, European Commission One panellist noted that NRAs were not • Martin Andersson (FI) Manager of Regulatory Affairs, the only cause of slow processing of com­ Sonera Ltd plaints. If a reference to the competition • Allan Fischer-Madsen, (DK) , partner, Fischer & Lorenz authorities was required, two years might European Telecommunications Consultants representing elapse before a decision was made. This INTUG timeframe in effect meant that the new • Linda Ward (UK), Director of Regulation and Carrier service or product simply did not emerge Affairs at BT (Worldwide) Ltd, Belgium. competitively with the incumbent's. • Dan Kiernan, Director of Regulatory Affairs, Alcatel Group, Paris For most panellists, the long term scenario Commission Contact: was one where infrastructure and service Sandra Keegan ([email protected]) provision were unbundled and regulated, if

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 63 Health in the Information Society

This session bought together those people involved in bringing about change in healthcare as a result of Information Society Technologies. The speakers came from the Telematics industry, Healthcare industry and Basic research, that are in the process of introducing sophisticated pro­ fessional tools for both clinicians and administrators (Electronic Medical Record, Decision Support Systems, Human Computer Interface, Virtual Reality, Simulation and Sensors).

The session focused upon brand new issues that will change everyone's life in the Information Society, empowerment of the citizen (Personal health System, Home Monitoring and Care) as well as the doc­ tor and patient co-operative environment (Telemedicine Services and Co-operative Environment) - both new aspects of Telemedicine.

Main issues raised increasingly use this as an alternative This session described trends in the use of source of information. This gives rise to IT in healthcare, both for clinicians and issues concerning the quality of the infor­ administrators. mation available on these sights. It also might indicate a change in the role of the The electronic patient medical record is medical community, who no longer can central to the evolution of IT in health­ control the availability of information to care. It will support exchange of data their patients. between departments within hospitals and between hospitals and other healthcare Conclusions agencies. While progress has been made and Future Directions in standardising lexical and syntactic Data protection legislation introduced in aspects of medical records, development all European countries provides a reason­ of European interoperability standards in able starting point for addressing ethical this area still appear too slow to support issues in healthcare telematics. This says the evolution of IT in healthcare. that data about the patient should be han­ dled in the same way that the patient The extensive use of IT in healthcare has would be treated, which therefore given rise to concerns about the use of requires authorisation and, in IT, perhaps patient medical data. IT gives the benefit digital signatures. that patient data can be transmitted rapid­ ly, for example, for analysis by remote However, data is also used for analysis. It experts. As a result, questions such as can be derived from multiple geographic "who is the owner of this information" locations, and processed using software and "who can see what, and when" have from third parties. This can give rise to become major issues. questions concerning its accuracy and reli­ ability, and also of responsibility for its Health information is increasingly available secure transmission, storage and accurate on the web. Patients and their families will processing.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 64 Health informatics can benefit from trends the classical X-ray. As well as digital radi­ in computing. One which has considerable ography, cross-sectional imaging methods significance for the future is the move to such as computed tomography, magnetic component based development. resonance imaging, sonography and emis­ Components are small programs which sion tomography have come into use. In can be assembled together to form a sys­ addition, new techniques such as optical tem. The components are separate from imaging and bioelectronic methods are their implementation on a specific type of now becoming available. Together with operating system, and separate from the advances in computing, they will make user interface. So they can be re-used in possible imaging during an intervention, many different computer systems. As a for example to assist a surgeon while result, systems can be developed more operating. rapidly, and the resulting system can be more reliable. Research projects supported under the first 1ST Call for Proposals included a More than 20,000 web sites now provide number involving advanced imaging and health and medical information. As augmented or virtual reality for surgery Internet usage grows, so will the numbers planning and radiotherapy. Other projects of patients and their families using these focused on handheld devices, home sen­ sites. Partly this is to find out more about sors and robots (for help in surgery and in illnesses and treatments, partly to the home). Areas weakly addressed research conditions which some people included projects aimed at the citizen fell uncomfortable discussing with their rather than the doctor, evidence based physicians, such as depression. The quality medicine, security and ethics, and cost sav­ of the information available from these ings in medicine and healthcare. sites can be assessed through the reputa­ tion of those contributing to the site. By providing ready access to information, the web sites can change the relationship between the medical community and

patients. Potentially, healthcare providers Rapporteur: Paul Drath will become medical infomediaries, direct­ Speakers: ing patients where to find trusted infor­ Chairperson: Prof. Juan Sancho mation and advising them how to inter­ • Prof. Juan Sancho (E), IMIM Institute Municipal de pret it. lnvestigacion Medica: Health, Health Care, Well-being: a Tentative Vision Standardised patient medical records have • Clive Tristram (UK), Caspe Healthcare Knowledge already assisted the exchange of informa­ Systems Ltd : Ethical Issues in Healthcare Telematics tion between specialist departments with­ • Jose Cavanillas (E), SEMA Group - Service in many hospitals. However, patient care Management, Software Engineering Division requires the co-operation of agencies out­ • New Technologies, New Care: a Software Engineering side the hospital as well as within, so that Approach to Health Care nowadays a single consistent set of information is • Carol A. Calta , Arthur Andersen Business Consulting : available for use throughout a clinical The Internet Revolution: Telemedicine and Co-operative Environments episode. To achieve this "virtual hospital" • Pierre Dujols (F), H6pital de Montpellier, Information requires standardisation between many Medicale : The Virtual Hospital: Electronic Medical agencies and countries concerning the Record, Decision Support Systems, Human Computer data to be collected and stored. Interface lnteroperability can only be assured • Dr Thomas Mertelmeier (D), Siemens AG, Bereich medi­ through real experiments to test whether zinische Technik, Basic Research & Development: the proposed standards work in practice. Medical Imaging: The Visualised Human for Safe Diagnosis and Smart Therapy In recent years, medical imaging tech­ Commission Contact: niques have supplemented and extended Luciano Beolchi ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 65 Scenarios for Business in the Digital Economy

