Assessment of Channel Width Disparity at Different

International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (3) September-December, pp. 231-243/Soumen Research Article ASSESSMENT OF CHANNEL WIDTH DISPARITY AT DIFFERENT STRETCHES OF REGULATED RIVER DAMODAR USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS *Soumen Dey Department of Geography, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan *Author for Correspondence

ABSTRACT Remote sensing images can be effective medium to determine river bank shifting at different time phase. The paper aims to understand asymmetric pattern of channel width distribution at different stretches of river Damodar from Damodar Barakar confluence to Paikpara. Three time phase data i.e. AMS toposheet 1943, SOI toposheet 1969- 70, LANDSAT 8 satellite 2014 data are used in this study. The observation shows that average width of river has been decrease from source to mouth. Strong human intervention is largely responsible for asymmetric pattern of channel width of river Damodar.

Keywords: Channel Width, River Bank, Erosion, Deposition, Bar, Char

INTRODUCTION River width depends on slope, discharge, bank material, velocity etc. Moriswa (1985) has explained that the morphology of river channels is function of discharge, width, depth and velocity. But now a day’s Man induced factor is one of the key component which stress on River morphology. Bridge construction across river without providing enough space for through passing, regulated discharges from barrages and dam, river bank cultivation and bank failure etc. are some human cultivated causes of site and river specific change of river width (Pal et al., 2012). W.M. Davis has established the fact that the width of a river gradually increases downstream due to increase volume of water. Many studies has documented extraordinary stream channel enlargement as a result of increase discharge (Moriswa, 1985). In spite of such stage wise rhythm of width, due to local causes there may be some variations in width pattern from source to mouth (Moriswa, 1968). Temporal variation of width pattern provides a brief idea about velocity, discharge status (Richards, 1973), shifting of river course and status of bank erosion or in a word the stability of river course. The Damodar River is a subsystem of Ganges River system of India and the river has its own morphological character, trend and evolution. The river is a present drainage of state of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Study Area The River Damodar originates in the Chotanagpur water shed approximately at 23◦37’N and 84◦41’E and the geographical boundary of the basin lies between 22◦15’ to 24◦30’N latitude and 84◦30’ to 88◦15’E longitude. The entire drainage basin resembles a tadpole in shape with the head to the west. The main tributaries are the Barakar, Tilaiya, and Konar. Below the confluence of the Barakar and Damodar there are a few insignificant tributaries such as the Nunia and Sali. Once the main distributaries were the Khari, Banka, Behula, and Gangur, but now they look more like independent rivers. Near Palla the river takes a sharp southerly bend (Bhattacharyya, 2011). Its funnel shape basin area is about 23,370.98 km2, spreading in the states of Jharkhand (73.7 per cent) and West Bengal (26.3 per cent) (Majumder et al., 2010).

Figure 1: FCC image of LANDSAT 8 of study area

Various researchers divide river Damodar in several sections depending on relevant factors. In this paper the study deals with four sections from the Damodar Barakar confluence to Paikpara (Figure1). Selection of sections is done depending on human intervention through dams, barrage, weir and embankments on the Damodar River. The sections are (1) Damodar Barakar confluence to Durgapur barrage (Section 1), (2) Durgapur barrage to Rhondia weir (Section 2), (3) Rhondia wire to Palla (Section 3), and (4) Palla to Paikpara (Section 4).

MATERIALS AND METHODS Width related data has been collected from various time phase topographical sheets and Landsat 8 data. Topographical sheet used in this study are mainly two time series data i.e. NF 45-2/3/7 (1943) and Survay of India topographical sheets 73I/14, M/7, M/11, M/12, M/15, M/16, N/13 and 79A/4 (1969- 1974). Satellite data used in this study are Landsat 8 data acquired on May, 2014 and ASTER GDEM 30 metres resolution data of 2011. The main aim of this work is to assess the river bank stability using temporal data to understand the effect of river regulation through dam, barrage and embankment. To achieve that goal all data are converted to Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM) with WGS 84 datum. For that Geomatica 10.0 software has been used and total digitization process done in the ARC GIS 10.1 software platform.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results The entire stretch from Damodar- Barakar confluence to the Paikpara has been digitized in three time phase i.e. 1943, 1970, and 2014. 27 Cross section has been randomly selected to understand the impact of river regulation on river channel width.

Table 1: Width Distribution of Damodar River (Section 1)

Rate of River Width in Widening (metre Distance in Distance in Metres km km /year) Loca tion Site (From From 1943 1970 ID Damodar Damodar Barakar Barakar 1943 1970 2014 to to Confluence) Confluence 1970 2014

1 Near Dishergarh 0 0 927 1446 689 19.96 -17.20

2 Near Radhanagar 5 5 732 783 629 1.96 -3.5

Near Dihika(after 3 the South eastern 12 12 775 718 534 -2.19 -4.18 railway Bridge)

4 Near Apisgram 18 18 871 824 771 -1.80 -1.20

Near Bakulia 5 25 25 646 897 656 9.65 -5.47 Village

Near Damalia 6 31 31 694 751 689 2.19 -1.40 Village

Near Gangajalghati 7 38 38 1395 1351 1474 -1.69 2.79 Protected Forest

Near Parsha 8 52 52 1644 1459 1522 -7.11 1.43 Market

9 Durgapur Barrage 58.5 58.5 1812 1832 1832 0.76 0

(-)Negative signs indicate Deposition or Aggradation of river Bank Data Source: Toposheet (AMS & SOI) 1943, 1969-70 and LANDSAT 8 satellite data

Figure 2: Damodar Barakar confluence to Durgapur barrage (Part A).

