Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 159 (2016) 165–195

Lapita (Diptera: : ) from Fiji and Vanuatu Daniel J. Bickel

Lapita Bickel (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae), previously known only from New Caledonia, is newly described from Fiji and nearby Pacific archipelagoes, and includes 21 species in four species groups. The vakalevu group comprises four new species, Lapita vakalevu from Fiji and Tonga, and L. morleyi, L. savura and L. tavuki, all from Fiji. The tuimerekei group comprises two new Fijian species, L. batiqere and L. tuimerekei. The paradoxa group comprises two new species from Viti Levu, Fiji, L. paradoxa and L. maafusalatu. The denticauda group includes 13 species, L. greenwoodi (Bezzi), comb. n., from Viti Levu, L. sanma, a new species from Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo), and eleven additional new species, all from Fiji: L. adusta, L. macuata, L. coloisuva, L. delaco, L. timocii, L. bicolor, L. veilaselase, L. kuitarua, L. denticauda, L. sarnati, and L. vatudiri. Most Lapita species are known only from single or adjacent sites, suggesting a high level of local endemicity. As demonstrated elsewhere for the Sciapodinae, there is a strong connection between Fiji and Vanuatu, with species groups shared between the two archipelagoes. Biogeographical processes to account for the distribution of Lapita on Fiji and New Caledonia are discussed. Keywords: Sciapodinae; Lapita; new species; new species groups; biogeography; Fiji; Tonga; Vanuatu Daniel J. Bickel, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia. [email protected]

Introduction provide an overview of the entire Fijian sciapodine This paper is the sixth in a series describing the fauna in a regional context. surprisingly rich fauna of the subfamily Sciapodi- nae (Dolichopodidae) in the Fijian archipelago (see Bickel 2005, 2006a, b, 2008a, 2009). It treats 21 Material and Methods species (20 from Fiji, one from Vanuatu) in the ge- Repositories of material in this study are referred to nus Lapita Bickel, 2002, otherwise known only from by the following acronyms: New Caledonia. The species considered here bring the running total for the revised Fijian Sciapodinae AMS Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia to 78 species. However, many of them are known BMNH Natural History Museum, London, from only one or two sites, suggesting a high degree UK of local endemism, and probably additional species BPBM Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, remain both undescribed and uncollected. Following USA papers in this series will cover the genus INHS Illinois Natural History Survey, Guérin-Méneville, 1831 and miscellaneous taxa, and Champaign, IL, USA

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 159: 165–195, Table 1, Figs 1–9. [ISSN 0040-7496]. brill.com/tve © Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden. Published 30 December 2016. DOI 10.1163/22119434-15903003 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

166 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturel- of Fijian indigenous origin, and should be regarded le, Paris, France as nouns in apposition. Putative sister species and NZAC New Zealand Collection, species assemblages with shared synapomorphies Auckland, New Zealand are noted in the text. Lapita species are defined by a USNM National Museum of Natural History, mosaic of male characters, many of which are highly Smithsonian Institution, Washington, plastic in expression and lack evident polarities. D.C., USA

Most material in this study was obtained by an ex- tensive Malaise trap network throughout the Fijian Genus Lapita Bickel archipelago, the Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey Lapita Bickel, 2002: 36. Type species: Psilopus (Evenhuis & Bickel 2005). Specimens were collected noumeanus Bigot, 1890, orig. des. directly into ethanol. All unique males, type mate- rial, and some representatives from large samples Diagnosis were dry mounted out of ethanol. The holotypes and Genus Lapita. Head — Vertex strongly excavated in most other material from this survey are deposited both sexes; strong postvertical seta present, in line at BPBM. with postocular setal series; male vertical seta vari- The left lateral view of the hypopygium or male able in size, but always strong in females; face slightly genital capsule is illustrated for most species. In de- bulging in males (MSSC), flat in females; clypeus scribing the hypopygium, ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ refer usually distinctly free from margin of eyes in male to the morphological position prior to genitalic ro- (MSSC), adjacent or near eyes in female; pedicel with tation and flexion. Thus, in figures showing a lat- only short dorsal and ventral setae; postpedicel short, eral view of the hypopygium, the top of the page is triangular, with distinctly apical or dorsoapical arista. morphologically ventral, while the bottom is dorsal. Thorax — Ac usually developed as 3 strong pairs; Morphological terminology follows Bickel (1994). male with 2 strong posterior dc and only weak hair- The CuAx ratio is the length of the dm-cu crossvein/ like dc anteriorly (MSSC); female with 5 strong dc; distal section CuA. The position of features on elon- lateral scutellar setae reduced to tiny hairs or totally gate structures such as leg segments is given as a frac- absent. tion of the total length, starting from the base. The Legs — FI without strong ventral setae; TI with- relative lengths of the podomeres should be regarded out strong dorsal setae; modifications of male legs as representative ratios and not measurements. The (MSSC): male basitarsus I (It1) usually flattened with ratios for each leg are given in the following formula pale ventral pile and posterior row of curved setae and punctuation: trochanter + femur; tibia; tarso- (MSSC) (Fig. 1). mere 1/2/3/4/5. The following abbreviations and Wing — Usually hyaline; veins R4+5 and M diverg- terms are used: ing from wing base, and M1 branching off beyond juncture with dm-cu forming a concave curve to the

MSSC male secondary sexual character(s), wing apex, and vein M1 becoming closely subparallel non-genitalic characters found only on with R4+5 to join margin anteriad of wing apex; cross- the male body vein dm-cu straight or with slight posterior flexion; I, II, III pro-, meso-, metathoracic legs halter in both sexes usually yellow. C coxa Abdomen — Male tergite and sternite 7 both well- T tibia developed; epandrium subrectangular to subtriangu- F femur lar; hypandrium with narrow left lateral arm, arising ac acrostichal setae beyond hypandrium at midlength and extending just ad anterodorsal beyond apex of hypandrial hood; phallus with dor- av anteroventral sal angle; usually 2 epandrial setae present; ­epandrial dc dorsocentral setae lobe with strong apical and subapical setae; surstylus­ dv dorsoventral usually with large ventral lobe and digitiform dorsal pd posterodorsal projection, although variously modified; male cercus pv posteroventral variable. t tarsus

t1–5 tarsomeres 1 to 5. Remarks. Lapita was originally described from New Caledonia where it was thought to be endemic. On the figures, arrows are used to indicate diagnostic However the genus is now recognized in Fiji and features. Vanuatu, with one of the Fijian species extending Unless otherwise noted, the specific epithets for to Tonga. Lapita is defined by having an apical or newly described species are geographical place names dorsoapical arista, crossvein dm-cu straight or almost Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 167

Fig. 1. Lapita bicolor male, habitus, left lateral.

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168 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016 straight, FI without strong ventral setae, TI without this paper, and is not repeated in descriptions unless strong dorsal setae, and It1 usually flattened with needing clarification). pale ventral pile and a posterior row of black curved Head — Vertex strongly excavated in both sexes; setae (MSSC). The differences between Lapita and strong postvertical seta present, in line with postocu- Chrysosoma Guérin-Méneville and Abbemyia Bickel, lar series; ocellar seta strong with pair of short setae 1994, two genera with which it might be confused, present posteriorly on ocellar tubercle; vertical seta are discussed in Bickel (2002). in male short or as tiny hair, present as strong seta in Some Fijian species, e.g. Lapita bicolor (Fig. 6a) female; face slightly bulging in males (MSSC), flat and L. tuimereke (Fig. 9a), have the hypopygical in females; clypeus distinctly free from eyes’ margin foramen arising left basally rather than left laterally in male; nearer or adjacent to eyes in female; palp on the epandrium. Therefore the cap-like sternite usually yellow with 2 black apical setae; proboscis 8, which covers the foramen, appears to be basal in ­yellow; pedicel with only short dorsal and ventral position. Similar basal migration of the hypopygial setae; with postpedicel short triangular, symmetri- foramen has occurred independently in other sciapo- cal with distinctly apical or dorsoapical arista; arista dine genera (see Bickel 2008b). about 1½ head height in males and never with modi- The New Caledonian Lapita fauna is rich and fication, such as apical flags. complex, comprising 35 described species, 18 of Thorax — Mostly metallic blue–green with them in four species groups defined by derived bronze reflections, with grey pruinosity over pleura; characters, and a residue of 17 species that show a setae black; 3 pairs of long ac; 2 pairs of long poste- mosaic of character states (Bickel 2002). Since that rior dc, and 3–4 weak hair-like dc anteriad (MSSC); publication, I have isolated an additional 23 un- female with 5 strong dc, decreasing in size anteriorly; described Lapita species from the extensive 2000 1 postalar seta, 1 presutural supra-alar seta; 1 post- New ­Caledonian Malaise trap collections made by sutural supra-alar seta; 1 presutural intra-alar seta; Evert Schlinger and his associates (deposited INHS), 2 notopleural setae; median scutellar setae strong, which I plan to describe in a future paper. ­lateral setae absent. The Lapita fauna of Fiji and Vanuatu shows some Legs — CI with field of whitish anterior setae different character states to those found in the New along length, with 3 stronger setae along distal third; Caledonian fauna. However, these are not strong CII with whitish anterior hairs; CIII with 1 or 2 erect synapomorphies. whitish lateral setae in basal third; femora without a) The male vertical seta is distinctly weaker and strong ventral setae; TI without strong dorsal setae; reduced in size in all species, with the male modifications of male legs (MSSC): male It usually vertical seta reduced to a tiny weak hair in flattened with pale yellow ventral pile and posterior the vakalevu group, while the female vertical row of curved setae (MSSC); TII with distinct ad

­remains strong. In New Caledonian species, the and pd setae; IIIt1 with short basoventral seta; male male vertical seta is strong and subequal to that legs II and III without obvious MSSC. of females. Wing — Hyaline; vein M in gentle arch towards

b) The arista is always unornamented while some R4+5 and with both veins subparallel before joining New Caledonian species have male apical flags wing apex, dm-cu almost straight but with slight (MSSC). flexion before join with CuA; CuAx ratio: 1.8–2.2; c) Most Lapita species have male leg I modified, halter usually pale yellow. especially with male basitarsus I flattened with Abdomen — Relatively long in male; tergites pale ventral pile, and a posterior row of curved sometimes translucent yellow; hypopygial peduncle setae (MSSC), and this is the primary modi­ (segment 7) not greatly prolonged; hypandrium fication in the Fijian fauna. However, in New usually asymmetrical, with narrow left lateral arm, ­Caledonia, various modifications also ­occur arising near base of hypandrium; phallus with dor-

on male leg II and III (all MSSC): IIt1–5 is sal angle; epandrial lobe with 2 strong apical bristles; ­sometimes ornamented with crocheted hairs; surstylus and cercus various, but cercus often large male TIII sometimes with swollen callus or ir- and lobate with strong spikelike setae.

regularity near 1/2, and IIIt3–5 sometimes flat- tened and padlike. Key to males of Lapita species from Fiji, Vanuatu d) Wings in Fijian species are hyaline and unmodi- and Tonga fied. New Caledonian males sometimes have This key is useful for identifying common species brown wing maculations, or rarely, the male cos- and major groupings. However, since many of the ta has an av row of short modified setae (MSSC). species treated here are local endemics, additional undescribed species might be expected. General description of the Lapita species from Fiji 1. Male vertical seta reduced to tiny hair; antenna and Vanuatu. (This applies to all species treated in entirely brown; epandrium dark brown and Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 169

subrectangular; surstylus deeply forked; cercus into black flag (Fig.9c) (Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua simple and elongate with ventral setose mound Levu) �������������������������������� L. tuimerekei sp. n. (Figs 2a–c) (vakalevu group) �������������������������� 2 –. Hypopygium (Fig. 9d); surstylus large and lo- –. Male vertical seta distinct even if weak, and at bate, with short projecting seta; cercus with large least one-third length of ocellar seta; other fea- basoventral clavate projection bearing crown of tures various �������������������������������������������������� 5 strong black setae, and with distal curved taper- 2. Femur I mostly brown with distal third yellow- ing digitiform projection with abundant setae; ish; femora II and III mostly dark brown but leg I missing in only known specimen (Fiji: yellow near apex; basitarsus I not flattened but Vanua Levu) �������������������������� L. batiqere sp. n. with faint narrow band of yellow ventral pile, 8. Abdominal tergites 1–3 mostly yellow, but me- and lacking posterior row of curved setae; lower tallic green along posterior tergite margins; tibia calypter entirely dark brown; halter with yellow I with row of some 25–30 short pv seta along stalk and brownish club; (hypopygium similar length, and with short, slightly curved ven- to Fig. 2a) (Fiji: SE Viti Levu) L. savura sp. n. troapical seta; basitarsus I basally swollen and –. All femora mostly yellow; basitarsus I flattened expanded with dense yellow ventral pile, with with ventral pile and with posterior row of posterior seta near base, and with distal half un- curved setae; lower calypter yellow with brown modified; antenna yellow ������������������������������ 9 rim; halter entirely pale yellow ���������������������� 3 –. Abdominal tergites all metallic green; tibia I 3. Tibia I with row of some 25 fine short curved with strong apical av-pv setal pair; otherwise ventral hairs from 1/5 to apex (MSSC); cercus bare of major setae; basitarsus I expanded with with distal digitiform projection bearing long row of black posterior marginal setae; antennal setae, and with prominent ventral subrectangu- scape yellowish, pedicel and postpedicel brown; lar lobe bearing lateral and inner marginal short hypopygium (Fig. 6b); distal epandrium with thorn-like setae and with two external setae po- surstylus projecting ventrally; surstylus with sitioned near center of lobe (Figs 2a, b) (Fiji, large ventral arm with three strong apical setae; widespread; Tonga) ���������������L. vakalevu sp. n. cercus lobate with external rounded lobe bear- –. Tibia I without row of short curved ventral ing short setae, and ventral surface with strong ­setae; other features various ���������������������������� 4 curved setae and 3 internally projecting setae 4. Cercus (Fig. 2d) with subtriangular ventral lobe (denticauda group, in part) (Fiji: Viti Levu) ������ with 4–5 strong internally directed setae along ������������������������������������������������ L. adusta sp. n. inner margin (Fiji, widespread) L. tavuki sp. n. 9. Antenna yellow; large sternite 8 covering basal –. Cercus (Fig. 2c); with prominent subrectangu- half of epandrium; hypopygium (Fig. 8c); epan- lar lobe bearing single lateral seta and row of drial lobe rather short, with apical and subapical 6–7 basally directed strong setae (Fiji: Kadavu, seta; surstylus deeply cleft, with longer dorsal Lomaiviti Group) ������������������� L. morleyi sp. n. arm distally clavate with two long curved black 5. Epandrium (male genitalic capsule) mostly dark subapical setae, cercus complex, with large basal brown (appendages can be yellow); antennal area with various ventral projections as shown, color various �������������������������������������������������� 6 and distally tapering with ventral row of 8–10 –. Epandrium with significant yellow cuticle; an- long curved white setae (Fiji: Viti Levu) ���������� tenna yellow (denticauda group, in part) ������ 10 �������������������������������������������� L. paradoxa sp. n. 6. Surstylus lobate, undivided; cercus divided into –. Scape and pedicel brown, with postpedicel dis- two large setose structures, with basoventral tinctly yellow; sternite 8 rather small; hypopy- structure platelike (Figs 9a, d); where known, gium (Fig. 8b); epandrial lobe larger, elongate; basitarsus I longer than tibia I (Fig. 9b) (tuimer- surstylus forked and divided into two arms, ekei group) ���������������������������������������������������� 7 dorsal arm elongate with two strong apical –. Surstylus divided into overlapping or adjacent ­setae; cercus with ventral projections and distal arms; cercus lobate or elongate, but never with ­peduncle with apical tuft (Fiji: Viti Levu) �������� two large setose structures; basitarsus I never ����������������������������������������L. maafusalatu sp. n. longer than tibia I ������������������������������������������ 8 10. Basitarsus I unmodified, not flattened, and lack- 7. Hypopygium (Fig. 9a); surstylus trapezoidal, ing both pale ventral pile and posterior setae; bearing long projecting dorsal seta; cercus with tibia I bare of major setae ���������������������������� 11 tapering subtriangular distal projection, and –. Basitarsus I usually dorsoventrally flattened, and basoventrally with curved spatulate projection with pale ventral pile and short posterior setae; bearing lateral row of setae; basitarsus I longer tibia I various ���������������������������������������������� 12 than tibia I (Fig. 9a), and bowed with short 11. Metepimeron yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 3a);

white posterior hairs along entire length; It4 surstylus lobate with U-shaped excavation and white distally, and It5 dorsoventrally flattened strong apical seta; cercus subrectangular, with Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