Fostered by the rapid and ever increasing very difficult to defeat unless you offer pace of development of Information and products that offer intuitive computing Communications Technologies (ICT), a and the possibility to interact with new digital economy is emerging around Microsoft users (and then users must have the globe. In this new digital economy, a reason to leave their installed base .... ). ·individual citizens and small businesses will This principle is caught in the "Law of have more chances than ever before to Increasing Returns": the tendency for that play a role alongside the big players. Since which is ahead to get further ahead; for the Internet is being adopted as the most that which looses advantage to lose fur­ important global communications infra­ ther advantage. structure, and because global knowledge is becoming accessible by everyone with Other IS mechanisms are: Internet access, the digital economy will • Trust is key. Therefore the role of be characterised by radically new forms of agents becomes very important. business relationships and will have a pro­ Organisations need to be able to trust found effect on the way we work and live. the offerings in the market and can do so by relying on the services of an agent. This session aimed to present and explore • Winners in IS markets do not worry scenarios for doing business in the digital too much about intellectual property economy, that is, scenarios for electronic rights, but make money out of the commerce. It consisted of an introduction complementary goods and services by three keynote presenters, followed by a (see also: Free Software session moderated roundtable discussion involv­ report). ing representatives from various business • Losers are those that are staying on sectors and the audience. the old rules in economic theory.

Main issues raised Today the ICT Business is in a turmoil of New rules of the digital economy changing technologies and customer Although new technologies change the expectations way things are done in our society, the • If you don't listen to your customer, strategic principles for "playing economic you will fail. elf you only listen to your customer, you games" remain the same. Of course this will fail. does not apply to "industrial age" rules of • You must be proactively proposing thumb. Those were based on a paradigm of new solutions. homogenous goods in perfect competi­ tion. Today's trade is increasingly in infor­ Furthermore it should be understood that mation, in which marginal costs for selling being at the right time at the right place yet another copy are negligible, and are with the right product against the right based mostly in fixed costs. price could make or break your product. Even more so: a technically perfect prod­ Typical for IS products are network exter­ uct can fail or succeed depending on nalities that make every other user accessibility of it for its target users, and increase the total value of products. This the ease of obtaining it. leads to natural monopolies that cannot be fought, unless one offers consumers a The power is moving rapidly from industry way out of the lock of the natural monop­ to the buyers/consumers. With trust high oly. For instance the natural monopoly of on the agenda of needs, it is the market Microsoft, based on exchangeability of files that becomes the best referee for pre­ and recognisability of the user interface, is venting misuse of trust. This is the only

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 66 mechanism that would control natural is watch that will work at 50 meters under monopolies: when trust is clearly abused, water. As Luc Soete said: "It is comforting the speed of changing towards alternative to know that the watch will still work at products and services will be faster then 50 meters under water, even if I would be ever, when the change really starts to take dead by then!". Another example: the ten­ place (see Law of Increasing Returns). nis racket many play with today would be suitable for a Wimbledon final! Consumption patterns & value For immaterial IS goods and services con­ Tip for the future: people may be looking sumption characteristics are not the same for opportunities for producing their own as for goods that you can touch. When value and would even be willing to pay for there is a focus of material consumption, that! one would tend to measure the "happi­ ness" obtained by using it in terms of rel­ Where do we go? ative consumption. (i.e. buying the latest Exponential growth of processing power model car, because the people next door and transmission speed will continue for bought a new one last week). at least a decade. We can't biologically, nor Consequently, unhappiness can increase sociologically, change at the same rate. For even if one's own consumption remains the first time, the change of human behav­ the same simply because of other people's iour is recognised to be less predictable consumption patterns (negative externali­ than the change of technologies. ties of someone else consuming). Technological trends have become obvi­ ous: everything must be digital, every­ Immaterial goods, however, tend to con­ where and all the time, and connected to tribute more to happiness when other the Internet. people consume it as well. Take for instance a football game: if you are the Today Gross National Products are grow­ only one that watches the game, you can­ ing continuously. The release of the tight not share your experience with other state control of telecommunications has people, and the overall value goes down been one of the main drivers of fast ICT dramatically (the same goes for books, developments. It led to increased effec­ films, etc.). tiveness of operations, and introduced globalisation of the industry. The next Value is based on what people want in life. issue to tackle would be broadcasting If you add an element of physical presence (terrestrial digital TV technology). As a in products and services, additional value cost-effective digital access it should be is created to all affected products and ser­ regulated in the same framework as vices. Most value generation today is now telecommunications, rather then in differ­ shifting to services, rather than a tangible ent ones, which is how it was historically product itself (see above).Adding "Mobile" done. as dimension is an opportunity to create new value: mobile commerce is likely to Forecasting ICT is popular now, forecast­ provide a new dimension to life. ing is easy, being right is difficult. While it is easy to overestimate the speed of minor In order to be perceived as a value gener­ changes, it may be as easy to underesti­ ator, products and services need to be mate the major changes/breakthroughs. innovated on an ongoing basis, even more Nevertheless it looks to be clear that so, since business is now competing on a future consumers will go for more mobili­ global level. The continuous adding of ty (both at work and leisure time), and products leads to consumer internal com­ demographics still count (more of us will petition: features offered today are much be elderly and/or retired) higher then often needed. A clear example

