A Checklist of the Vertebrates of Kerala State, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 Review A checklist of the vertebrates of Kerala State, India

P.O. Nameer 1, Praveen J 2, A. Bijukumar 3, Muhamed Jafer Palot 4, Sandeep Das 5 & 6,7 Rajeev Raghavan ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1 Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU (PO), Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India 2 B-303, ShriramSpurthi, ITPL Main Road, Brookefields, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560037, India 3 Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India OPEN ACCESS 4 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Western Ghat Regional Centre, Jafar Khan Colony, Eranhipalam, Kozhikode, Kerala 673006, India 5 Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi, Kerala 680653, India 6 Center for Taxonomy of Aquatic Animals, Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, Kerala 682506, India 7 Laboratory of Systematics, Ecology and Conservation, Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected]

Abstract: Following the first publication on vertebrates of India (Blanford 1888–1890), a huge wealth of information has been compiled on the vertebrate fauna of various biogeographic zones of the country, especially the Western Ghats. The state of Kerala comprising of a land area of 38,863km2, 590km coastline, an intricate system of backwaters along the coast, tropical moist forests of the Western Ghats, the highly undulating terrain, and the tropical monsoon is a unique geographical and environmental entity rich in biodiversity. A region- specific checklist that summarises and documents the current status of vertebrate diversity provides benchmark data for documentation and appreciation of biodiversity at regional level. Further, with the current rate of global biodiversity loss and concordant conservation efforts, the taxonomic community has a greater responsibility to make scientific information available to scientists, policymakers, politicians, research students and all relevant stakeholders, an attempt that has been made in the present paper. The State of Kerala has 1847 species of vertebrates in 330 families and 81 orders, of which 386 are endemic to the Western Ghats region (of the Western Ghats - Sri Lanka Hotspot), and 205 species as threatened. Six hundred and eighty species of vertebrates of Kerala have been listed in the various schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, while 148 are listed in the different appendices of CITES.

Keywords: Amphibians, birds, CITES, freshwater fishes, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, IUCN conservation status, Malayalam name, mammals, marine fishes, reptiles, vernacular name, Western Ghats.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1999.7.13.7961-7970 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:58BC1B4A-42B8-4526-A6D3-2D6E2308E6F3

Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India. Date of publication: 17 November 2015 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # o4303 | Received 11 May 2015 | Final received 23 September 2015 | Finally accepted 29 September 2015

Citation: Nameer, P.O., J. Praveen, A. Bijukumar, M.J. Palot, S. Das & R. Raghavan (2015). A checklist of the vertebrates of Kerala State, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(13): 7961–7970; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1999.7.13.7961-7970

Copyright: © Nameer et al. 2015. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Conflict of Interest:The authors declare no competing interests.

Author Contribution:PO Nameer, Praveen J and Rajeev Raghavan conceived and developed the idea; all authors contributed equally in the writing of the paper.

For Author Details and Malayalam Abstract see end of this article.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank P. Naveenlal for his assistance with the Malayalam fonts, and three anonymous reviewers, subject editor, managing editor and chief editor for their critical comments, suggestions and help which greatly improved the manuscript.

7961 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al.

INTRODUCTION the management practice. For any park manager, the dream would be to maintain a single inventory of all flora With a diversity of 5,411 mammals (Wilson & and fauna found in the park, derived from a survey with Mittermeier 2009), 10,027 birds (Dickinson & Remsen bare minimum essentials laid out in a uniform fashion 2013; Dickinson & Christidis 2014), 10,178 reptiles and a timely updation of this list maintaining the same (Uetz & Hosek 2014), 7,356 amphibians (Frost 2015), principle. and 33,059 fishes (Eschmeyer & Fong 2014) inhabiting Compared to countries in the Western Hemisphere most of the major habitat types, occupying nearly (Banks et al. 1987; Hanel et al. 2009), there have been all elevations and depths, and displaying remarkable very few attempts in India to produce comprehensive variations in body size and life histories, vertebrates play and synchronised faunistic checklists. The Zoological vital roles in ecosystems, despite comprising only about Survey of India (ZSI) has published faunal series on 3% of global biodiversity (Hoffman et al. 2010). the States of Orissa (1987), West Bengal (1992), The Western Ghats region (part of the Western Meghalaya (1995), Delhi (1997), Gujarat (2000), Sikkim Ghats - Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot), represents a (2003), Manipur (2004), Nagaland (2006), Arunachal macrocosm of India’s biodiversity. Close to 39% of the Pradesh (2006), Mizoram (2007), Goa (2008), Tamil vertebrates occurring in this hotspot are endemic (Anon Nadu (2009), Meghalaya (2012), Andaman & Nicobar 2009). However, biodiversity of the Western Ghats Islands (2012), Uttarakhand (2012) and also brought has been extensively modified for human settlement out a series on fauna of conservation areas and by forest clearing and resultant habitat fragmentation, fauna of wetland ecosystems (http://zsi.gov.in/App/ unsustainable exploitation of resources, land conversion content.aspx?link=199). Johnsingh (2001) published specifically for monocrop plantations, invasive alien a comprehensive vertebrate checklist of the Kalakkad- species and climate change (WGEEP 2011). Further, the Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, while highly productive coastal ecosystems along the western recently, Nair & Krishna (2013) published a vertebrate coast of India are also under severe stress due to checklist for the National Chambal Sanctuary, Madhya increasing developmental activities in the coastal zone, Pradesh. The state of Kerala is perhaps the only one in pollution, over harvesting and climate change (KSCSTE India which has a checklist of forest trees (Sasidharan 2005). Surprisingly, there are very few datasets available 2000). In addition there are also some independent on the status of individual species, and checklists checklists for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and catalogues presenting updated information on and fishes from Kerala, and this compilation is a natural status of biodiversity, even for groups like vertebrates. extension at integrating all of them. Conversely, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– 2020, a 10-year framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) demands for action by all METHODS, DEFINITIONS AND DATA SOURCES countries and stakeholders to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people (Anon 2013). This This checklist covers both terrestrial (including requires concerted efforts by all parties to the CBD to freshwater) and marine vertebrate classes including properly document and protect biodiversity. Pisces (Fishes), Amphibia (Amphibians), Reptilia A checklist of fauna is a basic inventory for (Reptiles), Aves (Birds) and Mammalia (Mammals) management of a biological landscape. Large recorded from the state of Kerala (as on 1 March administrative units handling the ministries of 2015). Political boundaries of the state of Kerala are environment, forests, natural resources or wildlife for as defined by the Government of India. For marine a country or state/province develop and implement vertebrates, the maritime limits for continental fauna their plans based on such inventories. Habitat and park which is typically defined as extending till 200 nautical managers use checklists of flora and fauna, possibly with miles from the coast or a median between two political annotations on conservation priority and threat status, entities if they are closer than 400 nautical miles has to judiciously manage the habitats understanding the been followed. This matches the definition for the cost-benefits of each conservation action. However, lack Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of a country and that on synchrony between the checklists of different classes; the biological resources (including their conservation over-representation of one class over the other due to measures) present in this zone belongs to the country. emphasis laid due to a particular study, and mismatch in For the sake of the present checklist, the maritime the standards used to asses threat levels can all impact limit is the median between the coast of Kerala and

7962 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al.