Figure 3: Damodar Barakar confluence to Durgapur barrage (Part B).

Table 2: Width Distribution of Damodar River (Section 2) Distance in km Distance in River Width in Rate of Widening Loca (From km Metres (metre /year) tion Site Damodar From 1943 1970 ID Barakar Durgapur 1943 1970 2014 to to Confluence) barrage 1970 2014 Down Stream from 10 62 3.5 2320 1191 798 -43.42 -8.93 Durgapur Barrage Chota Manna start 11 67.5 5.5 2626 2060 930 -21.76 -25.68 point 12 Near Radhakantapur 73.5 11.5 2704 2580 1207 -4.76 -31.20 13 Silampur 76.5 14.5 1854 1861 1810 0.26 -1.15 14 Keneti Mana 80.5 18.5 1449 2455 1776 38.6 -15.41 (-)Negative signs indicate Deposition or Aggradation of river Bank Data Source: Toposheet (AMS & SOI) 1943, 1969-70 and LANDSAT 8 satellite data

Rhondia Weir to Palla (Figure 6) At this section (section 3) where major river bank shift occurred to the right bank as left bank of river Damodar is protected trough embankment. Out of 9 stations positive erosion of bank shifting are very much prominent in the later phase (1970 -2014). It is observed that near Dadpur village where negative rate of erosion at first phase (36metre/ year) but at the second phase positive erosion at a rate of 18 metres / year. Same type of erosion also very dominates at near Fakirpur Village (Table 3). The total length of this section is nearly 58 km. Figure 7 shows how stabilization of Satyanandapur, Simultala and Kamalpur char takes place since 1969 to 2014.

Table 3: Width Distribution of Damodar River (Section 3) Distance in km Distance in River Width in Rate of Widening Loca (From km Metres (metre /year) tion Site Damodar From 1943 1970 ID Barakar Rhoindia 1943 1970 2014 to to Confluence) Weir 1970 2014 15 Near Fatepur Mana 84.5 2 1728 1674 1254 -2.07 -9.54 16 Near kasba Mana 90.5 6 841 1113 1421 10.46 7 17 Near Silla Village 97.5 13 834 1778 1794 36.30 0.36 At Sali Nadi 18 105.5 21 819 695 1387 -4.76 15.72 Junction 19 Near Dadpur Village 114.5 30 1751 799 1611 -36.61 18.45 Near Kalimahanpur/ 20 118.5 34 1672 1655 705 -0.65 -21.59 Satyanandapur 21 Fakirpur Village 125.5 41 1280 424 1095 -32.92 15.25 22 Kalinagar Village 138.5 54 758 398 639 -13.84 5.47 23 Near Palla 142.5 58 631 908 844 10.65 -1.45 (-)Negative signs indicate Deposition or Aggradation of river Bank Data Source: Toposheet (AMS & SOI) 1943, 1969-70 and LANDSAT 8 satellite data

Figure 4: Damodar River at Durgapur barrage to Rhondia weir

Figure 5: Stabilization of south of Baramana is very prominent in last 11 years. Fig. B and C, the SPOT image represents the Bar condition in 11/11/2003 and 18/04/2014 respectively. The channel of southern side has gradually obsolete due to bar encroachment to the bank. Topographical Map of 1969 has shows prominent channel (Fig. A)

Figure 7: The width of river Damodar decreases at rapid rate at Satyanandapur, Kalimahanpur, Simultala and Kamalpur char area where these bar are united to form a single Bar. Figure B and C was taken on 15/11/2001 and 30/03/2014 respectively (SPOT image). Some rivers cut off are totally stabilized due to sedimentation. Red Circle indicates the stabilized portion of the bar occurred during last 44 years

Rate of River Width in Distance in Widening (metre km Metres Loca Distance in /year) tion Site (From km Damodar 1943 1970 ID From Palla Barakar 1943 1970 2014 to to Confluence) 1970 2014

24 5 km from Palla 147.5 5 466 432 692 -1.30 5.90

25 Near Selimabad 155.5 13 753 657 665 -3.69 0.18

Near 26 163.5 21 431 514 727 3.19 4.84 Haragobindapur

27 At Paikpara 165.5 23 1587 1729 816 5.46 -20.75

(-)Negative signs indicate Deposition or Aggradation of river Bank Data Source: Toposheet (AMS & SOI) 1943, 1969-70 and LANDSAT 8 satellite data

Figure 9: Cross section of Damodar at Pre Dam period (1888 and 1956) at Jamalpur

Figure 10: Profile showing present situation of Damodar at Jamalpur, 2011

Figure 11: Longitudinal Profile of Damodar River (Data source ASTER GDEM, 2011)

International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (3) September-December, pp. 231-243/Soumen Research Article Conclusion From very ancient time Damodar River interact with control structures to protect the intense flood. Since the agricultural prosperity in the region continued for centuries, the Damodar flood plain populated even in the distance historical past. The paper aims to study of last 60 years, how river were adjusted through the recent intervention. It’s observed that maximum deposition on bank is located in the second section and maximum erosion occurred at third section of river. Several mana or river bars are formed due to lack of water. In those areas, rigorous sand quarrying and agricultural activities (i.e. bars and islands) are aggravated bank erosion problem (Bhattacharyya, 2011).It is also observed that the wetted perimeter of river gets decreases at several stretches of the river. Figure 9 & 10 represents the cross section of several time phases. Year 1888 and 1956 represents prominent erosion but recent profile of 2011 (ASTER GDEM) represents narrow profile. The trend line of Damodar at selected cross section represents positive relationship with R2 =0.9946 (Figure 11).

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