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 6 7 Electronic commerce seems to be on top their business models in order to take of the political debate and strategic debate back devices that cannot longer be used. based on high expectations of rapid In fact people should be willing to pay the growth. The most interesting area is the "real price" of products, taking the full business to consumer area, despite the cost for the environment into account and fact that today more then 80% of Internet thus changing the pattern of consumption. trade is between organisations. However, they are only willing to do so if they cannot avoid paying less to the (glob­ NB I: On a global level we should contin­ al) competition, which as such undermines ue to understand that the number many options for "sustainable pricing". of buyers and sellers on the Internet is not equally high in all Conclusions countries. There seems to be a gap and Future Directions that is widening. This will lead to a At the end of the session all speakers and further separation of economic panellists were asked to draw their per­ power between haves and have­ sonal conclusion from the debate, and nets. Not only between the poor highlight what they think was key {taking [countries] and the rest, but separa­ earlier remarks into account). tion also grows between middle class and richest people. Alain Rouminiguier declared that change in the organisation of work will be the NB 2: According to the general assump­ hottest item for the coming decade. tion behind the global economy Reiner Andert pointed at the dramatic everybody is buying on the web and influence of technologies on business cul­ doing consumer research. However, tures but most of all in working styles. This many people do not log on, because requires proper education (life long learn­ they don't want to. They want to act ing). The good news is that new technolo­ local. The interest for the Internet gies do provide access to a lot of informa­ may well boost to a next level of tion and an enormous amount of knowl­ interest when it will serve locally, as edge. Emphasis should be on creating best well (see also the Global versus use competence. Gresa Palanca pointed Local session). also at one single priority: education of people, which would allow them to partic­ Sustainability ipate in the digital economy. OECD is now presenting a long-term boom: knowledge economy, knowledge John Gillis (DTI, UK) saw a continued society. But will it lead to a more sustain­ need for awareness raising towards citizen able world? The consumer society has led and industry. Hannes Werthner pointed at to high levels of waste of natural the lessons we can learn from the self reg­ resources and pollution. Meadows says it ulation mechanisms of the internet. Bo is now too late to come to a definite sus­ Harald reiterated that customers have tainable growth: the whole system will col­ voted with their feet for electronic bank­ lapse by 2035. For finding a dramatic ing, and foresees a rapid growth in inter­ change we may want to look to inertia in net based banking, as was confirmed by many goods, like the Black and Dekker Luc Soete, explaining that the cost of drill that everybody in western society transactions were lower than in any other now has, but which will be used for an form. average of 3 minutes during its lifetime. Professor Binmore predicted clearer skies Another example is the high use of cadmi­ for the future: on longer term we are um batteries that leads to a high level of going to be able to use and profit from the pollution. Now businesses are changing new possibilities that technologies make

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 68 possible already today. For the moment industry is changing too fast for regulators to keep up, or for people to adapt. In the long run this will balance out, but in the meanwhile problems will occur.

Pauli Heikkila expressed to be confirmed in his belief that digital TV is key for tomorrows' society.

Professor Soete explained that the IS is not designed to be a wise or knowledge­ able society. Everybody is using informa­ tion in a different way. Therefore it is logi­ cal that inequality increases. Those with the tacit knowledge to access the great abundance of codified knowledge, will learn very fast. Talent will be awarded to a much larger extent, since it can be sold world-wide.

However, this is not deterministic: the pol­ icy challenge is to enlarge the basis of cap­ turing the knowledge base for all. So far we have focused too much on IS as single Rapporteur: Maarten Batterman Speakers: society: but look at what we want in a nor­ FIRST PART mative way, and not just see and follow the Chairperson: John Thackera (UK), Director of the US model without questioning. Netherlands Design Institute, Amsterdam. Keynote speakers: Inequality features are changing all the • Ken Binmore (UK), Professor of Economics, University College London: time: this is as such equality. Once the • The new rules of the Digital Economy- Who are the same people get excluded all the time, you winners? have a clear policy signal: action is then • Pauli Heikkila, (FI) Chief Executive Officer, Digita needed. Oy • Values and value creation in the Digital Economy • Luc Soete (NL), Professor of Economics, University of The moderator John Tackara concluded Maastricht: after the long, but most interesting ses­ • How will the Digital Economy offer opportunities for sion, that people in the audience might all? have experienced the value of spending SECOND PART some time on understanding change Moderator: John Thackara towards a new future world. He pleaded Panelists (in addition to the keynote speakers): to budget 5% of time and money to think­ • Reiner Anderl (D), Dean, TU Darmstadt ing at long term, in expectance of a high • John Gillis (UK), Department of Trade & Industry • Isabel Gresa Palanca (E), Institute for Furniture-relat­ return (on long term). ed Technologies, Valencia • Bo Harald (FI), Executive Vice President, MeritaNordbanken, Helsinki • Alain Roumiguier (F), Vice President, Matra Datavision • Hannes Werthner (A) Professor, University for Business and Economy, Vienna, Member of ISTAG Commission contacts: Paul Desruelle ([email protected]) Erastos Files ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 69 WET Frontier (Information Technology Meets the Bioworld)

During the past few decades our under­ Artificial organisms (Winter) standing of· the fundamental information Could we build a virtual human, taking processes of the living world has pro­ into account that the amount of data in gressed with giant leaps. During the same the human genome is of the order of I period of time information sciences and Gigabyte? technologies have produced dazzling breakthroughs. These developments have Neuromorphic systems (lndiveri) fuelled the emergence of new interdiscipli­ Direct implementation on VLSI of physical nary areas of science and inspired novel processes underlying neural computation. applications for the benefit of citizens, industries and societies. Self assembly of molecular scale electronics by biotechnology (Sivan) Today scientists are actively employing A giant leap in technology is required in wetware, hardware and software method­ order to implement electronic structures ologies to uncover the basic principles and at the molecular scale such as DNA com­ mechanisms governing the behaviour of puting (I base consists of ca. 50 atoms). living organisms at molecular, cellular, organism and population levels. Some sci­ Scaling down to smaller and smaller entists study how to do biology with linewidths will not constitute this break­ computers whilst others are trying to do through. In the future molecular scale computing with biology. The prospects of electronics will be constructed by means possible future applications are breathtak­ of self-assembly of biological molecules, ingly vast. specifically by DNA.

