COLOMBIA Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide December 2012

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Index

Introduction...... 3 Media overview……………………………………………………..…14 Radio overview...... 25 Radio stations...... 33 Television overview...... 50 Television stations...... 55 Print overview...... 66 Newspapers...... 71 Online media...... 87 Media resources...... 91 Telecommunications overview...... 101 Telecommunications companies...... 105

Annexes I -List of community radio stations by province…………...... 109 II -List of community TV cable networks by province……...... 151

Introduction

Colombia is a middle income country with huge economic potential, but it is plagued by conflict and natural disasters.

Political violence is endemic in this South American nation of 47 million people, despite its long tradition of multi-party democracy and regular elections.

The government has been waging a civil war against two separate left-wing guerrilla movements for nearly half a century.

Since the 1980s right-wing paramilitaries protecting the interests of large land owners and highly organised criminal gangs of drug traffickers have also come on the scene.

The drug gangs employ large numbers of heavily armed guards and assassins.

They use their own planes, ships and even submarines to export processed drugs to North America and Europe, often via third countries in Central America, the Caribbean and West Africa.

The drug cartels also hide consignments of cocaine, marijuana and heroin in ordinary commercial cargo.

All the armed factions that claim a political agenda have turned to criminal activities such as extortion, kidnapping and drug trafficking to fund themselves.

The frontiers between politically motivated violence and criminality for financial gain have become increasingly blurred.

Colombia is one of the world’s largest suppliers of cocaine. It also grows large quantities of marijuana and opium poppies for the manufacture of heroin.

All those involved in the fighting have committed horrific human rights abuses.

Extra-judicial executions and mass killings are common.

According to human rights organisations, the insurgent groups have an established practice of recruiting child soldiers.

In recent years, the leftist guerrilla groups FARC and ELN have made increasing use of mines and roadside bombs. These often cause high civilian casualties.

Rural families suffer the brunt of this conflict, especially those living in remote rural areas where most of the drug cultivation takes place.

The armed factions not only control the drugs trade. They have also moved into mining areas to develop protection rackets.

Their gunmen extort money from companies operating in the oil and gas sector and also from artisanal miners of gold, emeralds and other precious minerals.

Oil companies which refuse to pay up can expect to have their oil pipelines bombed and their vehicles attacked.

Many people have moved out of those parts of the countryside worst affected by fighting.

At the end of 2011, the government estimated there were 3.9 internally displaced people (IDPs) in Colombia. Some NGO estimates put the true figure at over five million.

According to a report by the International Crisis Group published in October 2012, Colombia:Peace at last?” www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/latin-america- caribbean/andes/colombia/045-colombia-peace-at-last.aspx, the four departments (provinces) with the highest rates of population displacement in 2011 were Caquetá and Guaviare in the Eastern plains, Chocó on the Pacific coast and Nariño in the far South near the border with Ecuador.

Between 1.2% and 1.8% of the population of these conflict-ridden departments had been forced to leave their homes by lack of security in 2011, it said.

The majority of IDPs end up in the Colombia’s main cities.

Although most displaced people abandon their homes to escape conflict, some are the victims of natural disasters.

Volcanoes and earthquakes

Colombia is prone to frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions because it sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

The tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean slides back into the earth’s molten core beneath the Andean mountains along the West coast of South America, provoking frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

These affect the heavily populated mountainous regions of Central and Western Colombia.

In 1999, an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale killed more than a 1,000 people in the town of Armenia in West Central Colombia. A further 160,000 were left homeless.

The Andean mountain ranges of Colombia are dotted with active volcanoes, some of them rising to over 5,000 metres. Many of them erupt frequently.

Earthquakes and landslides associated with volcanic eruptions often cause greater loss of life and human displacement than the outpourings of lava and volcanic ash.

Administrative map of Colombia Source: Vidiani.com

In 1985 an eruption of the snow-capped Nevado del Ruiz volcano in central Colombia triggered a mudflow that buried the town of Armero, killing 25,000 people.

A similar disaster occurred on a smaller scale during the 1994 eruption of Nevado de Huila volcano in south western Colombia.

The eruption triggered an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter scale. This provoked landslides and mud flows that killed 1,200 and made 20,000 homeless.

Several volcanoes lie close to large cities which are constantly at risk.

For example, the southern city of Pasto, with a population of 450,000, lies in the shadow of Galeras volcano. This experienced 17 minor eruptions between 2004 and 2010. A really big one could prove catastrophic.

Flooding

Severe flooding has also caused much human suffering and economic damage.

Normally Colombia has two separate rainy seasons. The first stretches from March to June. The second lasts from October to December.

However, in recent years fluctuations in the ocean currents off the West coast of South America have made the timing and intensity of rainfall less predictable.

A phenomenon known as La Niña, sometimes causes the temperature of surface water in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Colombia and Ecuador to cool by up to five degrees Centigrade. This in turn provokes heavy rainfall in western and central Colombia.

La Niña conditions persisted from mid-2010 until early 2012, provoking torrential rain and serious flooding in many parts of Colombia over a continuous period of nearly two years.

By the end of 2011, more than two million people had been affected by floods across the county. Over 500 people lost their lives and tens of thousands were made homeless.

The floods cut roads, isolated communities and caused heavy economic damage

La Niña conditions finally petered out in April 2012, raising hopes of a return to more normal weather patterns.

Recent history

Colombia was conquered and settled by Spanish colonists in the 16th century.

Today, Spanish is the national language, spoken by nearly everyone, and Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion.

Most Colombians are of mixed race.

The Spaniards mingled with the indigenous South American Indian population that they found living in the country.

They also imported black slaves from Africa to work on plantations near the Caribbean coast.

Today, about two thirds of the population is mixed race. Most of the rest are white European or black African. Only 3% of Colombians are of pure indigenous stock.

Under the leadership of Simon Bolivar, Colombia rebelled against Spanish colonial rule in the early 19th century.

The country declared independence in 1819, but Venezuela and Ecuador broke away to form separate states in 1830.

US influence

As an independent state, Colombia moved rapidly from the Spanish to the US sphere of influence. It remains there today.

The territory of Colombia originally included Panama, but this northern province seceded to become an independent state in 1903.

It broke away with active encouragement from the US government, which was anxious to secure control of the then half-built Panama canal.

US companies are major investors in the Colombian economy and the US government has provided billions of dollars of military aid to help the Colombian government combat left-wing guerrilla groups and drug traffickers.

US military aid to Colombia intensified between 2002 and 2010 during the presidency of Alvaro Uribe to back his successful offensive against the FARC and ELN leftist rebel movements.

By the time Uribe handed over to the current head of state, President Juan Manuel Santos, in 2010, both rebel movements had suffered heavy losses and had reduced the scale of their military activities.

However, they remain far from defeated.

La Violencia and power sharing

Two political parties have dominated Colombian politics ever since independence; the Liberals and the Conservatives.

Rivalry between them has often spilled over into civil war.

The most recent armed conflict between Liberals and Conservatives was triggered by the assassination of the popular Liberal Party leader Jorge Eliecer Gaitan in 1948.

This particular outbreak of conflict was known as La Violencia (The Violence). It lasted for more than 10 years.

La Violencia took the form of a guerrilla war in the countryside, away from the main towns and cities.

It set the pattern for the present day conflict between leftist rebel movements and the government army.

In 1953, Colombian army commander General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla took power in a military coup, promising to end La Violencia.

But he failed to do so. Fighting between Liberal and Conservative militia groups was still continuing when Rojas Pinilla was forced to resign by popular protests in 1957.

La Violencia finally came to an end in 1958 after the Liberal and Conservative parties agreed to share power for a series of four presidential terms.

Fresh elections were held and the rival armed groups began to disband, although sporadic incidents of rural violence continued for another four years.

The power-sharing pact involved the rotation of the presidency between a Conservative and Liberal head of state for an initial period of 16 years.

Multi-party elections took place regularly, but the Liberal and Conservative parties always supported the same presidential candidate, who then appointed leading figures from both parties to ministerial posts.

This power-sharing formula continued in a modified form until 1986, when the newly elected Liberal President Virgilio Barco Vargas refused to appoint any Conservative Party figures to his cabinet.

FARC and ELN

Shortly after the fighting between Conservatives and Liberals petered out, Marxist guerrillas launched a new rebellion, inspired by the 1959 revolution which had brought Fidel Castro to power in Cuba.

The left-wing insurgency began in 1964 and initially drew support from poor peasants seeking land reform and social justice.

Two main guerrilla movements emerged. These were continuing to fight in the bush in late 2012.

The largest rebel movement is the FARC. This acronym stands for Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

Various Colombian governments have held peace talks with the FARC, but these have so far failed to result in a peace agreement.

In October 2012, President Juan Manuel Santos agreed to hold a new round of peace talks. Negotiations between the two sides began in Cuba a month later.

There was some speculation that the ELN, the smaller of the two rebel movements, the ELN, might join the peace talks at a later stage.

ELN stands for Ejército de Liberación Nacional - the National Liberation Army.

FARC and the ELN both suffered heavy military setbacks during the eight-year rule of for former President Alvaro Uribe from 2002 to 2010,

With the help of increased military aid from the United States, Uribe managed to roll back the areas controlled by the two guerrilla movements and kill many of their leaders.

More than 12,000 FARC guerrillas were killed during this period and a similar number surrendered.

In 2012, the government estimated that FARC still had 9,000 armed fighters in the bush, while the ELN had about 2,000.

Conflict takes place along a number of “fronts” throughout rural Colombia, where the FARC and ELN strive to maintain areas of influence and control.

Both rebel movements stage hit and run raids from bases in the bush, but neither movement holds any large towns.

During the 1999-2002 peace talks with the FARC, the government allowed the guerrilla movement to control a sanctuary the size of Switzerland around the town of San Vicente de Caguán in Caquetá department in the eastern plains.

This safe haven allowed the rebel movement to consolidate its forces and re-arm before the peace talks collapsed and fighting resumed.

Autodefensas

While former President Uribe stepped up the fight against left-wing insurgents during the first decade of the 21st century, he tried to neutralise the activities of right-wing paramilitaries through a peace agreement.

Right-wing vigilante groups began to appear in the 1980s with the declared aim of protecting the rural population from guerrilla attacks where the government was incapable of doing so.

Most of these paramilitary groups served the interests of large land owners, who were under threat from the left-wing guerrillas.

In many cases, the right-wing paramilitaries collaborated informally with the army and police.

They were responsible for thousands of extra-judicial killings.

In 1997 the right-wing paramilitaries joined forces in a loose federation called Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) - the United Self Defenders of Colombia.

In 2006, Uribe arranged for the disarmament and demobilisation of 30,000 AUC members.

However, the move was only partially successful.

Many of the demobilised gunmen simply joined new armed groups serving the same political and business interests that had sponsored the AUC.

Population distribution and administration

Most of Colombia’s population lives in the fertile mountains and valleys of central and western Colombia and along the Caribbean coast.

The capital Bogotá, is a city of more than eight million people, situated on a cool temperate plateau 2,600 metres above sea level. .

Thirty other cities have a population of more than 100,000.

About 75% of Colombia’s population now lives in urban areas.

The climate changes in Colombia according to the altitude, often over very short distances. This allows the country to grow a wide range of crops.

The vast low-lying plains to the east of the Andes are known as Los Llanos.

They account for 54% of Colombia’s land area, but only 3% of the population live there.

The eastern plains consist mainly of open cattle ranching country.

They have a population density of less than one person per square km.

The lowlands along the Pacific coast are densely forested and are also sparsely populated.

The Caribbean coast is more developed and has several port cities. The largest of these is Barranquilla.

Colombia is administratively divided into 32 departments (provinces) and a Federal District, in which the capital Bogota is situated.

Each department has its own elected governor and local legislature.

The departments are sub-divided into 1,102 municipalities.

National and local elections are held every four years.

The next elections are due to take place in 2014

Culture and communications

Nine out of ten Colombians can read and write and nearly everyone has a mobile phone.

Colombia has a thriving and diverse media.

Nearly all Colombians have access to radio and television.

Internet usage is widespread amongst middle class Colombians and is growing fast.

There are hundreds of local radio stations, many of which serve small and remote rural communities.

However, radio and television audiences are dominated by just three privately owned commercial networks – RCN, Caracol Television and Caracol Radio.

There are few legal constraints on press freedom, but journalists live under the constant threat of assassination if they disturb the interests of powerful and unscrupulous individuals or interest groups.

This situation has led to a degree of self-censorship when it comes to covering controversial matters such as corruption, human rights violations and drug trafficking.

Colombia possesses a good network of tarred highways, but the country’s high mountain ranges make road communication very slow and time consuming.

Most cities and large towns are linked to the rest of the country by daily commercial flights.

The economy

Colombia’s economy is booming thanks to strong investment in energy and mining.

The economy grew 5.9% in 2011, although the Central Bank has forecast slower growth of between 3% and 5% for 2012 and 2013.

Colombia’s most valuable export is oil. The country was producing about 950,000 barrels of crude oil per day in mid-2012. Nearly half this output was shipped abroad.

Most of Colombia’s oil comes from onshore wells in the eastern plains. Production is frequently disrupted by the bombing of pipelines.

Colombia is also the world’s leading fourth largest coal exporter.

The massive open cast mines in the northwest of the country send coal by train to export terminals on the Caribbean coast.

Colombia produced 85.8 million tonnes of coal in 2011.

Agriculture also continues to play a major role in the economy.

Colombia is the world’s third largest coffee exporter.

High quality Arabica coffee is the main cash crop of more than 500,000 small-scale farmers in the green and fertile Andean highlands.

Strong economic growth in recent years has reduced unemployment and improved living standards.

It has also created a large and affluent middle class.

However, 37% of all Colombians still lived in poverty in 2011, according to the World Bank.

The income gap between rich and poor in Colombia is still very wide, a factor which fuels social tensions.

The main cities are well endowed with urban infrastructure.

Despite high crime rates, they have remained largely immune from the fighting which has plagued vast areas of the countryside.

Colombia at a glance

Population 46.8 million (DANE October 2012 estimate)

Main Languages Spanish Gross National Income (GNI) per $6,110 (World Bank 2011) capita Percentage of population living in 37.2% (World Bank 2010) poverty Adult literacy 93.3% (UNESCO 2010)

Life expectancy 73.7 years (UN Human Development Index)

Mobile phone lines 48.7 million (Q3 2012, Ministry of Information Technogy and Communications) Mobile subscribers per 100 104.5% (Q3 2012, Ministry of Information inhabitants Technogy and Communications)

Percentage of population using the 40.4% (ITU 2011) internet Number of internet subscribers 7.0 million (Q3 2012, Ministry of Information Technogy and Communications) Ranking in UN Human Development 87th (out of 187) Index 2011 Ranking in RSF World Press 143rd (out of 179) Freedom Index 2011-12

Media overview

Colombians get most of their news and information from television.

The most popular channels are RCN TV www.canalrcnmsn.com and Caracol Television http://caracoltv.com, the flagship channels of Colombia’s two national commercial television networks .

Media audience surveys consistently show that these two channels are watched on a regular basis by more than 85% of all viewers.

Radio is also important, especially for local news.

Colombia had over 1,500 officially authorised radio stations in 2012, according to the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communications.

These included nearly 700 community radio stations, most of which served small towns and villages.

According to one of Colombia’s most respected media audience surveys, Estudio General de Medios (EGM) (General Media Study), 94.4% of Colombians over the age of 12 watched television regularly in 2011.

77% said they watched television every day.

Only 64.8% listened to the radio and 34.3% read newspapers.

The annual survey of more than 12,000 media consumers in 15 towns and cities across Colombia also showed that 43.4% of Colombians used the internet.

The EGM is carried out on behalf of the Centro Colombiano de Investigacion de Medios (ACIM) www.acimcolombia.com – an association of Colombia’s main media houses and advertising companies.

It records information about the consumption of all media and is compiled in phases throughout the year.

The EGM surveys show that while television and radio audiences have been fairly stable in recent years, the number of internet users has been climbing steadily.

However, the surveys also indicate clearly that internet usage is mainly restricted to middle and upper income groups.

Three privately owned commercial networks dominate broadcasting in Colombia.

RCN and Caracol Television control Colombia’s two nationwide commercial television networks.

RCN and Caracol Radio www.caracol.com.co meanwhile dominate radio.

Confusingly, Caracol Radio is no longer under the same ownership as Caracol Television.

Grupo Santodomingo, Colombia’s largest business conglomerate, used to own both companies. However, it sold Caracol Radio to Spain’s Prisa media and publishing group in 2003.

Grupo Santodomingo continues to own Caracol Television.

In 2012 there were several reports in the Colombian media that Grupo Santodomingo was keen to buy back the Caracol radio business.

Newspapers are only sold and read in the main cities. They do not circulate much in rural areas.

However, many newspapers are starting to tap a much wider audience through their websites.

The most popular news website in the country is that of El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com , Colombia’s largest and most authoritative quality daily newspaper.

According to the internet analysis website www.alexa.com, El Tiempo was the 11th most visited website in the country in November 2012.

El Tiempo’s main rival, El Espectador www.elespectador.com was not far behind in 16th position.

Just over 40% of the population used the internet in 2011, according to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) www.itu.int

Almost all parts of Colombia are covered by local radio and TV stations and nearly all Colombian adults have a mobile phone.

The only major gaps in the mobile network in the thinly populated eastern plains, known as Los Llanos, the jungles of the Pacific coast and the Amazonian forest area in the far south.

Freedom and intimidation

There are few legal constraints on media freedom.

The constitution specifically bans censorship, but libel and defamation are defined as criminal rather than civil offences.

However, harassment, intimidation and the threat of kidnap, torture and assassination have persuaded many journalists to self-censor reports on controversial issues.

Journalists have frequently been the victims of kidnapping, torture and murder by armed groups and arbitrary arrest and beatings by the government security forces.

Every year several journalists are forced to leave the region where they work because of death threats. Some have even fled abroad for fear of assassination.

According to the global press freedom watchdog Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) www.rsf.org, four Colombian journalists were killed in 2010 and 2011. Two of those who died were witnesses to judicial investigations into links between politicians and paramilitary groups.

RSF did not report any fatalities among journalists during the first 11 months of 2012.

However, Argemiro Cárdenas Agudelo, the manager of a community radio station in the small town of Dosquebradas in Risaraldas department was gunned down by a hired assassin in March.

Cardenas was also the director of Red Radial Cafetera, a network of community stations in the coffee growing region of central Colombia

The high level of intimidation and physical danger experienced by Colombian journalists caused RSF to rank the country 143rd out of the 179 countries listed in its World Press Freedom Index for 2011-12.

Media groups

The Colombian media is dominated at the national level by four large groups.

 RCN is Colombia’s largest commercial broadcasting group. Its flagship national television channel is RCN TV www.canalrcnmsn.com. RCN also owns the 24-hour news channel RTN 24, which is broadcast by satellite and cable throughout Latin America. Its main radio network, RCN La Radio www.rcnradio.com, broadcasts on AM Medium Wave from 27 different cities across Colombia. RCN also owns several other radio stations aimed at specialist audiences. RCN belongs to the Ardila Lulle business group. Its other interests also include soft drinks, agro-industries and textiles.

 Grupo Santodomingo is Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerate. It owns Caracol Television http://caracoltv.com, one of Colombia’s two leading national television networks, and the Bogotá newspaper El Espectador www.elespectador.com. In 2010, the group launched a series of free sheet newspapers called ADN http://diarioadn.co in four major cities. It also owns the popular weekly magazine Cromos. Grupo Santodomingo formerly owned Radio Caracol. It has expressed interest in buying back the business from its current owners. In September 2012, Grupo Santodomingo gained a new foothold in radio with the launch of Blu Radio www.bluradio.com, a news and current affairs station.

 Caracol Radio www.caracol.com.co is a national radio network owned by Spain’s Prisa media group. Its flagship radio station, Caracol Radio, broadcasts on FM and AM from 31 different locations across Colombia. The group also owns several other radio stations which target particular segments of the radio audience. Since 2003, Caracol Radio has been owned by Prisa, a Spanish media and publishing group. Prisa owns the Madrid daily newspaper El Pais. It has a large portfolio of media interests throughout Latin America.

 Casa Editorial El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com. This media group developed from the Bogota daily El Tiempo, Colombia’s largest quality newspaper. It includes the popular Bogota television station City TV www.citytv.com.co, the financial daily Portafolio and a stable of magazines and weekly newspapers. El Tiempo was formerly controlled by the Santos family, which has long played a leading role in politics through the Liberal Party. The current head of state, President Juan Manuel Santos is a member of this family. In 2007, Spain’s Planeta media and publishing group acquired a controlling 55% stake in Casa Editorial El Tiempo. But in March 2012, Planeta sold out to the Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo. He subsequently bought out other minority shareholders to acquire 100% ownership of the group.

A 2009 study of urban media audiences in Colombia by Audiencescapes www.audiencescapes.org, a subsidiary of the US-based media research organisation Intermedia, found that city dwellers regarded Caracol and RCN as the two most important and reliable sources of news and information.

Colombia’s third most popular television channel is the Bogotá commercial station City TV www.citytv.com.co.

According to the 2011 EGM survey, this channel, owned by Casa Editorial El Tiempo – the owner of El Tiempo newspaper - is watched regularly by more than half of all viewers in the capital.

City TV is also watched regularly by nearly a third of viewers in Colombia as a whole.

Although City TV is theoretically a local television station that only broadcasts free- to-air in the immediate vicinity of Bogotá, it is widely viewed throughout Colombia on satellite and cable.

