Music-enhanced experience: Perception, learning, memorys
Psych. Lydia Schneider
Thomas Hans Fritz
fritz@cbs.mpg.de IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences „Music Evoked Brain Plasticity Group“, MPI
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Readiness to engage in music throughout the life span
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Hepper PG (1988) Fetal soap addiction, Lancet
- Response to the theme tune of the program “Neighbours” was studied -! 4-5 days after birth -! Response in infants with mothers who watched it daily during pregnancy (N=7) was compared with infants whose mothers had not watched it (N=8) -! Greater alertness of “soap opera” babies to theme song (stopped crying, adopted quiet alert state)
Partanen et al. (2013) Prenatal music exposure induces long term neural effects, PlosOne
-! During last trimester of pregnancy, exposure to ‘Twinkle twinkle little star’ 5 times per week -! After birth and at the age of 4 months these infants and control group (no prenatal stimulation) were presented a modified melody in which some of the notes were changed -! EEG showed differences in ERPs when listening to familiar notes
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Influence of music before birth
Investigation of an influence of pregnancy on musical appreciation and blood pressure response
Participants:
-! Pregnant: 15 women between an age of 21 and 33 (mean age 27), Week of pregnancy 8-34
-! Non-pregnant: 17 women between an age of 19-28 (mean age 27), contraceptive (20 - 35 g ethinyl estradiol + progestin)
Fritz et al., Psychophysiology, 2014 [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Influence of music before birth
Investigation of an influence of pregnancy on musical appreciation and blood pressure response
Stimuli:
Instrumental music (consonant) and dissonantly manipulated counterparts (Fritz et al., 2009; Koelsch et al., 2006, Sammler et al., 2007, Fritz et al., 2013a, Fritz et al., 2013b)
consonant consonant reversed dissonant dissonant reversed
Fritz et al., Psychophysiology, 2014 [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Influence of music before birth
Results:
-! In pregnant women same pattern but stronger blood pressure response
-! Blood pressure responses independent of pleasantness/unpleasantness of the music
-! Stronger physiological response of mother might increase prenatal conditioning to music
Fritz et al., Psychophysiology, 2014 [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Readiness to engage in music throughout the life span
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Professional instrumentalists as compared to nonmusicians and amateurs show a number of adaptations (e.g. enhancement of gray matter density in cortical sensory-motor regions, auditory regions, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum, corpus callosum; Gaser and Schlaug, 2003).
Interestingly, these plastic adaptations depend on critical periods:
Musicians, who start early, before the age of seven display less observable structural adaptations of the brain, while they seem to have an “early optimized network” which allows for a superior performance of motor tasks without enlarged anatomical structures (Steele et al., 2013; Vaquero et al., 2014).
Later starters, after age seven, do show the above mentioned structural adaptations (e.g., Bangert and Schlaug, 2006; Gärtner et al., 2013).
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Job offer: PhD position (3 years):
Investigation of music-feedback environments for infants using EEG and/or fNIRS
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, and Musikkindergarten Berlin in coop. with Berlin School of Mind and Brain
Research project with 1 and 2 year old infants.
Cognitive benefit (language, attention, social) of musical feedback in early age, investigating combining physical activity with music making. This work relates to recent research on cognitive benefits of the music feedback technology Jymmin.
Applicants must hold a master’s degree (or equivalent) in Psychology, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, Linguistics, or a related field, and have a profound background in statistics and experimental procedures with infants.
Call closes on September 15th, 2017
Earliest starting date will be October 1st, 2017. Interviews will be held in September.
Applications should be sent to [email protected] as a single, appropriately named pdf email attachment, using the code “PhD KITA 10/17”
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Readiness to engage in music throughout the life span
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Blame it on the bossanova, transfer from music to touch
„Human“ touch
!"#$%&'$&()*+&!""#$%#&+&,-."/()&-0&123'"#4'/$()&56789-)-:7;&<'/'"()*&& Blame it on the bossanova, transfer from music to touch
Robot touch
!"#$%&'$&()*+&!""#$%#&+&,-."/()&-0&123'"#4'/$()&56789-)-:7;&<'/'"()*&& Sensual touch is key to mating behavior and relates to procreation
Transfer effects from music to touch -> evolutionary significance?