The purpose of the session was to give a Ethics at the wet frontier and public view on visionary overview of the biological fron­ R&D (Warren) tier and the potential areas of conver­ There is a deep public concern on gence and impact on emergent research into the basics of life, exemplified Information Society Technologies. The by the clone Dolly and the debate on speakers highlighted the main axes of genetically modified organisms. The public development reaching beyond convention­ perception is that the research is fuelled al software and hardware implementations by the interests of large companies and and drew their inspiration from concepts not the interests of the consumer and that found in living organisms. They debated these technologies will give the Big future visions and ethical constraints of Brother an unprecedented opportunity to these brave new information technologies control humans. that prospect and exploit the areas on the wet frontier and beyond. Conclusions Main issues raised and Future Directions Artificial abstraction, emotion and motivation It is not hard to forecast that the progress (Kohonen, Sloman) in molecular electronics and biology as How meaningful information can be well as in genetic engineering have opened extracted from raw data and how the rep­ a new interdisciplinary area of research resentations of data can be created at dif­ where important new breakthrough find­ ferent levels of abstraction, without know­ ings can be expected. They will contribute ing a priori what to look for. Which types to information technologies and make a of information processing architectures wide range of new applications feasible. would support different types of artificial The research at the "wet frontier" is in mental states, such as reactive, deliberative expansion world-wide as highlighted dur­ or reflective behaviour ? ing the discussion by Dr. Strong from

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 70 DARPA. In the US an interagency BioFutures Initiative has been launched that may involve co-operation with NSF and NIH.

In the EU RTD this area is already covered by the Future and Emerging Technologies (Neuroinformatics action line in the workprogramme 2000 and Open Domain). Further action for the year 200 I should be planned.

Rapporteur: Pekka Karp (European Commission) Speakers: Moderator: Prof. Bill O'Riordan (UK) Introduction by: Simon Bensasson, Head of Unit, Future and Emerging Technologies, European Commission, Information Society Directorate General • Prof. Teuvo Kohonen (FI) Helsinki University of Technology: Artificial abstraction • Prof. Aaron Sloman (UK), University of Birmingham: Deep and shallow models of motivation and emotion • Dr Chris Winter (UK), Cyberlife Technology ltd: Artificial organisms: blending biology and computers • Dr Giacomo lndiveri (CH), University of Zurich: Neuromorphic engineering: from neurons to transistors • Prof. Uri Sivan (ll) TECHNION Israel Institute of Technology: Self assembly of molecular scale electronics by biotechnology • Peter Warren (UK) Technology Editor, Scotland on Sunday: The Frankenstein factor. Commission Contact:

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 71 EU-US E-Commerce RTD Co-operation

This workshop was a follow-up to the suc­ Scandinavian dotcom leaders will turn cessful workshop on EU-US co-operation their attention to the rest of Europe, mak­ held in April 1999 in Dallas in conjunction ing competitive conditions much tougher with the EUROTEX conference. The work­ for native entrants. shop focused on exploring and defining co-operation areas in E-Commerce/Digital Europe's opportunities Business RTD. The discussion began with Europe should leverage its comparative initial presentations of the respective EU advantages in e-commerce. These include and US strengths. It then explored plans its superior network of business-support forE-Commerce RTD in the EU and in the networks, including chambers of com­ US, addressing amongst other issues, the merce, industry associations and govern­ 1ST programme and American pro­ ment programmes. These should be grammes such as the NIST Advanced encouraged to sponsor the creation of Technology Programme. The intention was dynamic trading networks for business-to­ to have participants from both sides of the business e-commerce. Another key advan­ Atlantic give their views on priorities in E­ tage is Europe's multi-cultural character. Commerce RTD and short-term and long­ Several speakers commented that e-com­ term opportunities for collaboration in merce tends to favour global trading mod­ research and pi lots. els, which require skills, techniques and attitudes distinct from those of one-mar­ Main issues raised ket operations. The view was expressed US advantages and challenges that Europe has the opportunity to leap­ The US has numerous strengths in e-com­ frog the national phase of e-commerce merce in terms of markets, processes and and establish a leading position by thinking people. In particular there is a growing global right from the start. pool of e-commerce aware engineers and business people able to assess the impact European RTD of e-commerce on their business. Interest European policy on e-commerce has taken is now focusing on the new enterprise a holistic approach, dealing with the leg­ architectures, which integrates the man­ islative environment, business and com­ agement of business processes (ERM, mercial practice and technologies for CRM, supply chain management} with the access and applications. The 1ST RTD pro­ creative processes of product develop­ gramme Key Action II is supporting a ment. SMEs are being drawn into this range of e-commerce developments, from process, usually through the influence of a solutions for cost reduction to entirely large corporate customer partner. new models for value generation. The strategy builds on European strengths in Europe's challenges areas such as mobile communications, The thesis was offered that e-commerce is DTV, smart cards and the SME support about to undergo a phase of hyper­ environment. Indeed, with a vision to growth, led by business-to-business e­ develop from value-chains to dynamic commerce to an overwhelming extent. markets, a clear role is perceived for Early adopters will grow much faster than trans-national networks of competence­ later adopters, leading to a substantial and based SME's flexibly linking in virtual irrecoverable economic realignment. teams. This is the kind of model the 1ST Forecasts indicate that the countries of programme is well-suited to encourage. Southern Europe will be amongst the late adopters, depressing the overall level of US RTD growth in Europe. Europe is lacking the The Integrated Manufacturing Technology management skills and technology know­ Initiative (IMTI) was presented by its CEO. how to implement accelerated change, and This is built upon a two-year government­ the time is coming when US and funded technology road-mapping exercise