State television

The government runs three television channels and two radio stations which broadcast nationwide.

These are controlled by the state broadcasting corporation Radio Television Nacional de Colombia (RTVC) www.rctv.gov.co.

RTVC’s three television channels cover 94% of Colombia’s national territory with their terrestrial free-to-air signal.

They are:

 Canal Uno www.canaluno.com.co Programming for this government-owned channel is provided by a consortium of four privately owned TV production companies. Each one supplies 32 hours of programming a week.

 Señalcolombia www.senalcolombia.tv This national TV channel focuses on educational and cultural programming.

 Canal Institucional http://www.institucional.gov.co This national TV channel provides information about government policy and services. It also offers a platform for political debate. Canal Institucional devotes a lot of air time to explaining the activities of public sector organisations. It often broadcasts live debates in parliament.

According to the 2011 EGM survey of television audiences, only 23% of viewers watch the RTVC channels regularly, whereas more than 85% watch RCN TV and Caracol Television.

There are also nine publicly owned regional television channels in Colombia.

Two are based in Bogota and two in Colombia’s second largest city Medellín.

The others are based in Cali, Manizales, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga and the Caribbean island of San Andres.

Some of these channels command large audiences in the regions where they broadcast.

Cable television

Cable television is popular in Colombia and is continuing to expand.

By 2012 there were more than 3.9 million cable television subscribers in the country according to the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communications.

Besides offering subscribers a selection of Colombian and international TV channels, cable operators also provide internet connections.

There are about 40 city-based commercial cable networks.

In addition, Colombia has more than 760 Community Television cable networks.

These distribute mainstream television channels by cable within towns and villages.

Each community television network produces at least one hour per week of its own local programming. The larger community networks broadcast up to 10 hours per week.

All community television stations broadcast by cable. They are limited by law to a maximum of 15,000 subscribers.

National radio

Caracol Radio, which belongs to the Spanish media group Prisa, is widely regarded has having the largest national audience of any Colombian radio station.

It is perceived to be more independent and critical of the government than its main competitor, RCN La Radio.

RCN has a reputation of always being close to the government of the day.

Caracol Radio and RCN both own several secondary stations that cater for specific segments of the national radio audience.

Some of these have extensive nationwide coverage and offer regional variations in programming.

Others only broadcast from two or three selected locations.

Many of the Caracol and RCN niche stations broadcast on both FM and AM Medium Wave.

This enables them to capture both urban and rural audiences since the Medium Wave signal carries further into the countryside.

The Caracol portfolio of niche radio stations consists of:

 W Radio – a popular news and music station that plays Golden Oldies  Radioacktiva – an international rock music station aimed at young people.  Tropicana – a Latin American music station  Besame – which plays romantic mood music  Oxigeno – A light entertainment and music station aimed at a youth audience  Radio Recuerdos – a station that plays traditional Colombian music  Los 40 Principales - a pop music and light entertainment station for youth. It broadcasts throughout Latin America  Colorin Coloradio – which carries programmes for children  HJCK – This cultural station plays jazz, blues and classical music. It now only broadcasts on the internet

RCN offers:

 La FM – a popular news, sports and music station  La Mega – which carries entertainment programming  Rumba – A Latin American popular music station  Radio Uno – A youth music and entertainment station  Antena 2 – A sports station, with an emphasis on football and cycling  Fantástica – A music and entertainment station on air in Bogota and Medellin  La Cariñosa – A Medium Wave music and entertainment station  Amor – A music station that deals with love, sex and matters of the heart. It broadcasts in Bogota and Medellin  El Sol – A station that plays salsa music

The influence of RCN and Caracol also extends to many smaller, nominally independent provincial radio stations. Many of these lease air time to the big national networks.

The state broadcasting corporation RCTV operates two national radio networks:

 Radio Nacional de Colombia www.radionacionaldecolombia.gov.co is the government’s flagship national radio station. It carries a lot of news and current affairs programming, interspersed with music and drama. Radio Nacional de Colombia broadcasts on FM and AM Medium Wave in 36 locations across the country. Many of these are remote and isolated communities.

 Radionica www.radionica.gov.co is a popular music station with regular news bulletins. It broadcasts on FM in seven large cities.

In addition, the army and police operate separate networks of local radio stations, mainly in rural areas.

The army radio network, Emisora del Ejército.www.emisoraejercito.mil.co operated 97 local stations in late 2012, mostly in areas of conflict.

The police radio network, Radio Policía Nacional www.policia.gov.co, operated 28 local stations, many of them in remote parts of the country.

Community radio

There were also nearly 700 community radio stations on air in late 2012, according to the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communication.

These stations provide local news and information and educational programming and encourage listeners to air their views on issues relevant to their daily lives.

Some are owned by municipal authorities, others by local associations, churches, colleges and universities.

There are 29 community radio stations which cater specifically for indigenous ethnic groups. These stations are known collectively as Radio Indigena.

The government’s declared aim is to have a community radio station broadcasting in each of the country’s 1,102 municipalities.

Community radio stations are supported by a series of regional associations and specialist NGOs.

These include the Canadian-funded Sistema de Comunicacion para la Paz (SIPAZ). It works with more than 40 local radio stations to promote peace in areas of Colombia affected by conflict.

The Roman Catholic Church operates more than 50 local radio stations across the country.

Several of its large city-based stations are coordinated through the Minuto de Dios www.radiominutodedios.com national radio network.

Many community stations struggle to raise enough revenue to cover their operating costs.

Their editorial independence is often compromised by political pressures from local politicians and armed factions operating in the neighbourhood.

Journalists working for community radio stations are particularly exposed to threats and harassment.

Newspapers

Very few newspapers circulate outside the main towns.

However, through their websites Colombian newspapers have attracted a large and growing online readership.

Several daily newspapers published in Bogota consider themselves to be national in character.

Although most of their sales are in the capital, they are also available in Colombia’s other main cities.

There are several regional dailies, published in the country’s main provincial cities.

Most of them do not have a large circulation, but many regional newspapers are influential amongst local decision makers

Nearly all Colombian newspapers have long-standing links with one of the country’s two main political parties; the Liberals and the Conservatives.

The country’s largest and most influential quality newspaper is the Bogota daily El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com.

It had a daily circulation of more than 300,000 in 2010 and claimed to have more than 1.1 million daily readers.

El Tiempo was formerly controlled by the Santos family – a major player in Liberal politics.

The Santos family surrendered control of the newspaper and its other media assets in 2007 by selling a 55% controlling stake in Casa Editorial El Tiempo to Spain’s Planeta media and publishing group.

In March 2012, Planeta sold out to the Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo. He subsequently bought out all the group’s other shareholders.

Colombia’s other leading quality newspaper is the Bogota daily El Espectador www.elespectador.com.

This is also pro-Liberal, but has a much smaller circulation.

A financial crisis forced El Espectador to abandon daily publication between 2001 and 2008. During this period it became a weekly.

El Espectador now appears daily again. The printed edition of the paper had about 250,000 readers in 2012, according to the EGM media survey, although its print run would have been much lower.

Three new large circulation dailies have hit the streets in recent years to cater for readers at the lower end of the market.

Q’Hubo (What’s Up) www.qhubo.com is a popular tabloid that focuses on human interest stories told in plain language.

It produces several regional editions that are printed locally in different parts of the. country.

Q’Hubo circulates in all the most intensively populated parts of highland Colombia and the Caribbean coast. It claimed 2.2 million readers in 2012.

Q’Hubo was launched in 2005 by Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM), a consortium of regional daily newspapers

The other big newcomer is the free sheet ADN http://diarioadn.co.

This newspaper, launched by Casa Editorial El Tiempo in 2009, distributes four separate city editions in Bogota Cali Medellin and Barranquilla.

In 2012 ADN claimed nearly 1.3 million readers.

On the Caribbean coast, another free sheet, Al Dia, has also developed a strong readership since its launch in 2007. This is an offshoot from the long-established Barranquilla daily El Heraldo.

El Espacio www.elespacio.com.co is a popular down-market tabloid, published in Bogotá, has seen its circulation fall in response to this new competition.

Influential regional dailies include the following:

 El Colombiano www.elcolombiano.com.co – a conservative daily newspaper in Medellín. .

 El Mundo www.elmundo.com.co – a Liberal daily published in Medellín.

 El País www.elpais.com.co – a Conservative daily published in Cali.

 El Heraldo www.elheraldo.com.co – a Liberal newspaper published in Barranquilla. It is the most influential newspaper on the Caribbean coast.

 Vanguardia Liberal www.vanguardia.com – a Liberal daily published in Bucaramanga which is influential in Santander department

 La Opinion www.laopinion.com.co - a daily newspaper published in Cucuta near the Venezuelan frontier

 La Patria www.lapatria.com – a Conservative daily published in Manizales, the centre of Colombia’s main coffee growing area

 Llano 7 dias – A daily newspaper published in Villavicencio, the gateway to Colombia’s eastern plains

The most widely read news and current affairs magazine is La Semana www.semana.com.

It claims to be read by more than one million Colombians every month.

Another popular weekly magazine is Cromos www.cromos.com.co, which belongs to Grupo Santodomingo.

Cromos is more focussed on lifestyle issues, fashion, celebrities and entertainment than news and current affairs.

Media regulation

Radio broadcasting is regulated by the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications www.mintic.gov.co.

The ministry issues and renews radio licences, monitors broadcast output and investigates complaints about radio stations by members of the public.

Television is regulated by an independent body called the National Television Authority - La Autoridad Nacional de Televisión (ANTV) www.antv.gov.co

This began operations in April 2012.

It replaced a similar organisation called the National Television Commission – La Comisión Nacional de Televisión (CNTV).

No government licence is required to publish a newspaper or magazine.

No licence is required either to work as a journalist.

Radio overview

Radio remains an important source of news and information across Colombia, even though more people now watch television.

According to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications www.mintic.gov.co there were 1,536 registered radio stations in Colombia in November 2012.

A full list of all authorised radio stations is available on page www.mintic.gov.co/index.php/radio-difusion-sonora of the ministry’s website. Click on the link “Listado de emisoras” at the bottom of this page.

One of Colombia’s most respected media audience suveys, Estudio General de Medios (EGM) (General Media Study), found that 64.8% of the population over the age of 12 listened to radio regularly in 2011.

However, the EGM and Colombia’s main survey of radio listening habits, the Estudio Continuo de Audiencias de Radio (ECAR) (Continuous Study of Radio Audiences), only measure media consumption patterns in the urban population.

This is understandable since three quarters of Colombians now live in towns and cities.

However conflict and natural disasters frequently strike harder at the rural population, whose media consumption patterns may well be different.

It is likely that in rural areas, there is often less access to television and a greater reliance on radio than in the towns.

Colombian radio stations mostly broadcast on FM to urban audiences.

However, they often use AM Medium Wave to reach listeners in more distant rural areas.

Some radio stations targeting older listeners also broadcast on AM rather than FM

Many radio stations broadcast on both wave bands in order to capture urban and rural audiences.

The peak time for radio listening is in the morning between 07.00 and 10.00. About 40% of Colombians tune in at some point during this three-hour period.

In the evening, most people watch television instead.

Radio is dominated by two huge commercial networks

 Caracol Radio www.caracol.com.co is a radio broadcasting group owned by Spain’s Prisa media group. Its flagship national station Caracol Radio broadcasts on FM and AM from 31 different locations across Colombia. It is Colombia’s most listened to radio station.

 RCN www.rcnradio.com is Colombia’s largest commercial broadcasting group. Its flagship radio station RCN La Radio broadcasts on AM Medium Wave from 27 cities across Colombia. RCN is also one of the two main players in Colombian television. It belongs to the privately owned Ardila Lulle business conglomerate.

Caracol Radio and RCN La Radio are the most widely listened to radio stations in the country.

However, media audience surveys show that Caracol tends to be regarded as more independent and critical and is therefore more widely trusted.

RCN is generally perceived as being too close to the government of the day.

Each broadcasting network owns a stable of secondary radio stations that cater for niche audiences.

Many of these have broad national coverage and offer regional variations in programming.

Some only broadcast in two or three of the country’s main cities

It is important to note that Caracol Radio no longer forms part of the same media group as its TV counterpart Caracol Television.

Both formerly belonged to Grupo Santodomingo, Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerate.

However, Grupo Santodomingo sold the radio division of Caracol to Prisa in 2003.

It continues to own Caracol Television.

Several media reports in 2012 suggested that Grupo Santodomingo was keen to buy back Caracol Radio.

The congolomerate has already taken some steps to regain a foothold in radio.

It launched a news and current affairs station in Bogota called Blu Radio www.bluradio.com in September 2012.

The Caracol Radio portfolio of secondary radio stations consists of:

 W Radio www.wradio.com.co – a popular nationwide news, sports and music station that plays Golden Oldies

 Tropicana www.tropicanafm.com – This station broadcasts popular Colombian music in 25 cities around the country

 Radioacktiva www.radioacktiva.com – a station that plays international rock music . It is mainly aimed young people.

 Bésame www.besamefm –a station that plays romantic mood music and classic hits from the 1980s. It is aimed at a female adult audience.

 Oxígeno www.oxigeno.fm – A light entertainment and music station aimed at a youth audience

 Radio Recuerdos – This Medium Wave station plays traditional Colombian music for the older generation

 Los 40 Principales www.los40.com.co - a pop music and light entertainment station for youth that broadcasts throughout Latin America

 Colorín Coloradio www.colorincolorradio.com a radio station for children

 HJCK www.hjck.com – This cultural station plays jazz, blues, son cubano and classical music. Since 2005, it only broadcasts over the internet

RCN’s second tier radio stations include:

 La FM www.lafm.com.co – a popular news, sports and music station that broadcasts on FM in 10 cities across the country

 La Mega www.lamega.com.co – A music and light entertainment station that broadcasts on FM in 16 cities

 Radio Uno www.radio1.com.co – A youth music and entertainment station that broadcasts on FM in 25 towns and cities

 Rumba www.rumba.com.co – A Latin American popular music station broadcasting on FM in 19 cities

 Antena 2 www.antena2.com.co – A sports station, with an emphasis on football and cycling. It broadcasts nationwide on Medium Wave

 Fantástica www.fantastica.com.co – A popular music station broadcasting on FM in Bogota and Medellin

 La Cariñosa' www.xn--lacariosa-q6a.com – A Medium Wave music and entertainment station

 Amor www.amores.com.co – A music station that deals with love, sex and matters of the heart. It broadcasts in Bogota and Medellin

 El Sol www.elsol.com.co – An FM station that plays popular Latin American music in Medellin, Cali and Tulua in western Colombia

RCN and Caracol Radio programming is also carried by many small and nominally independent provincial radio station which lease air time to the big national networks.

Government radio stations

The state broadcasting corporation RTVC www.rtvc.gov.co operates two national radio networks:

 Radio Nacional de Colombia www.radionacionaldecolombia.gov.co is the government’s flagship national radio station. It carries a lot of news and current affairs programming, interspersed with music and drama. Radio Nacional de Colombia broadcasts on FM and AM Medium Wave in 36 locations around the country. It serves many remote communities which the national commercial networks fail to reach.

 Radionica www.radionica.gov.co is an FM popular music station with regular news bulletins. It broadcasts in seven large cities.

In addition, the army and police operate more than 120 radio stations.

The army radio network is called Emisora del Ejército www.emisoraejercito.mil.co. Its central studios in Bogota produce national programming which is relayed by the network’s 97 local radio stations across Colombia.

These small stations also produce some local output. Most are situated in zones of conflict with the FARC and ELN rebel movements.

The police radio network Radio Policía Nacional www.policia.gov.co/portal/page/portal/Noticias_y_Documentacion/Medios_Comunica cion_Institucionales/Emisoras/emisora_Bogota92.4fm operates 28 FM stations in various provincial capitals across the country.

Public sector broadcasters are obliged to provide educational and cultural programming and to promote civic values.

Religious networks

Colombia has two national networks of Christian religious radio stations.

The Roman Catholic Church runs more than 50 radio stations in Colombia. Many of them are small community stations serving remote settlements.

The Catholic Minuto de Dios www.radiominutodedios.com network runs city-based FM stations in Bogotá, Cartagena, Barranquilla and Medellin.

Colmundo http://colmundoradio.com.co is a separate Christian-inspired network of 10 Medium Wave radio stations around Colombia.

It targets people over the age of 30.

Colmundo does not broadcast overtly religious programming and does not have formal links to any particular church.

The benchmark radio audience survey in Colombia is ECAR, which is produced by the Centro Nacional de Consultoria www.centronacionaldeconsultoria.com.

Its findings are based on a daily telephone survey of radio listeners in 18 cities across the country.

However the ECAR findings are not made public and can only be obtained on a paid for basis.

Data from the EGM all-media audience survey produced for the Centro Colombiano de Investigacion de Medios (ACIM) www.acimcolombia.com – an association of Colombia’s main media houses and advertising companies – is often made publicly available on a piecemeal basis.

The EGM uses a sample of more than 12,000 people to look at media consumption habits in 15 cities across Colombia. It is compiled in phases throughout the year.

Community radio

There were nearly 700 officially authorised community radio stations on air in late 2012, according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communication.

A full list of community radio stations can be found on the ministry’s website at www.mintic.gov.co/index.php/radio-difusion-sonora. Click on the link “Listado de emisoras” at the bottom of the page.

A list of community radio stations by department can also be found in annex I of this guide.

Community stations provide local news and information and educational programming.

They also encourage listeners to air their views on issues relevant to their daily lives.

Some are owned by municipal authorities, others by local associations, churches, schools, colleges and universities.

The government’s declared aim is to have a community radio station broadcasting in each of the country’s 1,102 municipalities.

Most community stations broadcast for between 18 and 20 hours a day.

They start at 04.00 or 0.500 in the morning and remain on air continuously until 22.00 or 23.00 at night

Some close down for a lunchtime break at midday.

The most popular programmes are broadcast during the morning peak listening period.

All community stations play a lot of popular music.

They also broadcast a lot of programming aimed at communicating with particular groups, such as internally displaced people.

Much of their educational and social outreach programming is produced and broadcast in partnership with government departments and NGOs. . There are several regional associations of community radio stations, but no single organisation represents their interests at a national level.

One of the most active regional associations is the Asociación Red de Emisoras Comunitarias del Magdalena Medio (AREDMAG) –The Network Association of Community Channels of the Middle Magdalena.

This groups 18 community stations in the departments of Antioquia, Cesar, Bolívar and Santander - all places badly affected by the activities of left-wing guerrilla and right-wing paramilitary groups.

AREDMAG has developed a Rural Reporters' Network where community leaders become journalists who present the most crucial issues facing their community.

The network produces a networked lunchtime news bulletin and common programming on a number of social issues.

Since 1999, 29 radio stations serving indigenous ethnic communities have been opened with government encouragement.

These are known as Radios Indigenas.

Each one produces programming tailored to the interests of the ethnic community. The radios indigenas mostly broadcast in traditional languages of the communities they serve rather than Spanish.

Today Radios Indigenas exist in the departments of Tolima, Caldas, Antioquia, Cordoba, Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Narino, Putumayo and Caqueta.

However, a review conducted by the government in 2010 suggested that the radios indigenas were being run as a top-down operation and were out of touch with many of the issues that most concerned their target audience.

It noted that there was little evidence to show how much indigenous people actually listened to these stations.

Since 2004, the government has promoted the discussion of several major themes of national concern on community radio stations through the UNDP-backed Radios Ciudadanas – Citizen Radios - project.

This aims to coordinate programmes on the same theme which are broadcast at the same time by community stations across the country.

Themes tackled in this way by Radios Ciudadanas include forced displacement, good governance, peaceful co-existence, gender-based violence and environmental protection.

Another community radio initiative is the Canadian-funded Sistema de Comunicación para la Paz (SIPAZ) - System of Peace Communicationt.

This project works with more than 40 local radio stations to promote peace in areas of Colombia affected by conflict.

SIPAZ does not report directly on conflict, but it does promote discussion of its consequences on the air waves. It also emphasises the positive action taken by local communities to rebuild their lives.

For example, in Belén de los Andaquíes — the only municipality in the eastern department of Caquetá whose economy is not based on cocaine cultivation — the creation of a community radio station helped to reinforced Belén’s identity as a municipality committed to planting food crops rather than cocaine.

The SIPAZ-supported station in Belén has been the target of guerrilla attacks, but its children’s radio school was awarded UNICEF’s prize for Children’s Programming in Latin America.

The editorial independence of community radio stations is often compromised by political pressures.

Community radio stations are heavily dependent on revenue from government advertising and this makes them vulnerable to political interference in their editorial policy.

Many community stations are also vulnerable to more sinister pressures from local politicians and armed factions operating in the neighbourhood.

In February and March 2011, right-wing paramilitary groups in western Colombia circulated leaflets in the city of Popayan issuing death threats against 11 journalists working for the local media. The leaflets also named 11 community radio stations affiliated to Cauca Regional Indigenous Council (CRIC) as targets for future attack.

In March 2012, Argemiro Cárdenas Agudelo, the manager of Metro Radio Estéreo, a community radio station in the small town of Dosquebradas in Risaraldas department, was gunned down by a hired assassin.

Cárdenas was also the director of Red Radial Cafetera, a network of community stations in the coffee growing region of central Colombia.

His killer was caught, tried and jailed, but his paymasters were never publicly identified or prosecuted.

Radio regulation

The Ministry of Information Technology and Communication awards and extends radio licenses, monitors broadcast output and deals with complaints about radio programming from members of the public.

Radio stations are permitted to broadcast up to 15 minutes of advertising per hour.