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the islands of Lakshadweep, the nearest political entity possible and therefore certain species that have been across the Arabian Sea (Fig. 1). Care has been taken to recorded with less remarkable evidence or a subject of ensure that the list is as authentic and up-to-date as a challenge have been excluded (see details in remarks

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 7963 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al. within each taxonomic section). Species that were once status of Raorchestes travancoricus to Endangered known to occur and are currently ‘extirpated’ or ‘extinct’ (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2015), which is and species with naturalised population are included followed here. with appropriate notes. Escapees of exotic species that do not have a viable breeding population have not been Endemism included. No distinction is made between resident and Only two levels of endemism are mentioned and migratory species, or between those that occur regularly discussed in the checklists, viz., Kerala (KL) and the and those of casual or accidental occurrence. Western Ghats (WG). Other cases of endemism or restricted ranges, wherever applicable, are indicated Taxonomy and Nomenclature in the foot notes. While political boundaries of Kerala Taxonomy followed for each group is based on well- State are well-defined, it is not so for the Western Ghats accepted primary literature/s (see individual papers). region. For the sake of the present paper, we follow the Wherever there was a pressing need to deviate from boundaries of the Western Ghats as defined by Gadgil the standard taxonomy, the same has been stated (2011). However, in certain cases, particularly for birds, explicitly in notes. Recent changes in taxonomy and/ some of the accepted Western Ghats endemics have or contradicting opinions and views are covered as got small resident populations in pockets that strictly specific footnotes. Though Malayalam (local language fall outside this region in the southern Eastern Ghats of the state of Kerala) names for the mammal and bird or Deccan Plateau. However, such anomalies are not species followed standard references (Ali 1969; Prater considered as a case to drop the endemic status of these 1971; Neelakantan 1984; Radhakrishnan 1997; Nameer species which are otherwise primarily restricted to the 2000; Palot & Radhakrishnan 2003; Grimmet et al. 2007; Western Ghats. Sashikumar et al. 2011), there was a need to coin new vernacular names for fishes, amphibians and reptiles; as Schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA) well as several species of mammals and birds not covered Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 amended up in the above references. Additional Malayalam names to 2011 forms the legal framework for conservation of were also suggested where the existing name was not flora and fauna in India. Though there was a proposal to ideal. Google transliteration was used to complete the revise the different schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) phonetic Latin transliteration of the Malayalam names. Act 1972 (MOEF 2007), this is yet to be implemented. A draft Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill (2013), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ though placed in the Rajya Sabha is also yet to be The International Union for Conservation of Nature approved by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and (IUCN) maintains the Red List of Threatened Species™, Climate Change (MoEFCC). One of the major change an inventory of the extinction risk and conservation suggested in the 2013 draft amendment is the inclusion status of the world’s species. Information on the of Schedule VII, which lists the species whose trade is to conservation status of all taxa listed in this checklist was be regulated using the provisions of the CITES. On 26 retrieved from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species March 2015, the MoEFCC constituted an Expert Group (www.iucnredlist.org), whose underlying assessments to revise the Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. are based on the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria The Act itself is more than 40 years old, and the (version 3.1) (IUCN 2001). Additionly, the results of the taxonomy and nomenclature of species have changed recent assessments for some of the groups of mammals since then. This brings in significant challenges in (Molur et al. 2003; 2005), reptiles (Srinivasulu et al. 2014), interpreting the schedule and relating to the most recent and freshwater fishes (Dahanukar et al. 2011) were also taxonomy. Our attempt to interpret the WPA schedules consulted. BirdLife International annually updates the in the current checklist should not be considered as a threat status of birds and the 2015 assessment published replacement for WPA, or as a document with a legal in October is followed here. For details on the IUCN Red standing. It can only be treated as a ready reckoner of Listing process, refer to Mace et al. (2008), Hoffman WPA at species level for the vertebrate fauna of the state et al. (2010) and Collen et al. (2014). Raorchestes of Kerala. travancoricus was thought to be extinct (Biju 2004) as on The details on the fauna listed in the different 1 March 2015, the cut off date fixed on the records of the schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 were vertebrates from Kerala for this monograph. However, retrieved from the website of the MoEFCC (www. the recent IUCN assessment (2015.3) has elevated the moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/wildlife1l.pdf), which is

7964 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al. amended up to 2003. dĂďůĞϭ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŝŶ<ĞƌĂůĂ^ƚĂƚĞ

KƌĚĞƌƐ &ĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů dƌĂĚĞ ŝŶ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ Fishes ϰϭ ϭϳϮ ϵϬϱ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨtŝůĚ&ĂƵŶĂĂŶĚ&ůŽƌĂ;/d^Ϳ Amphibians 2 ϭϭ ϭϱϭ The three Appendices of CITES form the legal ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚŝĐŚĂƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞƉƟůĞƐ 324ϭϳϯ ƚƌĂĚĞĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶĮƐĐĂƚĞĚĂŶĚĂĐƟŽŶƚĂŬĞŶŽŶƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞƌ͘ Birds 22 88 500 /ŶĚŝĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƉĂƌƚǇ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ /d^ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϭϵϳϲ ĂŶĚ Mammals ϭϯ 35 ϭϭϴ ŚĂƐ ƚŚĞ ůĞŐĂů ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ƚŽ ĂďŝĚĞ ďǇ ŝƚ͘ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ All Vertebrates ϴϭ 330 ϭϴϰϳ on species that occur in Kerala which are listed in the ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ /d^ ǁĞƌĞ ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ /d^ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ ;ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŝƚĞƐ͘ŽƌŐͬĞŶŐͬĂƉƉͬ appendices.php).