170 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

some long seta along dorsal margin and 3 strong strong basally projecting curved seta, and 3 in- curved setae on distal third of ventral margin ternally projecting setae (Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua (Fiji: Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Viti Levu) �������������� Levu, Taveuni) ������������������������ L. bicolor sp. n. ��������������������������������������������� L. macuata sp. n. –. Epandrium mostly yellow; other features ­various –. Metepimeron dark metallic green; hypopygium �������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 (Fig. 4b); epandrium oblong with surstylus 17. Tibia I with row of 35–40 short pv setae along projecting ventrodistally; surstylus divided into entire length, distinct from normal vestiture, enlarged lobate and overlapping dorsal and and with ventroapical seta; femur II with row of ventral arms; cercus lobate with bulbous apex 5 short pv setae along distal quarter; hypopygi- and ­subrectangular ventral projection with 4–5 um (Fig. 5b); surstylus deeply cleft, divided into long setae as figured (Fiji: Viti Levu) ���������������� two subequal arms: ventral and more median ���������������������������������������������L. coloisuva sp. n. arm lobate bearing setae and modified fan-like 12. All coxae yellow �������������������������������������������� 13 seta, and elongate dorsal arm with 3 apical se- –. Coxa I yellow; coxae II and III mostly dark tae, one straight and pencil-like; cercus massive, brown ���������������������������������������������������������� 15 with three ventral lobes, with setae as shown 13. Basitarsus I not flattened, but with some pale (Fiji: Viti Levu) ������������������� L. veilaselase sp. n. yellow ventral pile along entire length, and 10– –. Tibia I bare except with short subapical ven- 12 spaced curved, almost crocheted short poste- tral seta; femur II with subapical pv seta only; rior setae along length (all MSSC); tibia I bare hypopygium (Fig. 4a); ventral surstylar arm of major setae; hypopygium (Fig.4c) almost slightly clavate, bearing 2 strong apical setae; entirely yellow; dorsal surstylar am with three cercus ­subrectangular massive, with short seta strong curved apical seta, and larger ventral arm along outer surface, and with 4 strong inwardly with only short setae; cercus massive, subrectan- projecting setae on distal half of ventral mar- gular, with numerous strong ventral setae which gin (Fiji: Vanua Levu, Koro, Lakeba) ���������������� project into lumen of epandrium when cercus ��������������������������������������������� L. kuitarua sp. n. retracted (Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo) ������������������ 18. Basitarsus I weakly flattened and gradually ta- ������������������������������������������������ L. sanma sp. n. pering distally, with 3–5 very short posterior –. Basitarsus I distinctly flattened with pale ventral setae; tibia II with ad-pd setal pair at 1/6, and pile and distinct posterior seta near 1/5; other very weak pd seta at 3/5; hypopygium (Fig. 3c) features various ������������������������������������������� 14. mostly yellow with only distal cercus brownish; 14. Tibia I with strong apical av and pv seta; ter- ventral surstylar arm with very strong project- gites 1–5 yellow except each with metallic dark ing dorsal seta; cercus curved and excavated brown marginal band; hypopygium (Fig. 7d, e), ­ventrally, with 8–10 strong blade-like setae including surstylus almost entirely yellow, cer- along ventral margin (Fiji: Viti Levu) �������������� cus massive with basal lobe bearing pale yellow ������������������������������������������L. denticauda sp. n. setae and distal lobe with some short black setae –. Basitarsus I more strongly flattened, with strong (Fiji: Gau) ���������������������������������L. delaco sp. n. posterior seta followed distally by row of short –. Tibia I with curved ventroapical seta; tergites curved posterior setae; tibia II with two distinct 1–5 yellow but each with broad metallic blue- ad setae; hypopygium various ���������������������� 19 green posterior margin; hypopygium (Fig. 8a) 19. Small sized, wing length < 3.0 mm; basitarsus mostly brown with yellow cercus; surstylus lo- I with strong posterior seta at 1/5 followed by bate with dorsal peduncular arm bearing two a row of 7 short setae along posterior margin; strong apical setae; cercus massive and lobate, tergite 1 apparently mostly brown to blue– with apical group of curved setae, group of green; tergites 2–3 yellow on basal two-thirds, strong setae on outer arm, with strong ventral but posteriorly metallic blue–green dorsally; pedunculate seta (Fiji: Viti Levu) ���������������������� ­hypopygium (Figs 7a–c) (Fiji: Viti Levu) ���������� ������������������������������������������������L. timocii sp. n. ����������������������������������������L. greenwoodi (Bezzi) 15. Basitarsus I distinctly shorter than half length of –. Larger, wing length > 3.8 mm; other features tibia I ���������������������������������������������������������� 16 not as above ������������������������������������������������ 20 –. Basitarsus distinctly longer than half length of 20. Hypopygium (Fig. 5a) yellow basally, but with tibia I ���������������������������������������������������������� 18 brown stripe over most of distal half, surstylus 16. Epandrium (Figs 1, 6a) basally yellow and dis- with elongate lateral pedunculate arm with tal half dark brown; surstylus divided into two strong apical blade-like seta; cercus large, with arms, with dorsal arm elongate and bearing external apical club bearing elongate setae strong apical setae, and ventral arm shorter; cer- and ventrobasal lobes with strong setae (Fiji: cus lobate with distal lobe bearing short setae, Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni) ���������������������� and ventral surface with some short strong setae, ����������������������������������������������L. vatudiri sp. n. Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 171

–. Hypopygium (Fig. 3b) with epandrium mostly row of some 20 curved, almost crocheted setae along dark brown but with distal third yellow; sursty- length (MSSC); II: 5.5; 7.4; 5.3/1.2/1.0/0.5/0.5; FII lus with ventral arm bearing strong apical seta; with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6, cercus massive, lobate and distally tapering, 1/2, and subapically, dorsal seta at 1/6, 2/5, and with pair of strong appressed tooth-like setae apically, and with subapical av and pv seta; III: 7.0; apically (Fiji: Viti Levu) ������������L. sarnati sp. n. 10.9; 4.8/2.0/1.5/0.8/0.6; FIII bare of major setae; TIII with short ad at 1/5, with 5–6 short spaced dor- The vakalevu group sal setae. Diagnosis. Head — Antenna mostly dark brown; Wing — Lower calypter yellow with brown rim male vertical seta reduced to tiny weak hair (MSSC), and fan of black setae; halter pale yellow. female vertical strong, unmodified. Abdomen — Tergites 1–6 dark metallic green Abdomen — Ventral (and external) arm of sur- with bronze reflections, and matt brown over tergite stylus elongate, curved, and deeply forked (Fig. 2a) overlap, with black marginal setae and short black cercus simple with distal digitiform projection, and vestiture; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively basoventral subrectangular projection. short; sternite 8 dark metallic green with some long distal setae; hypopygium (Figs 2a, b) dark brown Remarks. The Lapita vakalevu group comprises four with brownish cercus; hypopygial foramen left lat- newly described species from Fiji, with one species eral; epandrium subrectangular; hypandrium with extending to Tonga. Two of the species, L. vakalevu short hood and elongate left lateral arm that reaches and L. tavuki, are widespread and relatively common. almost to apex of phallus; epandrial lobe well-devel- All species in the group have the characters listed in oped, with strong apical and weak subapical seta; the Diagnosis above. The four species comprise: surstylus divided into two arms: ventral and more morleyi sp. n. Fiji (Taveuni, Vanua Levu, Viti median arm lobate bearing 3 strong projecting apical Levu) setae, and partially covered laterally by curved elon- savura sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) gate dorsal arm that is deeply forked, with each arm tavuki sp. n. Fiji (Taveuni, Vanua Levu, Viti Levu) bearing short apical setae; cercus with distal digiti- vakalevu sp. n. Fiji (Taveuni, Vanua Levu, Viti form projection beating long setae, and with promi- Levu, Kadavu, Gau, Koro, Lakeba, Ovalau); nent subrectangular lobe bearing lateral and inner Tonga (‘Eua) marginal short thorn-like setae and two external setae positioned near center of subrectangular lobe.

Lapita vakalevu sp. n. Female. Similar to male, except: vertical setae strong (Figs 2a, b) and well developed; face not bulging; pedicel with distinct but short dorsal seta; with 4–5 dc, all strong, Description but decreasing in size anteriorly; TI also with short Male. Body length, 3.8–4.2 mm; wing length × dorsal at 1/6, and short pd just beyond 1/2, but with- width, 3.6 × 1.2–4.4 × 1.5 mm. out row of ventral setae; It1 lacking both ventral pile Head — Vertex, frons, and face metallic blue– and posterior row of curved setae; leg II and III with green, with a dusting of silvery pruinosity; face bulg- similar setation; tergites 1–6 dark metallic green, but ing (MSSC); setae black; palp yellow with strong anterolateral half of tergite 2 yellow, with only dorsal black lateral and apical seta; proboscis yellow; anten- area near midline showing metallic cuticle. na dark brown (yellowish in specimens from Gau); scape short; pedicel with ring of short setae and Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17833), Fiji: Taveuni: strong dorsal seta; postpedicel subtriangular; arista 5.3 km SE Tavuki Village, Mt. Devo, montane wet apical, as long as head height, and simple; ventral forest, [-16.841, -179.968], 1064 m, 10–17.X.2002, postcranium with field of white setae. Malaise trap M03, P. Vodo [FBA 052208]. Holotype Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: 20 ♂, 7 ♀, same as basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres be- holotype but 2–10.X.2002, 10–17.X.2002, 14–21. coming infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII XI.2002, 3–10.I.2003, 10–16.I.2003, Malaise trap with 2 white lateral setae in basal third; femora vari- M03, P. Vodo; 5.5 km SE Tavuki Village, Devo Peak, ously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 4.5; 5.3; cloud forest, [-16.843, -179.966], 1188 m, 14–21. 3.5/1.0/1.0/0.6/0.5; FI with short black preapical pv XI.2002, 3–20.XII.2002, 3–10.I.2003, 9–23. seta; TI with short dorsal at 1/6, and short pd seta IX.2004, 23.X–15.XI.2004, Malaise trap M01, P. just beyond 1/2, and with row of some 25 fine short Vodo; 5.6 km SE Tavuki Village, Devo Peak, cloud curved ventral setae from 1/5 to apex (MSSC); It1 forest, [-16.843, -179.966], 1187 m, 24–31.X.2002, and It2 with narrow band of pale yellow ventral pile 21.XI–13.XII.2002, Malaise trap M01, L. Ratu (all along length (MSSC), but only It1 with posterior BPBM). Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

172 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Fig. 2. Hypopygium, left lateral — a, Lapita vakalevu (Viti Levu); b, L. vakalevu (‘Eua, Tonga); c, L. morleyi, ­cercus, left lateral; d, L. tavuki. Legend: cer, cercus; epa, epandrium; el, epandrial lobe; hyp, hypandrium; pha, phallus; sur, surstylus. Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 173