They are also allowed to sell air time to third party programme providers.

It is common practice for small radio stations to rent out air time on their frequencies to national radio channels keen to extend the geographic reach of their most popular programmes.

Community radio is heavily encouraged in a deliberate attempt to counteract RCN and Caracol Radio’s domination of national broadcasting with locally owned and managed radio stations that encourage local content and citizen participation.

The government has awarded more than 840 licences to community radio stations since the early 1990s.

A 2010 UNESCO report noted that licensees pay a one-off fee for the frequency they are allocated, ranging from US$900 to $2000 and an annual licence fee of about $150 thereafter.

Radio networks

Caracol Radio (network) www.caracol.com.co

Caracol Radio is the most listened to radio network in Colombia, according to the country’s leading radio audience survey.

The Estudio Continuo de Audiencias de Radio (ECAR) (Continuous Study of Radio Audiences) consistently shows Caracol ahead of its main rival RCN.

Caracol means “snail” in Spanish, but the name of the radio network is actually an acronym for Cadena Radial Colombiana – the Colombian Radio Network.

Caracol Radio is owned by the Spanish media and publishing group Prisa.

Prisa acquired full control of the business from Grupo Santodomingo, Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerate, in 2003 after purchasing a minority stake in 1999.

In 2012 there were several reports in the Colombian media that Grupo Santodomingo was keen to buy back the radio network.

Grupo Santodomingo still owns Caracol Television, one of Colombia’s two largest television networks.

Caracol Radio is widely seen as being more independent and critical in its news reporting than RCN. It is therefore more trusted as a source of news and information.

An Audiencescapes www.audiencescapes.org survey of the Colombian urban media in 2009 showed that Caracol Radio was regarded as trustworthy by 25% of respondents, whereas, RCN La Radio was only trusted by 21%.

Caracol Radio is based in Bogota, but has content-producing radio studios in all the country’s main cities.

Its flagship station, Caracol Radio, broadcasts from 31 cities across Colombia on both FM and AM Medium Wave.

In addition, the group operates eight other radio stations that target particular segments of the population.

Several of these stations have a broad national reach.

Some of Caracol Radio’s entertainment stations, such as La W, Bésame and Los 40 Principales, are local variants of international radio networks owned by Prisa.

These operate in several Latin American countries.

In 2007 Caracol worked with UNHCR to transmit humanitarian messages to internally displaced people (IDPs).

Its local stations in several cities that usually played popular music programmes and soap operas, were used to broadcast messages to IDPs about their entitlements under Colombian law, as well as practical information about how and where to register and receive assistance.

The main radio stations of Caracol Radio are described in detail below.

President - Ricardo Alarcón

Tel: +57 1 348 7600

Address: Caracol Radio, Calle 67 # 7-37, piso 7, Bogotá

Caracol Radio (station) www.caracol.com.co

Caracol Radio is a national talk radio station which focuses on news, current affairs, sport and entertainment.

It is the flagship station of the Caracol Radio network.

Caracol Radio commands a larger audience than any other radio station in Colombia according to the Estudio Continuo de Audiencias de Radio (ECAR) (Continuous Study of Radio Audiences).

It broadcasts on FM and AM Medium Wave from 31 cities across Colombia, on satellite and online.

Caracol Radio’s morning news and current affairs magazine programme Hoy por Hoy (The Day Today) is Colombia’s most widely listened to radio programme, according to ECAR and another benchmark media survey Estudio General de Medios (EGM).

It is on air Monday to Friday from 04.00 to 10.00.

Local Caracol stations opt out of the programme to broadcast 10-minute bulletins of local and regional news at 05.20, 06.20 and 07.20.

Another 60-minute midday news programme Hora de Mediodia goes out at 12.00.

The main evening news and current affairs programme Hora 20.00 is a two-hour show which starts at 19.00.

The following list of Caracol Radio transmitters and frequencies is published on the group’s website:

Caracol Bogotá 810 AM Caracol Bogotá 100.9 FM Caracol Medellín 750 AM Caracol Medellín 102.3 FM Caracol Cali 99.9 FM Caracol Cali 820 AM Caracol Barranquilla 1.100 AM Caracol Pereira 950 AM Caracol Bucaramanga 880 AM Caracol Cúcuta 1.090 AM Caracol Manizales 1.180 AM Caracol Armenia 1.150 AM Caracol Ibagué 1.260 AM Caracol Neiva 1.010 AM Caracol Pitalito 97.3 FM Caracol Garzón 88.3 FM Caracol Pasto 1.280 AM Caracol Popayán 1.330 AM Caracol Cartagena 1.170 AM Caracol Montería 1.310 AM Caracol San Andrés 1.260 AM Caracol Sincelejo 1.580 AM Caracol Duitama /Sogamoso 1.090 AM Caracol Vélez 1.410 AM Caracol Tunja 1.170 AM Caracol Valledupar 1.050 AM Caracol Managué 960 AM Caracol Guaviare 102.3 FM Caracol Quibdó 91.3 FM Caracol Yopal 106.3 FM Caracol Tuluá 1.440 AM Caracol Sevilla 1.530 AM Caracol Florencia 970 AM Caracol Ríohacha 91.7 FM

W Radio www.wradio.com.co

W Radio is a nationwide news, sports and music station that plays classic hits from the 1970s onwards.

It forms part of an international network of W Radio stations owned by the Prisa group. The others broadcast in Mexico, Panama, Chile and Spain.

In Colombia, W Radio forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

Tropicana www.tropicanafm.com

Tropicana broadcasts Colombian popular music in 25 cities around the country.

It can be heard in Bogota on 102.9 FM.

Tropicana belongs to the Caracol Radio group.

Radioacktiva www.radioacktiva.com

This is an FM radio station that plays international rock music.

It is mainly aimed young people.

Radioacktiva belongs to the Caracol Radio group.

Bésame www.besamefm

This radio station, whose name means “Kiss me” in English, plays romantic mood music and classic hits from the 1980s.

It is targeted at women in the 25 to 40 age bracket.

The Bogota-based station forms part of an international network of Bésame stations belonging to the Prisa group.

The others broadcast in Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica and Chile.

In Colombia, Bésame forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

Oxígeno www.oxigeno.fm

Oxígeno is a light entertainment and music station aimed at a youth audience

It forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

Radio Recuerdos

This Medium Wave station plays traditional Colombian music for the older generation.

It broadcasts nationwide on 690 AM.

Radio Recuerdos does not have a website.

It forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

Los 40 Principales www.los40.com.co

This is a pop music and light entertainment station for youth that broadcasts tin several Latin American countries.

It is also on air in Spain, Colombia, México, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panamá and Costa Rica.

The Colombian station forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

colorín Coloradio www.colorincolorradio.com

This is an educational and entertainment radio station for children.

Email: [email protected]

HJCK www.hjck.com

This cultural radio station plays jazz, blues, son cubano and classical music.

Since 2005 HJCK has only broadcast via the internet.

It forms part of the Caracol Radio group.

Tel: +57 1 236 3840 Email: [email protected]

RCN Radio www.rcnradio.com.co

RCN Radio is one of the two dominant radio networks in Colombia.

Like its main competitor, Caracol Radio, RCN runs a national flagship station and a portfolio of secondary stations aimed at niche sectors of the radio audience.

RCN is owned by the Adila Lulle group, one of Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerates. It grew out of a soft drinks bottling company in Cali.

RCN, which stands for Radio Cadena Nacional (National Radio Chain), also owns one of Colombia’s two largest comercial televisión networks..

Its media outlets are generally regarded as taking a more pro-government line than those of Caracol Radio and Caracol Television.

RCN’s national flagship radio station is called RCN La Radio. It broadcasts on AM Medium Wave from studios in 27 cities across Colombia.

The group also operates several other radio stations that target niche audiences.

These have varying degrees of national coverage.

La FM, a talk station, and La Mega, a music and entertainment station, are the largest and most popular.

Some of the larger RCN stations offer regional variations in programming at certain times of day.

President - Fernando Molina

Tel: +57 1 314 7070

Address: RCN Radio, Calle 37 # 13 A-19, Bogotá

RCN La Radio www.rcnradio.com.co

RCN La Radio is a talk radio station that carries a lot of news and current affairs programming.

Its main news magazine programme is RCN Noticias de la Mañana (RCN Morning News). This goes out from 06.00 to 10.00 Monday to Friday.A shorter version of the programme is broadcast at weekends.

The lunchtime news show RCN Noticias del Media Dia (RCN Midday News) goes out daily at 12.00. It lasts for two hours Monday to Friday and is shortened to one hour at weekends.

The station broadcasts a special weekly programme aimed at former rebel and paramiliary fighers who are trying to reintegrate back into civilian life.

This programme, La Reintegración: el camino hacía la Paz (Reintegration: the path towards peace), goes out on Sunday night. It is sponsored by the government-run Agencia Colombiana para la Reintegracion (Colombian Agency for Reintegration). It opens the lines to anyone, particularly to those who have left violence behind who call in to tell their own stories.

La Noche de la Libertad (The Night of Freedom) is a late night programme on Sundays and Mondays that reaches out to those who have been kidnapped and their families. It includes a special phone-in for people to send messages to those who are held in the bush.

RCN La Radio, broadcasts on the following frequencies:

RCN Apartadó 1310 AM RCN Armenia 1240 AM RCN Barbosa 1140 AM RCN Barranquilla 760 AM RCN Bogotá 93.9 FM y 650 AM* RCN Bucaramanga 800 AM RCN Cali 980 AM RCN Cartagena 1000 AM RCN Cúcuta 940 AM RCN Girardot 1290 AM RCN Ibagué 1180 AM RCN Medellín 990 AM RCN Manizales 1060 AM RCN Monteria 1050 AM RCN Neiva 1150 AM RCN Pasto 1340 AM RCN Pereira 1020 AM RCN Popayán 1370 AM RCN San Andrés 910 AM RCN San Gil 1220 AM RCN Santa Marta 640 AM RCN Sincelejo 1340 AM RCN Sogamoso 1200 AM RCN Tuluá 1170 AM RCN Tunja 1380 AM RCN Valledupar 1260 AM RCN Villavicencio 1110 AM

La FM www.lafm.com.co

La FM is a popular news, sports and pop music station that broadcasts in 10 cities across Colombia.

Its morning programming is dominated by news, while its afternoon and evening schedules focus on sport and lifestyle topics.

La FM belongs to the RCN Radio group. It broadcasts in the following locations:

Bogotá 94.9 FM Cali 98.5 FM Medellín 106.3 FM Cúcuta 102.7 FM Eje Cafetero 98.5 FM Manizales 99.7 FM Fusagasugá 103.3 FM Barranquilla 93.1 FM Bucaramanga 99.7 FM Boyacá 93.1 FM

La Mega www.lamega.com.co

La Mega is a popular music and light entertainment station for youth that broadcasts on FM in 16 cities across Colombia.

It forms part of the RCN Radio group. La Mega broadcasts in the following locations:

Bogotá 90.9 FM Cali 92.5 FM Medellín 92.9 FM Cúcuta 99.2 FM Barranquilla 93.1 FM Bucaramanga 102.5 FM Armenia 96.7 FM Pereira 105.2 FM Cartagena 94.5 FM Girardot 89.3 FM Manizales 105.2 FM Ibagué 107.5 FM Neiva 90.3 FM Popayán 100.1 FM Villavicencio 104.3 FM San Andrés 100.5 FM

Radio Uno www.radio1.com.co

Radio Uno is a music and entertainment station that broadcasts on FM and AM Medium Wave in 25 towns and cities.

It forms part of the RCN Radio group.

Bogotá 88.9 FM Cali 100.5 FM Medellín 93.9 FM Cúcuta 91.7 FM Manizales 95.7 FM Armenia 107.7 FM Barranquilla 95.6 FM Pereira 94.7 FM Montería 1220 AM Ibagué 88.3 FM Neiva 1100 AM Pasto 94.1 FM Barranca 98.7 FM Girardot 93.6 FM Florencia 1440 AM La Ceja 97.3 FM Tunja 102.1 FM Fredonia 91.3 FM Santa Marta 1350 AM Caucacia 1350 AM Bucaramanga 106.7 FM Villa de Leyva 91.3 FM La Dorada 1080 AM Buenaventura 1340 AM Villapinzón 103.3 FM

Rumba www.rumba.com.co

This radio station plays Latin American popular music on FM in 19 cities.

It forms part of the RCN Radio group.

Rumba broadcasts in the following locations:

Bogotá 105.4 FM Barranca 87.7 FM Barraquilla 99.1 FM Barbosa 98.2 FM Bucaramanga 103.7 FM Cali 97.5 FM Cartagena 102.5 FM Caucasia 91.3 FM Ibagué 88.3 FM Lorica 91.7 FM Medellín 106.9 FM Ocaña 107.7 FM Pereira 105.2 FM Planeta Rica 97.5 FM Riohacha 93.7 FM Santa Marta 106.9 FM Sogamoso 106.1 FM Tumaco 91.1 FM Valledupar 100.7 FM

La Cariñosa www.xn--lacariosa-q6a.com

La Cariñosa is a music station that plays old favourites. It broadcasts on AM Medium Wave from 17 towns and cities.

The station belongs to the RCN Radio group. It broadcasts in the following locations:

Bogotá 610 AM Armenia 1400 AM Barrancabermeja 1320 AM Buenaventura 1340 AM Cartagena 1270 AM Caucasia 1350 AM Cúcuta 1210 AM Duitama 1030 AM Espinal 1050 AM Girardot 1320 AM Ibagué 1420 AM Manizales 1450 AM Neiva 1340 AM Pasto 1460 AM Santa Marta 1350 AM Sevilla 105.6 FM Tulúa 1560 AM

Antena 2 www.antena2.com.co

Antena 2 is a sports radio station, with an emphasis on football and cycling.

It belongs to the RCN Radio group and broadcasts from six large cities on AM Medium Wave:

Bogotá 650 AM Barranquilla 1400 AM Cali 1030 AM Pereira 1330 AM Medellín 670 AM Bucaramanga 1480 AM

Amor www.amores.com.co

This is a music and entertainment radio station that deals with love, sex and matters of the heart.

It forms part of the RCN Radio group and broadcasts on FM in the following locations:

Bogotá 1340 AM Medellín 94.4 FM Zipaquirá 96.3 FM

El Sol www.elsol.com.co

El Sol is radio station that plays salsa music on FM three cities in western Colombia:

Medellin 107.9 FM Cali 98.8 FM Tuluá 96.1 FM

It was launched in 2008 and belongs to the RCN Radio group.

Fantástica www.fantastica.com.co

Fantástica is a pop music station that broadcasts on FM in Bogota (104.4 FM) and Medellin (96.9 FM).

It forms part of the RCN Radio group.

Radio Nacional de Colombia www.radionacionaldecolombia.gov.co

Radio Nacional de Colombia is the government’s flagship national radio station.

It carries a lot of news and current affairs programming, interspersed with music and drama.

The main morning news and current affairs magazine programme Noticias Radio Nacional, is broadcast from 05.00 to 10.00 Monday to Friday.

Radio Nacional de Colombia has 39 transmitters across the country covering 36 locations.

Besides covering Colombia’s main cities, these also serve many remote communities which Colombia’s national commercial stations fail to reach.

A map showing the location of all the Radio Nacional transmitters and the frequencies on which they broadcast is available online through the RTVC website at https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=204458338890805724461.0004bcd4c9f36 ebbd5b23&msa=0&ll=10.768556,-72.004395&spn=18.485917,33.815918

Radio Nacional broadcasts on both FM and AM Medium Wave and provides broadcast coverage of most of Colombia’s population.

The station forms part of the state broadcasting corporation Radio Television de Colombia (RTVC) www.rtvc.gov.co.

This also operates a music radio station, Radionica, and three national television channels.

Radio Nacional de Colombia broadcasts in the following locations:

Bogotá 95.9 FM and 95.4 FM Leticia (Amazonas) 95.5 FM Medellin (Antioquia) 550 AM Chigorodo (Antioquia) 89.3 FM Barranquilla (Atlantico) 680 AM Tunja (Boyaca) 97.3 FM and 560AM Chiqinquira (Boyaca) 95.3 FM Manizales (Caldas) 92.7 FM and 1000 AM Florencia (Caqueta) 96.3 FM San Vicente del Caguan (Caqueta) 94.3 FM Popoyan (Cauca) 90.1 FM Valledupar (Cesar) 98.7 FM Monteria (Cordoba) 98.5 FM El Rosal (Cundinamarca) 570 AM Riohacha (Guajira) 610 AM Garzon (Huila) 94.3 FM Villavicencio (Meta) 92.3 FM Pasto (Narino) 95.3 FM

Barrancabermeja (Norte de Santander) 94.7 FM Cucuta (Norte de Santander) 96.9 FM Pamplona (Norte de Santander) 97.9 FM El Carmen (Norte de Santander) 104.7 FM Mocoa (Putumayo) 98.3 FM Armenia (Quindio) 98.7 FM San Gil (Santander) 93.7 FM Bucaramanga (Santander) 92.3 FM Ibague (Tolima) 99.0 FM Cali (Valle del Cauca) 580 AM Arauca (Arauca) 92.3 FM Puerto Carreno (Vichada) 94.3 FM Inirida (Guaiania) 92.3 FM Mitu (Vaupes) 88.3 FM Santiago Perez (Tolima) 106.5 FM San Jacinto (Bolivar) 89.8 FM Cerro Neiva (Neiva) 94.3 FM San Andres Caribbean island 99.5 FM

Tel: +57 1 220 0700 Email: [email protected]

Address: RTVC, Carrera. 45 No 26-33, Bogotá

Radionica www.radionica.gov.co

Radionica is an FM popular music station with regular news bulletins.

It forms part of the state broadcasting corporation Radio Television de Colombia (RTVC) www.rtvc.gov.co.

Radionica is on air in the following cities:

Bogotá 99.1 FM Medellin 99.9 FM Cali 94.5 FM Barranquilla 95.1 FM Cartagena 91.1 FM Santa Marta 95.1 FM Riohacha 95.1 FM

Tel: +57 1 220 0728

Address: RTVC, Carrera 45 # 26-33, Bogotá

Emisora del Ejercito www.emisoraejercito.mil.co

Emisora del Ejército is the army radio network. It broadcasts mainly to rural areas of Colombia where the army is involved in fighting the FARC and ELN rebel movements.

Network programming is produced at the headquarters in Bogota.

This is relayed by Emisora del Ejército’s 97 local stations. These also produce some of their own programming,

Emisora del Ejército’s central studios in Bogota produce national programming which is relayed by the network’s 97 local radio stations across Colombia.

These small stations also produce some local output.

Most broadcast on FM, but a few transmit on AM Medium Wave.

The aim of the army radio network is to develop closer ties and trust between army units involved in counter-insurgency operations and the local population.

Its broadcasts include a lot of civic education programmes as well as programmes aimed at persuading left-wing guerrillas to put down their guns.

A full list of Emisora del Ejército stations can be found on the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communications website in the list of “Radios de interes publico” on web page www.mintic.gov.co/index.php/radio-difusion-sonora. Click on the link “Listado de emisoras” at the bottom of the page.

Director – Major Sandra Gomes Penagos.

Tel: +57 1 240 7374 +57 1 240 7340/

Address: Emisora del Ejército, Calle 80 No. 38-00 br Escuela Militar de Cadetes, Bogotá

Radio Policía Nacional www.policia.gov.co/portal/page/portal/Noticias_y_Documentacion/Medios_Comunica cion_Institucionales/Emisoras/emisora_Bogota92.4fm

The national police force runs its own FM radio network.

It broadcasts mainly to Colombia’s largest cities, but also to many remote communities – especially in the lawless eastern plains.

Radio Policía Nacional broadcasts a mixture of news, civil education programming and music.

It operates 27 local radio stations in the following towns and cities:

Bogotá 92.4 FM Bucaramanga (Santander) 91.7 FM Barranquilla (Atlantico) 102.6 FM Cartagena (Bolivar) 106.0 FM Riohacha (Guajira) 88.7 FM Valledupar (Cesar) 92.7 FM Cucuta (Norte de Santander) 88.7 FM Monteria (Cordoba) 95.5 FM Villavicencio (Meta) 101.8 FM Florencia (Caqueta) 103.1 FM Puerto Carreno (Vichada) 99.3 FM San José del Guaviare (Guaviare) 91.7 FM Yopal (Casanare) 91.7 FM Mitu (Vaupes) 91.3 FM Arauca (Arauca) 90.3 FM Leticia (Amazonas) 98.9 FM Medellin (Anitioquia) 96.4 FM Cali (Valle del Cauca)102.0 FM Manizales (Caldas) 103.7 FM Pereira (Risaralda) 99.1 FM Popoyan (Cauca) 94.1 FM Pasto (Narino) 91.6 FM Quibdo (Quindio) 104.3 FM Ibague (Tolima) 100.0 FM Tunja (Boyaca) 93.6 FM Santa Rosa de Viterbo (Boyaca) 98.1 FM – location of police college San Andres Caribbean island 105.5 FM

The telephone numbers and addresses of these stations can be found on the radio station’s website. Click on the link to “Emisoras” on the home page.

Headquarters in Bogotá

Tel: +57 1 212 4212 +57 1 212 4230

Address: Radio Policia Nacional, Carrera 1A No. 57-00 Chapinero Alto. Interior E-2, Bogotá.

Minuto de Dios www.radiominutodedios.com

Minuto de Dios is a network of religious radio stations run by the Roman Catholic Church.