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Ă͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ Vertebrate diversity of Kerala is represented by ϭ͕ϴϰϳƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶϯϯϬĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚϴϭŽƌĚĞƌƐ;dĂďůĞϭĂŶĚ Fig. 2). Fishes (freshwater and marine) are the most ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞŐƌŽƵƉŽĨǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ;ϵϬϱƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇ ďŝƌĚƐ ;ϱϬϬ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͕ ƌĞƉƟůĞƐ ;ϭϳϯ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͕ ĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐ ;ϭϱϭƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿĂŶĚŵĂŵŵĂůƐ;ϭϭϴƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ͘ZĞƉƟůĞƐĂŶĚ amphibians are represented with fewer numbers of families and orders when compared to other vertebrate ŐƌŽƵƉƐ;dĂďůĞϭ͕&ŝŐ͘ϮͿ͘

ď͘ sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ŝŶ ŵĂƌŝŶĞ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƚĂǆĂĂƚƚŚĞ &ŽƌƚǇͲƚǁŽ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ;ϳϳϵ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĨĂŵŝůǇĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌůĞǀĞůŝŶ<ĞƌĂůĂ of Kerala occur in the marine environment (Table 2, &ŝŐ͘ϯͿ͘ǆĐĞƉƚĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐ͕ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐŽĨĂůůŽƚŚĞƌ vertebrate groups occur in marine environments; ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŝŶĞ ĨŽƌŵƐ ǀĂƌŝĞƐ between taxonomic groups. Fishes have the greatest Đ͘ŶĚĞŵŝƐŵǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ;ϳϵйͿ ŽĨ ŵĂƌŝŶĞ ĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ Endemism among vertebrates have been discussed ŵĂŵŵĂůƐ ;ϭϵйͿ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďǇ ƚǁŽ ŽƌĚĞƌƐ ĞƚĂĐĞĂ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚǁŽ ƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ ĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ (dolphins, whales and porpoises) and Sirennia (Dugongs 'ŚĂƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů or Sea Cows). Among birds, the pelagic forms include boundaries of Kerala State. ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ WŚĂĞƚŚŽŶƟĚĂĞ ;ƚƌŽƉŝĐ ďŝƌĚƐͿ͕ Three-hundred-and-eighty-six species (36%) of KĐĞĂŶŝƟĚĂĞ ;ĂƵƐƚƌĂů ƐƚŽƌŵͲƉĞƚƌĞůƐͿ͕ ,ǇĚƌŽďĂƟĚĂĞ vertebrates of Kerala are endemic to the Western Ghats (northern storm-petrels), Procellariidae (petrels and Kerala, of which 282 species (26%) are endemic to ĂŶĚ ƐŚĞĂƌǁĂƚĞƌƐͿ͕ &ƌĞŐĂƟĚĂĞ ;ĨƌŝŐĂƚĞďŝƌĚƐͿ͕ ^ƵůŝĚĂĞ ƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ŚĂƚƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞϭϬϰƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ϭϬйͿĂƌĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ (boobies), Stercorariidae (skuas and jaegers) and certain to Kerala (Table 3, Fig. 4). >ĂƌŝĚĂĞ ;ŐƵůůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌŶƐͿ͕ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŽŶůǇ ϲй ŽĨ ŶĚĞŵŝƐŵŝƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚĂŵŽŶŐĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐǁŝƚŚϵϬй ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ďŝƌĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ͘ ŵŽŶŐ ƌĞƉƟůĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ endemic species, of which 66% are endemic to the ŵĂƌŝŶĞĨŽƌŵƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĨŽƌчϱйĂŶĚĂƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚďǇ Western Ghats, while 24% are endemic to the state of the families Cheloniidae (sea turtles), Dermochelyidae Kerala͕ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ ĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ĮƐŚĞƐ ;ϲϵйͿ͕ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ (Leather-back Turtle) and a few members of Elaphidae ϯϵй ĂƌĞ ĞŶĚĞŵŝĐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ 'ŚĂƚƐ ĂŶĚ ϯϬй ĂƌĞ (sea snakes). ŬŶŽǁŶŽŶůǇĨƌŽŵ<ĞƌĂůĂ͘ŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƉƟůĞƐ͕ϱϯйĂƌĞ

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 1ϳ November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 7965 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al. dĂďůĞϮ͘EƵŵďĞƌŽĨǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂŝŶŵĂƌŝŶĞĂŶĚƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů dĂďůĞϯ͘>ĞǀĞůŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ ŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽ Marine dĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞůĂƐƐ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ŚĂƚƐ <ĞƌĂůĂ Fishes ϳϭϲ ϭϴϵ Fishes ϭϯϭ ϱϳ Amphibians 0 ϭϱϭ Amphibians ϭϯϲ 36 ZĞƉƟůĞƐ ϵ ϭϲϰ ZĞƉƟůĞƐ ϴϳ ϭϬ Birds ϯϭ ϰϲϵ Birds ϭϳ 0 Mammals 23 ϵϱ Mammals All Vertebrates ϳϳϵ ϭϬϲϴ ϭϱ ϭ All Vertebrates 386 ϭϬϰ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͘>ĞǀĞůŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ

Terrestrial Marine &ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͘DĂƌŝŶĞǀĞƌƐƵƐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ

endemic to the Western Ghats and 6% endemic to <ĞƌĂůĂ͘ &ŝŌĞĞŶ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ŵĂŵŵĂůƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ĂƌĞ ĞŶĚĞŵŝĐĞŝƚŚĞƌƚŽƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ŚĂƚƐ;ϭϰйͿĂŶĚͬŽƌƚŽ <ĞƌĂůĂ;ϭйͿ͘dŚĞŽŶůǇŵĂŵŵĂůƚŚĂƚŝƐĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽ<ĞƌĂůĂ is Ranjini’s Rat ZĂƩƵƐƌĂŶũŝŶŝĂĞ. The level of endemism is the lowest among birds with only 4% endemic to the Western Ghats and no species endemic to Kerala (Fig. 5).

Ě͘dŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ KĨϭ͕ϴϰϳǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ͕ϮϬϱ;ΕϭϭйͿƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂƌĞ ůŝƐƚĞĚĂƐƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ/hEZĞĚ>ŝƐƚŽĨdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ Ϯϯ ĂƌĞ ƌŝƟĐĂůůǇ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͕ ϵϬ ĂƌĞ ŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚĂŶĚϵϮĂƌĞsƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ͘ďŽƵƚϭϬϭƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐĂƌĞĂƚĂĞĮĐŝĞŶƚ;dĂďůĞϰ͕&ŝŐ͘ϲͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ should be accorded high priority with respect to future research and monitoring as many of them are likely to be &ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽ<ĞƌĂůĂĂŶĚĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĞůŝŐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ůŝƐƟŶŐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ 'ŚĂƚƐ

7966 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al. dĂďůĞϰ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂƵŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ/hEdŚƌĞĂƚĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ dĂďůĞϱ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂůŝƐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐŽĨ ƚŚĞtŝůĚůŝĨĞ;WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿĐƚ͕ŽĨϭϵϳϮ Vertebrate /hEZĞĚ>ŝƐƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐŽĨtW ůĂƐƐ EX t CR EN sh NT > NE Vertebrate ĐůĂƐƐ Fishes 0 0 ϳ 33 38 ϯϳ ϭϵϬ 556 44 / // /// /s V s/ x