!"#$%&'$&()*+&!""#$%#&+&,-."/()&-0&123'"#4'/$()&56789-)-:7;&<'/'"()*&& Improved second language learning
•! Increased effectivity at learning hungarian when associating sentences with sung melodies (Ludtke et al., 2013):
•! English participants listened to short hungarian sentences, one test group repeated the text verbally •! One test group sang the text •! A third group spoke the sentences rhythmically
•! Singers performed approx. twice as good, could more correctly pronounce the sentences and memorize them for a longer duration.
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Koelsch et al., Nature Neurosci, 2004 [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Music supported vocabulary learning Procedure N = 26 (17 females)
First learning period (6 min)
40 word pairs Randomized stimulus order (20 congruent vs. 20 incongruent musical pieces)
Second learning period (6 min)
Repetition of stimulus sets from first period Randomized stimulus order
Test period
Forced-Choice Recognition Test (No musical context)
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Perpis Farewell
Farewell
Leubar Tangan
Perpis Santin
Deirom Pargil
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Music supported vocabulary learning
MEAN ERRORS DURING FORCED CHOICE RECOGNITION TEST
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=& congruentB-/:".'/$& incongruent#/B-/:".'/$& [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Readiness to engage in music throughout the life span
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Investigation of the dopaminergic system with music
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Video
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences PD patients experience a greater temporal de-freezing and otherwise relief of their symptoms during music listening than with visual or tactile stimulation (Lim et al., 2005).
The beneficial effect of music has been shown as a positive influence on gait kinematics (Brown, de Bruin, Doan, Suchowersky, & Hu, 2009; de Bruin et al., 2010; Thaut et al., 1996), but it has remained unclear whether this is due to only rhythm, or also positive emotional response.
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Musical pleasantness modulates dopamine specific gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease
N = 18 (9 female, age range 57 to 75)
Mean valence ratings of the three musical versions by Parkinson’s disease patients
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Musical pleasantness modulates dopamine specific gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease
N = 18 (9 female, age range 57 to 75)
The effect of valence on spatial and kinematic gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease patients
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
Readiness to engage in music throughout the life span
Alzheimer‘s disease
•! Memory for long known music sustains until a late stage
•! Stimulation with music during therapy. Can mediate, memories associated to music. Sometimes able to sing although talking hardly possible.
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Memory for music in Alzheimer’s disease
•! Experiment 1: 32 healthy participants (16 male, mean age: 28)
•! Functional ultra high field – MRI, 7T
•! Multivariate pattern classification to identify brain regions that code memory for long known music
•! Selection of long known music excerpts from top 10 of the German Media- Control chartlists from 1977-2007, from kids songs, oldies and widely known classical music pieces
Jacobsen, Stelzer, Fritz et al., Brain, 2015
[email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Memory for music in Alzheimer’s disease
Comparison with brain maps of Alzheimer‘s disease biomarkers
The identified brain region coding memory for long-known music
less grey matter atrophy
less hypometabolism
comparable amount of beta-Amyloid burden
Jacobsen, Stelzer, Fritz et al., Brain, 2015 [email protected] IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences • ***mafa flöten
Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Mafa flute music
Fritz et al., Current Biology, 2009, Fritz, Music Perception, 2013, Fritz et al., PlosOne, 2013, Thompson, W, Sun, Y, Fritz, T. Foundations in Music Psychology: Theory and Research, in press
Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Fritz et al., Current Biology, 2009
Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music music the emotional Intended expression in
happy sad scary/fearful