It operates radio stations in several large cities, including :

Bogotá 107.9FM Medellin 1230 AM Barranquilla 1370 AM Cartagena 89.5 FM

In addition, the Catholic Church operates more than 50 stand-alone radio stations across Colombia.

A full list of these stations and their contact details can be found on the Catholic media directory website www.intermirifica.net

Tel: +57 1 7433070

Address: Radio Minuto de Dios, Carrera 73A, No 81-32, Bogotá

Colmundo http://colmundoradio.com.co

Colmundo is a Christian-inspired national radio station that targets listeners over the age of 30.

It does not carry overtly religious programming and does not have formal links to any particular church.

The radio station was set up by Nestor Chamorro in 1989 after he was inspired by a visit to Israel.

Colmundo broadcasts a varied range of programming that includes news, music , entertainment shows and programmes about health.

It broadcasts on AM Medium Wave in the following cities:

Bogotá 1040 AM Medellin 140 AM Cali 620 AM Cartagena 620 AM Barranquilla 1430 AM Pereira 1270 AM Pasto 1040 AM Cucuta 660 AM Bucaramanga 1230 AM Ibague 920 AM

Tel: +57 1 217 9220 +57 1 548 3535 +37 1 548 4197

Address, Columundo Radio SA, Diagonal 61D No 26A -29, Bogota

Blu Radio www.bluradio.com

Blu Radio is a news, sports and current affairs radio station that began broadcasting from Bogotá in September 2012.

Blu Radio gives a new foothold in radio to the powerful Grupo Santodomingo, which owns Caracol Television and the daily newspaper El Espectador.

Grupo Santodomingo formerly owned the Caracol Radio network, but sold it to the Spanish media group Prisa in 2003.

In November 2012, Blu Radio was broadcasting on FM in the following cities:

Bogotá 96.9 FM Medellin 97.9 FM. Villavicencio 96.3FM Neiva 103.1FM

Television overview

Television is the main source of news, information and entertainment for Colombians in both urban and rural areas.

More than 94% of Colombians watch television regularly, according to the 2011 media audience survey Estudio General de Medios (EGM) www.slideshare.net/prensanet/egm-2011-3ola#btnNext.

This survey of 12,000 people in 15 towns and cities found that 77.2% of respondents watched television every day.

A further 15.3% watched TV on least five days each week.

Television viewing is dominated by just two national commercial channels:

 RCN TV www.canalrcnmsn.com  Caracol Television www.canalrcnmsn.com.

Both offer a broad range of news, sport and family entertainment programming.

Their soap operas, known as telenovelas, are particularly popular.

The EGM survey found that 96.6% of viewers watched RCN TV and Caracol Television regularly.

RCN TV was slightly ahead in the ratings.

89.7% of viewers said they had watched the channel in the previous month and 71.4% on the previous day.

The EGM survey found that 85.0% of viewers had watched Caracol Television in the previous month and 63.4% had watched it in the previous 24 hours.

The government has talked for several years about licensing a third national commercial TV channel to break the RCN/Caracol duopoly. However, as of December 2012 no new national licence had been issued

The closest challenger to the RCN TV and Caracol Television is the Bogotá commercial television channel City TV www.citytv.com.co.

According to the 2011 EGM survey, City TV is watched regularly by 56.5% of viewers in the capital, which has a population of over seven million.

City TV’s audience figures in the rest of the country are lower, but it is still the third most popular channel in the whole of Colombia.

Just over 30% of television viewers nationwide watch City TV regularly, according to the EGM.

City TV belongs to Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the owners of El Tiempo newspaper,

Most television viewing takes place at home in the evening.

94% of respondents to the EGM survey said they watched television at night.

From Monday to Friday there is a secondary peak in television audiences at lunchtime.

This secondary peak moves to the afternoon at weekends.

During the early morning, all the main TV channels carry breakfast news and current affairs shows, but at that time of day many people prefer to listen to radio instead.

Cable and satellite TV

Most Colombians watch free-to-air terrestrial broadcasts, but cable and satellite television are growing fast in popularity.

By 2012 there were more than 3.9 million cable television subscribers in the country according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications www.mintic.gov.co.

Besides offering a selection of Colombian and international TV channels, cable operators also provide internet connections.

There are about 40 city-based commercial cable networks.

In addition, Colombia has more than 760 Community Television cable networks.

These transmit a selection of up to seven mainstream television channels by cable to individual households in small towns and villages.

Every community cable network is legally obliged to produce and broadcast between one and 10 hours per week of its own local programming each week.

However, these not-for-profit organisations are limited to a maximum of 15,000 subscribers.

The 2011 EGM survey showed that the most popular foreign TV channels on commercial pay-TV networks werre Discovery Channel, TNT, Animal Planet and Fox TV.

State television

The state broadcasting corporation Radio Television de Colombia (RTCV) www.radionacionaldecolombia.gov.co broadcasts three national channels.

All of them have a strong focus on news and information and educational and cultural programming.

However, the RTVC channels are only watched by a small minority of viewers.

Canal Uno and Señalcolombia are the most popular RTVC channels.

The 2011 EGM survey showed that one in 10 viewers had watched these two channels in the previous month.

Canal Uno www.canaluno.com.co broadcasts a varied mix of news, sport, educational and entertainment programming.

This is provided by a consortium of four privately owned TV production companies. Each one provides 32 hours of programming a week.

Señalcolombia www.senalcolombia.tv offers a broad range of educational and cultural programming provided directly by its own staff. It broadcasts a lot of films and documentaries.

RTVC’s third channel, Canal Institucional http://www.institucional.gov.co provides information about government departments and agencies and the services which they offer. It also provides a platform for political debate.

It often broadcasts live debates in parliament.

However, the rather dry content of Canal Institucional has limited public appeal.

According to the EGM survey, fewer than one in 20 Colombians bother to watch it.

Regional public TV channels

There are nine state-owned regional channels.

These have a much stronger appeal than the RTVC national channels in the areas where they broadcast.

The 2011 EGM survey found that on average they were watched by about 15% of television viewers.

The regional channels are mostly controlled by the provincial governments of the departments that they serve. They carry a lot of regional news and information.

The regional channels are:

 Canal 13 www.canal13.com.co This channel is based in Bogota. It produces entertainment programming for a youth audience in eastern Colombia. The channel is majority owned by the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communication.

 Canal Capital www.canalcapital.gov.co This television station serves the city of Bogotá. It is run by the municipal authority.

 Teleantioquia www.teleantioquia.com.co is a regional television channel based in Medellin. It serves the department of Antioquia. The station focuses on regional news and current affairs and also carries entertainment programming.

 Telemedellín www.telemedellin.tv is a local station serving Medellín, Colombia’s second largest city. It is owned by the Medellín city authority.

 Telecaribe www.telecaribe.com.co is a government-run regional television channel serving the Caribbean coastal region. It is based in Barranquilla and is controlled by the provincial governments Atlántico, Cesar, Córdoba, Sucre, Magdalena and Guajira.

 Telepacífico. www.telepacifico.com is a government-run regional television station serving western Colombia. It is based in Cali. It carries four programmes of regional news per day and a range of educational and cultural programming. Its 19 transmitters cover the main towns in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Chocó and Nariño.

 Canal TRO www.canaltro.com is a government-run regional television station serving the northeastern departments of Santander and Norte de Santander. It has studios in Bucaramanga and Cúcuta

 Telecafé www.telecafe.tv is a regional television channel serving the main coffee-growing region of central Colombia. It is based in Manizales and has studios in Armenia and Pereira. Telecafé covers the departments of Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda.

 Teleislas www.teleislas.com.co This small television station broadcasts to the Caribbean islands of San Andres and Providencia. Traditionally the people of these islands spoke English rather than Spanish. The islands are a duty- free zone. The government has been promoting them for many years as a tourism destination.

In addition there are more than 40 local television channels run by a variety of not- for-profit organisations.

These broadcast free-to-air from terrestrial transmitters, but they tend to command very small niche audiences. 53

Community television

Colombia had 763 community television networks in April 2012, according to the Autoridad Nacional de Television (ANTA) www.antv.gov.co , the government authority which licences and regulates television.

These not-for-profit associations are allowed to distribute up to seven mainstream national and regional television channels by cable to a maximum of 15,000 subscribers.

Community cable networks often provide the only means by which local people can see mainstream TV channels in media-dark areas which Colombia’s free-to-air terrestrial transmitters fail to reach.

However, the community TV associations are not just cable distributors of third party programming.

Each one is legally obliged to produce and broadcast a few hours of its own programming each week.

Community television stations have an official remit to produce programming that satisfies the community’s educational, recreational and cultural needs.

They are also charged with promoting the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens and encouraging their participation in society.

Community TV stations are not allowed to broadcast religious or politically motivated programming or place programmes from other TV licence holders on their own channel.

Those with fewer than 2,000 subscribers are legally obliged to produce and broadcast at least one hour of original programming per week.

Community stations with 2,000 to 8,000 subscribers have to broadcast at least two hours or original programming per week, plus an additional half hour for each third party channel that they distribute.

Community stations with more than 8,000 subscribers have to produce a minimum of two hours of original programming per week, plus an extra hour for every additional 1,000 subscribers and an extra half hour for each encoded channel distributed.

A full list of community TV stations is published by the ANTV on web page /www.antv.gov.co/InfoSectorial/operadores/index_operadores.html

A list of community TV networks by department is also published in Annex II of this guide.

Community TV stations are allowed to sell advertising within their own broadcast programming.

However, they may not insert advertising to the programming of other channels that they relay.

People working within the community television sector would like to see the licensing conditions made more flexible.

In particular, they would like the ceiling of 15,000 subscribers per network raised so that community stations could serve larger population groups.

Community TV activists would also like individual stations to be able to share their own programming output with neighbouring community stations more easily.

The most common programme formats on community television are local news bulletins and magazine programmes and live broadcasts of sporting fixtures and cultural events.

Community TV stations are seen as an information lifeline in many communities plagued by drug trafficking and paramilitary activity.

They generally avoid commenting on or documenting acts of violence, but they do address these issues indirectly.

TVO Bien, a community station on the outskirts of Medellin, for example, produces television dramas about the waves of displaced people fleeing to the city to escape conflict in the countryside.

The Community Television Multiactive Cooperative - Cooperativa multiactiva de televisión comunitaria (COMUtv) www.comutv.org – is an organisation that represents and supports community television networks in Colombia.

It is based in Medellin and has more than 100 member community TV networks across the country.

COMUtv buys equipment in bulk on behalf of its members and provides them with technical support.

It also negotiates deals with the television channels that are relayed by community cable networks.

The association promotes joint programme productions between different community TV networks and the distribution of these programmes to other community stations.

Another lobby group for the community television sector is the Consejo Nacional de Television Comunitaria http://consejonacionalcolombiacntc.blogspot.co.uk

This brings together six regional community television associations.

Television stations

National television stations

RCN Televisión www.canalrcnmsn.com

RCN TV is Colombia’s most popular television channel.

It broadcasts a wide range of news, sport and family entertainment and claims to reach 97% of the country’s population.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) 2011 media survey, RCN TV was regularly watched by 89.5% of Colombian television viewers

Its overall share of the national television audience was 27.0%, just ahead of its main rival Caracol Television, on 25.1%.

RCN TV, which has a companion radio network, is owned by Ardila Lulle group, one of Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerates. The Arlia Lulle grew out of a soft drinks bottling firm in Cali.

RCN media outlets have a reputation for being more pro-government than those of Caracol, which are widely perceived as being more critical and independent.

RCN TV is based in Bogotá. It has been on air continuously since 1976.

It carries daily news programmes at 06.30, 12.30, 19.00 and 23.00.

The channel has a track record of collaborating with Colombian and international aid agencies at times of humanitarian crisis, particularly with the Red Cross.

RCN journalists are trained to report from hostile environments. This helps them to to operate in areas of Colombia affected by the left-wing guerrilla insurgency and drug cultivation and smuggling.

In addition to its flagship national channel RCN TV, RCN owns several specialist channels which are broadcast by cable and satellite. These include:

 Nuestra Tele Noticias 24 Horas (NTN24) www.ntn24.com, an international news channel called which broadcasts by satellite and cable throughout Latin America and North America.

 RCN Nuestra Tele www.rcnnuestratele.co, an international satellite and cable channel with mixed programming. It is also known as TV Colombia. It is available in several Latin American countries, the United States, Canada and Spain.

 RCN Telenovelas www.rcntelenovelas.com.co, a pay-TV satellite and cable channel that shows non-stop soap operas. RCN said it had 800,000 subscribers in 2012.

RCN Head of News - Clara Elvira Ospina

Director of NTN24 - Claudia Gurisatti

Tel: +57 1 426 9292 E mail: [email protected]

Address: RCN TV, Avenida de las Américas # 65-82, Bogotá

Caracol Television www.caracoltv.com

Caracol Television is one of the two most popular televisión channels in Colombia.

This privately-owned commmercial TV channel broadcasts a varied diet of news, sports and family entertainment. The latter includes soap operas, known as telenovelas, and children’s programmes

Caracol Television broadcasts round the clock from studios in Bogota. It does not offer any regional variations in programming.

In recent years Caracol has commanded slightly lower televisión audiences than its main competitor RCN TV.

Caracol Television said in its 2012 annual report that it achieved a 25.1% share of the national TV audience in 2011, not far behind RCN TV, which led with 27.0%.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey found that Caracol Television was regularly watched by 85.0% of all televisión viewers in 2011.

Caracol Television broadcasts free-to-air from 135 terrestrial transmitters that cover most of Colombia. It also broadcasts to the entire country by satellite via Intelsat 9.

The company is owned by Grupo Santodomingo, one of Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerates. It is controlled by the Santo Domingo family, one of the world’s richest families.

Grupo Santodomingo’s other media assets include the Bogota daily newspaper El Espectador, the daily free sheet ADN, the weekly magazine Cromos and Blu Radio, a news and current affairs radio station launched in September 2012.

The conglomerate formerly owned Caracol Radio as well, but it sold this leading radio network to the Spanish media group Prisa in 2003.

Grupo Domingo and Prisa signed an agreement that allows both companies to use the Caracol brand name for broadcasting.

Caracol Television is one of Colombia’s oldest TV channels. It has been on air continuously since 1954.

The main news programmes are broadcast at 06.30 in the morning and 19.00 in the evening.

The morning news show Noticias Caracol is a 105-minute magazine programme that claims the highest ratings of all shows on Colombian morning televisión.

The evening edition of Noticias Caracol lasts 60 minutes

Caracol broadcasts a weekly investigative journalism programme called Séptimo Día (Seventh Day) on Sundays at 20.00. This looks into abuses denounced by members of the public.

At 05.00 every morning, a special programme for farmers, La Finca de Hoy (The Farm Today), spends 60 minutes looking at issues related to farming and rural life.

Caracol Television has an international distribution arm called Caracol Internacional www.caracolinternacional.com, based in Miami, Florida.

This syndicates Caracol productions, particularly its popular telenovelas, to other broadcasters around the world.

President - Carlos Alejandro Pérez

Tel: +57 1 643 0430

Address: Canal Caracol, Calle 103 #50-45, Barrio La Floresta, Bogotá

City TV www.citytv.com.co

City TV is Colombia’s third most popular televisión channel.

Technically it is a local comercial channel that only broadcasts to the capital Bogotá,.

However, in reality CityTV is widely viewed throughout Colombia on cable and satellite.

The channel belongs to Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the owner of El Tiempo, Colombia’s largest and most influential quality newspaper.

It broadcasts news and a wide variety of entertainment programming.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey for 2011, 30.7% of all televisión viewers in Colombia had watched City TV at some point in the previous month.

The EGM found that City TV was watched by 56.5% of viewers in Bogotá,.

The channel carries two editions per day of its main news programme, City Noticias.

The lunchtime news show goes out at 12.00.

A slightly longer evening news programme is broadcast at 20.00.

Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the group which owns City TV, was formerly controlled by the Santos family – a major player in Liberal politics.

The Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo, who was previously a minority shareholder, acquired full control of the media group in May 2012.

General Manager - Lorencita Santamaría Tel: +57 1 344 4060 E mail: [email protected]

Address: City TV, Avenida Jiménez # 6-77, Bogotá

Radio Television Colombiana (RTVC) www.rtvc.gov.co

RTVC is the state broadcasting corporation. It runs three national televisión channels which can be seen by approximately 94% of Colombia’s population.

All three RTVC channels focus on public information, education and cultura, rather than popular entertainment.

They are only viewed regularly by a small minority of the population.

The three channels are:

 Canal Uno www.canaluno.com.co  Seňalcolombia www.senalcolombia.tv  Canal Institucional www.institucional.gov.co

Separate profiles of each channel are given below.

Manager – Dario Montenegro Tel: +57 1 220 0700 Email: [email protected]

Address: RTVC, Avenida El Dorado Cr 45-26 – 33, Bogotá

Canal Uno www.canaluno.com.co

Canal Uno is a national is a general interest news, sports and entertainment channel. channel owned by the state broadcasting corporation Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia (RTVC).

It is operated by a consortium of four privately owned content providers. i Canal Uno’s most popular programme is its 45-minute evening news show CM&, which goes out at 21.30.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) 2011 media audience survey, 12.1% of viewers had watched Canal Uno in the previous month, but only 3.0% had watched it on the previous day.

Each of the four content providers for Canal Uno contributes 32 hours of programming per week.

In December 2012, the content providers for Canal Uno were:

 Jorge Barón Televisión (NTC) www.jorgebarontelevision.com.co  CM& www.cmi.com.co  Sportsat Televisión www.sportsat.com.co  Colombiana de Televisión www.coltevision.com

NTC Manager – Jorge Acosta Tel: +57 1 410 7337 E mail: [email protected]

Address, Canal Uno, Avenida El Dorado # 85 D-55, local 107, Bogotá

Seňalcolombia www.senalcolombia.tv

Seňalcolombia is a national television channel owned and operated by the state broadcasting coroporation Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia (RTVC).

It focuses on cultural and educational issues and broadcasts a lot of foreign programmes.

However, Seňalcolombia it only attracts a small specialist audience.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey in 2011, 11.7% of Colombians had watched Seňalcolombia in the previous month, but only 2.6% had watched it in the previous day.

Coordinator – Yolanda Bautista

Tel: +57 1 597 8132 Email: [email protected]

Address : Señalcolombia, Carrera 45 # 26-33, Bogotá

Canal Institucional www.institucional.gov.co

Canal Institucional is a government-run televisión channel that broadcasts programmes about state institutions. It also shows debates in Congress.

Canal Institucional is the least popular of the three televisión channels run by the state broadcasting corporation Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia (RTVC)..

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey in 2011, 4.3% of Colombians had watched Canal Institucional in the previous month, but only 0.7% had watched it in the previous day.

Director: Lenart Rodríguez Tel: +57 1 597 8132 Email: [email protected]

Address, Canal Institucional, Carrera 45 # 26-33, Bogotá

Regional Television stations

Canal Capital www.canalcapital.gov.co

This local television channel serving Bogotá a is owned by the city’s municipal authority.

Bogotá is Colombia’s largest city with a population of more than seven million

Canal Capital focuses on local news and current affairs and cultural and educational programming. It was launched in 1997.

Canal Capital is also widely available in the rest of Colombia via cable

Director: Javier Ayala Tel: +57 1 457 8300

Address: Canal Capital, Avenida El Dorado # 66-63, piso 5, Bogotá

Canal 13 www.canal13.com.co

Canal 13 is a government-run regional televisión station based in Bogotá that provides music, entertainment and educational programming for the youth of eastern Colombia. It was launched in 1998 and broadcasts free to air in several departments of Eastern Colombia. It is also available nationally via cable.

Canal 13, which now styles iself Canal TR3CE, is majority owned by the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communications.

The provincial governments of Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Putumayo, Huila, Meta, Tolima and Guaviare own small stakes in the channel.

General Manager - Lennart Rodríguez Lozano Tel: +57 1 570 2454 +57 1 570 2460 E mail: [email protected]

Address: Canal 13, Transversal 28 A # 39-39, Bogotá

Teleantioquia www.teleantioquia.com.co

This publicly owned regional televisión channel serves Medellín, Colombia’s second largest city, and the surrounding department of Antioquia.

It is 70% owned by the government of Antioquia.

Although it is only broadcast free-to-air in Antioquia, the channel also has national reach via cable.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey of 2011, Teleantioquia is the third most popular televisión station in the city of Medellín after RCN and Caracol Television.

The survey showed that 60.7% of viewers had watched Teleantioquia in the previous month and 28% had watched it on the previous day.

Manager - Selene Botero Giraldo Tel: +57 4 356 9900 E Mail: [email protected]

Address: Teleantioquia, Calle 44 # 53 A-11, piso 3, Medellín, Antioquia

Telemedellín www.telemedellin.tv

This televisión channel, owned by the Medellín municipal authority, broadcasts local programming to Colombia’s second largest city.

Medellín is a major industrial and commercial centre. It had an estimated population of 2.7 million in 2012.

Tel: +57 4 448 9590 E Mail: [email protected]

Address: Telemedellin, Tránsito de Caribe, Cra. 64 C No. 72 – 58, Medellín.

Telecaribe www.telecaribe.com.co

Telecaribe is a publicly owned regional television channel serving the Caribbean coastal region.

It is based in Barranquilla and is controlled by the provincial governments Atlántico, Cesar, Córdoba, Sucre, Magdalena and Guajira.