Amphibians 0 0 ϭϭ 25 ϭϰ 5284325 Fishes ϭϱ 00000ϴϵϬ

ZĞƉƟůĞƐ 00 ϭϭϭϭϭ8 ϳϳ 40 25 Amphibians 0 0 0 ϭϵ 00ϭϯϮ

Birds 0 0 4 8 ϭϯ 32 ϰϰϭ 20 ZĞƉƟůĞƐ ϭϭ 80ϵϳ 00ϱϳ

Mammals 0 0 0 ϭϯ ϭϲ 5 ϳϲ ϭ ϳ Birds 53 ϭ 0 388 ϭ 0 ϱϳ All 0023ϵϬ ϵϮ ϴϳ ϴϭϮ 642 ϭϬϭ Mammals ϭϵ ϯϵ 43ϭϵ 034 Vertebrates yͲǆƟŶĐƚ͖tͲǆƟŶĐƚŝŶƚŚĞtŝůĚ͖ZͲƌŝƟĐĂůůǇŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚ͖EͲ All Vertebrates ϵϴ 48 4 ϱϬϳ 20 0 ϭϭϳϬ ŶĚĂŶĚĞƌĞĚ͖shͲsƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ͖EdͲEĞĂƌdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ͖>Ͳ>ĞĂƐƚŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͖ ͲĂƚĂĞĮĐŝĞŶƚ͖EͲEŽƚǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚ ǆͲEŽ͘ŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϳ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ/hEZĞĚ>ŝƐƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͘dŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂ ƚŚĞtW͘EŝŶĞƚǇͲĞŝŐŚƚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨĮƐŚĞƐĂŶĚϴϳйŽĨƚŚĞ amphibians of Kerala have not been included under any ŽĨƚŚĞ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐŽĨtW;dĂďůĞϱ͕&ŝŐ͘ϳͿ͘ About 50% of the Schedule I animals listed in WPA ŽŶĐĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ƚŽƚĂů ŽĨ belong to birds, while those in Schedule II and Schedule 642 species of vertebrates have not been assessed for III primarily consist of mammals. About 80% of the ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ;EŽƚ ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚͿ͕ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇ ŽĨ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ/sĂŶŝŵĂůƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨďŝƌĚƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞϵϵйŽĨƚŚĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ĮƐŚĞƐ ;ϱϱϲ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ ϴϲ͘ϲϬйͿ͕ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ animals listed under the Schedule V, are mammals (Fig. ĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐ;ϰϯƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿĂŶĚƌĞƉƟůĞƐ;ϰϬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͿ;dĂďůĞ 8). 4). Ĩ͘ sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ Ğ͘ sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶ tŝůĚůŝĨĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĂĚĞŝŶŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨ&ůŽƌĂĂŶĚ ;WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿĐƚ͕ϭϵϳϮ &ĂƵŶĂ;/d^Ϳ EŝŶĞƚǇͲĞŝŐŚƚ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ŚĂǀĞ Only 8% of the vertebrates of Kerala have been been included in the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife ůŝƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ;WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿĐƚ;ϭϵϳϮͿ;tWͿ͘ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůϰϴƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĂĚĞŝŶŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨ&ůŽƌĂĂŶĚ are included in the Schedule II, four in the Schedule III and Fauna (CITES). Mammals are well represented in CITES ϱϬϳŝŶƚŚĞ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ/s͘dǁĞŶƚǇƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ŽŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ǁŝƚŚϯϵйŽĨƚŚĞŵďĞŝŶŐůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ ďŝƌĚ ;,ŽƵƐĞ ƌŽǁͿ ĂŶĚ ϭϵ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŵĂŵŵĂůƐ ŽĨ ;ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ/ĂŶĚ///ͿŽĨ/d^͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇďŝƌĚƐĂŶĚƌĞƉƟůĞƐ Kerala have been included under the Schedule V of WPA. ǁŝƚŚ ĂďŽƵƚ ϭϯй ĂŶĚ ϭϮй ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘ &ŝƐŚĞƐ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ϭ͕ϭϳϬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ;ϲϯйͿŽĨ ǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ĂŶĚĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐŚĂǀĞŽŶůǇŶĞŐůŝŐŝďůĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶ have not been included under any of the Schedules of /d^;dĂďůĞϲ͕&ŝŐ͘ϵͿ͘

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 1ϳ November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 7967 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al. dĂďůĞϲ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂůŝƐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ/d^

ƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐŽĨ/d^ sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞůĂƐƐ / // /// None

Fishes 0 ϳ 0 ϴϵϴ

Amphibians 0 2 0 ϭϰϵ

ZĞƉƟůĞƐ ϵ ϵ 4 ϭϱϭ

Birds 5 66 0 ϰϮϵ

Mammals ϭϰ 22 ϭϬ ϳϮ

All Vertebrates 28 ϭϬϲ ϭϰ ϭϲϵϵ

A total of 28 species of vertebrates of Kerala are listed ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ/ŽĨƚŚĞ/d^͕ǁŚŝůĞϭϬϲƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶ ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ//ĂŶĚϭϰƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŝŶƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ///͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽ &ŝŐƵƌĞϴ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂůŝƐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞtŝůĚůŝĨĞ;WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿ ĮƐŚĞƐĂŶĚĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ/ Đƚ͕ŽĨϭϵϳϮ and III of the CITES (Table 6). About 50% of the vertebrates of Kerala listed in the ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ/ŽĨ/d^ĂƌĞŵĂŵŵĂůƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞƌĞƉƟůĞƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ĨŽƌĂďŽƵƚϯϮйĂŶĚďŝƌĚƐϭϴй͘ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ//ŽĨ/d^ŚĂƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂůůƚŚĞĮǀĞǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞĐůĂƐƐĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚ M ďŝƌĚƐĚŽŵŝŶĂƟŶŐǁŝƚŚĂďŽƵƚϲϮй͘ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ///ŽĨƚŚĞ B /d^͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌĚĞĂůƐŽŶůǇĂďŽƵƚŵĂŵŵĂůƐĂŶĚƌĞƉƟůĞƐ R ;&ŝŐ͘ϭϬͿ͘ A F