Additional non-type material. (Data more con- aise trap, L. Namatalau; 0.75 km E Navai Village, densed; all records based on males.) Fiji: Kadavu: old trail to Mt. Tomaniivi (Victoria), gymnosperm- ­Nabukelevu, 1.3 km SSW Lomaji, montane wet dominated rainforest, [-17.621, 177.989], 700 m, forest, [-19.118, 177.993], 56 m, 14.V–26.V.2005; 24.X–8.XI.2003, 14.V–4.VI.2004, 23.IX–28. 1.6 km SW Lomaji, peak of Mt. Washington, mon- XII.2004, 16.III–6.V.2005, Malaise trap, L. Nama- tane wet forest, [-19.118, 177.988], 800 m, 26.V–7. talau; 3.5 km N Veisari Settlement, logging road to VI.2005, 20.VIII–5.XI.2005, Malaise trap, A. Bose. Waivudawa, lowland wet forest, [-18.068, 178.367], Gau: Lomaiviti Prov., 3.3 km SE Navukailagi Vil- 300 m, 14–8.III.2003, same data but [-18.079, lage, Mt. Delaco, [-17.986, 179.278], 564 m, 178.363], 300 m, 12.XII.2002–3.I.2003, 25.IV– 14.XI–28.XII.2005, Malaise trap, U. Racule; 4.0 25.V.2003, Malaise trap, M. Tokota’a; 4 km WSW km SE Navukailagi Village, Mt. Delaco, [-17.98, Colo-i-Suva Village, Mt. Nakobalevu, lowland wet 179.275], 496 m, 28.XII.2005–10.I.2006, Malaise forest, [-18.055, 178.424], 372 m, 9–30.V.2003, trap, U. Racule. Koro: Mudu, 3.8 km NW Nasau 14–28.VII.2003, 12–24.VIII.2004, 12–30.XI.2004, Village, Mt. Kuitarua, mid-elevation mountain Malaise trap, Timoci; 2 km SE Nabukavesi Village, summit, [-17.288, 179.404], 500 m, 3–17.V.2005, mangrove forest, [-18.172, 178.256], 0 m, 31.X–2. 14–28.VI.2005, Malaise trap, S. Turaga. Lakeba XI.2005, Malaise trap, I. Buaserau; 4 km NW Lami (Lau group): 3.2 km NE Tubou Village, island for- Town, Mt. Korobaba, lowland wet forest, [-18.104, est, [-18.221, -178.869], 100 m, 13.IX– 19.X.2005, 178.381], 260 m, 1–13.XII.2004, same data but Malaise trap, D. Saubaleinayau. Ovalau: Levuka, [-18.102, 178.383], 400 m, 13.XII.2004–3.I.2005, 0–200 m, XII.1978, Krauss. Taveuni: Tavuki Village, Malaise trap, K. Koto; 2 km SE Nabukavesi Village, Mt. Devo, montane wet forest, [-16.837, -179.973], Ocean Pacific Resort, coastal lowland moist forest, 892 m, 9.IX–15.XI.2004, same data but [-16.831, [-18.171, 178.258], 40 m, 21.IV–4.V.2003, Mal- -179.98], 734 m, 14.VIII–15.XI.2004, Malaise aise trap, W. Naisilisili; Colo-i-Suva Forest Park, trap, P. Vodo; 3.2 km NW Lavena Village, Mt. Ko- mahogany/secondary growth rainforest, [-18.059, ronibuabua, lowland rainforest, [-16.856, -179.889], 178.469], 145 m, 24.VI–8.VII.2005, Malaise trap, 229 m, 19.II–4.III.2005, Malaise trap, B. Soroalau; S. Cokanasiga; 1.1 km SSW Volivoli Village, Si- 3.2 km NW Lavena Village, Mt. Koronibuabua, low- gatoka Sand Dunes, mixed littoral forest on sand, land rainforest, [-16.855, -179.892], 235 m, 21.I–5. [-18.169, 177.485], 55 m, 22.XII.2002–3.I.2003, II.2005, Malaise trap, B. Soroalau. Vanua Levu: Malaise trap, T. Ratawa. Tonga: ‘Eua: ♂, ♀, Pangai, [-16.63, 179.208], 630 m, 26.I–18.II.2006, Malaise 0–100 m, II.1972, N.H.L Krauss; ♂, ♀, same, but trap, N. Qarau; 4 km SE Lomaloma Village, Vatudi- Hafu, 150–200 m, III.1969; 2 ♀, same, but Parker’s ri, disturbed mid-elevation moist forest, [-16.63, Hill Area, 200–300 m, III. 1969. (All BPBM.) 179.208], 630 m, 26.III.2006, A. Raikabula; 4 km NW Kilaka Village, Wainibeqa, lowland wet forest, Remarks. Lapita vakalevu is a common species with a [-16.808, 178.987], 87 m, 24.II–8.III.2005, Malaise wide distribution across the main islands of Fiji, the trap, P. Manueli; Batiqere Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Lau group and into nearby Tonga, and shows some Village, lowland wet forest, [-16.807, 178.988], intraspecific variation: a) a series from the same trap 154 m, 28.VI–2.VII.2004, same data but [-16.807, on Kadavu has male wing length varying from 3.8 to 178.991], 98 m, 3–10.VI.2004, M05, same data but 4.4 mm.; b) across its range, the cercal color varies [-16.811, 178.988], 61 m, 3–10.VI.2004, Malaise from whitish to brownish; c) the length of the row of trap, P. Manueli; 0.4 km S Rokosalase Village, tran- ventral setae on the male tibia I varies among several sition seasonal forest, [-16.532, 179.019], 118 m, locales. 26.III–9.IV.2004, Malaise trap M02, I. Sakealevu; A series from the island of ‘Eua, Tonga, has the Natewa Peninsula, 2.6 km SSE Vusasivo Village, Mt. wing length 3.6 mm and similar leg MSSC. The Navatadoi, lowland wet forest, [-16.593, 179.772], hypopygium (Fig. 2b) has a slightly less rectangular 400 m, 28.IX–12.X.2005, Malaise trap, L. Waqa; subrectangular lobe and with only a single lateral seta Trans-Insular Road, Mt. Dalaikoro summit, 700– (not the usual two), and a longer distal digitiform 790 m, 10.X.1979, Lal et al. Viti Levu: Koroyanitu projection. Since the species within Fiji shows such EcoPark, Mt. Evans Range, 1 km E Abaca Village, overall intraspecific variation, I consider the Tongan Savuione Trail, disturbed mid-elevation moist forest, specimens to be within that range. [-17.667, 177.55], 800 m, 12–19.X.2002, Malaise A series from Gau in the Fijian Lomaiviti Group trap M01, L. Tuimereke; [-17.583, 178.083], 1034 shows a distinct color pattern in all specimens of m, 17–20.XI.2003, Malaise trap, PABITRA Wabu both sexes. Here the scape is distinctly yellowish, Baseline Survey, D. Veikori, E.L. Claridge; 3.2 km E and the coxae II and III are basally brown but gradu- Navai Village, Veilaselase Track, gymnosperm-domi- ally becoming yellow distally so that the distal third nated rainforest, [-17.624, 178.009], 1020 m, 8–24. of both coxae is yellow. No specimens with totally XI.2003, 6.IX–28.XII.2004, 3.II–20.VI.2005, Mal- dark brown coxae were found on Gau. However, the Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

174 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016 hypopygial structure and MSSC are similar to those Additional non-type material. Fiji: Viti Levu: ♂, of L. vakalevu from other islands in the Fiji Group, 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase Track, gymno- and I regard the Gau specimens as an intraspecific sperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, 178.009], color variant. The closely related L. morleyi (q.v.) also 1020 m, 6.V–20.VI.2005, Malaise trap M01, L. ­occurs on Gau, and the distinctly yellowish distal ­Namatalau (FBA 508444) (BPBM); 2 ♂, Savura Ck, coxae and antenna of the L. vakalevu specimens from 31.VII.1975, at light, P.A. Maddison (NZAC). Gau might be the result of character displacement, as L. morleyi has dark brown coxae and antennae. Remarks. Lapita savura is known only from south- eastern Viti Levu, from rather low elevations Etymology. The specific epithetvakalevu is derived ( ­Savura Creek, near Suva) to just over 1000 m. This from the Fijian language “vaka levu”, meaning “very ­species is very close to L. vakalevu, with genitalia large” or “very much,” and refers to this species being well within the range of variation for L. vakalevu. both frequently captured and widespread. ­However, it has distinctly different leg coloration, with the male femora mostly dark brown (yellow in L. vakalevu) and male basitarsus I lacking a poste- Lapita savura sp. n. rior row of curved setae (present in L. vakalevu). The Description two species­ are sympatric and have been collected Male. Body length, 3.2 mm; wing length × width, together in the same Malaise trap sample, and I sus- 3.6 × 1.3 mm; similar to L. vakalevu, except as noted: pect they are distinct species despite having similar Legs — CI brown basally, becoming yellow in dis- genitalia. tal half; CII and CIII and their trochanters also dark brown; trochanter I and very base of FI yellowish; FI from near base dark brown variously becoming Lapita tavuki sp. n. yellow in distal third to fifth; femora FII and FIII (Fig. 2d) mostly dark brown but usually yellow near very apex; tibiae and basal tarsomeres I and II yellow, distal Description ­tarsomeres brown; TIII yellowish, becoming infus- Male. Body length, 4.0–4.2 mm; wing length × cated distally; tarsus III brown; CIII with 2 black width, 4.0 × 1.3 mm; similar to L. vakalevu except: lateral setae in basal third (although distinctly white Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and in Navai specimen); femora variously with short fine basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres white ventral hairs; I: 3.0; 4.4; 3.2/1.2/0.8/0.6/0.6; becoming infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; TI with short dorsal at 1/6, and with row of some CIII with 2 white lateral setae in basal third; I: 25 short curved ventral setae from 1/5 to apex 4.7; 5.6; 3.0/1.0/1.0/0.6/0.5; TI without row

(MSSC); It1 with faint narrow band of yellow ven- of short curved ventral setae; It1 and It2 similar; tral pile, but without posterior row of curved setae; II: 5.2; 7.5; 5.0/1.4/1.2/0.6/0.5; III: 7.0; 10.8; II: 4.5; 5.7; 3.9/1.2/1.0/0.5/0.4; FII with subapi- 4.5/1.8/1.2/0.6/0.5. cal pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6, and 1/2, and Wing — CuAx ratio 2.2; lower calypter yellow subapically, dorsal seta at 1/6 and 2/5, and apical- with brown rim and fan of black setae; halter pale ly, and with subapical av and pv seta; III: 5.9; 8.5; yellow. 3.9/1.6/1.2/0.6/0.5; FIII bare of major setae; TIII Abdomen — Cercus (Fig. 2d); cercus with distal with short ad at 1/6 and 2/3, and with 7–6 short digitiform projection bearing long setae, and with spaced dorsal setae. prominent subtriangular lobe bearing with 4–5 Wing — CuAx ratio 2.3; lower calypter dark strong internally directed setae along inner margin. brown with fan of black setae; halter with yellow stalk and brownish club. Female. Not readily separated from female L. Abdomen — Hypopygium (not figured) dark vakalevu. brown with brownish cercus; similar to hypopygium of L. vakalevu (Fig. 2a). Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17830), Fiji: Taveuni: 5.6 km SE Tavuki Village, Devo Peak, cloud forest, Female. unknown. [-16.843, -179.966], 1187 m, 7–23.X.2004, Malaise trap M01, P. Vodo [FBA 503796]. Holotype depos- Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17829), Fiji: Viti Levu: ited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, same as holotype; 14 4 km NW Lami Town, Mt. Korobaba, lowland wet ♂, 6 ♀, same data but 10.X–27.XII.2002, 31.X–14. forest, [-18.102, 178.383], 400 m, 13.XII.2004– XI.2002, 3.I–10.I.2003; 13 ♂, 5 ♀, same data but 3.I.2005, Malaise trap M01, K. Koto [FBA 504422]. 5.3 km SE Tavuki Village, Mt. Devo, montane wet Holotype deposited in BPBM. forest, [-16.841, -179.968], 1064 m, 10–17.X.2002,

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10–16.I.2003, 9–23.IX.2004, Malaise trap M03, P. cercal shape and the absence of ventral curved setae Vodo; 6 ♂, 4 ♂, same data but 5.3 km SE Tavuki on the male tibia I of L. tavuki. Village, Mt. Devo, montane wet forest, [-16.841, -179.968], 1064 m, 3–10.I.2003, 14.VIII–15. XI.2004, Malaise trap M05, P. Vodo; ♂, same data Lapita morleyi sp. n. but Tavuki Village, Mt. Devo, montane wet forest, (Fig. 2c) [-16.831,-179.98], 734 m, 7–23.X.2004, ­Malaise trap M05, P. Vodo; 3 ♂, same data but montane Description wet forest, [-16.837, -179.973], 892 m, 9-15. Male. Body length, 3.6–3.8 mm; wing length × XI.2004, Malaise trap M04, P. Vodo; 3.2 km NW width, 3.7 × 1.2–4.1 × 1.4 mm. similar to L. vaka- Lavena Village, Mt. Koronibuabua, lowland rain- levu except: forest, [-16.855, -179.889], 219 m, 1–13.II.2004, Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and basal­ 12.­VII–28.X.2004, 8–21.I.2005, 19.II–4.III.2005, tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres becoming Malaise trap M05, B. Soroalau (all BPBM). infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CII with white anterior hairs; CIII with 1 or 2 white lateral setae in Additional non-type material. (All records based basal third; femora variously with short fine white on males.) Fiji: Kadavu: Nabukelevu, 1.3 km SSW ventral hairs; I: 4.0; 5.1; 3.3/0.9/0.8/0.3/0.4; TI Lomaji, Mt. Washington, montane wet forest, with short dorsal at 1/6, and short pd just beyond

[-19.118, 177.993], 56 m, 14–26.V.2005; same 1/2, but distally bare; It1 and It2 with narrow band data but 1.6 km SW Lomaji, peak of Mt. Washing- of pale yellow ventral pile along length (MSSC), but ton, montane wet forest, [-19.118, 177.988], 800 only It1 with posterior row of some 20 curved, almost m, 26.V–7.VI.2005, Malaise trap, A. Bose. Vanua crocheted setae along length (MSSC); II: 5.2; 6.7; Levu: [-16.63, 179.208], 587 m, 26.I–7.II.2006, 5.0/1.2/1.0/0.5/0.4; FII with subapical pv seta; TII Malaise trap, N. Qarau; same data but [-16.63, with strong ad at 1/6, and 1/2, and subapically, dor- 179.208], 630 m, 7–18.II.2006; 4 km SE Lo- sal seta at 1/6 and 2/5, and apically, and with subapi- maloma V­ illage, Vatudiri, disturbed mid-elevation cal av and pv seta; III: 6.3; 10.0; 4.6/1.7/1.3/0.6/0.5; moist forest, [-16.63, 179.208], 630 m, 16.I.2006, FIII bare of major setae; TIII with short ad at 1/5, D. Olson; 4 km NW Kilaka Village, Wainibeqa, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae. lowland wet forest, [-16.808, 178.987], 87 m, Wing — CuAx ratio 2.4; lower calypter yellow 24.II–8.III.2005, Malaise trap, P. Manueli; Batiqere with brown rim and fan of black setae; halter pale Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Village, lowland wet for- yellow. est, [-16.811, 178.988], 61 m, 3.VI–10.VI.2004, Abdomen — Hypopygium (Fig. 2c) dark brown Malaise trap M03, P. Manueli; Niuvudi, Navonu, with brownish cercus; hypandrium with short hood 6–7.IX.1975, Maddison (NZAC); Vatudiri, 4 and elongate left lateral arm that reaches almost to km SE Lomaloma, 630 m, 25.I.2006, S. Gaimari apex of phallus; epandrial lobe short with 2 strong (AMS). Viti Levu: 1.8 km E Navai Village, old trail apical setae; surstylus divided into two arms, ventral to Mt. Tomaniivi (­Victoria), gymnosperm-dominat- arm lobate and more medial and bearing 2 strong ed rainforest, [-17.621, 177.998], 700 m, 24.X–8. downward projecting subapical setae, and over- XI.2003, 14.V­ -4.VI.2004, 18.X–-6.XI.2004, 16.III– lapped laterally by curved elongate deeply forked 6.V.2005, Malaise trap, L. Namatalau; 3.2 km dorsal arm, with dorsal fork bearing two strong me- E Navai Village, Veilaselase Track, gymnosperm- dian subapical setae; cercus with distal digitiform dominated rainforest, [-17.624, 178.009], 1020 projection bearing long setae, and with prominent m, 6.XI.2004–3.II.2005, Malaise trap, L. Namata- subrectangular lobe bearing single lateral seta and lau; 3.5 km N ­Veisari Settlement, logging road to row of 6–7 basally directed strong setae. Waivudawa, lowland wet forest, [-18.068, 178.367], 300 m, 14.II–8.III.2003, Malaise trap, M. Tokota’a; Female. Not readily distinguishable from female 4 km NW Lami Town, Mt. Korobaba, lowland wet L. vakalevu. forest, [-18.102, 178.383], 400 m, 15.XI.2004– 3.I.2005, Malaise trap, K. Koto; Navai, 700–900 Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17826), Fiji: Gau: m, 29.IV.1973, Krauss (all BPBM unless otherwise (Lomaiviti Prov.), 3.3 km SE Navukailagi Village, noted.). Mt. Delaco, [-17.986, 179.278], 564 m, 27.V–16. VI.2005, Malaise trap M03, U. Racule [FBA 511115]. Remarks. Lapita tavuki is closely related to L. Holotype deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: 29 ♂, 3 ♀, ­vakalevu, with which it is broadly sympatric across same as holotype, but 26.III–7.IV.2005, 27.V–16. much of the Fiji Group. The most readily recog- VI.2005, 11–23.VII.2005, 3.VIII–19.VIII.2005, nizable differences between the two species are the 31.VIII–13.IX.2005, 28.XII.2005–10.I.2006; 4.0 km