Tel: +57 5 368 0183 +57 5 358 2297 E mail: [email protected]

Address: Telecaribe, Carrera 54 # 71-142, piso 4, Barranquilla, Atlántico

Telepacífico www.telepacifico.com

Telepacífico is a state-owned regional television channel serving southwestern Colombia. It is based in Cali.

Telepacífico carries four programmes of regional news per day and a range of educational and cultural programming.

Much of its programming is provided by independent content producers.

Telepacífico has 19 transmitters which cover the main towns in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Chocó and Nariño.

Tel: +57 2 518 400 E mail: [email protected]

Address: Telepacífico, Calle 5 # 38 A-14, piso 3 Centro Imbanaco, Cali, Valle del Cauca.

Telecafé www.telecafe.tv

Telecafé is a state-owned regional television channel that serves the coffee-growing departments of Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío.

It is based in Manizales and has studios in Armenia and Pereira.

Tel: 57 6 884 5678

Address: Telecafé, Carrera 24 # 19-5, Manizales, Caldas

Televisión Regional de Oriente (TRO) www.canaltro.com

This state-owned regional television channel broadcasts to the departments of free- Santander and Norte de Santander in northeastern Colombia.

It has studios in the departmental capitals, Bucaramanga and Cúcuta.

Tel: +57 7 648 1177 E mail: [email protected]

Address, Canal TRO, Calle 5 - Carrera 4, Antigua Sede Licorera de Santander , Floridablanca, Bucaramanga, Santander.

Teleislas www.teleislas.com.co

This small state-owned regional television channel is based on the tourist island of San Andrés Island in the Caribbean.

It serves San Andrés and the neighbouring Colombian island of Providencia.

Tel: +57 8 513 27 99 +57 8 513 20 47

Address: Teleislas, Shingle Hill, San Andrés

Print overview

Newspapers mainly circulate in Colombia’s cities and large towns.

Very few are sold in the countryside

Newspapers are influential in breaking news stories and shaping public opinion.

But according to the annual Estudio General de Medios (EGM) annual media audience survey, but only one in three Colombians reads a daily newspaper regularly.

Although newspapers and magazines are less widely used than television and radio as a source of news and information, increasing public access to the internet has given them a new online readership.

The most popular news website in the country is that of El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com , Colombia’s largest and most authoritative quality daily newspaper.

It was attracting nearly 1.5 million unique visitors per week in early 2012, according to the EGM.

According to the internet analysis website www.alexa.com, El Tiempo was the 11th most visited website in the country in November 2012.

El Tiempo’s main rival, El Espectador www.elespectador.com was in 16th position with 872,000 unique visitors per month.

Just over 40% of Colombia’s population used the internet in 2011, according to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) www.itu.int

Another factor which has helped to maintain newspaper readership is the launch of a new generation of tabloid newspapers in Colombia’s main cities.

These tabloids – some of which are distributed as free sheets - specialise in human interest stories, crime, sport, show business and local news.

They are written in plain language and are mostly aimed at the poorer, less educated sectors of society. Many of these people would not have been regular newspaper readers beforehand.

The most successful of the new paid-for new tabloids is Q’Hubo (What’s Up), which was launched in 2005. By 2012 it had more than two million readers nationwide.

ADN, a free sheet launched in Bogota, Medellin, Cali and Cartagena by the owners of El Tiempo, has also been hugely successful.

Al Día, which is distributed along the Caribbean coast by the owners of the Barranquilla regional daily El Heraldo, has also proved another big hit.

It acquired nearly 500,000 readers in its first five years of existence.

Nearly all of Colombian daily newspapers have long-standing links with one of the country’s two main political parties; the Liberals and the Conservatives.

Several newspapers published in Bogotá, claim to be national in character and some of them have satellite printing plants in other cities.

But in reality, the Bogota papers sell most of their copies in the capital.

There are dozens of regional dailies. These are published in the main provincial capitals.

Three national newspapers claim a daily readership of more than one million (although their daily print runs are much lower).

These are:

 El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com, Colombia’s largest and most authoritative quality daily newspaper. It has been traditionally associated with the Liberal Party. El Tiempo claimed daily sales of more than 300,000 in 2010. The EGM media survey in early 2012, indicated that the newspaper had more than 1.1 million daily readers on weekdays. The popular Sunday edition of El Tiempo was read by nearly 2.0 million people each week, it noted.

 Q’Hubo www.qhubo.com This popular tabloid tells human interest stories, crime, sports and local news in plain language. It produces 14 regional editions. These are printed locally in the main cities of the central highlands and the Caribbean coast. Q’Hubo was launched in 2005 by Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM), a consortium of regional daily newspapers. These provide its printing facilties. Q’Hubo claimed 2.2 million readers in 2012.

 ADN http://diarioadn.co. This free sheet newspaper was launched by Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the owner of El Tiempo and City TV, in 2009. It publishes four separate editions in the cities of Bogotá, Cali Medellin and Barranquilla. In 2012 ADN claimed to have nearly 1.3 million readers.

El Tiempo was formerly controlled by the Santos family – a major player in Liberal politics. The current head of state, President Juan Manuel Santos, is the latest leading politician to be produced by this family.

It 2007, the Santos family sold a 55% stake in Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the publishing group which runs the newspaper, to Spain’s Planeta media and publishing group.

In March 2012, Planeta sold out to the Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo.

He already owned a 33% minority stake in the group. In May 2012 Sarmiento Angulo bought out the other minority shareholders to acquire 100% ownership of Casa Editorial El Tiempo.

El Tiempo newspaper retains a generally pro-Liberal stance under its new ownership.

Its main rival is another pro-Liberal Bogotá daily - El Espectador www.elespectador.com.

This belongs to Grupo Santodomingo, the Colombian business conglomerate which also owns Caracol Television.

A financial crisis forced El Espectador to abandon daily publication between 2001 and 2008. During this period it became a weekly.

El Espectador now appears daily again. The printed edition of the paper had about 250,000 readers in 2012, according to the EGM.

Colombia’s traditional business daily is La República www.larepublica.com.co. It forms part of the GNM regional newspaper group, which publishes Q’Hubo.

In recent years, La República has been challenged by Portafolio www.portafolio.co , a business daily launched by Casa Editorial El Tiempo.

El Espacio www.elespacio.com.co is a sensationalist down-market tabloid, published in Bogotá, which specialises in crime and human interest stories.

It used to be Colombia’s largest tabloid newspaper, but its circulation has fallen sharply in recent years as a result of competition with the new titles Q’Hubo and ADN.

El Espacio had a readership of 226,000 in 2012, according to the EGM media survey.

Influential regional dailies include the following:

 El Colombiano www.elcolombiano.com.co – a conservative daily newspaper in Medellín. El Colombiano is the largest of Colombia’s traditional regional dailies. According to the EGM it had a readership of 179,000 in early 2012. El Colombiano also owns La República in Bogota. It forms part of GNM, the regional newspaper consortium that owns Q’Hubo.

 El País www.elpais.com.co – a Conservative daily published in Cali. It forms part of GNM, the regional newspaper consortium that owns Q’Hubo.

 El Heraldo www.elheraldo.com.co – a Liberal newspaper published in Barranquilla. It is the most influential newspaper on the Caribbean coast.

 Al Dia – A free sheet tabloid newspaper launched by El Heraldo in Barranquilla in 2007. It had 477,000 readers in early 2012, according to the EGM media survey, three times as many as El Heraldo itself

 Vanguardia Liberal www.vanguardia.com – a Liberal daily published in Bucaramanga. It is influential in Santander department. Vanguardia Liberal forms part of GNM, the regional newspaper consortium that owns Q’Hubo.

 La Opinion www.laopinion.com.co - a daily newspaper published in Cúcuta near the Venezuelan frontier

 La Patria www.lapatria.com – a Conservative daily published in Manizales, the centre of Colombia’s main coffee growing area

 Llano 7 dias – A daily newspaper published in Villavicencio, the gateway to Colombia’s eastern plains

Surprisingly perhaps, Colombians read magazines more than newspapers.

The 2011 EGM media survey found that 34.3% of the 12,000 people questioned in 15 cities across the country read a daily newspaper.

However, 43.3% said they read magazines.

The most widely read weekly magazines are:

 La Semana www.semana.com a popular news and current affairs magazine which is owned by an independent magazine publishing company, Publicaciones Semana. It claims to be read by more than one million people every month.

 Cromos www.cromos.com.co, a lifestyle and entertainment magazine which belongs to Grupo Santodomingo, the owner of Caracol Television and El Espectador.

Both magazines cover news, current affairs, fashion, show business and lifestyle issues.

Semana, the market leader, is generally regarded as taking an independent editorial line.

But like most of the Colombian press, it has political connections. Its publisher, Publicaciones Semana, is controlled by Felipe López Caballero, the son of former president Alfonso López Michelsen, a Liberal head of state in the 1970s.

Colombia’s main news agency is Colprensa www.colprensa.com.

It was set up in 1981as a cooperative of regional newspapers to provide them all with national news.

Colprensa distributes news and pictures through its website.

Newspapers

National daily newspapers

El Tiempo www.eltiempo.com

El Tiempo is Colombia’s largest circulation quality daily newspaper.

It is authoritative and influential and it circulates nationwide.

El Tiempo is widely read by Colombian decision makers in government and business.

The Bogotá-based newspaper claimed an average weekday sale of 314,000 copies in 2010. This rose to 453,000 on Sundays.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey indicated that the Monday to Saturday editions of El Tiempo had more than 1.1 million daily readers in early 2012 (with several people reading each copy of the newspaper sold).

El Tiempo’s nationwide readership rose to nearly 2.0 million on Sundays, the same survey showed.

El Tiempo has traditionally supported the Liberal Party. For decades the newspaper was owned by the Santos family, which has played a leading role in Liberal politics for several generations.

The current head of state, President Juan Manuel Santos, is the latest leading politician to emerge from its ranks.

The Santos family sold a 55% majority stake in Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the media group which publishes El Tiempo, to the Spanish media and publishing group Planeta in 2007.

In March 2012, Planeta sold out to the Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo.

In May 2012 Sarmiento Angulo bought out the other minority shareholders to acquire 100% ownership of Casa Editorial El Tiempo.

The media group also owns City TV, Colombia’s third most popular television channel, the free-sheet newspaper ADN, which circulates in the country’s four largest cities, the down-market tabloid, Diario Mio, and the financial daily Portafolio.

It also owns a stable of magazines.

El Tiempo publishes several regional editions to boost its appeal in the interior.

It has satellite printing plants in Barranquilla and Cali.

The newspaper was founded in 1919,

Editor in Chief - Ernesto Cortes Fierro Email: [email protected]

Deputy Director of Information - Andrés Mompotes E mail: [email protected]

Tel: +57 1 294 0100

Address : El Tiempo, Avenida El Dorado, Calle 26 # 68 B-70, Bogotá

El Espectador, Bogota www.elespectador.com

For decades, El Espectador rivalled El Tiempo as Colombia’s daily leading newspaper.

But it fell on hard times during the first decade of the 20th century and is still recovering from a near death experience.

El Espectador stopped daily publication between 2001 and 2008 as the result of a financial crisis and became a weekly instead.

The newspaper then resumed daily publication.

El Espectador has started to rebuild its circulation and it has retained its reputation as a reliable and balanced source of news.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey in early 2012, the newspaper had 250,000 readers (although its print run would have been considerably lower).

In November 2012, the internet analysis website www.alexa.com ranked El Espectador’s website as the second most popular source of online news in Colombia after that of El Tiempo.

The EGM survey reported that El Espectador’s website attracted 872,000 unique visitors per month.

Since 1997, El Espectador has been owned by Grupo Santodomingo, one of Colombia’s largest privately owned business conglomerates.

Grupo Santodomingo’s other media assets include Caracol Television, which is one of Colombia’s two largest TV networks, the weekly magazine Cromos and the Bogota news and current affairs radio station Blu Radio.

El Espectador was founded in 1887 and is a staunch supporter of the Liberal Party.

Director - Fidel Cano

Editor - Jorge Cardona Alzate Tel: +57 1 423 2300 E mail: [email protected]

Address: El Espectador, Avenida El Dorado # 69-76, Bogotá.

Q’Hubo www.qhubo.com

Q’Hubo (What’s Up) is Colombia’s top-selling tabloid daily newspaper.

It claimed more than 2.2 million readers in 2012 (although sales of printed would have been substantially lower).

Q’Hubo was launched in 2008 by a consortium of regional daily newspapers called Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM).

These were keen to develop newspaper sales in the interior of Colombia by creating a product that was attractive and accessible to the lower income groups

Q’Hubo offers a mix of crime and human interest stories, sport show business and local news.

Q’Hubo’s focus on local news told in plain language, its low cover price and its ability to distribute in large areas of the interior early in the day have been important factors in its success.

The newspaper produces 14 different regional editions. These are printed on the presses of GNM member newspapers in different cities across Colombia.

Q’Hubo says that most of its sales take place within these cities, but around 14% are sold in the surrounding areas.

Its cover price of 700 pesos (39 US cents) is less than half that of El Tiempo, which costs 1,500 pesos (83 US cents).

Q’Hubo is distributed in 12 departments in the central highlands and along the Caribbean coast. Together, these contain about 75% of Colombia’s population.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) 2012 media survey, Q’Hubo had a large readership in the following cities:

Barranquilla 465,000 Medellin 434,000 Bogota 284,000 Cartagena 241,000 Cucuta 138,000 Ibague 75,000 Pereira 74,000 Manizales 70,000 Palmira 36,000

The newspaper produces the following regional editions:

Atlántico (Barranquilla) Bolívar (Cartagena) Cesar (Valledupar) Santander (Bucaramanga) Santander (Barrancabermeja) Santander (South Santander edition) Norte de Santander (Cucuta) Bogota/Cundinamarca (Bogota) Antioquia (Medellin) Risaralda (Pereira) Caldas (Manizales) Valle del Cauca (Cali) Valle del Cauca (Palmira) Tolima (Ibague)

Tel: +571 742 5050

Address: Q’Hubo, Calle 25 D BIS N° 102 a - 63, Edificio La República, 3er piso. Bogotá

ADN http://diarioadn.co.

ADN is a free sheet tabloid newspaper which distributes separate local editions in Colombia’s four largest cities; Bogotá, Cali, Medellin and Barranquilla.

The 2012 Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media audience survey showed that this mid-market newspaper had nearly 1.3 million readers nationwide.

Half of all ADN readers were in Bogota.

ADN was launched by Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the owner of El Tiempo newspaper and City TV, in 2009.

In early 2012 this media group was acquired by Colombian billionaire banker and industrialist Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo.

He had previously been a minority shareholder.

Tel: +57 (1) 294 0100 Email: [email protected]

Address: ADN, Avenida El Dorado, Calle 26 # 68B-70, Bogota

El Espacio, www.elespacio.com.co

El Espacio used to be Colombia’s top-selling popular tabloid.

In recent years it has been eclipsed by the appearance of Q’Hubo and ADN and other new tabloid competitors and its circulation has declined sharply.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey for 2012 indicated that El Espacio’s national readership had had fallen by nearly half in the previous two years to 226,000.

The independently owned Bogotá daily was founded in 1965. It has traditionally had links with the Liberal Party.

Director - Jaime Ardila Tel: +57 1 425 1570 E mail: [email protected]

Address: El Espacio, Carrera 69 # 44-35, Bogotá

Diario Mio

Diario Mio is a down-market tabloid in Bogotá.

It was launched by Casa Editorial El Tiempo, the owner of El Tiempo and the free sheet ADN, in 2010.

Unlike its stablemate ADN, which is distributed free of charge, Diario Mio is a paid for newspaper

With a cheap cover price of 500 pesos (28 US cents) it undercuts Q’Hubo, which costs 700 pesos (39 US cents).

Diario Mio was launched with a dedicated staff of 24 journalists. It also draws on the news gathering capacities of the rest of the El Tiempo group.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey indicated that Diario Mio had achieved 212.000 readers in the capital by early 2012

The newspaper launched local editions in Medellin and Cali in 2011.

Tel: +57 1 294 0100

Address: Diario Mio, Avenida El Dorado, Calle 26 # 68 B-70, Bogotá

El Nuevo Siglo www.elnuevosiglo.com.co

El Nuevo Siglo (The New Century) is a right-wing daily newspaper published in Bogotá. It has close links to the Conservative Party.

The newspaper has a small circulation, but it is known for its political coverage and its disproportionately large influence on public opinion.

The newspaper was founded in 1936 by Laureano Gomez, a conservative politician who went on to become president from 1950 to 1953.

Director - Juan Gabriel Uribe

Editor - Alberto Abello Tel: +57 1 413 9200 E mail: [email protected]

Address: El Nuevo Siglo, Calle 25D Bis # 101B-04, Bogotá

La República www.larepublica.com.co

La República is Colombia's main financial and business daily.

It is politically aligned with the Conservative Party and targets businesspeople, professionals and students.

La República sells most of its copies by subscription.

The Bogotá-based newspaper said in 2012 it had nearly 70,000 to regular subscribers and sold a further 4,000 copies daily through news stands.

However, the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey of 2012 indicated that its overall readership was just 39,000.

La República’s main competitor is the business daily Portafolio, published by Casa Editorial El Tiempo.

The newspaper is owned by the same company that publishes the Conservative regional daily El Colombiano in Medellín.

It forms part of the Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM) consortium that publishes the tabloid Q’Hubo.

Director: Fernando Quijano Tel: +57 1 422 7600 E mail: [email protected]

Address; La República, Calle 25 D Bis # 102 A-63, Bogotá

Portafolio www.portafolio.co

Portafolio is a financial and business daily, published in Bogota.

The newspaper was founded in 1993 to challenge La Republica’s traditional domination of this sector of the market.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey of 2012 indicated that Portafolio’s overall readership was 85,000.

It is owned by Casa Editorial El Tiempo, which also publishes El Tiempo.

Director - Ricardo Ávila E mail: [email protected]

Editor - Edmer Tovar Martínez

Tel: +57 1 423 24 20

Address: Portafolio, Avenida El Dorado Calle 26 # 68 B-70, Bogotá

Regional daily newspapers

El Colombiano, Medellín www.elcolombiano.com.co

El Colombiano is an influential regional daily newspaper published in Medellín, Colombia's second largest city.

The Conservative newspaper circulates throughout Antioquia department and has a higher readership than any other traditional regional daily in Colombia.

However, its circulation has fallen in recent years, partly as a result of competition from the tabloid Q’Hubo and the free sheet ADN.

Both publish local editions in Medellín.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey estimated that El Colombiano had 179,000 readers in early 2012.

The publishing company behind El Colombiano also owns the business daily La República in Bogota and has shares in El Nuevo Día, a regional daily published in Ibagué, the capital of Tolima department.

It is also part of the Grupo General de Medios (GNM) consortium of regional newspapers which owns Q’Hubo.

Tel : +57 4 3315252 Email: [email protected]

Address: El Colombiano, Carrera 48 N° 30 Sur - 119, Envigado – Antioquia

El Mundo, Medellín www.elmundo.com.co

El Mundo is the the Liberal competitor of El Colombiano in Medellín, but it has a lower circulation.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, only credited El Mundo with 12,000 readers in 2012.

Since the mid 1980s, the newspaper has been owned by the politically influential Gaviria family.

This prominent local family has produced two Liberal governors of Antioquia department.

Director - Guillermo Gaviria Echeverri Email: [email protected]

Editor in Chief - Irene Gaviria Correa Email: [email protected]

Tel: +57 4 264 28 00

Address: El Mundo, Calle 53 No 74 – 50, Medellin, Antioquia

El País www.elpais.com.co

El Pais is the main regional daily newspaper published in Cali.

The Conservative daily was founded in 1950 and is owned by the politically influential Lloreda family.

The late Rodrigo Lloreda served as a minister in several governments and his son Álvaro "Lalo" Lloreda, is a former mayor of Cali.

The newspaper was founded in 1950. It circulates in Cali and much of southwestern Colombia.

According to he Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, El Pais had 178,000 readers in 2012.

It rivals El Colombiano of Medellin for the position of Colombia’s largest regional dailly newspaper.

El Pais is a member of the Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM) consortium of regional newspapers which publishes the mass circulation tabloid Q’Hubo.

Director: María Elvira Domínguez.

Editor: Diego Martínez

Tel: +57 2 898 7000

Address: El Pais, Carrera 2 # 24-46 Cali, Valle del Cauca.

El Heraldo www.elheraldo.com.co

El Heraldo is the most influential regional daily newspaper on Colombia’s Caribbean coast.

This firmly pro-Liberal newspaper has been published in Barranquilla since 1933.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, it had 133,000 readers in early 2012.

However, El Heraldo’s popularity has been eclipsed in recent years by that of its free sheet offshoot Al Dia.

Launched in 2007 and distributed in Barranquilla, Santa Marta and Riohacha, Al Dia achieved a readership of 477,000 by early 2012, according to the EGM.

El Heraldo claims that its website receives more than 800,000 unique visits per week.

Tel: +57 6 371 5000

Address: El Heraldo, Calle 53B # 46-25, Barranquilla, Atlántico

Al Dia http://aldia.com.co

Al Dia is a free sheet tabloid aimed at low income groups that has become the most widely read newspaper on the Caribbean coast.

Separate local editions are distributed daily in Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta and Riohacha.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, Al Dia had 477,000 readers in the Caribbean coastal región in early 2012.

The newspaper was launched in 2007by the owners of the paid-for Barranquilla daily newspaper El Heraldo.

Tel: +57 6 371 5000

Address: Al Dia, Calle 53B # 46-25, Barranquilla, Atlántico

Vanguardia Liberal www.vanguardia.com

Vanguardia Liberal is the most influential regional daily newspaper in Santander department.