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 72 recently completed. IMTI will now be • IMTI offered its know-how in technol­ funded by industry as it moves into its ogy road-mapping to European RTD implementation phase. Its task is to create bodies and disseminate a co-ordinated vision of • Clear invitations were issued to US current and necessary future R&D work in bodies to participate in Fifth the integrated enterprise sector. Its activ­ Framework activities ities include the creation of consensus roadmaps, the facilitation and promotion Curiously, very little attention was given -but not the funding- of collaborative to the issue of standards, which discussion R&D, the maintenance of up-to-date activ­ revealed to be a delicate issue. Perhaps ity plans, and the provision of information the Commission should look at establish­ and analysis. To develop its roadmaps, it ing frameworks within which joint combined Internet-based surveys and US/European standards in Integrated functional model design with workshops Enterprise can be developed, where nec­ and external reviews, to produce highly essary, in a transparent and open manner. structured documents enjoying wide industry support. In particular, IMTI Much stress was given during the work­ mapped I ,700 government-funded pro­ shop to the relative lack of skills in the e­ jects in the field, identifying gaps and over­ commerce area within the EU. This must laps. clearly be an area of concern for the Commission, and a focus for support with­ Opportunities for Collaboration in Fifth Framework RTD. Speakers broadly agreed on the long list of topics demanding RTD attention on both The Workshop was successful in engaging sides of the Atlantic in the area of e-com­ IMTI in a dialogue, which was fruitful con­ merce. Collaboration should play to each sidering the different nature of its work side's knowledge strengths; in the case of compared to the 1ST programme. Future Europe, these are multi-cultural compe­ Workshops may choose to involve analo­ tence, distributed self-learning systems gous bodies from other parts of the US and mobile communications. On one economy, such as services or technology. hand, the Fifth Framework programme is now open to (unfunded) US participation. Other European industry groupings, such as AIT in aerospace and automotive, are Rapporteur: Andrew Bud also interested in collaboration. On the Speakers: Chairperson: Jimmie Browne (IRL), Dean, Faculty of other hand, IMTI has much to offer from Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway its experience with technology roadmap­ • State of the art of E-Commerce in the US and the EU ping and research activity database build­ • David M. Dilts (USA), Professor, Dept. of Management ing. Mutual interest was expressed in col­ Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada laboration in a number of areas. • Therese Terris (F), Forrester Research Europe • Current directions and future trends in a-commerce RTD programmes Conclusions • Bror Salmelin, Head of Unit "Electronic Commerce", and Future Directions European Commission, Information Society Directorate General Clear proposals emerged from the work­ • Mary Mitchell (USA), Deputy Associate Administrator, shop in the following areas: Office of Electronic Commerce, Office of • IMTI and the European participants Governmentwide Policy agreed to develop together an • Identification of priorities and opportunities for RTD col­ laboration extended, integrated US/European • Richard Neal (USA), President, Integrated database of research activities in the Manufacturing Technology Initiative Integrated Manufacturing sector, • Bernd Hirsch (D), Professor, Bremen Institute of Industrial encompassing both industry and gov­ Technology and Applied Work Science at the University ernment-sponsored programmes of Bremen (BIBA) • AIT offered to begin discussions with Commission Contact: Paul Desruelle ([email protected]) IMTI on joint activities

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 73 Geographic Information in the Information Society

Geographic Information (any information that can be referenced to a location on earth) is used more and more commonly for decision making by governments, enterprises and private citizens. The Gl workshop presented how spatially referenced data exerts in the information society a great influence over our daily lives, both now and in the future.

Our vision of the future is the integration of tools and platforms that accommodate the spatial (and temporal) awareness features of Gl, to provide appropriate information, In order to increase the competitiveness multimedia, customised to the users' of the European Gl sector, European needs, anywhere, at any time, in any lan­ Industry, public sector and research have guage. Such information services will be to face major challenges: to develop tools, based on data derived from both terres­ datasets and methods to integrate G I into trial and satellite resources, integrated the Information Society. with traditional ground based geographic information, global pos1t1oning and What does integrating Gl into the telecommunications systems. Information Society mean? Today, Geographic Information is manipulated The workshop also analysed the Gl poli­ with very specialised and sophisticated cy needed for Europe, the role of tools, used by trained experts working in European GIS industry in the Global dedicated laboratories within an organisa­ Market and the impact of Gl in the tion.Too few people have 'hands on' access European economy. to geographic information, with the tools they use everyday. Main issues raised Gl is used explicitly in a growing number Our vision of the future is the integration of application fields: transport, telecom­ of tools and platforms that accommodate munications, environment, agriculture, the spatial and temporal awareness fea­ marketing, medicine, geology, etc. All these tures of Geographic Information, to pro­ disciplines face some common challenges, vide appropriate information, multimedia, partly due to generic technology problems customised to the user's needs, anywhere, such as difficulties in accessing data, lack of at any time, in any language. common standards and interoperability. However, there are some specifically Such information services will be based on European issues such as the lack of spatially referenced data derived from European dimension in Gl market, lack of both terrestrial and satellite resources, pan-European, seamless reference data. integrated with traditional ground based geographic information, global positioning US Vice-President AI Gore developed the and telecommunication systems. concept of Digital Earth, with a vision of "a integrated, distributed and easily accessi­ The workshop presented and discussed how ble cornucopia of geo-referenced informa­ spatially referenced data used in the tion and tools". Information Society exerts a great influence over our daily lives, both now and in the future.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 74 To present such a prospective view, key 'GI 2000: Towards a European Policy speakers have been invited, from both the Framework for Geographic Information'. He public and private sectors. They presented pointed out the importance of the their vision of the present and the future European Commission in its political role evolution of Geographic Information to "build Europe", to act as a major stimu­ usage within the Information Society. lator to the European Gl market and in its position of possibly being the largest user Companies such as Oracle and SICAD of pan-European Gl. He also endorsed GEOMATICS {Siemens) participated in the that Gl should be exploited to a global meeting and presented their visions. stage and that there should not be a limi­ tation to the European borders. The meeting was chaired by Guenther Pichler (A), Vice Director of SICAD GEO­ The main user and producer of MATICS (Siemens) and Chairman of the Geographic Information is still the public Open GIS Consortium's European Special sector. jarmo Ratia (FI), Director General Interest Group (Europe SIG). of National Land Survey of Finland, pre­ sented 'NMA and public services vision, Mike Turni/1 (UK), Marketing Manager for including data policy, electronic commerce Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Antonio and Gl infrastructure'. He pointed out that De Palmas (1), European Community Affairs spatial data should be accessible in a prac­ Manager of Oracle Corporation, present­ tical, user friendly and easy understand­ ed the Oracle position on "Spatially able way. Thus, NMA's will be repositioned Enabling Electronic Governance for the 2 I st from their original data collectors' role Century." Oracle has long identified the more and more towards a value added spatial component of data as strategically service providers' role. The setup of a important - 'As the new millennium Geographic Information Infrastructure approaches, spatial data is rapidly emerging (Gil) is essential for the development of as a critical component of governance at all these services in the Information Society. levels'. Envisioning an 'e-Europe', Oracle Spatial data are available in high quality but strongly supports any attempt to make there is still a lack of political awareness. spatial data an integral component of the In addition, a pricing policy must be sub­ overall IT. ject to political decisions.