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176 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

SE Navukailagi Village, Mt. Delaco, [-17.98, adusta sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) 179.275], 496 m, 29.VI–11.VII.2005, 3–19.VIII. bicolor sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni) 2005, 13–26.IX.2005, 8–20.X.2005, 20.X–2.XI. coloisuva sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) 2005, 2–14.XI.2005, 14.XI–28.XII.2005, 28.XII. delaco sp. n. Fiji (Gau) 2005–10.I.2006, Malaise trap M02, U. Racule (all denticauda sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) BPBM). greenwoodi (Bezzi) comb. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) kuitarua sp. n. Fiji (Vanua Levu, Lakemba, Koro) Additional non-type material. Fiji: Kadavu: 7 macuata sp. n. Fiji (Vanua Levu, Viti Levu, ♂, Kadavu Prov., 0.25 km SW Solodamu Vil- Taveuni) lage, Moanakaka Bird Sanctuary, coastal lime- sanma sp. n. Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo) stone forest, [-19.078, 178.121], 60 m, 11.VI–6. sarnati sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) VII.2003, 25.VIII–23.X.2003, 23.X–19.XII.2003, timocii sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) 19.XII.2003–18.I.2004, 15.II–7.III.2004, Malaise vatudiri sp. n. Fiji (Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Viti trap M04, M01, S. Lau (BPBM). Levu) veilaselase sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) Remarks. Lapita morleyi is known only from the ­island of Kadavu, south of Viti Levu, and Gau in the Lomaiviti Group. Males have the distal tibia I bare Lapita denticauda sp. n. of modified setae. (Fig. 3c)

Etymology. This species is named in honor of Craig Description Morley, who taught at the University of the South Male. Body length, 3.4–3.5 mm; wing length × Pacific, Suva, and promoted conservation biology in width, 3.7 × 1.3 mm. Fiji. Head — Vertex, frons, and face metallic blue– green, with a dusting of silvery pruinosity; proboscis The denticauda group yellow; antenna yellowish. Diagnosis. Head — Male vertical seta more than Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and half length of ocellar seta; antenna usually entire- basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres be- ly yellow (except in L. adusta, where it is mostly coming infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII brown). with 2 white lateral setae in basal third; femora Legs — Basitarsus I usually flattened with pale variously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 4.7; yellow ventral pile and with posterior row of curved 5.3; 3.5/1.5/0.7/0.6/0.4; TI bare of major setae; It1 setae (unmodified inL. macuata and L. coloisuva); slightly bowed, expanded basally and gradually ta- male legs II and III without obvious MSSC. pering distally, and with pale yellow ventral pile to Abdomen — Epandrium often partially yellow about 3/4 and with 4–5 spaced curved, very short (Fig. 1), and often subtriangular with left basal hypo- posterior setae, decreasing in size distally, to 2/5 (all pygial foramen; surstylus and epandrial lobe some- MSSC); II: 5.3; 7.0; 5.5/1.3/1.1/0.6/0.4; FII with times positioned basally and inclined to the length subapical pv seta; TII with ad-pd setal pair at 1/6, of the epandrium (e.g. Figs 3b, c); cercus often mas- very weak pd seta at 3/5, and strong subapical ad sive and subrectangular with strong distal or ventral and av seta, and weaker pd and pv subapical seta; III: setae. 6.3; 9.3; 3.8/1.8/1.0/0.8/0.5; FIII with short subapi- cal pv seta; TIII with short ad at 1/5, with 5–6 short Remarks. The denticauda group occurs primarily in spaced dorsal setae, and with strong subapical ad and the Fijian archipelago, although one species is known av seta. from Vanuatu. Many species are distinguished by an Wing — CuAx ratio 1.5; lower calypter yellow often rounded and subtriangular epandrium with with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter a left basal hypopygial foramen, with the surstylus pale yellow. and epandrial lobe positioned basally and inclined Abdomen — Tergite 1 mostly brown to blue–green, to the length of the epandrium (e.g. Figs 3b, c). and with pair long marginal setae; tergite 2 entirely This morphology may enable the epandrium to ac- yellow on basal third, but posterior two thirds metallic commodate the enlarged cercus when it is retracted. blue–green dorsally, but yellow laterally and ventrally; Some New Caledonian species, such as L. rembai tergites 3–4 metallic blue–green along dorsal anterior and some members of the noumeana group also have and posterior tergital margins but yellow laterally and a massive cercus, but without the modification of the ventrally; tergites 5–6 mostly metallic blue–green; epandrium. sternites mostly yellow; tergites with black setae near The denticauda group comprises 13 species, 12 posterior margins and with short black vestiture on newly described: surface; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

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Fig. 3. Hypopygium, left lateral — a, Lapita macuata; b, L. sarnati; c, L. denticauda. short; sternite 8 brownish; hypopygium (Fig. 3c) Female. Similar to male, except vertical seta stronger mostly yellow with distal cercus brownish; hypopy- and subequal to ocellar seta; face not bulging; 4–5 gial foramen left lateral; epandrium subtriangular; strong dc, but decreasing in size anteriorly; TI also hypandrium with short hood and elongate left lateral bare; It1 unmodified; legs II and III with similar seta- arm that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial tion; tergites 1–6 metallic green, but anterio-lateral lobe well-developed, with strong apical and weak sub- half of tergite 2 yellow, with only dorsal area near apical seta; surstylus with 2 short arms, with ventral midline showing metallic cuticle. arm with very strong projecting dorsal seta; cercus curved and excavated ventrally, with 8–10 strong Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17822), Fiji: Viti Levu: blade-like setae along ventral margin. Naitasiri Prov., 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

178 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Track, gymnosperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, tion; ­epandrium subrectangular, but with surstylus 178.009], 1020 m, 26.X–6.XI.2004, Malaise trap positioned basally; hypandrium with short hood and M02, L. Namatalau [FBA-504095]. Holotype elongate left lateral arm that reaches almost to apex of ­deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, same as holotype;­ phallus; epandrial lobe well-developed, with strong 8 ♂, 2 ♀, same as holotype but 23–18.X.2004 apical and weak subapical seta; surstylus divided (BPBM). into two short arms: ventral and more ­median arm ­bearing distinct ­apical seta; cercus massive, ­lobate Remarks. All known specimens of Lapita denticauda and distally tapering, with some various seta and pair were caught in the same Malaise trap above 1000 m of strong appressed apical tooth-like setae. in central Viti Levu. The cercus and strong project- ing surstylar seta are diagnostic. Female. Similar to male, except: vertical setae strong and well developed; face not bulging; pedicel with Etymology. The specific epithet,denticauda, is from distinct but short dorsal seta; with 4–5 dc, all strong,

Latin, and means ‘toothed tail’, in reference to the but decreasing in size anteriorly; It1 unmodified, tooth-like setae on the cercus. lacking both ventral pile and posterior row of curved setae; leg II and III with similar setation.

Lapita sarnati sp. n. Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17828), Fiji: Viti Levu: (Fig. 3b) Naitasiri Prov., 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase Track, gymnosperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, Description 178.009], 1020 m, 23.IX–18.X.2004, Malaise Male. Body length, 4.0 mm; wing length × width, trap M02, L. Namatalau [FBA-532196]. H­ olotype 3.9 × 1.4 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as ­deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, ♀, same as noted: ­holotype; 4 ♀, 0.75 km E Navai Village, old trail to Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and Mt. Tomaniivi (Victoria), gymnosperm-dominated basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres rainforest, [-17.621, 177.989], 700 m, 6.XI–13. ­becoming infuscated; CII and CIII brown, but CII XII.2004, Malaise trap M05, L. Namatalau (all yellow anteriorly; CIII with strong white lateral seta BPBM). in basal third; femora variously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 5.9; 7.2; 3.9/1.3/0.6/0.4/0.5; TI Remarks. Lapita sarnati was collected in Malaise bare except with long curved subapical ventral seta; traps near Navai Village at 1020 m and 700 m,

It1 slightly bowed, expanded and flattened for entire and it ­occurs sympatrically with L. denticauda. The length, and only slightly tapering distally, with pale massive cercus with its apical tooth-like setae is yellow ventral pile along entire length, and with long diagnostic. curved posterior seta at 1/8 followed distally by 9–10 short curved, almost crocheted posterior setae to apex Etymology. This species is named in honor of Eli (all MSSC); II: 5.5; 8.1; 6.0/1.7/1.2/0.6/0.5; FII with Sarnat, originally from the University of Califor- subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6, shorter nia, Davis, who spent several years studying the ant anterior seta at 1/2, dorsal seta at 1/6 and 2/5, with fauna of Fiji. He trained and coordinated the Fijian 3–4 short spaced pv seta along distal half, and with parataxonomists on the Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod strong subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and Survey, from which the majority of specimens in this pv subapical seta; III: 7.2; 10.9; 4.5/2.0/1.2/0.7/0.6; study derive. FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with short ad at 1/5, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong subapical ad and av seta. Lapita sanma sp. n. Wing — CuAx ratio 1.6. (Fig. 4c) Abdomen — Tergite 1 dorsally yellow, but brown to blue–green laterally and ventrally; tergites 2–4 Description mostly yellow but with posterior tergites borders Male. Body length, 4.2–4.5 mm; wing length × brown with metallic green reflections, and tergites width, 3.8–4.0 × 1.3 mm; similar to L. denticauda 5–6 mostly metallic blue–green; segment 7 and except as noted: sternite 8 brown; sternites 1–4 yellow, sternites Thorax — Metepimeron yellow on Segond Chan- 5–7 brown; tergites with black setae near posterior nel specimens, brownish with some yellow cuticle on ­margins and with short black vestiture on surface; both Penarou specimens. segment 7 (hypopygial­ peduncle) relatively short; Legs — All coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, hypopygium (Fig. 3b); epandrium basally dark and tarsi yellow; CIII with white lateral setae in brown but with distal third yellow; surstylus and basal third; femora mostly bare ventrally; I: 5.0; 6.0; cercus yellow; ­hypopygial foramen left basal in posi- 4.6/2.0/1.3/0.6/0.5; FIDownloaded with short from Brill.com09/27/2021subapical pv seta; 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 179

Fig. 4. Hypopygium, left lateral — a, Lapita kuitarua; b, L. coloisuva; c, L. sanma.

TI bare of major setae; It1 only slightly flattened on apical seta; III: 7.0; 11.2; 4.0/1.8/1.4/0.8/0.4; FIII basal half, but with pale yellow ventral pile along with short subapical pv seta; TIII with short ad at entire length and 10–12 spaced curved, almost cro- 1/5, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with cheted short posterior setae along length (all MSSC); strong subapical ad and av seta. II: 5.3; 7.7; 5.3/1.6/1.2/0.6/0.4; FII with subapical Wing — CuAx ratio 2.0. pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6, weak dorsal seta Abdomen — Tergite 1 dorsally yellow, but brown at 1/6 and 2/5, anterior seta at 1/2, and with strong to blue–green laterally; tergites 2–4 mostly yellow subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and pv sub- (including along anteriorDownloaded border from Brill.com09/27/2021 near tergites 02:01:33AMover- via free access