It also circulates in neighbouring Cesar.

The pro-Liberal daily is published in Bucaramanga. It was founded in 1919

La Vanguardia Liberal is a member of the Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM) consortium of regional newspapers which publishes the mass circulation tabloid Q’Hubo.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, Vanguardia Liberal had 77,000 readers in early 2012.

Director: Sebastián Hiller Galvis

Tel: +57 7 630 0700

Address: Vanguardia Liberal, Calle 34 # 13-42, Bucaramanga, Santander

El Universal www.eluniversal.com.co

El Universal is the main daily newspaper published in the Caribbean coastal city of Cartagena. It is politically independent.

El Universal is a member of the Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM) consortium of regional newspapers which publishes the mass circulation tabloid Q’Hubo.

Its circulation has suffered in recent years from competition from Q’Hubo and the free sheet Al Dia, which produces a special edition for distribution in Cartagena.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, El Universal had 66,000 readers in early 2012.

Director: Pedro Luis Mogollón Tel: +57 6 650 1050

Address: El Universal, Pie del Cerro, Calle 30 # 17-36, Cartagena, Bolívar

La Opinión www.laopinion.com.co

La Opinión is the most influential newspaper on the Colombia Venezuela border in the Norte de Santander region.

It is published in Cúcuta and circulates in the department of Norte de Santander.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, La Opinión had 33,000 readers in early 2012.

The newspaper was founded in 1958,

Director: José Eustorgio Colmenares Email: [email protected]

Editor: Cicerón Flórez

Tel: +57 7 582 9999

Address: La Opinion, Avenida 4 # 16-12, Cúcuta, Norte de Santander .

La Patria, www.lapatria.com

La Patria is the main daily newspaper in Manizales, the commercial centre of the coffee-growing region of west central Colombia.

Founded in 1921, the paper has been linked to the Conservative Party from the outset.

It circulates in Caldas department.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, La Patria had a readership of 61,000 in early 2012.

Director: Nicolás Restrepo

Editor: Fernando Ramírez E mail: [email protected] Tel: +57 6 878 1700

Address: La Patria, Carrera 20 # 46-35, Manizales, Caldas

La Tarde www.latarde.com

La Tarde is the main local daily newspaper in the coffee-growing department of Risaralda.

It is published in Pereira and has been linked to the Liberal Party since its foundation in 1975.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, La Tarde had 21,000 readers in early 2012.

Director: Sonia Díaz Mantilla Tel: +57 6 335 4666

Address: La Tarde, Km. 3 Vía Armenia Parque Empresarial La Tarde, Pereira, Risaralda

El Nuevo Día, Ibagué www.elnuevodia.com.co

El Nuevo Dia is the main local daily newspaper in Ibagué, the capital of Tolima department.

The politically independent daily was founded in 1992. It employs about 20 journalists.

The newspaper is partly owned by three other regional dailies: El Colombiano of Medellin, Vanguardia Liberal of Bucaramanga and El Universal of Cartagena.

El Nuevo Dia is a member of the Grupo Nacional de Medios (GNM) consortium of regional newspapers which publishes the mass circulation tabloid Q’Hubo.

Director - Miguel Ángel Villarraga Lozano

Editora - Martha Myriam Páez Tel: +57 8 261 0966 E mail: [email protected]

Address, El Nuevo Dia, Carrera 6 # 11-09, Ibagué, Tolima

El Pilón www.elpilon.com.co

This regional daily is published in Valledupar, the capital of the Cesar department.

It prints about 12,000 copies a day and circulates in Cesar and Guajira. Nearly half the copies are sold by subscription.

The newspaper was founded in 1992.

Director and Editor - Carlos Alberto Maestre Tel: +57 5 574 9900 E mail: [email protected]

Address: El Pilón, Carrera 7 # 14-50, Valledupar, Cesar

Llano 7 Días

This is a daily newspaper published in Villavicencio, the gateway to the great plains of eastern Colombia, known as Los Llanos.

Originally published as a weekly, it began to publish daily in 2011.

The newspaper belongs to Casa Editorial El Tiempo, which publishes El Tiempo.

According to the Estudio General de Medios (EGM) media survey, Llano 7 Dias had a readership of 19,000 in early 2012.

Tel: +57 1 670 2727

Address: Llano 7 Dias, Calle 26 C # 37-38, Barrio 7 de Agosto, Villavicencio, Meta

Magazines

Semana www.semana.com

Semana is the largest circulation weekly news and current affairs magazine in Colombia.

The Bogota-based magazine claims to be read by more than one million people every month.

Founded in 1982, the magazine is owned by Felipe López Caballero, the son of former Liberal president Alfonso López Michelsen.

Despite its owner’s links with the Liberal Party, Semana is widely regarded as politically independent.

Semana is the flagship publication of Publicaciones Semana, a media group which owns a stable of 13 other specialist magazines.

Director: Alejandro Santos Rubino

Editor: Rodrigo Pardo Tel: +57 1 646 8400 E mail: [email protected]

Address: Semana, Calle 93B No. 13-47, Bogotá

Cromos www.cromos.com.co

Cromos is a popular fashion and lifestyle magazine.

It much less focussed on news and current affairs than Cromos.

Founded in 1906, the weekly is now owned by Grupo Santodomingo, the owner of Caracol Television and El Espectador.

Director: Jairo Dueñas Tel: +57 1 423 2300

Address: Cromos, Avenida El Dorado # 69-76 Bogotá

News agencies

Colprensa www.colprensa.com

Coprensa is a domestic news owned by a cooperative of Colombia’s main regional newspapers.

It distributes news and pictures and audio and video clips to paying subscribers through its website.

The news agency was created in 1981.

Many of Colprensa’s news reports from the regions are provided by newspapers that are shareholders in the news agency

Editor: Alfonso Ospina Tel: +57 1 415 9191 E mail: [email protected]

Address: Colprensa, Calle 25D Bis # 102a-63 Piso 3, Bogotá

Online media

A large and growing number of Colombians in the middle and upper income groups have access to the internet.

They increasingly use news websites and social media as a source of news and information.

According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 40.4% of Colombians used the internet in 2011.

The Estudio General de Medios (EGM) all-media survey for 2011 indicated a slightly higher figure of 43.4%

The EGM found that internet usage varied from about 20% in low income groups to 70% in middle income groups and 84% amongst wealthy Colombians.

However, the internet is still largely the preserve of urban Colombians.

Internet access in the countryside – where 25% of the population lives – remains low.

Those Colombians who do go online are enthusiastic users of social media.

The internet traffic analysis website www.socialbakers.com said there were nearly 17.7 million Facebook users in the country in December 2012 – equivalent to nearly 40% of the population.

This figure indicates that almost every internet user in Colombia has a Facebook account.

Facebook has been used in Colombia to organise political protests.

In 2008, Facebook was the main vehicle for organising one of the largest demonstrations ever held against the FARC leftist guerrilla movement.

Most newspapers and commercial radio and television stations have their own websites and Twitter feeds.

Many of these are extremely popular.

Social Bakers listed 13 news organisations among the 50 most followed Twitter accounts in Colombia in December 2012.

The websites of the national newspapers El Tiempo and El Espectador both feature amongst the 20 most visited websites in Colombia.

The Twitter accounts of El Tiempo newspaper and Caracol Television have more followers than any other Twitter account in Colombia, apart from that of the pop music star Shakira.

According to Social Bakers, each newspaper had about one million Twitter followers at the end of 2012. www.eltiempo.com, the website of El Tiempo newspaper, is the country’s most popular source of online news.

According to the internet traffic analysis website www.alexa.com, it was the 11th most visited website in Colombia in December 2012.

An EGM survey in early 2012 found that El Tiempo’s website attracted nearly 1.5 million unique visitors per week.

Alexa ranked El Espectador www.elespectador.com as the second most visited news website in Colombia and the 16th most popular website in the country.

It received 872,000 visits per week in early 2012, according to the EGM.

Colombia’s two main television networks are also popular sources of online news and information.

According to the EGM, www.caracoltv.com, the website of Caracol Television, received 850,000 unique visits per week in early 2012.

By the end of the year, the TV network’s Twitter account @caracoltv had accumulated 967,000 followers.

The website of RCN TV www.canalrcnmsn.com is also popular. It received 829,000 visits per week in early 2012, according to the EGM.

Several regional media outlets also have a strong online presence.

According to Social Bakers, the Medellin newspaper El Colombiano www.elcolombiano.com and the Bogota television station City TV www.citytv.com.co each had more than 200,000 Twitter followers in December 2012.

The influential Barranquilla newspaper El Heraldo www.elheraldo.co also boasts a strong internet presence.

El Heraldo claimed in 2012 that its website attracted more than 800,000 unique visitors each week.

According to Social Bakers, its Twitter feed has more than 160,000 followers

The internet is a key channel used by Colombia’s two left-wing rebel movements for announcing news and information and spreading propaganda

FARC has its own website www.farc-ep.co

So does the ELN www.eln-voces.com .

Internet access

Internet access in Colombia is widespread and growing fast – especially in urban areas.

By the end of September 2012, there were at least 7.0 million internet subscribers on both fixed and mobile connections, according to government statistics.

6.9 million were on broadband.

The government, through its Vive Digital www.vivedigital.gov.co project aims to increase the number of internet subscribers to 8.8 million by 2014.

Its target is to have 50% of all homes and small businesses connected to the internet by that date.

In 2010, when Vive Digital was launched, only 27% of homes were connected to the internet, according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications.

However, the Ministry noted in a 2011 update on the project that the poorest third of Colombia’s population still had virtually no access to the internet at all.

Vive Digital is encouraging the development of a nationwide fibre-optic cable network and improved access to the internet via the mobile phone network.

The government aims to connect at least 700 of Colombia’s 1,102 municipalities to the fibre optic network by 2014.

These 700 municipalities contain about 90% of the country’s population.

Only 200 municipalities were connected to the fibre-optic backbone in 2010 when the four-year Vive Digital project was launched.

In 2012, many rural municipalities linked to the internet still relied on a satellite connection.

3G mobile networks, which allow internet access at broadband speeds, are now available in most Colombian towns.

Colombia’s first 4G mobile networks, which allow even faster and more sophisticated internet services such at television to be accessed by mobile phone, were launched in 2011.

By the end of of 2012 they covered Colombia’s largest cities.

Home access to the internet has been facilitated by the rapid expansion of cable television.

This allows a cheap internet connection to be made via the same cable.

By 2012 there were more than 3.9 million cable TV subscribers in Colombia according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications www.mintic.gov.co .

There were about 40 city-based commercial cable TV networks. The largest were controlled by telecoms companies that also operate landline networks.

In addition, there were more than 760 Community TV cable networks.

These are allowed a maximum of 15,000 subscribers. Many of them serve small and remote towns and villages.

The government facilitates internet access in remote areas of the country and among low income groups through its network of more than 3,000 telecentros.

These neighbourhood facilities, operated by private contractors, provide telephone, fax and internet access to members of the public.

The government is also promoting computer training and internet access in schools.

The Vive Digital project aims to equip nearly 30,000 schools with internet access by 2014.

Achieving this target would give 94% of school pupils access to the internet.

The government is putting 1.2 million computers into schools to achieve a ratio of one computer per eight pupils.

Media resources

Media regulators

Ministry of Information Technology and Communications www.mintic.gov.co

This government department has oversight of the telecommunications and electronic media sectors.

It awards radio licences and frequencies and monitors the broadcast output of radio stations.

The Ministry also licences and regulates mobile telecommunications companies and allocates requencies to mobile networks.

In addition it promotes public access to the internet throughout Colombia.

The Ministry’s four-year Vive Digital www.vivedigital.gov.co project aims to connect 50% of all homes and small businesses to the internet by 2014.

Television licencing is controlled by a separate body - La Autoridad Nacional de Televisión (ANTV) www.antv.gov.co - the National TelevisionAuthority.

Secretary General – Lina Maria Enriquez Email: [email protected]

Tel: +57 1 344 3460

Address, Ministerio de Tecnologia de la Informacion y Comunicación, Edificio Murillo Toro, Carrera 8 entre calles 12 y 13, Bogotá

National Television Authority (ANTV) www.antv.gov.co

The National Television Authority - Autoridad Nacional de Televisión (ANTV) - is the government body that regulates television.

It was created in April 2012 to replace a similar parastatal regulator called the National Television Commission (CNTV).

ANTV issues licences to TV stations, monitors their output and investigates complaints by members of the public.

It has the power to sanction television companies with fines.

A full contact list of licenced television stations and community television networks can be be found on ANTV’s website at www.antv.gov.co/InfoSectorial/operadores/index_operadores.html 91

ANTV reports to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications, but its board members are appointed by several different branches of government.

Colombia’s universities and civil society also appoint one member each to the ANTV board.

One of ANTV’s key tasks will be to proceed with the long delayed licencing of a third national commercial television channel to challenge the duopoly of RCN TV and Caracol Television.

Director – Tatiana Andrea Rubio Email: [email protected]

Tel: +57 1 7957000 Email: [email protected]

Address: ANTV, Calle 59A bis No. 5-53 Ed. Link Siete Sesenta. Oficina 405, Bogotá

Media associations

Bogota Journalists Circle (CPB) http://circulodeperiodistasdebogota.com

The Bogota Journalists’ Circle - Círculo de Periodistas de Bogotá (CPB) - is an association that represents media professionals working in Bogota.

In December 2012 it listed 163 members on its website.

The association was founded in 1946.

President – William Giraldo Ceballos

Secretary General – Ricardo Pelaez Duque

Mob: +57 320 331 3529 ` +57 316-6927930 Tel: +57 1 466 0730 +57 1 466 1050 Email: [email protected]

Address: CPB, Edificio Colfondos, oficina 404, E,Calle 67 No. 7-94, Bogota

National Media Association (ASOMEDIOS) www.asomedios.com

The National Media Association - Asociación Nacional de Medios de Comunicación (ASOMEDIOS) – represents the owners of Colombia’s main newspapers, magazines and radio and TV stations.

Executive President - Tulio Ángel Arbeláez Tel: +57 1 611 1300 Email: [email protected]

Address: Asomedios, Cra 16 No. 93 A 36, oficina 504 (Dirección Nueva), Barrio Chicó, Bogotá

National Newspapers Association (ANDIARIOS) www.andiarios.com.co,

The National Newspapers Association - Asociación Colombiana de Editores de Diarios y Medios Informativos (Andiarios) is a trade assocition representing Colombia's most important daily newspapers.

It was founded in 1961.

President – Nicolasa Restrepo Escobar

Executive Director – Nora Sanin

Tel: +57 1 345 8011 E-mail: [email protected]

Address: ANDIARIOS, Calle 61 # 5 – 20, Bogotá

AMARC: http://alc.amarc.org/index.php?p=Representacion_America_Latina_Caribe

AMARC is the World Association of Community Radio Stations.

It has 36 associated local networks of community radio stations in Colombia.

AMARC is s a good entry point for making contact with the various regional and local associations that represent Colombia’s 700 community radio stations.

National Coordinator - Mauricio Beltrán Tel: +57 1 368 8345 Email: [email protected]

Address: AMARC, Av. 24 No. 39 B 25, Oficina 504, Bogotá

Community Television Multiactive Cooperative (COMUtv) www.comutv.org

The Community Television Multiactive Cooperative - Cooperativa multiactiva de televisión comunitaria (COMUtv) – is an organisation that represents and supports community television networks in Colombia.

It is based in Medellin and has more than 100 member community TV networks across the country.

COMUtv buys equipment in bulk on behalf of its members and provides them with technical support.

It also negotiates deals with the television channels that are relayed by community cable networks.

The association promotes joint programme productions between different community TV networks and the distribution of these programmes to other community stations.

President: Carlos Mario Atehortua

Tel: +57 4 444 2668 Mob: +57 320 690 8852 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Address: COMUtv, Calle 47 No. 72A - 29 Interior 201(Barrio Florida Nueva), Medellín, Antioquia

Press freedom and human rights

Foundation for Press Freedom (FLIP) www.flip.org.co

The Foundation for Press Freedom - Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) – is Colombia’s leading press freedom watchdog.

It monitors and denounces attacks on the freedom of the media.

The organisation is based in Bogota. It has a network of more than 30 correspondents around Colombia who report violations of press freedom.

FLIP also provides help to individual journalists who are threatened, intimidated, persecuted or arrested.

Between 1999 and 2012 it assisted 675 individual journalists.

In addition, FLIP campaigns against impunity for those who harm or kill journalists.

It has links with several local and international press freedom watchdogs and human rights organisations, including Reporters Sans Frontieres(RSF), the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) and the International Freedom of Expression Exchange network (IFEX).

Director - Andrés Morales

Tel: +571 400 9677 +57 1 4009678 E-mail: [email protected]

Media development organisations

Fundación Gabriel García Márquez para el Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano (FNPI) www.fnpi.org

FNPI is Colombia’s leading media development organisation.

The foundation was set up in 1994 by the Nobel Prize winning novelist and former journalist Gabriel García Márquez to promote quality journalism throughout Latin America.

It is based in the Caribbean coastal city of Cartagena.

FNPI organises frequent training courses and seminars in Colombia and other Latin American countries.

Director General – Jaime Abello Banfi

Tel: +57 5 664 5890

Address: FNPI, Calle San Juan de Dios # 3-121. Cartagena de Indias

Media for Peace (MPP) www.mediosparalapaz.org

Media for Peace - Medios para la Paz (MPP) – is a Colombian NGO that promotes peace and the consolidation of democracy through the way that events are reported in the media.

It has 94 active members, most of whom are journalists. It shares information through its website with more than 5,500 associates.

MPP trains journalists to report on conflict in sensitive language, explaining its causes, exposing its impact on people and proposing solutions.

It organises training courses, but relies on international donors, including USAID, to fund its activities.

MPP was founded in 1998.

Executive Director – Margarita Meza Acosta

Tel: +57 1 530 4200. Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Sistema de Comunicacion para la Paz (SIPAZ)

The System of Peace Communication - Sistema de Comunicacion para la Paz (SIPAZ) is a Canadian-funded project that works with more than 40 local radio stations to promote peace in areas of Colombia affected by conflict.

It was created during the 1990s in reaction to the fact that many community radio stations were losing ground to their commercial counterparts.

SIPAZ does not report directly on conflict, but it works with local NGOs and radio stations to promote discussion of its consequences on the air waves.

It also emphasises the positive action taken by local communities to rebuild their lives.

The project is mainly financed by Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) www.idrc.ca.

From a hub of 10 centres linking 42 community radio stations and two local television stations, SIPAZ produces a news programme. All the stations contribute news and other materials.

The programme is then channelled through the 10 centres and sent, via the Internet, to all the participating stations and partners around the country.

Although SIPAZ operates in areas where violence is particularly intense, it has chosen not to cover conflict and violent incidents.

Covering such events, it feels, would greatly endanger the lives of its members, and there is already sufficient mass media coverage of these events.

SIPAZ does, however, report on the aftermath and consequences of these conflicts and their wider social context.

Stations have learned how to turn local events and activities that support community development into news items of regional interest.

Its website www.sipaz.net was no longer working in December 2012.

President - Mauricio Beltrán Tel: +57 1 368 8345 Email: [email protected]

Executive Director - Marlon Darío Prieto

Media audience research

Centro Colombiano de Investigación de Medios (ACIM) www.acimcolombia.com

ACIM is an association of media houses and advertising agencies that publishes Colombia’s benchmark annual media survey; Estudio General de Medios (EGM) (General Media Study).

The survey interviews more than 12,000 media consumers in 15 towns and cities across Colombia and is conducted in phases throughout the year.

The EGM is an all-media survey that covers radio, television, newspapers, magazines and internet use.

The EGM is not published free of charge, but ACIM members often publish parts of each survey, either in the form of news reports or as research to support their own advertising sales and marketing.

The EGM is conducted for ACIM by the by the consumer research organisation Centro Nacional de Consultaria www.centronacionaldeconsultoria.com.

This also conducts Colombia’s benchmark radio audience survey Estudio Continuo de Audiencias de Radio (ECAR) (Continuous Study of Radio Audiences).

Tel: +57 1 610 2410 +57 1 610 2401 E-mail: [email protected]

Address: ACIM, Cra. 10 No. 96-25 Oficina 207, Bogotá

Centro Nacional de Consultaria www.centronacionaldeconsultoria.com

The Centro Nacional de Consultaria is a market research organisation that conducts Colombia’s two benchmark media audience surveys.

These are the Estudio General de Medios (EGM), an annual survey which measures the audiences for all types of media, and the Estudio Continuo de Audiencias de Radio (ECAR) (Continuous Study of Radio Audiences).

The latter is a rolling daily survey of radio audiences conducted by telephone.

The Centrol Nacional de Consularia is based in Bogotá. It has regional offices in Cali, Medellin, Bucaramanga and Barranquilla.

Tel :+ 57 1 3394888 Email: [email protected]

Address: Centro Nacional de Consultaria, Calle 34 N° 5-27, Bogotá

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Audio and video services

Laberinto www.laberinto.com.co

This video production company produces cinema feature films, television series and TV advertising.

Advertising producer – Adriana Torres Tel: +57 1 611 22 72 Email: [email protected]

Address: Laberinto, Calle 87 #11A-76, Bogotá

Televidio www.televideo.com.co

This video services company produces drama series, corporate videos and TV advertising.

It also hires out cameras and video production equipment.

The firm specialises in the coverage of sporting fixtures and other live events.