Andrew Frank (A), Professor at Technical The Gl research community was repre­ University of Vienna, presented his vision sented by Gregory Elmes (USA), Professor on how Geographic Information could at West Virginia University at help our daily life using public transport as Morgantown, West Virginia, and President an example in his presentation titled of UCGIS, the University Consortium for 'Improve Public Transportation with Geographic Information Science in the Geographic Information: Door-to-Door Public USA, and Mauro Salvemini (1), Professor at Transportation Guidance'. By stating what a University of Rome "La Sapienza" and surprising amount of knowledge a user of President of AGILE, the Association of public transportation needs to get from Geographic Information Laboratories in the Vienna Airport to the Hotel Sacher Europe. A formal Memorandum of located in downtown Vienna, he under­ Understanding between UCGIS and AGILE lined the fact that basically all the informa­ was established in January 1999 to ensure tion required is available. However, there mutual benefits through synergy and mag­ is a lack of integration of spatial and non­ nitude of activities. spatial information to provide a detailed guidance for travellers. Gregory Elmes stated that 'In the next (lve years citizens in every walk of life will have The position of the European Commission access to multiple terabytes of geospatial was presented by Martin Littlejohn, DG data and unmatched processing power in Information Society, in his presentation on their offices, schools, vehicles, and homes, on

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 75 personal and web computers, in embedded The ex1stmg co-operation between 1ST applications, and over the Internet.' The pre­ and the US National Science Foundation sentations from Mr. Elmes and Mr. (NSF) on e-commerce and multimedia Salvemini outlined how the university should be extended to Gl, as it is impor­ research and education community, part­ tant for Europe to contribute to a GSDI nered with governments and private initiative. industry, plan to meet the challenges nec­ essary to remove technical and institu­ tional barriers to widespread and prof­ itable use of geospatial information. While UCGIS is already in the position "to speak the voice of Gl when lobbying", AGILE is ready for the challenging role "to establish a successful collaborative relationship with the EC".

Michael Brand (UK), former President of EUROGI, the European Umbrella Association for Gl, and retired General Director of Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland, presented the global vision with the activities organised in the frame of 'The Global Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Needs Coming From the Gl Market Globalization'. Although "Vice President AI Gore's leadership has opened the doors", there is still a lack of awareness at politi­ cal level in Europe. There is a strong need of setting up a regional Gl infrastructure which supports the local needs in its member states but also contributes to the Rapporteur: Yves Reginster (for the European emerging global initiative. Commission) Speakers: Conclusions Chairperson: Gunther Pichler, Vice Director of SICAD and Future Directions Siemens and Chairman of OGC Europe Special Interest Group The necessity of setting up a pan­ • Michael Turnill, and Antonio De Palmas (US), Oracle European Spatial Data Initiative was point­ Corporation : Spatially Enabling Electronic Governance ed out as Gl pervades all sectors of the for the 21 st Century Information Society. The potential to mass • Andrew Frank (A) - Professor at Technical University of market Gl had been demonstrated, how­ Vienna: The economy of Geographic Information ever, the main barriers identified to reach • Martin Littlejohn, European Commission, Information Society Directorate General, luxembourg, Presentation such potential are still the lack of political of Gl2000: Towards a European Policy Framework for awareness and a Geographic Information Geographic Information. Infrastructure. Another existing hurdle is • Jarmo Ratio (FI), Director General of National land the lack of a joint research funding on Gl Survey Finland: NMA and public services vision, includ­ in Europe. ing data policy , electronic commerce and Gl infra­ structure • Michael Brand, former President of EUROGI, former To finally achieve all this, the industry must Director of Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland be one of the driving forces. At this point, • Gregory Elmes (US), University Consortium for the general perception and the significant Geographical Information and Mauro Salvemini investments of the Industry in Gl are President AGILE: The strategic vision of Gl research in already indicating that Gl exerts a major USA and Europe influence to the Information Society. Commission Contact: Pascal Jacques ([email protected])

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 76 Strategic Issues in Multilateral International Collaboration - Learning from the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Initiative

