Wildflowers of Blanketflower commonly Dotted gayfeather, also named gaillardia blooms from known as dotted blazingstar, and their June through August. The blooms July through Sep- true native have tember. Native Americans Medicinal Uses yellow petals. Native ate fleshy roots in early Americans used roots spring, but ate mature roots Part II to make an eyewash, and a only when food was scarce. poultice was applied to skin The plant was used to treat disorders. The flower heads venereal disease, heart pain, Blanketflower were used to waterproof Dotted gayfeather lack of appetite, and as a Gaillardia aristata rawhide bags. punctata poultice.

Wood lily blooms from May Slender beardtongue, also through June in wet named lilac penstemon, meadows. Native Americans flowers from June to July. cooked the bulbs in soups. It is common in native Flowers were ground and grasslands throughout the applied to spider bites to Great Plains. The Lakota relieve pain and swelling. used roots of slender Roots were used to treat beardtongue as a snake-bite coughs, fever, and sores. medicine. Wood lily Slender beardtongue Lilium philadelphicum Penstemon gracilis

Blackeyed Susan is a biennial Canada goldenrod blooms or short-lived perennial. from mid July to September. Early settlers made a tea Native Americans cooked from the leaves to stimulate the leaves for food. An the kidneys. Native antiseptic lotion was made Americans made an infusion from boiled stems and from the roots to treat leaves. Teas were made from children with worms. A dried plant parts for various yellow dye was made from health benefits. Modern Blackeyed Susan the flower petals. Canada goldenrod herbalists continue to use Rudbeckia hirta Solidago canadensis the plant.

Blue vervain, sometimes called swamp vervain, blooms North Dakota from July to September. Native Americans made a beverage from the leaves and also a tea to treat stom- ach aches. Verbena nutlets “USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider” were roasted and ground into meal. Leaves, seeds, and Disclaimer: The information in this brochure is for educational roots were used to treat Blue vervain purposes only. No discrimination intended or endorsement implied. early stages of fever. Verbena hastata January 2011 “Helping People Help the Land” Early Spring Flowers Late Spring Flowers Summer Flowers

Harebell, commonly named Blue lettuce is a perennial Wild licorice blooms July to blue bell, blooms June to with milky sap and bluish August and produces bur-like September. Leaves, though flowers. It prefers moist pods with hooked prickles. producing little biomass, habitats and is found along Native Americans used the were used by Native fields, forests, and roads. licorice tasting roots as a Americans. The leaves were Native Americans used the cooking spice and trail snack. eaten raw or cooked as a roots as chewing gum. A tea Roots were also used to food source. A tea was made was made to ease stomach treat asthma, bronchitis, and from the leaves to treat aches. The young leaves were urinary tract disorders. Harebell tuberculosis and whooping Blue lettuce eaten as a green vegetable. Wild licorice Campanula rotundifolia cough. Lactuca tatarica Glycyrrhiza lepidota

Silverleaf scurfpea is a tap Scarlet globemallow is a low Gumweed blooms July rooted legume. Dainty bluish growing plant that blooms through September. Curved purple flowers emerge in with bright orange flowers bracts around the flower June and July. Roots were from June to August. Native secrete a sticky resin, giving fed to fatigued horses to Americans chewed the roots the plant its name. Native stimulate energy. Stem and to make a paste that was Americans had a variety of leaf decoctions were used to rubbed on their hands to medicinal uses for gumweed. wash wounds and relieve protect them from fire and A tea was made to treat TB, fever. Green stems were boiling water. The root was stomach aches, colic, coughs, made into baskets to carry Silverleaf scurfpea also made into a poultice for Scarlet globemallow bronchitis, pneumonia, Curlycup gumweed food. Pediomelum argophyllum burns and sores. Sphaeralcea coccinea asthma, and kidney trouble. Grindelia squarrosa

Woodsorrel flowers are Western wallflower is a Common hops grow as a vine yellow or occasionally violet. biennial or short-lived in moist wooded areas. It Sour tasting leaves are rich perennial common to dry blooms from June through in Vitamin A, but can be rangeland. It blooms from September. Native toxic in excess amounts due May to early July. Native Americans and settlers to oxalic acid. Leaves and Americans dried and chewed steeped the fruit to make a flowers were eaten in the bitter foliage. They liquid that was ingested to moderation either fresh or made tea from the whole treat fevers and intestinal cooked. Plant bulbs were fed plant or seeds to treat pain. Hops were used to Violet woodsorrel to Tribal horses to enhance Western wallflower stomach and bowel cramps. Common hops make bread rise and used in Oxalis violacea their speed. Erysimum asperum Humulus lupulus the making of beer.

Breadroot scurfpea is also False Solomon’s seal flowers Yellow prairie coneflower known as prairie turnip, in May and June. The white blooms from July to prairie potato, or Indian delicate blooms produce a September. Petal colors breadroot. It blooms in June. small red and cream striped range from yellow to scarlet. This was a major food source berry. Native Americans Native Americans made teas for Native Americans and made a poultice from the to treat headaches, poison settlers. Often traded for root to treat inflammations ivy and side aches. A poultice goods, the turnip tasting of the skin, relieve sunburn made from the flowers was roots were eaten raw, boiled, pain, and stop bleeding. The used on wounds. Baby roasted, pounded into meal Breadroot scurfpea roots were also eaten in False Solomon’s seal pacifiers were made from Yellow coneflower and mixed with other foods. Pediomelum esculentum soups and stews. Maianthemum stellatum the flower cones. Ratibida columnifera