Tel: +57 1 254 4888 Email: [email protected]

Address: Televideo, Transversal 22 Bis @ 60-60, Bogotá

CM&Televisión www.cmi.com.co

This televisión production company specialises in news and current affairs programming.

It is best known as the producer of Noticiero CM&, the highly regarded flagship news programme of the state-owned televisión cannel Canal Uno.

Tel: +57 1 337 7500 Email: [email protected]

Address: CM&, Avenida Calle 22 # 42-65, Bogotá

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Telecommunications overview

Nearly everyone in Colombia has a mobile phone.

An increasing number of people in the middle and upper income groups use mobile devices to go online as well as to talk and send text messages.

Literacy rates in Colombia are high - nine out of 10 adults can read and write - so most mobile phone owners are keen users of SMS text messages.

Many people also use their phones to take photos, listen to FM radio stations and make payments from their bank account.

It is common for petty traders in the street to allow members of the public to use their mobile phones to make personal calls for a charge.

Colombia had 48.7 million active mobile lines by September 2012, according to the 2012 third quarter statistical bulletin of the Ministry of Information Technology and Communication www.mintic.gov.co/index.php/cifras

This gave the country a mobile penetration rate of 104.2%.

Some of the poorest people in Colombia and some people in remote areas without network coverage still do not possess a mobile phone.

However, many Colombians own two or more handsets.

More than 80% of mobile phone owners use pre-paid credit.

The cost of a voice call for pre-paid mobile subscribers use ranges from 12 to 30 US cents per minute, depending on the operator and the payment plan used.

SMS messages cost five to 12 US cents each.

The country is dominated by three large mobile networks:

 Claro www.claro.com.co. This company, which was formerly known as Comcel, is the market leader. Claro had 30 million subscribers and a market share of 61.5% in September 2012, according to government figures. Claro also has more extensive geographic coverage than any other mobile network. It is owned by the Mexican telecoms group América Móvil.

 Movistar www.movistar.co. This is Colombia’s second largest mobile operator, with 12 million subscribers and a market share of 24.6%. It is owned by Spanish telecoms giant Telefónica.

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 Tigo www.tigo.com.co is the third largest mobile network with 6.4 million customers and a market share of 13.1%. It is controlled by Millicom International, a Luxembourg-based telecoms group which operates several mobile networks in Latin America and the Caribbean. The municipal fixed line phone companies of Bogota and Medellin own minority stakes in Tigo.

Between them, Claro, Movistar and Tigo have signed up more than 99% of all mobile phone subscribers in Colombia.

Their networks cover the densely populated areas of the central highlands and the Caribbean coast quite thoroughly.

However, mobile coverage is patchy in the sparsely populated eastern plains, the tropical forests of the deep south and along the Pacific coast.

Internet access

There were more than seven million internet subscribers in Colombia at the end of September 2012, according to government figures.

Of these, nearly half accessed the internet via a mobile device.

The number of people going online via the mobile network increased by 23% to 3.3 million in the 12 moths to September 2012

3G services, which allow internet access at broadband speeds, are widely available in the main towns.

More remote areas only have slow-speed 2G mobile networks.

Colombia began to roll out 4G services in 2011.

These allow high bandwidth internet services, such as internet television, to be accessed from mobile devices.

By the end of 2012, 4G networks were due to be up and running in all the country’s largest cities.

Access to the internet from a mobile phone can cost as little as 50 US cents per day or US$15 per month.

By September 2012, 84% of internet subscribers in Colombia used a broadband connection with a speed of at least 1,024 kbps.

Most internet users belong to the upper and middle income groups.

Poorer people, if they use the internet at all, are more likely to go online at internet cafes or the network of more than telecentros – community telecommunications centres set up by the government.

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In late 2012, over half of the 3.7 million million internet subscribers who used a fixed line connection lived in Colombia’s four largest cities: Bogotá, Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla.

90% of fixed line connections were in individual homes. The remainder were nearly all in businesses and government offices.

Decline in landlines

The boom in mobile phone use over the past decade has been accompanied by a slow but steady decline in the use of landline phones.

Landlines are now widely used to offer internet access and cable TV as well as voice communication.

Colombia had just under 6.2 million fixed line telephone subscribers in September 2012.

The landline network is fragmented between several different companies.

However, it is dominated by five large operators.

Two are owned by América Móvil and Telefónica, the Mexican and Spanish telecoms giants that also run Colombia’s largest mobile networks.

The other three are owned by the municipal authorities of Colombia’s three biggest cities; Bogotá, Medellin and Cali.

The main landline networks are:

 ETB www.etb.com.co the municipally owned telephone company which dominates the market in Bogotá. This is Colombia’s largest fixed line network, with 1.6 million subscribers. It offers mobile services in association with Tigo.

 Movistar www.movistar.co, a subsidiary of Spanish telecoms group Telefonica. It also operates Colombia’s second largest mobile network under the Movistar brand.

 UNE www.une.com.co a Medellin-based landline network which also offers mobile services in association with Tigo.

 Claro www.claro.com.co, the Mexican-owned telecoms group which also owns Colombia’s largest mobile network.

 EMCali www.emcali.com.co, a landline network based in Cali that is owned by the city’s municipal authority.

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Internet development plan

The government’s Vive Digital www.vivedigital.gov.co project aims to increase the number of internet subscribers in Colombia to 8.8 million by 2014.

The official target is to have 50% of all homes and small businesses connected to the internet by that date.

In 2010, when Vive Digital was launched, only 27% of homes were connected to the internet.

The project is encouraging the development of a nationwide fibre-optic cable network.

The government aims to connect at least 700 of Colombia’s 1,102 municipalities to the fibre optic network by 2014.

These 700 targetted municipalities contain about 90% of the country’s population.

Only 200 municipalities were connected to the fibre-optic backbone in 2010 when the four-year Vive Digital project was launched.

In 2012, many rural municipalities linked to the internet still relied on a satellite connection.

The government facilitates internet access in remote areas of the country and among low income groups through its network of more than 3,000 telecentros.

These neighbourhood facilities, operated by private contractors, provide telephone, fax and internet access to members of the public.

The Vive Digital project is meanwhile promoting computer training and internet access in schools.

It aims to equip nearly 30,000 schools with internet access by 2014.

Achieving this target would give 94% of school pupils access to the internet.

The government plans to put 1.2 million computers into schools to achieve a ratio of one computer per eight pupils.

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Telecoms companies

Claro www.claro.com.co

Claro is Colombia’s largest mobile network operator. It was formerly known as Comcel.

The company had nearly 30 million mobile subscribers and a dominant 61.5% share of the mobile market in September 2012, according to government statistics.

Claro is a subsidiary of América Móvil www.americamovil.com, the international telecoms group controlled by Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim.

Besides dominating Colombia’s mobile phone market, Claro is the country’s fourth largest operator of fixed line phones.

According to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications, Claro had 846,000 fixed line subscribers in September 2012.

This gave it a 13.7% share of Colombia’s fixed line telecoms market.

In October 2012, Claro claimed to provide 3.5G mobile network coverage in 932 of Colombia’s 1.102 municipalities.

An online map of locations covered by the Claro mobile network is available on web page www.claro.com.co/wps/portal/co/pc3/personas/ayuda/cobertura/movil

A map of locations covered by its fixed line network is available on www.claro.com.co/wps/portal/co/pc3/personas/ayuda/cobertura/fijo-_-hogar

Tel: +57 1 616 9797

Address: Claro, Calle 90 # 14-37, Bogotá

Movistar: www.movistar.com.co

Movistar is Colombia’s second largest mobile network. It is owned by the Spanish telecoms group Telefónica http://telefonica.com.

Movistar had just over 12 million mobile subscribers in Colombia and a market share of 24.6% in September 2012, according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications,

Movistar is also the second largest supplier of fixed line telecoms services in Colombia.

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It had nearly 1.3 million fixed line subscribers in September 2012, according to government statistics.

Movistar’s mobile network is nearly as extensive as that of Claro.

The company claimed that its GSM mobile network covered 84% of Colombia’s 1,102 municipalities in June 2012, with 3G coverage in 68%.

Movistar offered fixed line telephone service in 79% of the country’s municipalities.

The company’s charitable arm Fundación Telefónica builds schools and hospitals in Colombia.

Corporate Communications Tel: +57 1 593 5211 +571 705 0000 Email: [email protected]

Movistar, Transversal 60 No. 114a-55, Bogotá

Telefónica Colombia national headquarters

Tel: +57 1 650 0000

Address: Telefónica Colombia, Calle 100 # 7-33, Piso 6, Bogotá

Tigo www.tigo.com.co

Tigo is Colombia’s third largest mobile network.

It had just over 6.4 million mobile subscribers and a market share of 13.0% in September 2012, according to the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications..

Tigo is majority owned by the Luxembourg-based telecoms group Millicom International (www.millicom.com) which operates mobile networks in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The Colombian fixed line telecoms networks ETB (Bogotá) and UNE (Medellin) own minority stakes in Tigo.

Both offer mobile services under their own brand name in conjunction with Tigo.

An online coverage map of the Tigo mobile network in Colombia is available on web- page www.tigo.com.co/mundo-tigo/cobertura/gsm-gprs-edge

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Director of Communications - Ana María Cáceres García Email: [email protected]

Tel: 57 1 330 3000.

Address: Tigo, Edificio Citibank, Carrera 9A # 99-02, piso 5, Bogotá

ETB http://hogares.etb.com.co/

ETB, formally known as Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Bogotá, is Colombia’s largest landline telecommunications company.

It is also one of the country’s largest broadband internet providers.

ETB had 1.6 million fixed line subscribers and a 26.4% share of the fixed line telecoms market in September 2012, according to Ministry of Information Technology and Communications statistics.

It was founded in 1884 as a municipal telephone company serving the capital and most of it subscribers are still in Bogotá.

However, ETB has expanded to provide telecoms services in the surrounding department of Cundinamarca.

More recently, the company has extended its services to other parts of Colombia, including Villavicencio and Cúcuta.

ETB was floated on the stock market in 2003, but the Capital District of Bogotá remains the majority shareholder, with an 88% stake in the company

President – Saul Kattan Cohen

Tel: +57 1 646 6464

Address: ETB, Cr 8 # 20-56 Bogotá

UNE www.une.com.co

UNE is a Medellin-based landline network with a strong presence in central and northwestern Colombia.

It also offers mobile services in association with Tigo.

UNE had 1.2 million fixed line subscribers and a 19.6% share of the fixed line telecoms market in September 2012, according to Ministry of Information Technology and Communications statistics.

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UNE is owned by the Medellin municipal authority.

It is Colombia’s third largest fixed line phone company in terms of the number of subscribers.

President – Marc Eichmann

Tel +57 4 444 4141

EMCali www.emcali.com.co

EMCCali is a landline network based in Cali that is owned by the city’s municipal authority.

It had 299,000 fixed line subscribers and a 4.8% share of the fixed line telecoms market in September 2012, according to Ministry of Information Technology and Communications statistics.

It is Colombia’s fifth largest fixed line telephone company.

Tel : +57 2 899 9999

Address: EMCali, Torre EMCali, Av N entre calle 10-11, Cali

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Annex I – list of community radio stations

The following list of community radio stations has been compiled from information published by the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications in 2012.

The radio stations are listed by department and location.

The departments are listed in alphabetical order.

Within each department the locations are listed in alphabetical order.

Amazonas

Leticia Futuro Amazónico (FM 106.9) Owner: Fundación Ecológica Futuro Amazónico

Antioquia

Abejorral Radio Abejorral Stereo (FM 107.4) Owner: Asociación Communidad Abejorral en Marcha

Alejandría Emisora Nare Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Central Urbana

Amagá La Voz de Amaga (105.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Cafe y Carbon

Andes Omega Digital Stéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Avenida Medellin, Plaza de Ferias

Angelópolis Angelópolis Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Comunica a Los Hombres

Apartadó Antena Stéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Comunicar Asdecoa

Arboletes Coral F.M. Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Turística y Social de Arboletes Coral F.M. Stereo

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Argelia Argelia Stéreo (105.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Community Los Arrieros

Belmira Brisas del Río (1540 AM) Owner: Parroquia de Nuestra Seňora

Buriticá Emisora Ondas de San Antonio (105.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Central Urbana

Caldas (Antioquia) Galaxia Stereo (95.4 FM) Owner: Corporación "Mario Jaramillo Mejía", para la Comunicación , la Cultura y el Deporte

Campamento Ondas del Nechí (97.5 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina Ondas del Nechi

Caramanta Caramanta Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Corporación para la Promoción de la Educacion la Cultura y el Desarrollo Social del Municipio de Caramanta

Carepa Urabá Stereo (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Community el Papagayo

Caucasia Comunal Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Acción Comunal del Barrio Pueblo Nuevo

Chigorodó Banana Stéreo (88.5 FM) Owner: Asociación Pro-Desarrollo de Chigorodó

Cisneros Cisneros Stéreo (105.4 FM) Owner: Amigos de Cisneros

Ciudad Bolívar Radio Ciudad Bolívar (88.5 FM) Owner: Corporación Radio Ciudad Bolívar

Cocorná Cascada Estéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina para la Promoción Cultural de Cocorná

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Concepción Concepción Stéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Asociación de Mujeres Progresistas

Ebéjico Sevilla Stéreo (97.5 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Sevilla

El Carmen de Viboral Radiomix (88.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Radial de Oriente "Corporiente"

El Peñol Radio Coopeñol (1330 AM) Owned by: Cooperativa Multiactiva el Peňol Antonia. J

El Santuario Asocomunal Estéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas

Entrerríos Paisaje Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación de Comunicación para el Desarrollo de Entrerríos

Envigado Envigado Zona Metropolitana (AM 1590) Owned by: Sociedad Nuevo Continente Ltda

Fredonia Cerros Estéreo Fredonia (107.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Remanso de Paz

Frontino Ondas del Plateado (89.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Jesús María Gaviria Benjumea

Frontino Ecos de Frontino (AM 1420) Owned by: Hernando Martinez Borja

Girardota Radio Alternativa (98.5 FM) Owner: Corporación Alternativa de Girardota

Gómez Plata Radio Primaveral (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporacion de Comunicaciones de Gomez Plata "Radio Primavera (corapi)

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Granada Granada Stereo (104.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Para el Desarrollo Cultural de Granada

Guarne La Voz de Guarné (88.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Proyección Social para la Cultura, la Educación, el Arte y las Comunicaciones

Guatapé Peñón de Guadalupe Cultural (97.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Comité Ėtico Cultural Municipal de Guatape

Heliconia La Voz de Guaca (95.4 FM) Owner: Corporación la Voz de Guaca

Jericó La Voz del Suroeste (AM 1520) Owner: Sociedad la Voz del Suroeste ltda http://emisorajerico.blogspot.com/

La Ceja Celeste Digital Stereo (105.4 FM) Owner: Asociaciación Community el Capiro

La Unión Emisora La Voz de la Unión (AM 1510) Owner: Parroquia Nuestra Senora.de las Mercedes www.vozdelaunion.com/web/

La Unión Union Estéreo (95.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Antioqueña de Comunicaciones CommunityS

Marinilla Galáctica Stéreo (107.0 FM) Owner: Corporación para la Cultura, la Comunicación y el Desarrollo del Oriente

Montebello Milenio Stereo (88.4 FM) Owner: Corporación La Voz de Todos

Nariño Radio Comunal (AM 1340) Owner: Parroquia Nuestra Senora de Las Mercedes

Necoclí Necocli Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Community Ecos de Necoclí

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Puerto Berrío Radio Venus (AM 1430) Owner: R.T.M. S.A.

Puerto Berrío Radio Puerto Berrío Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Precooperativa de Comunicadores Precom

Puerto Triunfo Triunfadora Stereo (107.2 FM) Owner: Corporación de Comunicaciones del Magdalena Central

Remedios Nordeste Stereo (89.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Para la Cultura, la Comunicación y el Desarrollo del Nordeste Antioqueño

Retiro Tequendama Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Procalidad Humana de los Guarceños

Rionegro Rionegro Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Municipal de Juntas de Acción Comunal

Sabanalarga Sabanalarga Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Comité Cultural Comunitario

Salgar Plateado Stereo (89.4 FM) Owner: Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas

Radio Juventud San Carlos (88.5 FM) San Carlos, Antioquia Owner: Amigos Por la Paz de San Carlos

San Francisco Ventana Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina por la Comunicación y la Cultura

San Jerónimo Global (FM 89.4) Owner: Sociedade Ecofans (Amigos de la Ecologia)

San Luis San Luis Stéreo (88.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Communiidad Para la Recuperación de los Valores

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San Pedro de los Milagros La Voz de San Pedro (88.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Radio San Pedro de los Milagros

San Rafael Turistica Estéreo (95.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina el Pueblo Unido

San Roque Nus Stéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal de San José de Nus

San Vicente Ambiente Estéreo (88.5 FM) Owner: Asociación Municipal de Juntas de Accion Comunal del Municipio de San Vicente

Santa Bárbara Radio Santa Bárbara (AM 1310) Owner: Ramirez Valencia y Cia Secs

Santa Bárbara Cordial Estéreo (101.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Ecos de Santa Barbara

Santa Rosa de Osos Radio Más (105.4 FM) Owner: Cooperativa Lechera Colanta Limitada

Santa Fe de Antioquia Ondas del Tonusco (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Tonusco

Santo Domingo Dominicana Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Dominicana

Segovia Segovia Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación de Amigos por Segovia

Sonsón Radio Sonsón (AM 1490) Owner: Sociedad Sonsonera de Radio Ltda

Sonsón Capiro Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina los Comuneros

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Sopetrán Sopetrán Estéreo (105.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Ecologica la Sopetrana

Támesis Támesis Estéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociacion Campesina de Televisión de Támesis

Titiribí Titiribi Estéreo (98.4 FM) Owner: Corporación la Voz del Campo

Turbo Ondas del Darién (AM 1460) Owner: Sociedad Comunicaciones del Darien Ltda

Urrao Radio Ciudad de Urrao (AM 1450) Owner: Radio Television y Medios S.A.

Valparaíso Valparaiso Estéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Radio Valparaíso

Vegachí Radio Social Vegachí (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación de Radiodifusión Sonora

Venecia Radio Libertad (89.4 FM) Owner: Corporación La Libertad

Yarumal Radio Sensación (AM 1430) Owner: Sociedad Radio Television y Medios.S.A.

Yarumal Manantial Stéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Cerro Azul

Yondó Impacto Stéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Femenina Integral Community

Zaragoza Zaragoza Digital Stéreo (104.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Zaragoza Digital Stéreo

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Arauca

Arauca Kapital Radio (107.3 Fm Stereo) Owner: Corporación Departamental de Desarrollo Integral Comunitario

Fortul Radio Antares del Oriente (107.3 FM) Owner: Asociaciación Cultutal Fortuleña Aculfor

Saravena Sarare FM Stéreo (88.3 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Barrio Seis de Octubre

Tame Tame Estéreo 88.3 FM Owner: Club Deportivo Ferias

Atlántico

Baranoa Fiesta Stéreo 88.1 FM Owner: Asociación de Comunicación Cultural Asodec

Campo de la Cruz Dinamica Campo 101.6 FM Owner: Corporación Deberes y Derechos

Galapa Radio Popular Galapa (105.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Radio Popular Galapa

Juan de Acosta Juan de Acosta Stéreo (96.6 FM) Owner: Asociacion de Discapacitados de Juan de Acosta

Luruaco Luruaco Stéreo (105.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina y Cultural de Luruaco

Malambo Sensación Stéreo (107,6 FM) Owner: Corporación Popular y Cultural la Magdalena

Manatí Manati Stereo 96.6 Fm Owner: Corporación Grupo Manatí Comunicación Cultural y Community

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Palmar de Varela Caribeña Stéreo (88.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina del Caribe Corculcar

Piojó Paraiso Stéreo (88.1 FM) Owner: Sindicato de Agricultores

Polonuevo Ritmo Stereo (96.6 FM) Owner: Coprporacion Cultural y Campesina Amigos de Polonuevo

Puerto Colombia Puerto Colombia Estereo (101.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Popular Amigos de Puerto Colombia

Sabanagrande Progresiva Stéreo (101.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Progresiva Sabanagrande

Sabanalarga Provincia Estereo (101.6 FM) Owner: Fundación Cultural y Campesina la Provincia

Santa Lucía Emisora Maranata Estereo (88.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Community y Cultural Maranata

Santo Tomás Oriental Estéreo (105.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina Oriental

Soledad Madrigal Stéreo (88.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Radio Campesina de Soledad, Cracom

Suán Suán Digital Stéreo (107.6 FM) Owner: Casa de la Cultura

Usiacurí Cima FM Stéreo (105.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Talento Humano para el Desarrollo Integral "ONG Talento Humano"

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Bolívar

Arjona Arjona Stéreo (100.5 FM) Owner: Comite Civico de la Calle Girardot

Calamar Calamar Stéreo (96.8 FM) Owner: Corporación Amigos de Calamar

El Carmen de Bolívar Cármen Stéreo (89.0 FM) Owner: Corporación Popular el Cármen

Magangué Cheverisima Stéreo (93.0 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina Maguey

Margarita San Francisco Javier (89.0 FM) Owner: Junta Accion Comunal de Margarita

Mompós Galaxia Stéreo (93.0 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina Galaxia

Morales Asociación Municipal de Comunicación Social de Morales (Amcosmor) (107.0 FM) Owner: Asociación Municipal de Comunicación Social de Morales “AMCOSMOR”

San Jacinto Artesania Stereo (100.5 FM) Owner: Corporación Campesina, Cultural y Deportiva