180 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016 lap) but with posterior tergites borders brown with Legs — All coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, metallic green reflections; tergites 5–6 mostly metal- and basal tarsomeres yellow, although CII and lic blue–green but yellow dorsoanteriorly and later CIII with some brown cuticle basally; distal tarso- posteriorly; segments 7 and sternite 8 yellow; ster- meres becoming slightly infuscated; CIII with sin- nites mostly yellow; tergites with black setae near gle strong white lateral seta in basal third; femora posterior margins and with short black vestiture on variously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 4.4; surface; hypopygium (Fig. 4c) almost entirely yellow 5.0; 3.8/1.6/1.2/0.7/0.4; TI bare of major setae; with only hypandrium and phallus brown, and distal It1 ­unmodified: straight, not flattened and without cercus brownish; epandrium subtriangular; hypan- posterior setae; II: 5.0; 7.0; 5.0/1.3/1.0/0.7/0.4; FII drium with short hood and elongate left lateral arm with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6, that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial lobe short ad near 1/2, dorsal seta at 1/6 and 2/5, and with with strong apical and weak subapical seta; dorsal strong subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and surstylar arm bearing three strong curved apical seta, pv subapical seta; III: 7.0; 9.3; 3.3/1.6/1.2/0.8/0.4; and expanded and larger ventral arm with only short FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with short ad setae; cercus massive, subrectangular, with short out- at 1/5, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with er (dorsal) setae, and with numerous stronger ventral strong subapical ad and av seta. setae which project into lumen of epandrium when Wing — CuAx ratio 1.3. cercus retracted. Abdomen — Tergite I mostly brown to blue–green; tergite 2 with basally two thirds yellow laterally, but Female. Unknown. brown dorsally, with posterior third metallic blue– green dorsally; tergite 3 with metallic blue–green Types. Holotype, ♂, Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo: Pen- along anterior and posterior thirds, but dorsally yel- arou Camp 1200B, 1200 m, forest, S14°58'2.35", low in middle third; tergite 4 mostly dark brown E166°40'43.4", 18–30.XI.2007, Malaise trap on dorsally but metallic blue–green over posterior third, ground, MG12B2. Holotype deposited in MNHN. and yellow laterally; tergites 5–6 mostly metallic Paratypes: ♂, Penarou Camp 600D, 600 m, forest, blue–green, but tergite 5 with some yellow later- S14°57'52.5", E166°38'11.69”, 18–30.XI.2006, ally; sternites mostly yellow; tergites with black setae Malaise trap on ground, MG06D2 (IBISCA near posterior margins and with short black ­vestiture Santo–MNHN). on surface; sternite 8 yellow with dark brown setae; hypopygium (Fig. 3a) mostly yellow but with distal Additional material. Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo: ♂, surstylus and hypandrium brown; hypopygial fora- Segond Channel, J. Laffoon, 15.VIII.1944 (USNM). men left laterobasal; epandrium subrectangular; hy- pandrium with short hood and elongate left lateral Remarks. Lapita sanma is known from males tak- arm reaching almost to apex of phallus; epandrial en near sea level, 600 m, and 1200 m on Espiritu lobe distinct, with long apical seta and weak subapi- Santo, Vanuatu (see http://access.ens-lyon.fr/santo/ cal seta; surstylus lobate with U-shaped excavation expedition for more information). This species is and strong apical seta; cercus subrectangular, with readily recognized by the key male characters: ba- some long seta along dorsal margin and 3 strong sitarsus I not noticeably flattened (but nevertheless inwardly projecting setae on the distal third of the with ­yellow ventral pile and posterior setal row of se- ventral margin. tae), hypopygium entirely yellow, the rather enlarged and lobate surstylus, and the massive subrectangular Female. Similar to male, except: vertical seta subequal cercus. to that of male; face not bulging; 4–5 dc present, all strong, but decreasing in size anteriorly; legs with Etymology. The specific epithetsanma is derived from similar setation; tergites 1 and basal third of tergite Sanma Province in Vanuatu, which includes the is- 2 mostly yellow; remainder of tergites metallic green, land of Espiritu Santo, and it is a noun in apposition. with lateral yellow scallop.

Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17825), Fiji: Vanua Lapita macuata sp. n. Levu: 4 km SE Lomaloma Village, -16.63, 179.208, (Fig. 3a) 630 m, 7–18.II.2006, Malaise trap M02, N. ­Qarau [FBA 525924]. Holotype deposited in BPBM. Para- Description types: ♂, same as holotype; ♂, Macuata Prov., 0.6 Male. Body length, 3.5 mm; wing length × width, km S Rokosalase Village, transition seasonal for- 3.6 × 1.3 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as est, [-16.533, 179.018], 180 m, 22.V–8.VI.2004, noted: Malaise trap M05, I. Sakealevu, FBA 525937 (all Thorax — Metepimeron entirely yellow. BPBM). Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 181

Additional non-type material. Fiji: Taveuni: ♂, arms: ventral and more median arm lobate bearing 5 Cakaudrove Prov., 3.2 km NW Lavena Village, apical setae, and laterally partially covering expanded Mt. Koronibuabua, lowland rainforest, [-16.855, and anvil-shaped dorsal arm which bear short setae; -179.89], 217 m, 26.III–9.IV.2004, Malaise trap, cercus lobate with bulbous apex and subrectangular B. Soroalau; ♂, ♀, 3.2 km NW Lavena Village, ventral projection with 4–5 long setae as figured. Mt. Koronibuabua, lowland rainforest, [-16.856, -179.889], 229 m, 31.VII–13.VIII.2004, Malaise Female. Similar to male, except as noted: pedicel with trap, B. Soroalau (BPBM). Viti Levu: ♂, Naitasiri distinct but short dorsal seta; with 4–5 dc, all strong, Prov., 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, Mt. Nako- but decreasing in size anteriorly; TI also with short balevu, lowland wet forest, [-18.056, 178.422], 325 dorsal at 1/6, and short pd just beyond 1/2, but with- m, 12–24.VIII.2004, Malaise trap, Timoci (BPBM). out row of ventral setae; It1 lacking both ventral pile and posterior row of curved setae; leg II and III with Remarks. Lapita macuata is known from low to similar setation; tergites 1–6 dark metallic green, but mid elevation sites on Vanua Levu, Taveuni, and anterio-lateral half of tergite 2 yellow, with only dor- Viti Levu. L. macuata and the sympatrically occur- sal area near midline showing metallic cuticle. ring L. coloisuva are unusual in the denticauda spe- cies group in having the male leg I basitarsus totally Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17820), Fiji: Viti Levu: unmodified. Naitasiri Prov., 4 km WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, Mt. Nakobalevu, lowland wet forest, [-18.056, 178.422], Etymology. The specific epithet macuata is derived 325 m, 14–28.VII.2003, Malaise trap M02, ­Timoci from Macuata Province in Fiji and is of indigenous [FBA 094801]. Holotype deposited in BPBM. origin, to be regarded as a noun in apposition. ­Paratype: ♀, same as holotype.

Remarks. Lapita coloisuva is known only from the Lapita coloisuva sp. n. rugged mountains near Colo-i-Suva Village in south- (Fig. 4b) eastern Viti Levu. The hypopygial structure with the enlarged lobate and overlapping dorsal and ventral Description surstylar arms is unusual. It also has the male leg I Male. Body length, 3.9 mm; wing length × width, basitarsus totally unmodified (see Remarks underL. 4.0 × 1.4 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as macuata). noted: Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and Etymology. The specific epithetcoloisuva is a geo- basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres be- graphical place name of Fijian indigenous origin, coming infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII and is to be regarded as a noun in apposition. with 1 white lateral setae in basal third; I: 4.8; 5.4;

4.8/1.6/1.2/0.7/0.4; TI bare of major setae; It1 ­unmodified, straight, but elongate, subequal in Lapita kuitarua sp. n. length to FI; II: 5.7; 7.3; 5.9/1.6/1.2/0.6/0.4; FII (Fig. 4a) with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/5, short ad setae at 1/8 and 1/2, and with strong sub- Description apical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and pv subapi- Male. Body length, 3.0–3.1 mm; wing length × cal seta; III: 6.4; 10.6; 4.0/1.8/1.3; distal tarsomeres width, 3.2 × 1.0 mm; similar to L. denticauda except missing; FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with as noted: ad at 1/5, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae between Thorax — Metepimeron sometimes yellowish. 1/5 and 3/4, and with strong subapical ad and av seta. Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and Wing — CuAx ratio 1.6; lower calypter yellow tarsomeres pale yellow; CII and CIII dark metallic with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter brown; CIII with strong white lateral seta in basal pale yellow. third; femora mostly bare ventrally; I: 4.3; 4.7; Abdomen — Almost entirely metallic blue–green 2.1/1.5/0.8/0.6/0.4; TI bare except with short sub- with lateral base of tergite 1 yellow; hypopygium apical ventral seta; It1 short, slightly bowed, expand- (Fig. 4b) with epandrium mostly yellow with brown ed basally and gradually tapering distally, and with surstylus; hypopygial foramen left basal; epandrium pale yellow ventral pile and with curved posterior oblong with surstylus projecting ventrodistally; seta at 1/6 (MSSC); II: 5.0; 5.4; 3.8/1.2/1.0/0.6/0.4; ­hypandrium with short hood and elongate left lat- FII with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad at 1/6 eral arm that reaches almost to apex of phallus; and short offset pd at 1/5, ad seta at 3/5, and with ­epandrial lobe well-developed, with strong apical strong subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and and weak subapical seta; surstylus divided into two pv subapical seta; III: 6.0; 8.0; 2.7/1.5/1.0/0.6/0.3; Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

182 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with short ad Etymology. The specific epithetkuitarua is a geo- at 1/4, sometimes with short anterior seta near 3/5, graphical place name of Fijian indigenous origin on 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong sub- Koro, and is to be regarded as a noun in apposition. apical ad and av seta. Wing — CuAx ratio 1.6; lower calypter yellow with fan of pale yellow setae; halter pale yellow. Lapita vatudiri sp. n. Abdomen — Tergite 1 but with very narrow brown (Fig. 5a) posterolateral band; tergites 2–4 mostly yellow, each with narrow brown band with metallic blue reflec- Description tions along posterior quarter; sternites 1–4 mostly Male. Body length, 4.7–5.1 mm; wing length × yellow; tergites and sternites 5–6 mostly metallic width, 5.2 × 1.5 mm; similar to L. denticauda except blue–green; tergites with black setae near posterior as noted: margins and with short black vestiture on surface; Head — Antenna yellow. segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively short; Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and sternite 8 yellowish; hypopygium (Fig. 4a) mostly basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres be- yellow with hypandrium dark brown; hypopygial coming infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII ­foramen left lateral; epandrium subrectangular; hy- with yellow lateral seta in basal third; I: 5.7; 6.7; pandrium with short hood and elongate left lateral 3.8/1.3/0.7/0.5/0.5; TI with strong apical av and pv arm that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial seta (MSSC), otherwise bare of major setae, It1 slight- lobe well-developed, with long apical and shorter ly bowed, flattened with pale yellow ventral pile along subapical seta; surstylus divided into two arms: entire length, and with single strong posterior seta ventral arm elongate and slightly clavate, bearing 2 at 1/5 (all MSSC); II: 5.7; 7.9; 5.9/1.7/1.1/0.7/0.5; strong apical setae, and dorsal arm digitiform; cercus FII with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad and subrectangular massive, with short seta along outer short pd at 1/5, strong anterior seta at 1/2, and with surface, and with 4 strong inwardly projecting setae strong subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and on the distal half of ventral margin. pv subapical seta; III: 7.3; 10.9; 4.3/2.0/1.2/0.7/0.4; FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with ad seta at Female. Similar to male, except:: vertical setae strong 1/5,strong anterior seta at 2/5, 3/5 and 3/4, with 5–6 and well developed; seta; with 4 strong dc setae, and short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong subapical with short seta anteriormost; TI also bare with short ad and av seta. apical ventral seta; It1 unmodified, lacking both ven- Wing — CuAx ratio 1.9; lower calypter yellow tral pile and posterior curved setae; leg II and III with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter with similar setation; tergite 1 mostly yellow; tergites pale yellow. 2–4 yellow with metallic green posterior border. Abdomen —Tergite 1 mostly brown to blue– green, and with pair long marginal setae; tergites Types. Holotype, ♂, Fiji: Vanua Levu: [-16.63, 2–4 yellow dorsally on basal two-thirds and laterally, 179.208], 630 m, 7–18.II.2006, Malaise trap and posterior third metallic blue–green; tergites 5–6 M02, N. Qarau [FBA 525919]. Holotype depos- mostly metallic blue–green; sternites 3–4 yellow- ited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, Koro: Mudu, 3.8 km ish, other sternites brown; tergites with black setae NW Nasau Village, Mt. Kuitarua, mid-elevation near posterior margins and with short black vestiture mountain summit, [-17.288, 179.404], 500 m, on surface; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) rela- 14–28.VI.2005, Malaise trap M01, S. Turaga [FBA tively short; sternite 8 mostly yellow; hypopygium 532344]; ♀, same data but 3–17.X.2005 [FBA (Fig. 5a) yellow basally, but with brown stripe over 511279]; ♂, Lakeba: Lau Prov., 3.2 km NE Tubou most of distal half, and with cercus yellow; hypopy- Village, island forest, [-18.221, -178.869], 100 m, gial foramen left basal; epandrium subrectangular, 13–25.IX.2005, Malaise trap M01, D. Saubalein- with surstylus positioned along ventral surface; hy- ayau [FBA 507831] (all BPBM). pandrium with short hood and elongate left lateral arm that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial Remarks. Lapita kuitarua is known from the east- lobe short, with strong apical and weak subapical ern part of the Fijian Archipelago, from Vanua seta; surstylus divided into two arms: ventral and Levu, Koro in the Lomaiviti Group, and Lakeba in more median arm clavate, and elongate dorsal and the Lau Group. The subrectangular cercus with its lateral pedunculate arm which bears strong apical strong inwar­ dly projecting setae is similar to those blade-like seta; cercus large, with capitate club bear- of L. macuata and L. denticauda, but L. kuitarua has ing numerous elongate setae, and with ventrobasal a distinctly short leg I basitarsus with only a single lobes that bear strong setae, and with internal row of projecting posterior seta. 5 setae projecting internally.