KE>h^/KE

This updated checklist reveals high diversity, &ŝŐƵƌĞϵ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂŝŶƚŚĞ endemism and threat levels for the vertebrate fauna of ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐŽĨƚŚĞtŝůĚůŝĨĞ;WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶͿĐƚ͕ŽĨϭϵϳϮ͘ Kerala State. The uniqueness of the vertebrate fauna DͲDĂŵŵĂůƐ͖ͲŝƌĚƐ͖ZͲZĞƉƟůĞƐ͖ͲŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐ͖&Ͳ&ŝƐŚĞƐ of Kerala is manifested by the high levels of endemism ŝŶůŽǁĞƌŐƌŽƵƉƐůŝŬĞĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌĮƐŚĞƐ͕ĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐĂŶĚ ƌĞƉƟůĞƐ͘ůŽƐĞƚŽŽŶĞͲƚŚŝƌĚŽĨĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐĂŶĚϭϬйŽĨ ĮƐŚĞƐ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ^ƚĂƚĞ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ĐĂůůŝŶŐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞƉŽŽƌůǇͲŬŶŽǁŶĂŶĚŽŌĞŶŝŐŶŽƌĞĚ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽŚƵŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨŵĂƌŝŶĞĮƐŚĞƐ ĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌĮƐŚĞƐĂŶĚĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞ ǇĞƚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ͘tĞŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŬĞǇƌĞƐƵůƚƐĂŶĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ ŵĂĚĞŝŶŽƵƌƉĂƉĞƌǁŽƵůĚďĞĂĮƌƐƚƐƚĞƉŝŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ various vertebrate groups in the state of Kerala. While utmost care has been taken to ensure that the contents are accurate and up-to-date, there are ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŽĨŵŝŶŽƌŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐŽƌŽŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐƚĂŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŽ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƚŚĞƐĐĂůĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƩĞŵƉƚĞĚ through this paper. We encourage readers to provide &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬ͘sĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐŽĨ/d^ their feedbacks if any especially on the vernacular names

7968 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al.

ŝĐŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕͘͘Θ>͘ŚƌŝƐƟĚŝƐ;ĞĚƐ͘Ϳ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world͗sŽů͘Ϯ͘WĂƐƐĞƌŝŶĞƐ͘ϰƚŚ ĞĚ͘ĂƐƚďŽƵƌŶĞ͕h͘<͗͘ǀĞƐWƌĞƐƐ͘sŽů͘ϮŽĨϮǀŽůƐ͘WƉ͘ŝͲůŝŝ͕ϭͲϳϱϮ͕ƉůƵƐ CD content. ƐĐŚŵĞǇĞƌ͕ t͘E͘ Θ :͘͘ &ŽŶŐ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ďǇ &ĂŵŝůǇͬ^ƵďĨĂŵŝůǇ͘ ;ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĐŚŝǀĞ͘ĐĂůĂĐĂĚĞŵǇ͘ŽƌŐͬƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚͬŝĐŚƚŚǇŽůŽŐǇͬ ĐĂƚĂůŽŐͬ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐǇ&ĂŵŝůǇ͘ĂƐƉͿ͘ ůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ ϬϰͬϬϱͬϮϬϭϱ͘ &ƌŽƐƚ͕ ͘Z͘ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ͗ ĂŶ KŶůŝŶĞ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘ sĞƌƐŝŽŶ ϲ͘ Ϭ ůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐ ĂƚĂďĂƐĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ Ăƚ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ĂŵŶŚ͘ŽƌŐͬŚĞƌƉĞƚŽůŽŐǇͬĂŵƉŚŝďŝĂͬŝŶĚĞǆ͘Śƚŵů͘ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ DƵƐĞƵŵŽĨEĂƚƵƌĂů,ŝƐƚŽƌǇ͕EĞǁzŽƌŬ͕h^͘;ĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚDĂƌĐŚϮϳ͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ 'ĂĚŐŝů͕D͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, WĂƌƚ/ΘWĂƌƚ//͘DŽ&͘ϱϮϮƉ͘ 'ƌŝŵŵĞƩ͕ Z͕͘ d͘ /ŶƐŬŝƉƉ Θ W͘K͘ EĂŵĞĞƌ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ Thekkeindiayile ƉĂŬƐŚŝŬĂů ΀ŝƌĚƐ ŽĨ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ /ŶĚŝĂ΁͘ E,^ &ŝĞůĚ 'ƵŝĚĞƐ͘ ϭʹϮϰϬ͘ /Ŷ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϭ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐŽĨ<ĞƌĂůĂŝŶ Malayalam. A. C. Black. London ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ/d^ ,ĂŶĞů͕>͕͘:͘WůŝƐƟůΘ:͘EŽǀĂŬ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚŽĨƚŚĞĮƐŚĞƐĂŶĚĮƐŚͲ like vertebrates on the European content and adjacent seas. ƵůůĞƟŶ >ĂŵƉĞƚƌĂϲ͗ϭϬϴʹϭϴϬ͘ ,ŽīŵĂŶŶ͕ D͕͘ ͘ ,ŝůƚŽŶͲdĂǇůŽƌ͕ ͘ ŶŐƵůŽ͕ D͘ ƂŚŵ͕ d͘D͘ ƌŽŽŬƐ͕ ^͘,͘ ƵƚĐŚĂƌƚ͕ <͘͘ ĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌ͕ :͘ ŚĂŶƐŽŶ͕ ͘ ŽůůĞŶ͕ E͘͘ Žǆ͕ t͘Z͘ĂƌǁĂůů͕E͘<͘ƵůǀǇ͕>͘Z͘,ĂƌƌŝƐŽŶ͕s͘<ĂƚĂƌŝǇĂ͕͘D͘WŽůůŽĐŬ͕ (especially for those species for which we proposed new ^͘ YƵĂĚĞƌ͕ E͘/͘ ZŝĐŚŵĂŶ͕ ͘^͘ ZŽĚƌŝŐƵĞƐ͕ D͘&͘ dŽŐŶĞůůŝ͕ :͘͘ sŝĠ͕ ŶĂŵĞƐͿ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ ŝĨ ĂŶǇ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶ :͘D͘ ŐƵŝĂƌ͕ ͘:͘ ůůĞŶ͕ '͘Z͘ ůůĞŶ͕ '͘ ŵŽƌŝ͕ E͘͘ ŶĂŶũĞǀĂ͕ &͘ ŶĚƌĞŽŶĞ͕W͘ŶĚƌĞǁ͕͘>͘ƋƵŝŶŽKƌƟǌ͕:͘͘ĂŝůůŝĞ͕Z͘ĂůĚŝ͕͘͘ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂĮƌƐƚĂƩĞŵƉƚĂŶĚǁĞŚŽƉĞƚŽƵƉĚĂƚĞƚŚŝƐ Ğůů͕ ^͘͘ ŝũƵ͕ :͘W͘ ŝƌĚ͕ W͘ ůĂĐŬͲĞĐŝŵĂ͕ :͘:͘ ůĂŶĐ͕ &͘ ŽůĂŹŽƐ͕͕ list at periodic intervals. '͘t͘ ŽůŝǀĂƌ͕ /͘:͘ ƵƌĮĞůĚ͕ :͘͘ ƵƌƚŽŶ͕ ͘Z͘ ĂƉƉĞƌ͕ &͘ ĂƐƚƌŽ͕ '͘ ĂƚƵůůŽ͕ Z͘͘ ĂǀĂŶĂŐŚ͕ ͘ ŚĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ E͘>͘ ŚĂŽ͕ ͘D͘ ŚĞŶĞƌǇ͕ &͘ ŚŝŽǌǌĂ͕ s͘ ůĂƵƐŶŝƚǌĞƌ͕ E͘:͘ ŽůůĂƌ͕ >͘͘ ŽůůĞƩ͕ ͘͘ ŽůůĞƩĞ͕ ͘&͘ŽƌƚĞǌ&ĞƌŶĂŶĚĞǌ͕D͘d͘ƌĂŝŐ͕D͘:͘ƌŽƐďǇ͕E͘͘ƵŵďĞƌůŝĚŐĞ͕ Z&ZE^ ͘ ƵƩĞůŽĚ͕ ͘͘ ĞƌŽĐŚĞƌ͕ ͘͘ ŝĞƐŵŽƐ͕ :͘^͘ ŽŶĂůĚƐŽŶ͕ :͘t͘ ƵĐŬǁŽƌƚŚ͕'͘ƵƚƐŽŶ͕^͘<͘ƵƩĂ͕Z͘,͘ŵƐůŝĞ͕͘&ĂƌũŽŶ͕^͘&ŽǁůĞƌ͕ ůŝ͕^͘;ϭϵϲϵͿ͘ Birds of Kerala. KǆĨŽƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇWƌĞƐƐ͘KǆĨŽƌĚ͘ŝʹǆǆŝŝŝ͕ :͘&ƌĞǇŚŽĨ͕͘>͘'ĂƌƐŚĞůŝƐ͕:͘'ĞƌůĂĐŚ͕͘:͘'ŽǁĞƌ͕d͘͘'ƌĂŶƚ͕'͘͘ ϭʹϰϰϰ͘ ,ĂŵŵĞƌƐŽŶ͕ Z͘͘ ,ĂƌƌŝƐ͕ >͘Z͘ ,ĞĂŶĞǇ͕ ^͘͘ ,ĞĚŐĞƐ͕ :͘D͘ ,ĞƌŽ͕ Anon (2009). ^ĞƌŝĂů EŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ dŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ 'ŚĂƚƐ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ͗ /ƚƐ ͘ ,ƵŐŚĞƐ͕ ^͘͘ ,ƵƐƐĂŝŶ͕ D͘:͘ /ĐŽĐŚĞĂ͕ Z͘&͘ /ŶŐĞƌ͕ E͘ /ƐŚŝŝ͕ ͘d͘ EĂƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ&ŽƌŝŶƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞtŽƌůĚEĂƚƵƌĂů,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ>ŝƐƚ. /ƐŬĂŶĚĂƌ͕ Z͘<͘ :ĞŶŬŝŶƐ͕ z͘ <ĂŶĞŬŽ͕ D͘ <ŽƩĞůĂƚ͕ <͘D͘ <ŽǀĂĐƐ͕ ^͘>͘ ^ƵďŵŝƩĞĚďǇ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌƚǇ͗ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁŚĐ͘ƵŶĞƐĐŽ͘ŽƌŐͬ <ƵǌŵŝŶ͕͘>ĂDĂƌĐĂ͕:͘&͘>ĂŵŽƌĞƵǆ͕D͘t͘>ĂƵ͕͘K͘>ĂǀŝůůĂ͕<͘>ĞƵƐ͕ ƵƉůŽĂĚƐͬŶŽŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐͬϭϯϰϮƌĞǀ͘ƉĚĨ͘ĐĐĞƐƐĞĚŽŶϭϲƉƌŝůϮϬϭϱ͘ Z͘>͘>ĞǁŝƐŽŶ͕'͘>ŝĐŚƚĞŶƐƚĞŝŶ͕^͘Z͘>ŝǀŝŶŐƐƚŽŶĞ͕s͘>ƵŬŽƐĐŚĞŬ͕͘W͘ Anon (2013). Aichi Targets Passport͘hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟŽŶƐ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ DĂůůŽŶ͕ W͘:͘ DĐ'ŽǁĂŶ͕ ͘ DĐ/ǀŽƌ͕ W͘͘ DŽĞŚůŵĂŶ͕ ^͘ DŽůƵƌ͕ ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ŽŶ ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ ϵϬƉƉ͘ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬ DƵŹŽǌůŽŶƐŽ͕:͘͘DƵƐŝĐŬ͕<͘EŽǁĞůů͕Z͘͘EƵƐƐďĂƵŵ͕t͘KůĞĐŚ͕ ǁǁǁ͘ďŝƉŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͘ŶĞƚͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞͬĂŝĐŚŝƉĂƐƐƉŽƌƚ͘ ĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ ŽŶ ϭϲ E͘>͘KƌůŽǀ͕d͘:͘WĂƉĞŶĨƵƐƐ͕'͘WĂƌƌĂͲKůĞĂ͕t͘&͘WĞƌƌŝŶ͕͘͘WŽůŝĚŽƌŽ͕ ƉƌŝůϮϬϭϱ͘ D͘WŽƵƌŬĂǌĞŵŝ͕W͘͘ZĂĐĞǇ͕:͘^͘ZĂŐůĞ͕D͘ZĂŵ͕'͘ZĂƚŚďƵŶ͕Z͘W͘ ĂŝůůǇ͕E͘;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘Tylosurus acusmelanotus;ůĞĞŬĞƌ͕ϭϴϱϬͿ͘/Ŷ͗&ƌŽĞƐĞ͕ ZĞǇŶŽůĚƐ͕͘'͘ZŚŽĚŝŶ͕^͘:͘ZŝĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕>͘K͘ZŽĚƌşŐƵĞǌ͕^͘Z͘ZŽŶ͕͘ Z͘ Θ ͘ WĂƵůǇ ;ĞĚƐ͘Ϳ͘ &ŝƐŚĂƐĞ͘ ĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ͗ tŽƌůĚ ZĞŐŝƐƚĞƌ ZŽŶĚŝŶŝŶŝ͕͘͘ZǇůĂŶĚƐ͕s͘^ĂĚŽǀǇĚĞDŝƚĐŚĞƐŽŶ͕:͘͘^ĂŶĐŝĂŶŐĐŽ͕ ŽĨ DĂƌŝŶĞ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ Ăƚ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŵĂƌŝŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ŽƌŐͬĂƉŚŝĂ͘ <͘>͘ ^ĂŶĚĞƌƐ͕ '͘ ^ĂŶƚŽƐͲĂƌƌĞƌĂ͕ :͘ ^ĐŚŝƉƉĞƌ͕͘ ^ĞůĨͲ^ƵůůŝǀĂŶ ͕ z͘ ƉŚƉ͍ƉсƚĂǆĚĞƚĂŝůƐΘŝĚсϮϵϯϳϱϲĐĐĞƐƐĞĚŽŶϭϲƉƌŝůϮϬϭϱ͘ ^Śŝ͕ ͘ ^ŚŽĞŵĂŬĞƌ͕ &͘d͘ ^ŚŽƌƚ͕ ͘ ^ŝůůĞƌŽͲƵďŝƌŝ͕ ͘>͘ ^ŝůǀĂŶŽ͕ <͘'͘ ĂŶŬƐ͕Z͕͘͘Z͘t͘DĐŝĂƌŵŝĚΘ͘>͘'ĂƌĚŶĞƌ;ĞĚƐ͘Ϳ;ϭϵϴϳͿ͘ Checklist of ^ŵŝƚŚ͕ ͘d͘ ^ŵŝƚŚ͕ :͘ ^ŶŽĞŬƐ͕ ͘:͘ ^ƚĂƩĞƌƐĮĞůĚ͕ ͘:͘ ^ǇŵĞƐ͕ ͘͘ Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. IV. dĂďĞƌ͕ ͘<͘ dĂůƵŬĚĂƌ͕ ,͘:͘ dĞŵƉůĞ͕ Z͘ dŝŵŵŝŶƐ͕ :͘͘ dŽďŝĂƐ͕ <͘ ^ĞƌŝĞƐ͗ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ;h͘^͘&ŝƐŚĂŶĚtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞͿ͘ dƐǇƚƐƵůŝŶĂ͕͘dǁĞĚĚůĞ͕͘hďĞĚĂ͕^͘s͘sĂůĞŶƟ͕W͘W͘ǀĂŶŝũŬ͕>͘D͘ ŝũƵ͕^͘͘Θ&͘ŽƐƐƵǇƚ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘^ǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐĂŶĚƉŚǇůŽŐĞŶǇŽĨPhilautus sĞŝŐĂ͕͘sĞůŽƐŽ͕͘͘tĞŐĞ͕D͘tŝůŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕͘͘tŝůůŝĂŵƐŽŶ͕&͘yŝĞ͕ 'ŝƐƚĞů͕ϭϴϰϴ;ŶƵƌĂ͕ZŚĂĐŽƉŚŽƌŝĚĂĞͿŝŶƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ŚĂƚƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ ͘͘zŽƵŶŐ͕,͘Z͘ŬĕĂŬĂǇĂ͕>͘ĞŶŶƵŶ͕d͘D͘ůĂĐŬďƵƌŶ͕>͘ŽŝƚĂŶŝ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ϭϮ ŶĞǁ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ Zoological Journal of the ,͘d͘ƵďůŝŶ͕'͘͘ĚĂ&ŽŶƐĞĐĂ͕͘'ĂƐĐŽŶ͕d͘͘>ĂĐŚĞƌ͕:ƌ͕'͘D͘DĂĐĞ͕ >ŝŶŶĂĞĂŶ^ŽĐŝĞƚǇ͕ϭϱϱ͗ϯϳϰʹϰϰϰ͘ ^͘͘ DĂŝŶŬĂ͕ :͘͘ DĐEĞĞůǇ͕ Z͘͘ DŝƩĞƌŵĞŝĞƌ͕ '͘D͘ ZĞŝĚ͕ :͘W͘ ŽůůĞŶ͕͘&͘tŚŝƩŽŶ͕͘͘ǇĞƌ͕:͘͘D͘ĂŝůůŝĞ͕E͘ƵŵďĞƌůŝĚŐĞ͕t͘Z͘d͘ ZŽĚƌŝŐƵĞǌ͕͘͘ZŽƐĞŶďĞƌŐ͕D͘:͘^ĂŵǁĂǇƐ͕:͘^ŵĂƌƚ͕͘͘^ƚĞŝŶΘ ĂƌǁĂůů͕ ͘ WŽůůŽĐŬ͕ E͘/͘ ZŝĐŚŵĂŶ͕ ͘D͘ ^ŽƵůƐďǇ Θ D͘ ŽŚŵ ^͘E͘^ƚƵĂƌƚ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ dŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞ (2014).'ůŽďĂůƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇ͕ƚŚƌĞĂƚĂŶĚ World’s vertebrates. ScienceϯϯϬ͗ϭϱϬϯʹϭϱϭϱ endemism. 'ůŽďĂůĐŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚŝŽŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚǇϮϯ͗ϰϬʹϱϭ /hE ^^ ŵƉŚŝďŝĂŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ͘ ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ Raorchestes ĂŚĂŶƵŬĂƌ͕E͕͘Z͘ZĂŐŚĂǀĂŶ͕͘ůŝ͕Z͘ďƌĂŚĂŵΘ͘W͘^ŚĂũŝ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ travancoricus͘ dŚĞ /hE ZĞĚ >ŝƐƚ ŽĨ dŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ͘ sĞƌƐŝŽŶ dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĨƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ ĮƐŚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ϮϬϭϱ͘Ϯ͘фǁǁǁ͘ŝƵĐŶƌĞĚůŝƐƚ͘ŽƌŐх͘ŽǁŶůŽĂĚĞĚŽŶϬϲƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϱ͘ 'ŚĂƚƐ͘ ƉƉ Ϯϭʹϰϴ͘ /Ŷ͗ DŽůƵƌ͕ ^͕͘ <͘'͘ ^ŵŝƚŚ͕ ͘͘ ĂŶŝĞů Θ t͘Z͘d͘ :ŽŚŶƐŝŶŐŚ͕ ͘:͘d͘ ;ϮϬϬϭͿ͘ dŚĞ <ĂůĂŬŬĂĚͲDƵŶĚĂŶƚŚƵƌĂŝ dŝŐĞƌ ZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͗ Darwall (compilers). The status of freshwater biodiversity in the A global heritage of biological diversity. Current Science͘ϴϬ;ϯͿ͗ϯϳϴͲ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ 'ŚĂƚƐ͘ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů hŶŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ EĂƚƵƌĞ 388. ;/hEͿ 'ůĂŶĚ͕ ^ǁŝƚǌĞƌůĂŶĚ͕ Θ ŽŽ KƵƚƌĞĂĐŚ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ;KKͿ <^^d ;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ ^ƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ZĞƉŽƌƚ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ϮϬϭϱ͘ ŽŝŵďĂƚŽƌĞ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͕ϭϭϲƉƉ͘ Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, ŝĐŬŝŶƐŽŶ͕͘͘Θ:͘s͘:͘ZĞŵƐĞŶ;ĞĚƐ͘Ϳ;ϮϬϭϯͿ͘The Howard and Moore dŚŝƌƵǀĂŶĂŶƚŚĂƉƵƌĂŵ͕<ĞƌĂůĂ͕ϯϰϵƉƉ͘ ŽŵƉůĞƚĞŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĚƐŽĨdŚĞtŽƌůĚ͗ϭ͘EŽŶͲƉĂƐƐĞƌŝŶĞƐ. 4th DĂĐĞ͕'͘D͕͘E͘:͘ŽůůĂƌ͕<͘:͘'ĂƐƚŽŶ͕͘,ŝůƚŽŶͲdĂǇůŽƌ͕,͘Z͘ŬĕĂŬĂǇĂ͕ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘ĂƐƚďŽƵƌŶĞ͕h͘<͗͘ǀĞƐWƌĞƐƐ͘sŽů͘ϭŽĨϮǀŽůƐ͘WƉ͘ŝʹů͕ϭʹϰϲϭ͘ E͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌͲtŝůůŝĂŵƐ͕ ͘:͘ DŝůŶĞƌͲ'ƵůůĂŶĚ Θ ^͘E͘ ^ƚƵĂƌƚ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ͘