San Juan Nepomuceno Inovación Stéreo (107.0 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina los Defensores

San Martín de Loba Lobana Estereo (96.8 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural de San Martín de Loba Bolívar, CORPOSAM

San Pablo Tabacuru Stéreo (107.0 FM) Owner: Corporacion de Desarrollo Comunitario de San Pablo

Santa Rosa del Sur Santa Rosa FM Stéreo (100.5 FM) Owner: Asociación Prodesarrollo Integral de Santa Rosa del Sur

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Simití Simiti Original Stereo (89.0 FM) Owner: Corporación Cleber

Talaigua Nuevo Radio Única Stereo (107.9 FM) Owner: Comité Cívico Juventud (CIJUTAN)

Tiquisio, Asociacion Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar Tiquisio Nuevo (91.0 FM) Owner: Asociacion Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar Tiquisio Nuevo

Zambrano Soberana Estéreo (107.0 FM) Owner: Acción Comunal Barrio San Jose

Boyacá

Aquitania Corporación Radial La Voz del Lago (106.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Radial la Voz del Lago

Arcabuco Vereda Quirbaquira Sector 2 (94.1 FM) Owner: Vereda Quirbaquira Sector 2

Belén Belén Stéreo (90.6 FM) Owner: Asociación para la Promoción de la Comunicación Social en Belén

Buenavista Oriental FM Stéreo (89.1 FM) Owner: Asosiación de amigos de buenavista - Asoambu

Caldas (Boyacá) Laq Voz de Mi Tierrita (94.1 FM) Owner: Asociación de Productores de Leche de Caldas

Chiscas Chiscana Stéreo (106.6 FM) Owner: ONG. Asociación Campesina Chiscana Estereo

Chiscas Radio Communitaria Chivata FM Stereo (89.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Radial Campesina Chivata FM Estereo

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Cómbita FM Dodardo Stéreo (89.1 FM) Owner: Asociación el Dorado

Covarachía Luna Estéreo (99.1 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Vereda Siotes Cuarto Santa Cecilia

Cubará Juventud Misionera Cubará (99.1 FM) Owner: Juventud Misionera

Cucaita Radio Ecos del Valle (89.6 FM) Owner: Cooperativa Multiactiva Agropecuaria Valle Cucaita

Duitama Señal Digiral Estéreo (90.6 FM) Owner: Fundación Casa de la Cultura

El Cocuy Serranía Stéreo (99.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Serrania Estereo

El Espino La Voz de la Provincia (100.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Radial la Voz de la Provincia

Floresta Floresta Stereo (94.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas

Gámeza La Voz de mi Pueblo (90.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Para el Desarrollo del Niño de Gameza

Garagoa Santa Bárbara Stéreo (106.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Municipal de Juntas de Acción Comunal de Garagoa

Guayatá Sochaquirá Guayatá Stéreo (99.1 FM) Owner: Junta Accion Comunal Vereda Sochaquira Abajo

Güicán Radio Guicán (89.6 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal

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La Uvita Visión FM Stéreo (89.6 FM) Owner: Productores y Comercializadores de Carbon de la Vereda de Cañitas

Miraflores Mundo Comunicaciones (98.6 FM)

Monguí Soberana FM Stereo (94.10 FM) Owner: Sociedad Para el Desarrollo y Progreso de Monguí

Moniquirá Hit Stéreo HKD28 (100,6 FM) Owner: Círculo de Trabajadores de los Medios de Comunicación Social de Vélez y Ricaurte

Nobsa Emisora Barrio Nazareth (106.6 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Barrio Nazaret

Nuevo Colón Manzanar Stéreo (96.6 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Central de Nuevo Colon

Otanche Corporacion para la Proyección Social de Otanche (106.6 FM) Owner: Corporacion para la Proyección Social de Otanche

Panqueba Paraíso Stéreo (96.6 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Central

Pesca Radio Bello Horizonte (90.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Campesina Radio Bello Horizonte de Pesca

Ramiriquí Andina Estéreo (89.1FM) Owner: Corporación Andina

Saboyá Triunfo Fm Stereo (98.6 FM) Owner: Corporación para la Comunicación y el Desarrollo Comunitario de Saboya

San Miguel de Sema San Miguel de Sema Stéreo (96.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas del Municipio de San Miguel de Sema

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Santa Rosa de Viterbo Armonia Universal FM Estereo (98.6 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Vereda Egipto

Santana Sol Stéreo Santana (96.6 FM) Owner: Fund. Cultural el Tropo

Siachoque Corporación Campesina Digital Stéreo (100.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Campesina Digital Stéreo

Soatá Ándes Stéreo (96.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunicaciones del Norte

Socha Condor Estéreo (94.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Amigos de Socha

Sogamoso Sol Stereo (99.1 F.M) Owner: Asociación de Juntas Comunales

Soracá Cristal Stéreo (98.3 FM) Owner: Asociación Comuniquemos Capítulo Soracá

Tenza Tenza Fm Stereo (90.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Cultural Chingu

Tibasosa Radio Semillas (100.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Semillas

Toca Vida Stéreo (106.6 FM) Owner: Corporación para el Fomento de la Comunicación Social de Toca

Tuta Lanceros Stéreo (94.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Agropecuaria Aposentos Tuta

Ventaquemada Emisora Independencia Stéreo (106.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas de Ventaquemada

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Villa de Leyva Villa de Leyva Estereo (106.6 FM) Owner: Corporación Integral de Villa de Leyva Ltda

Viracachá Maravilla Stéreo (98.6 FM) Owner: J.A.C. Central Viracacha

Zetaquirá Caña y Café Stéreo (90.6 FM) Owner: Asociación Agropecuaria Caña y Café

Caldas

Inmaculada Stereo (93.1 FM) Owner: Fundación Aguadeña de Medios de Comunicación Social

Aguadas Anserma Cultural Stéreo HKD98 (102.5 FM) Anserma, Caldas Owner: Casa de la Cultura de Anserma

Aranzazu Norte Stereo (104.1 FM) Owner: Asociación para la Difusión del Arte y la Cultura de Aranzazu

Belalcázar Paisaje Stereo (90.1 FM) Owner: Asociacion Amigos de la Tierra

Chinchiná Mirador Stéreo (104.1 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Barrio el Mirador ii Etapa

Filadelfia Filadelfia Estéreo (92.1 FM) Owner: Grupo Ecológico Renacer Ecológico

La Dorada Dorada Stéreo (89.1 FM) Owner: Asociación para la Promoción de la Comunicación Campesina de la Dorada

Manzanares Manzanares Stéreo (104.1 FM) Owner: Comite Civico Amigos por Manzanares

Marquetalia Corama Stereo (90.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Colectiva Radial Corama

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Marulanda Amigos de la Tierra (92.1FM) Owner: Asociación Communitaria Amigos de la Tierra

Neira Juventud Stereo (93.1 FM) Owner: Asociación de Comunicación Juventud Stereo

Palestina Angular Estéreo (97.2 FM) Owner: Asociación Angular Campesina Prodesarrollo del Eje Cafetero

Pensilvania Pensilvania Stéreo (93.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Amigos por la Cultura, el Medio Ambiente y La Paz

Risaralda (Caldas) Panorama Stéreo (104.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Amigos de la Cultura, el Deporte, la Recereación, el Medio Ambiente el Desarrollo Sostenible y la Atención a los Grupos Más Vulnerables de la Población

Samaná Ritmo (92.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina del Oriente de Caldas

Supía La Vega Estéreo (92.1 FM) Owner: Club Cultural Juvenil "RK"

Caquetá

Belén de Los Andaquíes Radio Andaquí (88.1 FM) Owner: Fundación Cultural para la Comunicación Campesina Convivir

El Paujil Paujil FM Stéreo (107.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Colombiana de Juntas del Municipio de Paujil

Florencia 104.1 FM Stéreo Owner: Fundación para el Desarrollo del Arte y la Cultura de la Amazonía – FUNDARCA

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La Montañita Montañita Sonora Stéreo 88.1 FM Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal de Montañita

Puerto Rico Caquetá Stéreo (104.1 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Barrio las Damas

San Vicente del Caguán Ecos del Caguán (107.1 FM) Owner: Corporación Interinstitucional para la Emisora Communitaria Ecos del Caguan

Solita Solíta Stéreo (107.1 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal del Barrio el Centro

Casanare

Aguazul Radio Aguazul (107.7 FM) Owner: Naturaleza Para la Paz -ONG

Monterrey Rokastereo (88.7 FM) Owner: Fundación Ecologica de Monterrey

Orocué Ecos de Orocué (107.7 FM) Owner: Asociación de Mujeres de Orocué "Amor"

Paz de Ariporo Caporal Stéreo (88.7 FM) Owner: Club Festival Folclorico Estudiantil el Alcaravan de Oro

Sabanalarga (Casanare) Saman Stereo (96.7 Fm) Owner: Comite Civico

Támara Café Stéreo (96.7 FM) Owner: Asociación. de Mujeres Rurales de Tamara

Tauramena Asociacion Canleidoscopio (107.7 FM) Owner: Asociacion Canleidoscopio

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Trinidad Asociacion de Comuncadores de Trinidad (88.7 FM) Owner: Asociacion de Comuncadores de Trinidad

Villanueva Ondas del Upia (88.7 FM) Owner: Fundación para el Desarrollo del Upia

Yopal Manantial Stéreo (107.7 FM) Owner: Corporación Cravo Sur

Cauca

Argelia (Cauca) Argelia Stéreo (99.4 FM) Owner: Fundación Argelia

Balboa Balboa Stereo hke-80 (88.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Balboa Stereo Sistema Radio Comunal

Bolívar Bolivar Stereo (99.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Bolivar Stereo - Sistema Comunal

Cajibío Contacto Stereo (99.4 FM) Owner: Asociación para el Desarrollo Comunitario Asocomun

Corinto Corinto Digital FM Stéreo (99.5 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Corinto Stereo Sistema Comunal

El Tambo Emisora Campesina Corporación Democrácia Paz y Sociedad (89.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Democracia, Paz y Sociedad

Florencia (Cauca) Paraiso Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Paraíso Stereo

Jambaló Voces de Nuestra Tierra (107.4 FM) Owner: Cabildo Indígena Resguardo Jambaló

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La Sierra Asociacion Campesina la Sierra Stereo Sistema Comunal (88.9 FM) Owner: Asociacion Campesina la Sierra Stereo Sistema Comunal

La Vega La Vega Stéreo (89.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal, Corregimiento de Albania, Municipio la Vega Cauca

Páez (Belalcázar) Páez Vive Estéreo (88.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Páez Vive 88.4 fm. Stéreo

Patía (El Bordo) Patía FM Stéreo Sistema Comunal (99.4 FM) Owner: Patia Stereo Asociación Campesina Sistema Comunal

Piendamó (Tunía) Voces & Sonidos (88.9 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Piendamó Stéreo

Puerto Tejada Paraiso Stéreo (99.4 FM) Owner: Centro de Fe y Esperanza

Santa Rosa (Cauca) Santa Rosa de Lima Stéreo (88.9 FM) Owner: Asociacion Parroquia Santa Rosa de Lima

Santander de Quilichao Santander Stereo (102.7 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Santander Stéreo

Sotará (Paispamba) Radio Yanacona (99.4 FM) Owner: Fundacion Radio Campesina Yanacona

Timbío Aires de Timbío (88.9 FM) Owner: Asociacion Aires de Timbio FM Stéreo

Toribío Nasa Stéreo (99.4 FM) Owner: Cabildo Indigena de Toribío

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Cesar

Aguachica Campo Serrano Radio (95.7 FM) Owner: Asociación Padres de Familia Instituto José María Campo Serrano

Agustín Codazzi Sensación Stéreo (FM 89.2) Owner: Fundación Educación y Organización Social Ecos

Astrea Astrea Unica Stéreo (FM 89.2) Owner: Fundación de Comunicadores de Astrea - Fundacomas

Bosconia Bosconia Tropical Stereo (FM 95.7) Owner: Fundación Campesina San Juan Bosco

Chimichagua La Voz del Higuerón (FM 95.7) Owner: Corporación Adelante Chimichagua

La Voz de Chiriguaná (FM 107.7) Chiriguaná, Cesar Corporación Campesina La Voz de Chiriguaná

Curumaní La Voz de Curumani (FM 88.2) Owner: Corporación Popular Voz de Curumaní

El Copey Villa del Cesar Stereo (FM 88.2) Owner: Corporación Community Villa del Cesar

Gamarra 89.2 FM Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Barrio San Jose

La Jagua de Ibirico La Voz de la Jagua (FM 95.7) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Barrio las Malvinas

Pailitas Universal Stereo (FM 89.2) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Central

Pelaya Inovación Estéreo (FM 89.2) Owner: Corporación Campesina Inovación Estereo

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Río de Oro Rio de Oro FM (FM 88.2) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal de la Urbanización los Cristales 2nda Etapa

San Martín San Martin de Tours stereo (FM 88.7) Owner: Fundación San Martin de Tours

Chocó

Istmina Canalete Stéreo (FM 106.8) Owner: Fundación Canalete

Nuquí Riscales Estéreo (FM 105.8) Owner: Asociación del Consejo Comunitario General los Riscales

Riosucio Porime Stéreo (FM 106.8) Owner: Porime

San José del Palmar Palmar fm Stéreo (FM 106.8) Owner: Palmar Stereo FM Emisora Campesina

Tadó Soberana Estereo 100.8 FM Owner: Fundación Prodesarrollo de Tado

Unión Panamericana Cristal Stéreo (FM 90.3) Owner: Asociación para el Desarrollo en Comunidad en la Unión Panamericana

Córdoba

Chinú Caribe Stéreo (FM 89) Owner: Asociación Campesina de Comunicación Social Asocom

Ciénaga de Oro Latina Estéreo (FM 89) Owner: Corporación Cultural de Cienaga de Oro

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130

Cotorra Cotorra Stéreo (FM 89.0 FM) Owner: Club de Softbol de Cotorra - Desocot

Puerto Libertador Comunidad de Puerto Libertador (107.0 FM) Owner: Asociacion Comunal de Juntas de Puerto Libertador

San Pelayo San Pelayo Stéreo (105.0 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas del Municipio de San Pelayo

Tierralta Sergio Restrepo (105.0 FM) Owner: Casa de la Cultura Campesina - Emisora Sergio Restrepo

Cundinamarca

Cáqueza La voz de Caqueza 91.6 FM Stereo (FM 91.6) Owner: Asociación Radial de Comunicación Social del Oriente

Carmen de Carupa Cristal F.M. Stéreo (FM 94.4) Owner: A.B.C. Radiocomunicaciones Cármen de Carupa

Chía Luna Stéreo (FM 106.4) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas de Chia

Choachí Choachí Stéreo (88.3 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Urbana

Chocontá Amigos de Choconta (FM 101.3) Owner: Fundación Amigos de Choconta

Cogua La voz del Agua (FM 88.3) Owner: Fundación Cultural Corriente de Agua Pura "Funcapura"

Cota Cotidiana (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación casa santa cruz

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131

Facatativá Radio Unilatina (94.4 FM) Owner: Fundación Unilatina

Fomeque Chingaza Stéreo (FM 106.4) Owner: Asociación Colombiana de Banda Ciudadana Radiocomunicaciones Fomeque

Funza Bacatá Estéreo FM (94.40) Owner: Corporación de Cultura y Turismo de Funza

Gachancipá Asivag Stéreo (FM 91.6) Owner: Urbanización Asivag

Granada (Cundinamarca) Emisora Community del Municipio de Granada (FM 91.6) Owner: Asociación de Juntas de Acción Comunal Municipio Granada

Guachetá Elsymar Stéreo (106.4 FM) Owner: Fundación Elsy Mariela Mendez

Guaduas Guaduas Stéreo (88.3 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Vereda Yerbabuena

Guasca Horizonte Stéreo (88.3 FM) Owner: Asociación Nuevo Horizonte

Junín La J Stereo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación para el Desarrollo Agropecuario Industrial y Turistico

La Palma Ciber Estéreo (107.1 FM) Owner: Asopalma

La Peña La Peña Stéreo La Voz de la Comunidad (89.1 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas de la Peña

Madrid Oasis Stereo (88.3 FM) Owner: Asociación de Comunicadores Sociales de Madrid

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Mosquera Asoam Stéreo (FM 106.4) Owner: Asociación Amigos de Mosquera

Nocaima Leones Stéreo (107.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Club de Leones de Nocaima

Paratebueno Paratebueno Stéreo (94.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal de la Urbanizacion San Andres Primera Etapa

Puerto Salgar Salgar Estéreo (106.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Urbana

Sibaté Emisora Community Sibaté (88.3 FM) Owner: Asociaciónde Juntas de Acción Comunal del Municipio de Sibaté - Asojuntas

Soacha Radio Rumbo (107.4 FM) Owner: Fundación para el Desarrollo y Participacion de las Comunidades

Sopó La Voz del Chuscal (107.8 fm) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Vereda el Chuscal

Subachoque Tablazo Stéreo (94.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Prodesarrollo del Valle de Subachoque

Supatá Horizontes Stéreo (88.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas del Municipio de Supatá

Tabio Juaica Stéreo (88.3 FM ) Owner: Asociación Padres de Familia Colegio General San Martin

Tausa Radio Eco… Ecologíca Radio Tausa (89.1 FM) Owner: Teatro mágico ambiental tema

Tenjo, Ondas Stéreo (94.4 FM) Owner: AsociaciónPaz Verde de Tenjo

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133

Vergara Frecuencia 5 (FM 88.3) Owner: Asociación Comunicaciones Sociales de Vergara

Villa de San Diego de Ubaté Crecer FM Stéreo Ubaté (107.4 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Vereda Palo Gordo

Yacopí Yacopí Estéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Asociación de Juntas de Accion Comunal de Yacopi

Guainía

Puerto Inírida Custodia (102.1 FM) Owner: Instituto Agropecuario Custodio García Rovira

Guajira

Dibulla Clase Estéreo (107.7 FM) Owner: Asociación Grupo Ecológico Genesis

Fonseca Fonseca Stéreo (88.2 FM) Owner: Organización Campesina y Cultural San Agustin de Fonseca

Riohacha Guajira Stéreo (107.3 FM) Owner: Fundación Proguajira

Guaviare

El Retorno El Retorno Stéreo (89.7 FM) Owner: Asociación Juventud para el Desarrollo del Guaviare

San José del Guaviare, Guaviare Juventud Stéreo (104.7 FM) Owner: Movimiento Juventud por el Guaviare

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Huila

Acevedo Sabor Stéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Comité Cívico Cultural

Aipe Aipe Stéreo (98.8 FM) Owner: Asociación de Juntas de Acción Comunal

Algeciras Nueva Era Algeciras Estéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Fundación Shekina

Altamira Dinamica Stéreo (98.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Communitaria Altamira Estéreo Sistema Comunal

Campoalegre Alegre Stéreo (95.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Progreso de Campoalegre

Colombia (Huila) Emisora Campesina de Colombia (98.8 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Barrio Carmelitano

Guadalupe Guadalupe Stéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Asociación de Microempresarios de Guadalupe Asmig

Íquira, Íquira Estéreo (95.8 FM) Owner: Corporación Campesina de Comunicaciones y Publicaciones de Iquira

Isnos Cristal Stéreo (95.8 FM) Owner: Junta de Accion Comunal Vereda la Florida

La Argentina (Platavieja) Diamantina Stéreo (88.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Communitaria por un Futuro Promisorio del Municipio de la Argentina - Huila

La Plata Fiesta Stereo (95.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Comunal de Juntas del Municipio de la Plata

Oporapa Emisora Veritas Stéreo (98.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina para el Desarrollo Social

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Pital Pital Stéreo (98.8 FM) Fundación Futuro Verde

Pitalito Cálamo Stéreo (98.8 FM) Owner: Junta de acción comunal barrio calamo.

Suaza Orquidea Stéreo (88.80 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Vereda las Delicias

Tarqui Tarqui Stéreo (95.8 FM) Owner: Fundación Social Manuel de Jesús Iriarte Macias

Teruel Ambiental Stéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina el Retiro

Tesalia Taurina Digital Stéreo (107.8 FM) Owner: Junta Central de Acción Comunal

Timaná Miel Stéreo (95.8 FM) Owner: Asociación de Apicultores del Sur del Huila

Magdalena

Aracataca Macondo Stéreo (103.4 FM) Owner: Asociación de Juventudes de Macondo

Ariguaní Radiorama Estéreo (88.4 FM) Owner: Radiorama, Asociación Agropecuaria

Chivolo Impacto Stereo (93.40 FM) Owner: Junta de Acción Comunal Central

Fundación Impacto Stéreo (107.9 FM) Owner: Corporación Communitaria Impacto

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Guamal Fabulosa FM Stéreo (103.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Para el Desarrollo Integral.

Nueva Granada Rodeo Stéreo (93.4 FM) Owner: Junta AcciónComunal del Barrio el Rodeo

Pivijay La Voz de Pivijay (88.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Campesina Amigos de Pivijay

Plato K-Ribe Stéreo (103.4 FM) Owner: Fundación para el Desarrollo e Integración de la Comunidad - Fundicom

Salamina Satélite Stéreo (93.4 FM) Owner: Asociación Campesina Satélite

Santa Bárbara de Pinto Fidelidad Estéreo (88.4 FM) Owner: Corporación Cultural y Campesina Amigos de Santa Bárbara del Pinto

Tenerife Fiesta Estéreo (107.9 FM) Owner: Fundación Amigos de la Villa de San Sebastián de Tenerife