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Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 183

Fig. 5. Hypopygium, left lateral — a, Lapita vatudiri; b, L. veilaselase

Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17834), Fiji: Vanua pans, M. Tokota’a (BPBM); ♂, Nakobalevu, 5 km Levu: 4 km SE Lomaloma Village, Vatudiri [-16.63, WSW Colo-i-Suva Village, 400 m, 20.I.2006, S.D. 179.208], 587m, 26.I–7.II.2006, Malaise trap M03, Gaimari (AMS). N. Qarau (FBA522385). Holotype deposited in BPBM. Remarks. Lapita vatudiri is a widespread species known from lowland to montane rainforest on Additional non-type material. Fiji: Taveuni: Vanua Levu, Viti Levu and Taveuni. This species has Cakaudrove Prov., ♂, near Tavuki Village, Mt. Devo, a diagnostic capitate knob on the cercus which bears montane wet forest, [-16.841, -179.968], 1064 m, abundant long setae, and a long strong apical seta on 20.XII–27.XII.2002, Malaise trap M03, P. Vodo; one of the surstylar arms, visible even to the naked ♂, similar but [-16.831, -179.98], 734 m, 7.X– eye. 23.X.2004, Malaise trap M05, P. Vodo. Vanua Levu: ♂, Batiqere Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Village, low- Etymology. The specific epithetvatudiri is a geo- land wet forest, [-16.807, 178.991], 98 m, 15.VI–24. graphical place name of Fijian indigenous origin VI.2004, Malaise trap M05, P. Manueli; ♂, Natewa on Vanua Levu, and is to be regarded as a noun in Peninsula, 2.6 km SSE Vusasivo Village, Mt. Na- apposition. vatadoi, lowland wet forest, [-16.593, 179.772], 400 m, 24.V–9.VI.2005, Malaise trap M01, L. Waqa; (All BPBM). Viti Levu: Rewa Prov.: ♂, Colo- Lapita bicolor sp. n. i-Suva Track, Naivikinikini, 17.X–8.XI.2004, yellow (Figs 1, 6a)

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184 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Description setae, with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with Male. Body length, 4.6–4.7 mm; wing length × strong subapical ad and av seta. width, 4.2 × 1.3 mm. (Fig. 1); similar to L. denti- Wing — CuAx ratio 2.0; lower calypter yellow cauda except as noted: with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and basal pale yellow. tarsomeres yellow, with distal tarsomeres ­becoming Abdomen — Tergite 1 with yellow tergite window, infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII with with brown to blue–green posterior border and with yellow lateral seta in basal third; I: 5.6; 7.1; pair long marginal setae; segment 7 (hypopygial 3.0/1.0/0.6/0.4/0.4; FI with short white ventral peduncle) relatively short and dark brown; sternite hairs along basal half, and short subapical pv seta; TI 8 yellow with black marginal setae; postabdomen with strong apical av and pv seta (MSSC), with av (Fig. 6a) hypopygium with basal half yellow and row of short fine black setulae along length (MSSC), distal half dark brown; cercus yellow; hypopygial otherwise bare of major setae, It1 slightly bowed, foramen left ventrobasal; epandrium subrectangu- flattened with pale yellow ventral pile along entire lar; hypandrium with short hood and elongate left length, with single strong posterior seta at 1/5, and lateral arm that reaches almost to apex of phallus; with posterior row of short curved setae from 2/5 to epandrial lobe well-developed, with strong apical­ apex (all MSSC); II: 5.8; 7.8; 5.5/1.3/1.0/0.5/0.4; and weak subapical seta; surstylus divided into two FII with subapical pv seta; TII with strong ad and arms, Y-shaped, with dorsal arm elongate and bear- short pd at 1/5, and with strong subapical av seta, ing strong apical setae, and ventral arm shorter but and shorter ad pd and pv subapical seta; III: 6.8; wider, also with strong setae; cercus lobate with 10.5; 4.0/1.8/1.2/0.7/0.4; FIII with short subapical external ­rounder lobe bearing short setae, and ven- pv seta; TIII with ad seta at 1/5, without anterior tral surface with some short strong setae and strong

Fig. 6. a, Lapita bicolor, postabdomen, left lateral. b, L. adusta, hypopygium, left lateral. Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 185 basally projecting curved seta and with 3 internally Legs — CI yellowish but often brown in the basal projecting setae. third; CII and CIII dark brown; trochanters yellow- ish to brown; femora, tibiae, and tarsomeres yellow Female. Similar to male except as noted: 4 strong dc to yellowish, and sometimes with femora variously present; TI bare of major setae; It1 unmodified, not infuscated and brownish; CII with white anterior flattened and without posterior setae; tergite 1 with hairs; CIII with white lateral setae in basal third; I: yellow tergite window, with brown to blue–green 5.0; 6.0; 3.0/1.4/0.7/0.6/0.4; FI with group of 5–6 posterior border and with pair long marginal se- white ventral setae in basal fifth, and with row of tae; tergites 2–4 yellow with posterior margin dark short pv setae along length; TI with strong apical av- ­metallic brown; tergites 6–7 mostly dark brown with pv setal pair (MSSC), otherwise bare of major setae; metallic reflections. It1 slightly bowed, flattened slightly, with yellow ven- tral pile along length, and with strong posterior seta Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17819), Fiji: Viti Levu: at 1/5, and row short curved posterior setae from 2/5 Namosi Prov., 1 km N Ocean Pacific Resort, nr to apex (all MSSC); II: 5.3; 7.6; 5.4/1.7/1.0/0.6/0.4; mangroves and pasture, [-18.172, 178.259], 0–5 m, FII with row of short pv setae along distal half; TII 28.I.2005, sticky trap on tree trunk T01, D.J. Bickel with strong ad at 1/4, anterior seta at 1/2 and 2/3, [FBA 526147]. Holotype deposited in BPBM. Para- dorsal seta at 1/3 and 2/3, and apically, and with types: ♂, 4 ♀, same data [FBA 526145, 526146, strong subapical ad and av seta, and weaker pd and 526148, 526144, 526149]. pv subapical seta; III: 6.8; 10.5; 3.9/1.9/1.3/0.7/0.5; FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with ad seta Additional non-type material. Fiji: Taveuni: at 1/5, anterior seta at 2/5, 3/5, and 4/5, with 7–8 Cakaudrove Prov., 5.6 km SE Tavuki Village, Devo short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong subapical Peak, cloud forest, [-16.843, -179.966], 1187 m, ad and av seta. 20–27.XII.2002, Malaise trap M01, L. Ratu [FBA Wing — CuAx ratio 1.5; lower calypter brown 144214] (BPBM). Vanua Levu: 2 ♂, Niuvudi, rim with fan of black setae; halter yellow. ­Navonu, forested area, no elevation, 3–6.IX.1975, Abdomen — Tergite 1 with yellow dorsal window, mercury-vapour light, P.A. Maddison (NZAC). but blue–green posteriorly and laterally; tergites 2–7 dark metallic blue–green with dusting of grey Remarks. Lapita bicolor is known from lowland and pruinosity; sternites dark brown; tergites with black upland habitats on Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, and setae near posterior margins and with short black Taveuni, and in this respect its distribution is similar vestiture on surface; sternite 8 dark brown; hypopy- to that of L. vatudiri. The type series was collected gium (Fig. 6b) with epandrium dark brown and cer- with sticky traps on tree trunks in a coastal pasture, cus brownish; hypopygial foramen left ventrobasal; indicating this species rests on tree trunks, like many epandrium subrectangular; hypandrium with short other Sciapodinae. Males of this species have the bas- hood and elongate left lateral arm that reaches al- al half part of the hypopygium yellow with a sharp most to apex of phallus; epandrial lobe with strong division with the dark brown distal half. apical and weak subapical seta; surstylus with dorsal digitiform projection, and larger ventral arm with Etymology. The specific epithetbicolor is from Latin three strong apical setae; cercus lobate with external and refers to the two colored (yellow and brown) rounded lobe bearing short setae, and ventral surface male hypopygium. with some short strong setae and strong curved ba- sally projecting seta and with 3 internally projecting setae. Lapita adusta sp. n. (Fig. 6b) Female. Similar to male, except vertical seta strong and well developed; antenna entirely brown; dc all Description strong; CI yellow, without infestation; trochanters, Male. Body length, 3.7 mm; wing length × width, and remainder of legs yellow; TI with short ad seta at

3.8 × 1.4 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as 1/6, and short dorsal at 3/5; It1 lacking both ventral noted: pile and posterior row of curved setae; legs II and Head — Vertex, frons, and face dark metallic III with similar setation; tergites 1–6 dark metallic blue–green, with a dusting of brownish pruinosity; green. palp brown with 2 strong black setae; proboscis yel- low; antennal scape yellowish, pedicel and postpedi- Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17817), Fiji: Viti Levu: cel brown. Naitasiri Prov: 2 km E Navai Village, old trail to Thorax — Entirely dark metallic blue–green with Mt. Tomaniivi,, gymnosperm-dominated ­rainforest, grey pruinosity over pleura. [-17.621, 178.008], 700 m, 16.III–6.V.2005, Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

186 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

­Malaise trap M03, L. Namatalau [FBA 508347]. Abdomen — Tergites with black setae near posteri- Holotype deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, same as or margins and with short black vestiture on surface; holotype; ♂, 2 ♀, 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively short; Track, gymnosperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, sternite 8 brownish; hypopygium (Fig. 5b) mostly 178.009], 1020 m, 6.XI.2004–3.II.2005, Malaise yellow with distal cercus brownish; hypopygial fora- trap M01, L. Namatalau; ♂, same data but 30.VIII– men left basoventral; epandrium subrectangular; hy- 23.IX.2005; ♂, same data but 8–24.XI.2003; ♂, pandrium with short hood and elongate left lateral same data but 16.III–6.V.2005 (all BPBM). arm that almost reaches apex of phallus; epandrial lobe elongate, with short subapical and long strong Remarks. Lapita adusta is known only from Malaise apical seta; surstylus deeply cleft, divided into two traps near Navai Village, central Viti Levu, in rain- subequal arms: ventral and more median arm lobate forests above 700 m. Males of this species show a with modified fan-like seta as shown; elongate dorsal variable degree of infuscation along coxa I and the arm with median pedunculate seta and with straight femora. However, the abdomen is entirely metallic and pencil-like seta; cercus massive, with three ven- green–brown and the epandrium is always entirely tral lobes, outer with some apical setae, median with- dark brown (unlike the yellow coloration found in out modified and sinuate seta, and inner with setae the abdominal tergites and epandria of related Lapita as shown. species). As well, the antenna is brown, unlike the mostly yellow antenna of close congeners. This spe- Female. Unassociated. cies is close to L. bicolor, from Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni, and both species have a similar cercal Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17835), Fiji: Viti Levu: structure Naitasiri Prov., 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase Track, gymnosperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, Etymology. The specific epithetadusta is from the 178.009], 1020 m, 8––24.XI.2003, Malaise trap Latin meaning brown or swarthy, in reference to the M01, L. Namatalau [FBA 167263]. Holotype de- relatively dark coloration of this species. posited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, 2 km E Navai Vil- lage, old trail to Mt. Tomaniivi (Victoria), gymno- sperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.621, 178], 700 m, Lapita veilaselase sp. n. 14.V–4.VI.2004, Malaise trap M03, L. Namatalau (Fig. 5b) [FBA 502450] (all BPBM).

Description Remarks. Lapita veilaselase is known only from two Male. Body length, 3.8 mm; wing length × width, males taken in upland rainforest near Mt. Tomanii- 4.0 × 1.3 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as vi, in central Viti Levu. In addition to its distinctive noted: hypopygium, this species can be identified by two Legs — Setae black; CI, all trochanters, femora, leg characters (putative MSSC): tibia I with a row or tibiae, and basal tarsomeres yellow, with distal tar- 35–40 short pv setae along entire length, and femur someres becoming infuscated; CII and CIII dark II with a row of five 5 short pv setae along the distal brown; CIII with yellow lateral setae in basal third; quarter. femora variously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 5.0; 6.0; 2.4/1.3/0.8/0.4/0.4; TI with row or Etymology. The specific epithet veilaselase is a geo- 35–40 short pv setae along entire length, distinct graphical place name of Fijian indigenous origin from normal vestiture (MSSC), and with strong on Viti Levu, and is to be regarded as a noun in apical ventral seta (MSSC), otherwise bare of major­ apposition. setae; It1 slightly bowed, flattened with pale yellow ventral pile along entire length, and with single strong posterior seta at 1/5 (all MSSC); II: 5.0; 6.7; Lapita delaco sp. n. 5.0/1.3/1.1/0.7/0.3; FII with row of 5 short pv setae (Figs 7d, e) along distal quarter, with distalmost strongest; TII with strong ad and short pd at 1/5, strong anterior Description seta at 1/2, short pd seta at 3/5, and with strong Male. Body length, 2.9 mm; wing length × width, subapical ad and av seta, and weaker subapical pd 2.8 × 0.7 mm. similar to L. denticauda except as and pv seta; III: 6.3; 10.0; 3.8/1.8/1.4/0.8/0.3; FIII noted: with short subapical pv seta; TIII with ad seta at 1/5, Legs — All coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and strong anterior seta at 2/5, 3/5 and 3/4, with 5–6 tarsomeres yellow, with only some slight infuscation short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong subapical laterally on the CII; distal tarsomeres becoming in- ad and av seta. fuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; CIII with yellow Wing — CuAx ratio 1.9. lateral seta at 1/5; I: 4.2;Downloaded 4.7; 2.5/1.0/0.7/0.5/0.4; from Brill.com09/27/2021 TI02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 187

Fig. 7. Lapita greenwoodi, holotype — a, head and throax, dorsal; b, habitus, left lateral; c, male postabdomen. Lapita delaco, holotype — d, left lateral habitus; e, male postabdomen. with strong apical av and pv seta (MSSC), otherwise tergite 6 also mostly yellow but with dorsal metallic bare of major setae, It1 slightly bowed, flattened with band and also posterior marginal band; sternites all pale yellow ventral pile along entire length, and with yellow; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively strong posterior seta at 1/5 (all MSSC); II: 4.1; 5.5; short and yellow; sternite 8 yellow with brownish 3.7/1.2/1.0/0.6/0.5; FII with subapical pv seta; TII ­setae; hypopygium (Fig. 7e), including surstyli en- with strong ad and short pd at 1/5, strong anterior tirely yellow, except hypandrium and phallus brown, seta at 1/2, with 2–4 very short ventral setae on distal and cercus white; hypopygial foramen left basal; ep- half, and with strong subapical ad and av seta, and andrium subrectangular, with surstylus positioned weaker pd and pv subapical seta; IIt1 with 4 very along ventral surface; hypandrium with short hood short ventral setae; III: 5.2; 7.0; 2.6/1.6/1.1/0.6/0.4; and elongate left lateral arm that reaches almost to FIII with short subapical pv seta; TIII with ad seta apex of phallus; epandrial lobe short, with strong at 1/4, weaker anterior 3/5, with strong subapical ad apical and weak subapical seta; surstylus not clearly and weaker av seta. visible; cercus massive with basal lobe bearing pale Wing — CuAx ratio 1.7; lower calypter yellow yellow setae and distal lobe with some short black with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter setae. pale yellow. Abdomen — Tergites 1–5 almost entirely yellow Female. Similar to male except as noted: face wider; 4 except each with posterior narrow metallic dark strong dc present; TI with only short apical setae; It1 brown marginal band; major setae black, with short straight, not flattened, without ventral pile, and lack- vestiture yellow; tergite 1 with two long marginal se- ing posterior seta; other leg setation similar; abdomen tae and tergites 2–5 each with 6 long marginal setae; also mostly yellow Downloadedwith posterior from Brill.com09/27/2021 marginal bands. 02:01:33AM via free access