Outstanding economists and engineering came from practically all regions in the manufacturers provided an introduction world, in particular from Japan and the into the issues of globalisation and its USA. impact on manufacturing and services world-wide and also on the developing Main issues raised world. Against this background, the work­ Globa/isation of Manufacturing - A New shop analysed the experiences gained in Paradigm Emerging from Electronics Industry the IMS scheme as a tool for global The automobile industry was long regard­ research and development co-operation ed as an industry creating the dominant with its unique IPR provisions. The IMS production paradigms and setting the best project participants explained their practices for the manufacturing industry. achievements in solving problems related This is not anymore the case, but the elec­ to global manufacturing and explain the tronics industry is setting now the new benefits derived from collaborative efforts global paradigm by creating a virtual or in the IMS scheme. The IPR provisions networked enterprise. This makes it possi­ could serve as a model for other kinds of bly to compete with speed, flexibility and international RTD collaboration and spe­ knowledge. cialised IPR attorneys will be at the dispo­ sition of the workshop participants offer­ Global Manufacturing: Recent Developments ing their guidance and advice even to spe­ and Challenges Ahead. cific questions in the IPR domain and con­ Employment in manufacturing is the criti­ sortia co-operation agreements. cal factor to explain the different labour market performances of industrialised IMS is an international agreement signed countries. It was discussed how economic by Europe and Norway, Australia, Canada, policies may help industrialised countries Japan, USA and Switzerland (Korea is to meet the competitive challenge result­ about to join) on RTD co-operation in the ing from the increasing importance of domain of Intelligent Manufacturing emerging market economies in global Systems.An international project portfolio man ufactu ring. has been set up and involves more than 400 organisations world-wide. The 1ST Lessons learned through IMS activities, Conference with many participants from achievements and future developments (from the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Israel a Japanese point of view). and the countries of Central and Eastern These include: - Construction of interna­ Europe is the ideal environment for pre­ tional R&D network of researchers and senting the achievements of IMS and dis­ engineers among industry, academia and cussing its future. government (collaboration beyond simple academic co-operation) - Establishment of After an introduction of strategic issues of common framework of co-operative R&D the role of manufacturing and related ser­ (exchange of ideas, information and vices in modern economies through, key methodologies) -Training of international­ speakers from the international scientific ly active engineers and researchers (over­ community introduced the technologies coming of language and cultural barriers). relevant for future manufacturing (IT Enabled Manufacturing, Next Generation IMS Intellectual Property Rights Provisions. Intelligent Equipment, Advanced Design Theory and Reality. Technologies, Virtual Manufacturing) and the Without attempting to describe the IMS contributions of the IMS projects in this IPR Provisions in detail, a thorough analy­ regard. The opportunity was offered to sis was made of the practical implementa­ exchange ideas and to develop new pro­ tion of the IMS IPR Provisions as they jects e.g. by "internationalising" current were drafted and negotiated by IPR European research projects. The speakers experts from different IMS Projects.

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 77 The Cyber Factory - a Web of Intelligent led at the world level. Mr Viana Baptista, Machines. in his capacity as chairman of the panel of As manufacturers are struggling to replace independent experts for the IMS mid term the mass production of identical products review, summarised from the presenta­ by the flexible production of individualised tions given during the IMS workshop that products, the term "agile manufacturing" the title of the initiative might have to be has emerged as the leading new manufac­ adapted. Many of the issues dealt with in turing paradigm. The agile manufacturing IMS go beyond the traditional subjects of concept has implications to all aspects of man ufactu ring. the business ranging from product design to organisational re-engineering and mar­ Key questions are: How to raise public keting. The contribution looked at some of perception of this international research the developments, which are taking place scheme? Which are the driving forces of in the manufacturing scene in a drive to tomorrow? How to integrate the need for provide more flexibility and agility. sustainable development?

Using IT Innovations to Develop new added Should the issues to be discussed at WTO value customer services. level be considered? Mr Viana Baptista Today the manufacturing industry business mentioned for example the aspects of drivers are well known and generic to delocalisation and the attitude of the many sectors. Reducing costs and cycle developing world regarding the concept of times, increasing quality and customer sat­ sustainable growth. isfaction are leitmotivs which are shared Prof. Tomiyama underlined the need to by everybody. Industry must foresee the consider more global issues and to sup­ markets evolution and anticipate the tech­ port innovation. He reminded that the nology innovation which will impact upon original idea put forward by Prof. its processes. As far as developing new Yoshikawa when launching IMS was to best in class products, numbers of compa­ increase the public intellectual asset on nies have to group themselves in virtual, manufacturing, to establish an internation­ distributed, extended, networked enter­ al collaboration framework for basic prises. Each company is a node which research, avoiding competition in produc­ requires specific skills, know-how and level tion technology development and duplica­ of performance. tion of research investment; to introduce better insights and remove cultural barri­ Conclusions ers. He regretted that the response by and Future Directions Japanese industry had not been enthusias­ tic and that Canada and US did not sup­ In the closing Round Table, Mr. Pero port the Initiative financially in the same observed that the previous discussions way as Europe. He advocated as a revised held during this IMS workshop had shown guiding principle for IMS the "post mass that there was consensus on the evolving production paradigm" by redefining manu­ underlying socio-economic conditions for facturing industry as a life cycle industry, current manufacturing and production sys­ and by referring to the new concept of tems and therefore on the need to revise inverse manufacturing (consisting of taking the IMS rationale. Three topics were dis­ into account the closing life cycle loop and cussed: (a) the strategic issues, (b) the de-materialisation). technical topics, (c) the modalities. Mr. Salmelin, stated that IMS ten years ago The strategic issues: had targeted the core competitive factors Since when the first ideas about IMS were of the economy which he considered still discussed ten years ago, the world has valid for the research themes of IMS. changed. The time was considered to be However, he said that the mid term review ripe to review reconsider the global prob­ from the EU point of view should take into lems related to manufacturing to be tack- account the topics for the next ten years