Mafa listeners Western listeners
Fritz et al., Current Biology, 2009 Investigation of musical valence experience when listening to Western music and its manipulated counterparts Stimulus material
Western music: (1) consonant (2) consonant backward (3) dissonant (4) dissonant backward
Mafa music: (1) consonant (2) consonant backward (3) dissonant (4) dissonant backward
Aufgabetask
- Valence rating immediately after each stimulus presentation (mobile solar facility)
- Rating simultaneously over interface + verbal
Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Universal preference for consonant over continually dissonant music, and for forward over backward music Results
Fritz et al., Current Biology, 2009 Dr. Thomas Fritz IPEM – University of Gent, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Video
“RUNNERS HIGH” IN 10 MINUTES
!Enhanced mood after 10 minutes of Jymmin
Information on study: ! N = 52 (27 males) ! Participants: non-athletes, non-musicians ! Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire ! Significance: p < .05
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2013
jammin in the gym REDUCED PERCEIVED EXERTION
!Less exertion !More relaxed muscles !Combines positive effects of isometric and isotonic contraction
Information on study ! N = 63 (42 men) ! Participants: non-athletes, non-musicians ! 6 minute exercise, rhythms and beats at 130 bpm Significance sense of effort: p < 0.001
Fritz et al., PNAS, 2013
jammin in the gym REDUCED ACUTE PAIN
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Fritz et al., in revision
jammin in the gym REDUCED EXERTION THROUGH CREATIVITY
)!" main effect exertion: * (!" p = .01; !" = .34 <" <" '!" Information on study: <" ! N = 28 (14 males) &!" ! Participants:'"#!(& non-athletes, non-musicians:01;/./01"#" ',#"!& '+#"'& '(#)*& +"#,$& ++#'$& :01;/./01"$" %!" +$#%)& +%#)"& +$#*%& !"#$%& !'#%%& !$#!+& agency, no beat :01;/./01"%" $!" agency, beat
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jammin in the gym PATIENT STUDIES
jammin in the gym
CHRONIC PAIN
Description of a patient with chronic pain:
- 56 years old woman - got divorced recently and moved to another city - started to feel first acute neck and back pain; after several month the pain intensifies - went to several doctors and underwent various medical !! Focus on pain treatments !! Fear of movement - advised by medical staff to be !! Reduced activity level, careful which movements are “good incl. social interactions or bad” ! Depressed mood - after months to years!, without successful treatment she is advised by the doctor to consult a psychotherapist
jammin in the gym
CHRONIC PAIN Anxiety Loop of Pain (vicious cycle)
! How to regain an activity level that corresponds to a higher quality of life?
jammin in the gym CHRONIC PAIN !Decreased anxiety - 17 patients with chronic pain - Anxiety levels were measured before and after each condition of the experiment
* * Main effect of conditions p = .010
Post-hoc comparison baseline vs. Jymmin: p = .008
Post-hoc comparison training vs. Jymmin: p = .012
Fritz et al., in prep.
jammin in the gym DRUG ABUSE REHABILITATION
Prison sentence Polydrug-users (min two main drugs) N = 27
22% 37% no no No 63% yes yes 78%
ADHD comorbidity
52% 48% no yes
jammin in the gym DRUG ABUSE REHABILITATION
N=27 !Increase of self-confidence
Fritz et al., in prep. self-confidence
jammin in the gym DRUG ABUSE REHABILITATION
!Benefits of listening to a recording of euphoric joint music making
N = 22
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2015 jammin in the gym DRUG ABUSE REHABILITATION
!Benefits of listening to a recording of euphoric joint music making
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2015 jammin in the gym
! POSITIVITY BIAS
N = 26 5-point Likert-scale, p = .012, r = .49
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016 jammin in the gym POSITIVITY BIAS
N = 26 N = 23 5-point Likert-scale, Visual Analogue Scale, p = .012, r = .49 p = .006, r = .41
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016 jammin in the gym POSITIVITY BIAS
Musical style irrelevant for therapeutic success
N = 26 N = 23 5-point Likert-scale, Visual Analogue Scale, p = .012, r = .49 p = .006, r = .41
Fritz et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016 jammin in the gym STROKE REHABILITATION
jammin in the gym Jymmin with Alzheimer’s patients – ongoing study
jammin in the gym Jymmin with minimal consciousness patients – ongoing study
jammin in the gym jammin in the gym
jammin in the gym