188 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17821), Fiji: Gau: Female. Unknown. ­Lomaiviti Prov., 3.3 km SE Navukailagi Village, Mt. Delaco, [-17.986, 179.278], 564 m, 27.V–16. Type. Bezzi (1928) described Chrysosoma greenwoodi VI.2005, Malaise trap M03, U. Racule [­FBA- from a single male in poor condition taken near 511120]. Holotype deposited in BPBM. Paratypes: Lautoka, Viti Levu, 11.IV.1929 (BMNH, examined 2 ♀, same data as holotype but 3–19.VIII.2005; through digital photos supplied by Erica McAlister). 2 ♀, 4.0 km SE Navukailagi Village, Mt. Delaco, [-17.98, 179.275], 496 m, 8–20.X.2005, Malaise Remarks. Lapita greenwoodi is only known from the trap M02, U. Racule (all BPBM). holotype, collected in mountains near Lautoka, Viti Levu. The specimen is rather contracted, and it is Remarks. Lapita delaco is known from a male and difficult to obtain a clear view of the hypopygium. four females from the island of Gau, in the Lomaiviti However, based on the photographs (Figs 7a–c), it Group. This species is distinctive in having an almost is clearly placed in the denticauda species group, and completely yellow hypopygium and mostly yellow it can be separated from all other Fijian Lapita by its abdomen. relatively small size (wing length 2.7 mm) and ba- sitarsus I has a strong posterior seta at 1/5 followed Etymology. The specific epithetdelaco is a geographi- by a row of 7 short setae along the posterior margin. cal place name of Fijian indigenous origin on Gau, and is to be regarded as a noun in apposition. Lapita timocii sp. n. (Fig. 8a) Lapita greenwoodi (Bezzi), comb. n. (Figs 7a–c) Description Male. Body length, 2.9 mm; wing length × width, Chrysosoma greenwoodi Bezzi, 1928: 61. 2.8 × 0 .9 mm. similar to L. denticauda except as greenwoodi (Bezzi), in Bickel 1994: noted: 366. Head — Anterior eye facets distinctly enlarged. Legs — All coxae and remainder of legs pale yel- Diagnosis. Based on Bezzi’s (1928) description and low, with only some infuscation laterally on CII, and examination of photos taken of the holotype. with slight infuscation on distal tarsomeres; CIII with yellow lateral setae in basal third; femora vari- Male. Body length, 2.5 mm; wing length × width, ously with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 4.0; 3.8; 2.7 × 1.5 mm; similar to L. denticauda except as 2.4/1.0/0.7/0.5/0.4; TI with curved apical ventral noted: seta (MSSC); It1 slightly bowed, flattened with pale Head — Antenna yellow; scape short; pedicel yellow ventral pile along entire length, and with sin- with ring of short setae, and with strong dorsal and gle strong posterior seta at 1/6, and with some short shorter ventral seta; postpedicel short subtriangular; curved posterior setae on distal quarter (all MSSC); arista apical, as long as head height, and simple. II: 4.0; 5.2; 3.8/1.2/0.9/0.5/0.3; FII with short sub- Thorax — Metapleuron metallic blue–green. apical pv seta; TII with short ad at 1/5 and 1/2, and Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and short pd at 1/5, and with subapical ad, av, pd and pv seta; III: 5.0; 7.3; 2.9/1.5/1.0/0.7/0.4; FIII with basal tarsomeres yellow; CII and CIII brown; It1 slightly bowed, flattened with pale yellow ventral pile short subapical pv seta; TIII without ad seta at 1/5, along entire length, and with single strong posterior with 5–6 short spaced dorsal setae, and with strong seta at 1/5, and with 7 shorter setae along posterior subapical ad and av seta. margin (all MSSC). Wing — CuAx ratio 1.6; lower calypter yellow Wing — Hyaline, CuAx ratio 1.4; lower calypter with fan of pale yellow setae; halter pale yellow. yellow with pale yellow setae; halter pale yellow. Abdomen — Tergite 1 mostly brown to blue– Abdomen — Tergite 1 apparently mostly brown green, and with pair long marginal setae; tergite 2 to blue–green; tergites 2 and 3 each yellow on basal entirely yellow on basal two-thirds, but posterior two-thirds, but posterior third metallic blue–green third metallic blue–green dorsally; tergites 3–4 each dorsally; each tergite 4–6 mostly metallic blue– yellow but metallic blue–green along dorsal anterior green with matt brown posterior band; sternite 8 and posterior margins; tergites 5–6 mostly metallic brownish; hypopygium (Fig. 7c) mostly yellow with blue–green; sternites 3–4 yellowish, other sternites ­distal cercus brownish; hypopygial foramen left lat- brown; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively eral; ­epandrium subrectangular; cercus lobate and short; hypopygium (Fig. 8a) mostly brown with retracted. yellow cercus; sternite 8 forming cap over slightly

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Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 189

Fig. 8. Hypopygium, left lateral — a, Lapita timocii; b, L. maafusalatu; c, L. paradoxa. left lateral ventroposterior hypopygial foramen; strong setae on outer arm, with strong ventral pe- epandrium subrectangular; hypandrium with short dunculate seta and inner process. hood and elongate left lateral arm not reaching apex of phallus; epandrial lobe well-developed, long Female. Unassociated. strong curved apical seta, and weaker subapical seta; surstylus lobate with dorsal peduncular arm bearing Type. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17831), Fiji: Viti Levu: two strong apical setae; cercus massive and lobate, Naitasiri Prov., 4.8 km N Veisari Settlement, logging with apical group of curved setae, median group of road to Waivudawa, lowland wet forest, [-18.075,

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178.362], 300 m, 12.XII.2002–3.I.2003, Malaise 1/5, and with short subapical ad, av, and pd seta; trap M01, Timoci [FBA 177981]. Holotype depos- III: 6.4; 9.5; 3.9/1.9/1.3/0.8/0.4; FIII bare of ­major ited in BPBM. setae; TIII without ad seta and with row of short spaced dorsal setae. Remarks. Lapita timocii is known only from the Wing — CuAx ratio 1.7; lower calypter yellow lowland rainforest type locality in southeastern Viti with fan of pale yellow setae; halter pale yellow. Levu. The cercus is distinctive. Abdomen — Tergites 1–3 mostly yellow, but metallic green along posterior tergite margins, and Etymology. This species is named in honor of Ti- ­tergite 1 metallic green near base; tergites 4–6 me- moci (surname unknown), the collector who main- tallic blue–green, and with matt brown areas near tained the Malaise traps at Nakobalevu, Viti Levu. tergite overlap, with black marginal setae and short black vestiture; segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) rel- atively short, with large sternite 8 covering basal half The paradoxa group of epandrium; hypopygium (Fig. 8c) dark brown, Diagnosis and cercus yellow basally, but distal arms mostly Head — Male vertical seta short, about one-half brown; hypopygial foramen left basal; epandrium­ length of ocellar seta (MSSC). subrectangular; epandrial lobe rather short, with Legs — Tibia I with row of some 25–30 short pv apical and subapical seta; surstylus deeply cleft, with seta along length, and with short, slightly curved longer dorsal arm distally clavate with two long ventroapical seta (MSSC); It1 in basal half swollen curved black subapical setae, and flattened whitish and expanded with dense yellow ventral pile and apical seta; cercus complex, with large basal area with with posterior seta near base of margin, and with various ventral projections as shown, and distally ta- distal half unmodified (MSSC). pering with ventral row of 8–10 long curved whitish Abdomen — Cercus with complex basoventral setae. mound. Female. Unknown. Remarks. The paradoxa group comprises two Fijian species, both from the highlands of Viti Levu: Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17827), Fiji: Viti Levu: maafusalatu sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) Naitasiri Prov., 3.2 km E Navai Village, Veilaselase paradoxa sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu) Track, gymnosperm-dominated rainforest, [-17.624, 178.009], 1020 m, 23.IX–18.X.2004, Malaise trap M02, L. Namatalau [FBA 532174]. Holotype de- Lapita paradoxa sp. n. posited in BPBM. Paratypes: ♂, same as holotype (Fig. 8c) [FBA 532173]; ♂, same data but 9–30.VIII.2004 [FBA 109149] (all BPBM). Description Male. Body length, 3.1 mm; wing length × width, Remarks. Lapita paradoxa is known from three males 3.8 × 1.2 mm. taken in the same Malaise trap at the Veilaselase site Head — Vertex, frons, and face metallic blue– at about 1,000 m in interior Viti Levu. To the naked green, with a dusting of silvery pruinosity; antenna eye, the hypopygium appears elongate and some- entirely yellow. what projecting basally (Fig. 8c). The group of long Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, and whitish seta on the distal cercus is diagnostic. basal tarsomeres yellow, with distalmost tarso- meres slightly infuscated; CII and CIII dark brown; Etymology. Lapita paradoxa is named for the unusual CIII with strong white lateral setae in basal third shape of the hypopygium which is so characteristic and with short white seta near distal margin; fem- of this species. ora with short fine white ventral hairs; I: 4.8; 5.5; 2.7/1.3/1.0/0.5/0.3; FI with short black preapical pv seta; TI with row of some 25–30 short pv seta along Lapita maafusalatu sp. n. length, and with short, slightly curved ventroapical (Fig. 8b) seta (MSSC); It1 in basal two-thirds swollen and ex- panded with dense yellow ventral pile and with poste- Description rior marginal seta near base (MSSC), and with distal Male. Body length, 3.8 mm; wing length × width, third unmodified; II: 5.1; 6.5; 5.2/1.4/1.2/0.8/0.5; 4.1 × 1.4 mm; unique specimen somewhat damaged; FII with row of short black ventral setae along dis- similar to L. paradoxa except as noted: tal two-thirds, and with short subapical pv seta; TII Head — Scape and pedicel brown, with postpedi- with ad at 1/6 and subapically, with short dorsal at cel distinctly yellow; pedicel with ring of short se- Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 191 tae and dorsal and stronger ventral seta; postpedicel Legs — Basitarsus I longer than TI, narrow and short subtriangular; arista missing on specimen. bowed, and with short white posterior hairs along Legs — I: 4.6; 5.3; 2.6/1.3/0.8/0.6/0.6; TI with entire length (Figs 9b, c) (MSSC) [leg I unknown row of some 25–30 short pv setae along length, and for L. batiquere]. with short, slightly curved ventroapical seta (MSSC); Abdomen — Surstylus lobate, undivided; cercus

It1 in basal half swollen and expanded with dense yel- divided into two large setose structures, with baso- low ventral pile and with posterior seta near base of ventral structure platelike (Figs 9a, d). margin, and with distal half unmodified (MSSC); II: 5.0; 6.1; 4.8/1.2/1.0/0.5/0.4; TII with short dorsal Remarks. The Lapita tuimerekei group is defined by seta at 1/6 and 1/2, other setation not clearly visible; the genitalic characters given above, and although III: 6.1; 8.9; 3.7/1.8/1.2/0.6/0.4; FIII bare of ma- only L. tuimerekei has an undamaged male leg I, pos- jor setae; TIII without ad seta and with row of short sibly the elongate male basitarsus I is a synapomor- spaced dorsal setae. phy of both species. For discussion of distribution, Wing — CuAx ratio 1.9; lower calypter yellow see under “Remarks” from L. tuimerekei. The tuimer- with fan of pale yellow setae; halter pale yellow. ekei group comprises two Fijian species: Abdomen — Tergites 1–3 mostly yellow, but me- batiqere sp. n. Fiji (Vanua Levu) tallic green along posterior tergite margins; tergites tuimerekei sp. n. Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu) 4–6 metallic blue–green, and with matte brown ­areas around tergite overlap, with black marginal setae and short black vestiture; segment 7 (hypopygial pe- Lapita tuimerekei sp. n. duncle) relatively short; hypopygium (Fig. 8b) dark (Figs 9a–c) brown with yellowish cercus; hypopygial foramen left lateral epandrium subrectangular; hypandrium Description. with short hood and elongate left lateral arm that Male. Body length, 5.5–5.6 mm; wing length × reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial lobe width, 5.4 × 1.7 mm. elongate, almost as long as surstylus, with very strong Head — Vertex, frons, and face metallic blue– apical and weak subapical seta; surstylus forked and green, with a dusting of silvery pruinosity; antenna divided into two arms: ventral arm shorter and yellowish. ­dorsal arm elongate with two strong apical­ setae; Legs — CI, all trochanters, femora, tibiae, yellow;

­cercus massive with some ventral projections and tarsus I yellow with It5 black; tarsi II and III with with narrow distal peduncles with tuft of apical setae. basal tarsomere yellow, becoming infuscated distally; CII and CIII dark brown; CII with white anterior Female. Unknown. hairs; CIII with 2 white lateral setae in basal third; I: 7.0; 8.0; 9.5/2.8/2.4/2.0/0.6; leg I (Fig. 9b); FI with Type. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17824), Fiji: Viti some short pale ventral hairs on basal third, other- Levu: Vuda Prov., Koroyanitu EcoPark, Mt. E­ vans wise bare of major setae; TI with short dorsal at 1/8, Range, 1 km E Abaca Village, Savuione Trail, and with pv row of short white hairs from 1/5 to disturbed mid-elevation moist forest, [-17.667, apex (MSSC); It1 longer than TI (MSSC), ­narrow 177.55], 800 m, 12.X–19.X.2002, Malaise trap and bowed, and with short white posterior hairs

M01, L. Tuimereke [FBA 001499]. Holotype depos- along entire length (MSSC); It4 white distally, and ited in BPBM. It5 dorsoventrally flattened into black flag (Fig. 9c); II: 7.5; 11.2; 11.0/3.0/2.1/0.8/0.6; FII bare of major Remarks. Lapita maafusalatu is known only from a setae; TII with ad seta at 1/6 and apically, short dor- single male taken in the Mt. Evans Range in north- sal seta at 1/3 and apically, and with apical av and pv western Viti Levu. seta; III: 11.1; 16.5; 8.2/3.2/3.2/2.1/0.6; FIII bare of major setae; TIII without ad seta, with 5–6 short Etymology. In the Fijian language salatu means ‘road’ spaced dorsal setae. or ‘street’, and maafusalatu refers to Ma’afu Street in Wing — CuAx ratio 2.2; lower calypter yellow Suva, where the Wildlife Conservation Society (the with brown rim and fan of pale yellow setae; halter base for the Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey) and pale yellow. other conservation organizations are located. The Abdomen — Relatively long; tergites 1–6 dark specific epithet is a noun in apposition. ­metallic green with bronze reflections, tergites 2–6 with anterior half covered by matt brown area, The tuimerekei group and with black marginal setae, short black vesti- Diagnosis. Head — Male vertical seta present as ture, and some white hairs laterally; segments 7–8 weak hair, about one-third length of ocellar seta brown; s­egment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) relatively (MSSC). short; sternite 8 dark metallic green with some long Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

192 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Fig. 9. Lapita tuimerekei — a, hypopygium, left lateral; b, male leg I, posterior; c, male leg I, tarsomeres 4–5, ante- rior. d, L. batiqere, hypopygium, left lateral.