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 78 which will include issues of extended important positive issue discussed during products, services related to products, e­ the workshop was networking, the ques­ commerce and new avenues addressing tion was raised why not to use much more global issues. He highlighted the increas­ in the future Thematic Network contracts, ing role of services and relationship man­ rather than RTD contracts. Modalities agement in the overall "production sys­ should reflect the real added value of IMS. tems" (NB: should we go from IMS to e­ MS?). Mr. Falstad (US) analysed the IMS IPR pro­ visions as bridging very different cultures The research topics: involved in IMS, and he said that so far Today, the IMS research themes are the there had been no evidence that the IPR following: (I) total product life cycle; (2) regime had not worked well. He agreed process; (3) strategy, planning, design that the United States took a different, tools; (4) human/organisation/social; (5) more industrially focussed view towards virtual/extended enterprise. IMS than for example Japan, without dis­ counting more academia oriented Prof. Westkamper addressed some exam­ approaches by other IMS regions. He ples of socio-economic evolution in the underlined that the major achievement of last ten years, such as the problems of the IPR rules were their respects of the increased energy consumption or the motivations of the different players partic­ impact of automation on employment. As ipating in IMS. He expressed the hope that for the research subjects for global the IPR rules could continue to serve all research, he saw a wealth of topics to be regions to collaborate in the future in the addressed and recommended considering new topics considered important by the increasingly life cycle issues of products. IMS community. Other important issues to be taken up by IMS, are the advancement of information Mr Salmelin, giving the point of view of and communication technologies, knowl­ Commission services, considered the IMS edge management and the necessity to set IPR regime as a unique asset, and said the world wide standards, which could lead to IPR provisions could serve as a prototype new solutions for manufacturing. He for other collaboration schemes outside agreed to the concept of Prof. Yoshikawa the manufacturing domain. In all, he to use IMS for dissemination of knowledge assessed IMS as having provided a good for manufacturing, but he reminded of the set of building blocks on which IMS could need to evaluate this knowledge through base its future orientation. The main proper assessment tools. problem of the IMS regarding the industri­ al interest is its long lead time for deci­ Mr. Roumiguier added from an industrial sions. point of view that IMS should address both, products and processes together, There was a general consensus on the and give more attention to the needs of issue of the duration of the IMS endorse­ the concept of the "virtual company". In ment process which is considered to be addition, IMS should better take into too lengthy by many project participants. account the issues of customer services. It was recommended to invite the IMS He agreed with Prof. Westkamper on the Steering Committee to come forward need to look into the issues linked to with simpler procedures in order to information/knowledge flows. In this con­ attract more interest in the research and text, he also mentioned decision tools, and industrial community into the IMS knowledge sharing. scheme, which competes with other less complicated schemes. In this context, Mr. The modalities: Salmelin raised the issue of the IMS value Up to now 17 RTD projects are running, added in relation to the components although the number of submitted already in place in the European Research abstracts is growing up. As the most Framewo'rk Programme, which is open to

1ST 99 Conference Final Report 79 the whole worldMr Parker, from the in modern economics. (organisation of future manufac­ Interregional IMS Secretariat, responded turing based industry). by underlining that IMS would offer a neu­ • H. Ohkura UPN), Toyo Engineering Corporation : IMS IPR provisions: Experience gained. tral framework with a balanced IPR regime • Prof. J. Ranta (FI), Helsinki University : Strategic issues which might be more acceptable to non­ of globalisation. European partiCipants in a potential • A Roumiguier (F), Matra Datavision : Advanced Design research collaboration than the EU terms. Technologies. • Prof. T. Tomiyama UPN), University of Tokyo: The future of IMS Mr. Pero concluded that all participants • Prof. E. Westkamper (D), Fraunhofer Institute IPA : had agreed on the merits of the IMS Virtual Manufacturing. scheme and that valuable contributions • Suominen, European Commission, : Next Generation had been made for the future orientation Intelligent Equipment. of IMS. He considered the workshop a success, from the point of view of the Other speakers: papers presented, from a strategic point of • Dr H. Abdalla (UK), De Montfort University : Next view, and as a milestone for the first phase Generation Intelligent Equipment. of IMS. This workshop opens clearly the • Prof. B. Braunschweig (F), IFP : Advanced Design Technologies .. IMS mid-term review phase, which will be • Dr P. Bunce (UK), Consortium of Advance Manuf. : Next carried out during the next 6 months. Generation Manufacturing Systems project presenta­ tion. • A Col (F), Sellae Usinor Group : Advanced Design Technologies. • J. Ercolanelli (F), Systus International : Virtual Manufacturing. • Dr. M. Fuse UPN), Sumimoto Electric Industries Ltd. : IT enabled manufacturing. • K. Koch (D), Fraunhofer Institute : Advanced Design Technologies. • S. McCormack (CAN), Stikeman- Elliot : Attorney­ Practical advice on IMS / IPR issues. • Dr W. Polzleitner (A), Sensotech Forschungs und Entwicklung : Next Generation Intelligent Equipment. • Dr T. Savolainen (CH), ldegen GmbH : IT enabled man­ ufacturing. • Prof. A Schnulle (D), University of Hannover: Next gen­ eration intelligent equipment. • H. Syntera (B), Ahlstrom Machinery Corporation : Virtual Manufacturing. • Dr. P. Valkenaers (B), KU leuven: Next Generation Intelligent Equipment. • Dr R. Van den Berg (Nl), Baan Development : Next Generation Intelligent Equipment. • Dr. R. Wing (UK), Imperial College of Science Technology & Medicine: IT enabled manufacturing.

Speakers from the European Commission: Rapporteur: Paolo Garello (European Commission) • Rosalie Zobel, Acting Director, New Methods of Work Key Speakers: and Electronic Commerce, European Commission, • P. Armarego (AUS), Attorney, Clayton Utz : IMS IPR pro­ Information Society Directorate General visions-background and essential elements. • Bror Salmelin, Head of Unit, Electronic Commerce, • R. Falstad (USA), SEMATECH : IMS IPR provisions: European Commission, Information Society Directorate Experience gained. General • Prof. F.l. Krause (D), Fraunhofer Institute IPK: IT enabled • Herve Pero, Research Directorate General, European manufacturing. Commission • Prof. T. Moriwaki UPN), University of Kobe : An exam­ Commission Contacts: ple of international co-operation: IMS achievements, developments and its future form a Japanese point of Paolo Garello ([email protected])IST Programme view. Dietlind Jering (([email protected]) GROWTH • Dr P. Nunnenkamp (D), Kiel Institute of World Programme Economics: Role of manufacturing and related services

1ST 99 Conference Final Report so For further information on the 1ST conference, please contact: E-mail: [email protected]

European Commission Information Society Directorate-General - R6 Information and Communication Unit February 2000