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 1ϳ November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970 7969 Vertebrates of Kerala Nameer et al.

Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN’s system for classifying apJhpc threatened species. Conservation Biology 22: 1424–144 tIc-f-¯nse Iti-cp-ar-K-§-fpsS BZy-{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nÂ MOEF (2007). Criteria for inclusion of fauna in the proposed schedules (»m³t^mÀUv 1888-þ90) XpS§n cmPy-¯nsâ hnhn[ ssPh-`q-{]- of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Wildlife Institute of India. 86p. IrXntaJ-e-I-fn-se, {]tXy-In¨pw ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nse \s«-ÃpÅ Pohn- Molur, S., D. Brandon-Jones, W. Dittus, A. Eudey, A. Kumar, M. Singh, I-sf-¸än hfsc hn]p-e-amb hnh-c-§Ä kam-l-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. 38,863 M. Feeroz, M. M. Chalise, P. Priya & S. Walker (2003). Status of NXp-c-{i In-tem-ao-äÀ `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpw, 590 Intem-ao-äÀ I-SÂXochpw South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Xoc-{]-tZ-is¯ k¦oÀW-amb ImbÂ ]-c-¸p-I-fpw, ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nse Plan (C.A.M.P) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organization / DjvW-ta-Jem BÀ{Z-h-\§fpw, \navt\m-¶-X-amb `q{]-tZ-i-hpw, CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India, 432pp. DjvWtaJema¬kq¬ Imem-h-Øbpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ tIc-f- kw-Øm\w Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer & `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ]mcn-Øn-XnI-ambpw AkvXn-XzapÅ AXn-hn- L. Ravikumar (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small in-jvS-amb Hcp {]tZ-iamW.v Iti-cp-P-´p-¡-fpsS sshhn-[y¯nsâ Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan XXvØn-Xn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]mtZ-in-Im-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ Hcp H¯p- (C.A.M.P) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organization / CBSG- t\m-¡Â ]«nI ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kw_-Ôn¨ ASn-Øm\ tcJ-IÄ South Asia, Coimbatore, India, 618pp. e`y-am-¡m\pw {]mtZinI ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ {Kmlyw hÀ[n- Nameer, P.O. (2000). Checklist of Indian Mammals. Kerala State Forest ¡m\pw klm-bI-am-hpw. BtKm-f-X-e¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ ssPh-ssh- Department and Kerala Agricultural University, 90pp+xxv. hn-[y-\m-i-¯nsâ tXmXpw XXv^-e-am-bp-mfp -bn-cn-¡p¶ kwc-£W kwcw- Neelakantan, K.K. (1984). Keralathile Pakshikal - 2nd Edition. Kerala `-§fpw Cu taJ-e-bnÂ e`y-amb imkv{Xo-b-amb Adnhv imkv{X-ÚÀ, Sahitya Academy, Trichur \b-cq]o-I-cWw \S-¯p-¶hÀ, cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ, DNn-X-amb KpW-t`màm- Palot, M.J. & C. Radhakrishnan (2003). Checklist of snakes of Kerala ¡Ä XpS-§n-b-h-cnÂ F¯n-t¡-p¶ A[nI D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w hÀKo-I- with their Malayalam vernacular names. Reptile Rap. 5: 3–6. cWimkv{Xw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ kaq-l-¯n\v \ÂIp-¶p. Prater, S.H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. 3rd Edition. 12th Reprint 2005. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 324pp. tIc-f-¯nÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ 1847 Iti-cpI Pohn-Isf Ipdn-¨mWv Cu GI- Radhakrishnan, C. (1997). Reptiles. In: Natural Resources of Kerala. hn-j-bI {]_-Ô-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. AXnÂ 905 aÂky-§Ä, 151 (Eds.) WWF- India, Kerala Chapter, Thiruvananthapuram. D`-b-Po-hn-IÄ,173 Dc-K-Po-hn-IÄ, 500 ]£n-IÄ, 118 kkvX-\n-IÄ F¶nh Sashikumar, C., J. Praveen, M.J. Palot & P.O. Nameer (2011). Birds of CXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Kerala: Status and Distribution. DC Books. Kottayam, Kerala, 835pp. Sasidharan, N. (2000). Forest Trees of Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Author Details: P.O. Nameer is Professor and Head of Centre for Wildlife Studies, Institute, Peechi. KAU. His research interest include the taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Srinivsaulu, C., B. Srinivasulu & S. Molur (2014). The Status and vertebrates except fishes. Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats, India. Conservation Praveen J is a computer engineer by profession and a hobbyist bird-watcher. Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP). Wildlife Information He involves in citizen science initiatives that monitor and report spatio-temporal Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 148pp. aspects of bird distribution by bridging amateur bird-watcher networks with Uetz, P. & J. Hosek (eds.). (2014). The Reptile Database. http://www. ecologists and wildlife biologists. He is an Associate Editor of Indian BIRDS journal and his interests include threatened and endemic birds of Western Reptiledatabase.org. accessed on 30th Sept. 2014. Ghats, pelagic birds of Indian seas and Indian bird rarities. WGEEP (2011). Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel. A. Bijukumar is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Aquatic Part I. Submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, India. His areas of specializations Government of India, 150pp. include biodiversity documentation and taxonomy of fish, crustacea and Wilson, D.E. & R.A., Mittermeier (eds.). (2009). Handbook of mollsuca. Currently engaged in projects on biogeography and phylogeography Mammals of the World - Vol. I. Carnivores. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona, of marine fauna of India. 727pp. Muhamed Jafer Palot is Assistant Zoologist with Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode,Kerala, India. He works on taxonomy and ecology of butterflies, dragonflies, reptiles and birds. Sandeep Das is presently a PhD scholar in University of Calicut, Kerala working Threatened Taxa in Kerala Forest Research Institute. His research interests are in the field of amphibian ecology especially in their breeding behaviour. Rajeev Raghavan is an Assistant Professor at the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, whose research focuses on generating information and developing methods to support conservation decision-making in tropical freshwater ecosystems. He is the South Asia Co-Chair of the IUCN SSC/WI Freshwater Fish Specialist Group, Coordinator of the IUCN SSC Freshwater Fish Red List Authority and the SSC Freshwater Representative on the IUCN Red List Committee.

7970 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 November 2015 | 7(13): 7961–7970