­distal setae; hypopygium (Fig. 9a); epandrium, phal- with large curved spatulate projection bearing lateral lus, and hypandrium yellow, with distal edge of row of setae. ­hypandrium dark brown; cercus brown; epandrium ­subrectangular; hypandrial hood short and wide with Female. Similar to male, except vertical setae strong serrated margin and with elongate left lateral arm and well developed; face not bulging; pedicel also that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial lobe distinct but dorsal seta; postpedicel more elongate not distinct, but two strong setae arise directly from triangular, almost three times as long as pedicel; TI distal corner of epandrium, and with some short also with stronger dorsal at 1/5, and but without of setae arising basally from lateral wall of epandrium;­ short white hairs; It1 shorter than TI, without short surstylus trapezoidal, with dorsal corner bearing long posterior hairs; It4-5 unmodified; TII with stronger projecting seta, and other setae as figur­ ed, cercus with ad seta at 1/6, dorsal seta at 1/2; FIII bare of major short basal digitiform projection, and with ­tapering setae; TIII with ad seta at 1/6 and with some short subtriangular distal pr­ ojection, and ­basoventrally dorsal setae; tergites 1–6 dark metallic green, but

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Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 193 anterior third of tergite 2 yellow, forming distinct distal edge of hypandrium dark brown; cercus yellow band across dorsum. brown; hypopygial foramen left lateral epandrium subrectangular; handrail hood short and wide with serrated margin, and with elongate left lateral arm Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17832), Fiji: Viti that reaches almost to apex of phallus; epandrial Levu: Koroyanitu EcoPark, Mt. Evans Range, lobe not distinct, but two strong setae arising di- 1 km E Abaca Village, Savuione Trail, disturbed rectly from ventral margin of epandrium; surstylus mid-elevation moist forest, [-17.667, 177.55], 800 curved and lobate and bearing setae as figured, in- m, 27.XII.2004–11.I.2005, Malaise trap M01, L. cluding and long dorsally projecting seta; cercus with Tuimereke [FBA 511423]. Holotype deposited in large ­basoventral clavate projection bearing crown of BPBM. Paratypes: 5 ♂, same as holotype; 12 ♂, ♀, abundant strong black setae, and with distal curved same data but 29.XI–13.XII.2004; ♂, same data but tapering digitiform projection with abundant setae 13–27.XII.2004 (all BPBM). as figured.

Additional non-type material. Fiji: Vanua Levu: ♂, Female. Not associated. Batiqere Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Village, lowland wet forest, [-16.807, 178.991], 98 m, 28.VI–21. Types. Holotype, ♂ (BPBM 17818), Fiji: Vanua VII.2004, Malaise trap M05, P. Manueli (BPBM). Levu: Batiqere Range, 6 km NW Kilaka Village, lowland wet forest, [-16.815, 178.986], 146 m, Remarks. Lapita tuimerekei is known from a Malaise 28.VI–21.VII.2004, Malaise trap M02, P. Manueli trap at 800 m at Koroyanitu in the Mt. Evans Range, [FBA 077255]. Holotype deposited in BPBM. Viti Levu, and near 100 m in the Batiqere Range, Vanua Levu. It was not collected in any of the other Remarks. Lapita batiqere is known only from a rather three Malaise traps in the Mt Evans Range or else- damaged male, taken at a lowland site in the Batiqere where in Viti Levu. The closely related L. batiqere is Range, Vanua Levu, where appears to be sympatric also only known from the Batiqere Range, but from with L. tuimerekei. The cercus is diagnostic and the a different Malaise trap. Therefore, L. tuimerekei is species can be readily recognized. However both possibly quite restricted in distribution and rarely forelegs are missing, so any distinctive male char- captured. acters that might occur on leg I remain unknown, especially if basitarsus I is longer than tibia I. Etymology. Lapita tuimerekei is named for Livai Tuimereke, who maintained the Malaise traps at the Etymology. The specific epithet batiqere is a place Abaca type locality. name of Fijian indigenous origin on Vanua Levu, and is to be regarded as a noun in apposition. Lapita batiqere sp. n. Discussion — Faunistics and (Fig. 9d) Biogeography Description This revision treats the Lapita fauna of the Fijian Male. Body length, 5.9 mm; wing length × width, archipelago (with one species extending to Tonga), 5.5 × 1.8 mm. unique specimen somewhat damaged; and a single Vanuatu species (Table 1). The twenty similar to L. tuimerekei except as noted: Fijian species treated here are almost entirely derived Legs — CI yellow, remainder of leg I missing; CII from long-term Malaise trapping throughout the and CIII dark brown; trochanters, femora, tibiae II ­archipelago (for background, see Evenhuis & Bickel and III yellow; tarsus II missing; tarsus III brown- 2005). Of these, seven are known from a single site, ish; CIII with 2 white lateral setae in basal third; and an additional five are known from only two sites. leg I missing; II: 7.5; 8.6; remainder of leg missing; This suggests a high level of local endemism in the FII bare of major setae; TII setation damaged; III: fauna, and that more species await discovery from 8.6; 11.7; 5.7/2.8/2.1/1.0/0.4; FIII bare of major poorly sampled districts. By comparison, two spe- setae; TIII without ad seta, with 5–6 short spaced cies in the vakalevu group are widespread in Fiji, L. dorsal setae. tavuki with 18 sites, and the common L. vakalevu Wing — CuAx ratio 2.1. with 30 sites. Viti Levu, being the largest and most Abdomen — Segment 7 (hypopygial peduncle) complex island, has the richest fauna with 14 species, relatively short; sternite 8 dark metallic green with ten of them apparently endemic to the island. This some long distal setae; hypopygium (Fig. 9d); ep- revision also treats a single Vanuatu species, from andrium, phallus, and hypandrium yellow, with Espiritu Santo. I suspect more Lapita species await

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194 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 159, 2016

Table 1. Distribution and site occurrence of Lapita from Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga. Island abbreviations used: Fiji: Ga, Gau; Kv, Kadavu; Ko, Koro; Lk, Lakeba; Mo, Moala; Ov, Ovalau; Tv, Taveuni; Vl, Viti Levu; Vn, Vanua Levu. Tonga: Eu, ‘Eua. Vanuatu: Es, Espiritu Santo. Lapita taxa Vanuatu Fiji Tonga # sites denticauda group adusta sp. n. Vl 2 bicolor sp. n. Vl, Vn, Tv 3 coloisuva sp. n. Vl 1 delaco sp. n. Ga 2 denticauda sp. n. Vl 1 greenwoodi Bezzi Vl 1 kuitarua sp. n. Vn, La, Ko 3 macuata sp. n. Vn, Vl, Tv 5 sanma sp. n. Es 3 sarnati sp. n. Vl 2 timocii sp. n. Vl 1 vatudiri sp. n. Vn, Vl, Tv 6 veilaselase sp. n. Vl 2 paradoxa group maafusalatu sp. n. Vl 1 paradoxa sp. n. Vl 1 tuimerekei group tuimerekei sp. n. Vl, Vn 2 batiqere sp. n. Vn 1 vakalevu group morleyi sp. n. Kv, Ga 3 savura sp. n. Vl 3 tavuki sp. n. Vl, Vn, Kv, Tv 18 vakalevu sp. n. Vl, Vn, Tv, Ga, Kv, Ko, Lk, Ov Eu 33 both collection and description from the Vanuatu of patterns, but with few examples for a New Cale- archipelago, especially the larger high islands like donia–Vanuatu–Fiji track. The New Caledonian Malekula. Sciapodinae are rich, with 53 described species and Five central Pacific sciapodine species groups (i.e., many awaiting description (Bickel 2002, and Re- groups that appear to have evolved in place and marks under “Genus Lapita Bickel”, above). The show no evidence of direct dispersal from western fauna is largely endemic and does not seem to be a sources) have distributions that include both Fiji and major source for dispersalists, unlike the Melanesian Vanuatu. These groups are defined by synapomor- archipelagos to the west of Fiji. However, the dis- phies, and although they span both island groups, all tribution of two genera suggest a direct connection species are endemic to their respective archipelagos. between Fiji and New Caledonia. These include the Krakatau malekula group (Bickel a) The genus Hardy has rich faunas in 2008a), the Amblypsilopus pulvillatus, arenarius, and New Caledonia, New Zealand, and temperate olsoni groups (Bickel 2006b, 2009), and the Lapita Australia. Parentia cagiae Bickel is known from denticauda group treated here. This distribution sug- coastal Viti Levu and is the sole Fijian repre- gests a vicariant pattern, with major groups having sentative of this otherwise Gondwanan group radiated while Fiji and Vanuatu were in physical (Bickel 2006a). proximity, as was the case some 6–8 Mya, when as b) Lapita is a genus which displays considerable di- part of the old Vitiaz Arc, Viti Levu (Fiji) and Male- versity in both New Caledonia and Fiji. Overall kula (Vanuatu) were within 100 km of each other. the New Caledonian fauna is more disparate, Since that time, Fiji has rifted and rotated and Viti showing greater morphological variation than Levu is now some 800 km away from Vanuatu (Hall occurs in the Fijian fauna. 2002, Kroenke 1996). Fiji has a complex geological history, but the age of The relationship of the Fijian and Vanuatu its continuous subaerial exposure would have influ- Sciapodinae to that of New Caledonia is less clear. enced the colonization and radiation of the terrestrial Heads (2010) reviewed the biogeography of the biota. Most authors suggest an early to mid-Miocene New Caledonian biota and demonstrated a number (10–14 Ma) emergence for Viti Levu. In light of Fiji’s Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access

Bickel: Lapita (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) 195 relatively young age, vicariant relationships with dis- Bickel, D.J., 1994. The Australian Sciapodinae (Diptera: tant landmasses seems unlikely, especially since there Dolichopodidae), with a review of the Oriental and is no evidence for ‘stepping stone’ archipelagoes Australasian faunas, and a world conspectus of the linking Fiji or Vanuatu to New Caledonia or New ­subfamily. — Records of the Australian Museum Sup- Zealand. Therefore dispersal from the older land- plement 21: 1–394. mass of New Caledonia is a possible process to ac- Bickel, D.J., 2002. The Sciapodinae of New Caledonia count for the presence of Parentia and Lapita on Fiji. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). — Zoologia Neocale- However, Heads (2010) suggested that biotas donica, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire might evolve and survive for long periods as meta- ­Naturelle, Paris. 187: 11–83. Bickel, D.J., 2005. Plagiozopelma (Diptera: Dolichopodi- populations on ephemeral islands, later becoming dae: Sciapodinae) from Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon juxtaposed during terrane accretion. Here the pos- Islands. — In N.L. Evenhuis & D.J. Bickel (Eds), Fiji sible biogeographical role of the ‘Eua Ridge, now I. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 82: underlying the Tongan island of ‘Eua, needs consid- 47–61. eration. From the mid-Eocene (about 40 Ma), the Bickel, D.J., 2006a. Parentia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) ‘Eua Ridge, part of the eastern end of New Cale- from Fiji: A biogeographic link with New Caledonia donia, detached and rafted northeastward driven and New Zealand. — In N.L. Evenhuis & D.J. Bickel by sea floor spreading. At 25 Ma (mid-Oligocene), (Eds), Fiji Arthropods V. Bishop Museum Occasional the Ridge was directly north of proto-New Zealand, Papers 89: 45–50. and by 6–5 Ma (latest Miocene–early Pliocene) part Bickel, D.J., 2006b. The Amblypsilopus pulvillatus species of the ‘Eua Ridge collided with the Fijian Platform. group (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae), a ra- Kroenke (1996) has suggested that this terrane accre- diation in the western Pacific. — In N.L. Evenhuis & tion could have allowed direct transfer of New Cale- D.J. Bickel (Eds), Fiji Arthropods VI. Bishop Museum donian biotic elements to Fiji. If so, New Caledo- Occasional Papers 90: 51–66. nian biota might have been delivered directly to Fiji, Bickel, D.J., 2008a. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: possibly accounting for distinctive taxa not found on Sciapodinae) from the southwest Pacific, with a focus the ‘stepping stone’ islands (Vanuatu and Solomons) on the radiation in Fiji. — In N.L. Evenhuis & D.J. closer to a putative Papuan source area. Bickel (Eds), Fiji Arthropods XI. Bishop Museum Oc- casional Papers 97: 21–64. Bickel, D.J., 2008b. Pouebo (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), Acknowledgements a remarkable new genus from New Caledonia, with ­secondary symmetry in the male postabdomen. — I thank the following curators and technical of- Zoologia Neocaledonica 6, Mémoires du Muséum ficers for providing information or facilitating ­National d’Histoire Naturelle 197: 49–55. the loan of specimens: Erica McAlister, who also Bickel, D.J., 2009. Amblypsilopus (Diptera: Dolichopodi- provided photos of the Chrysosoma greenwoodi ho- dae: Sciapodinae) from the Southwest Pacific, with a lotype (BMNH), Trevor Crosby (NZAC), Chris- focus on the radiation in Fiji and Vanuatu. — In N.L. tophe Daugeron (MNHN), Neal Evenhuis & Keith Evenhuis & D.J. Bickel (Eds), Fiji Arthropods XIII. ­Arakaki (BPBM),Leah Brorstrom & the late Evert Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 103: 3–61. Schlinger (Schlinger Laboratory, Santa Ynez, Cali- Evenhuis, N.L. & D.J. Bickel, 2005. The NSF-Fiji fornia), and Norm Woodley (USNM). Hannah ­Terrestrial Arthropod Survey: Overview. — In: N.L. Finlay drew the figures. John Martin provided ad- Evenhuis & D.J. Bickel (Eds), Fiji Arthropods I. Bish- ditional photographs. Neal Evenhuis and an anony- op Museum Occasional Papers 82: 3–25. mous referee provided helpful comments on an early Hall, R., 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evo- version of the manuscript. lution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: Computer-based I thank the Fiji Government Ministries of reconstructions, model and animations. — Journal of ­Forestry and Environment for their support of this Asian Earth Science 20: 353–431. project. Funding for this work was provided by Heads, M. 2010. Biogeographical affinities of the New ­National Science Foundation Grant DEB 0425790 Caledonian biota: a puzzle with 24 pieces. — Journal ‘Fiji ­Terrestrial Arthropod Survey’ and the Schlinger of Biogeography 37: 1179–1201. Foundation. This paper is Contribution No. 2016- Kroenke, L.W., 1996. Plate tectonic development of the western and southwestern pacific: Mesozoic to the 001 to the ‘Fiji Terrestrial Arthropod Survey’. ­present. — In: A. Keast & S.E. Miller (Eds), The origin and evolution of Pacific Islands biotas, New Guinea to eastern Polynesia: Patterns and processes, References pp 19–34. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Bezzi, M., 1928. Diptera Brachycera and Athericera of Netherlands. the Fiji Islands based on material in the British Mu- seum (Natural History). — British Museum (Natural Received: March 8, 2016 ­History), London, 220 pp. Accepted: November 3, 2016 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:01:33AM via free access