WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA

Spring 1991

Congress and Africa: New Realities in a New Decade

weeping changes in the world political climate and in tions for Africa. And yet others, such as the Gulf Crisis, seem Africa, as well as organizational shifts in Congress, are unambiguously negative, reinforcing both a militaristic ap­ Sprofoundly changing the context for the anti-apartheid proach to world affairs and the low priority given to sub­ movement and all those concerned with a constructive u.s. role Saharan Africa on the u.s. agenda. in support ofjustice and development on the African continent. No one has yet sorted out what all the changes mean, but Some ofthe new developments, such as the moves awayfrom cumulatively they mark the most Significant turning point the old apartheid order in South Africa, and the resurgence of since the beginning ofAfrica 's transition to political indepen­ grassroots demands for human rights and democracy through­ dence in the late 1950s. In this article Washington Notes on out the continent, represent Victories, albeit yet incomplete. Africa surveys both the most important contextual changes and Others, such as the end of the Cold War, have mixed implica- the shifts within Congress which may affect Africa policy.

FROM COLD WAR TO NEW committee, particularly in the last de­ makers with other pressing concerns. WORLD DISORDER cade under the leadership of Represen­ And so even former u.s. clients such tative Howard Wolpe CD-MI), tried to as Liberia and Somalia can disintegrate Throughout the last three decades, focus attention on a variety of African into chaos with little notice from Wash­ the only issue that could consistently concerns. But only the anti-apartheid ington. Despite Nelson Mandela's re­ bring high-level u.s. attention to Africa movement of the mid-1980s drew the lease, even South Africa virtually disap­ was the "Soviet threat." In the Congo consideration of the full Congress, lead­ peared from the news as first Eastern crisis of the 1960s, Angola in 1975 and in ing to the passage of the Comprehensive Europe and then the Gulf occupied the the 1980s, the Horn of Africa in the late Anti-Apartheid Act CCAAA) of1986. Even front pages and the evening news. 1970s, and southern Africa in the 1980s, then many in Congress went along largely As a result of the Gulf Crisis, Sub­ administration officials paid attention to because of fears of Soviet gains from saharan African countries are expected Africa because they feared losses in the u.s. inaction. to lose an estimated four billion dollars global competition with the Soviet Union. The end ofthe Cold War has gains for this year, exacerbating already bleak As on most foreign policy issues, Africa, perhaps the most significant is economic prospects. But such distant Congress generally followed the that African issues may be considered on victims attract little attention, even though administration's lead. On some issues, their own merits, rather than as pieces in the U.S. lobbied intensely at the UN to such as Katanga in the 1960s or Angola a Cold War game. But with the geo­ get the votes of African Security Council more recently, right-wing lobbies even strategic interest in Africa diminished, members Zaire, Ethiopia, Cote d'Ivoire castigated administration policy for lack there is little to counter the view that and Zimbabwe. African opinion gener­ of vigor in the anti-Soviet crusade. African countries are marginal to U.S. ally supported international condemna­ Occasionally, other issues attracted interest. With the possible exception of tion of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, but momentary attention: the Biafra War, South Africa, U.S. economic interests on many were also shocked at the indiffer­ famines in the Sahel and Ethiopia, bla­ the continent are small. And humanitar­ ence to human life shown by the U.S. tant human rights abuse such as in Idi ian concerns - however morally com­ bombing campaign. In some areas of Amin's Uganda. The House Africa Sub- pelling - are weak incentives for policy- continued on page 9

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Message from the Director

This is my last opportunity to write to you as Executive that in fa ct are still relevant: the Director of the Washington Office on Africa (WOA). But fight to retain sa nctions as long I hope to see many of you in the years that lie ahead in the as needed and the effort to struggle for non-racial development and social and eco­ promote peace in Angola. But nomic justice in southern Africa. the second is to begin to con­ I believe we have laid a new foundation for WOA, and ceptualize the agenda for the this spring I will pass the baton on to a talented and next few years, with respect to experienced staff. I am personally delighted to be able to u.s. involveme nt in South and continue work which will constructively influence the southern Africa , and to define process for justice in southern Africa through the Ford the themes, whether in the Foundation. But, I am sad to leave this organization which southern African region or in Aubrey McCutcheon, 111 has played a truly historic role in the anti-apartheid the African continental con- Executive Director movement in the U.S. text, which should orient WOA's programs. The first is to I am more than confident that this tradition ofWOA will continue to press unfulfilled elements of the old agenda; be continued. For our energetic staff, as for other groups the second is not yet to press a new agenda, but to begin in the anti-apartheid movement, 1991 is a year of rethink­ defining it. ing and transition. The changes in Africa and in the world With respect to broader program themes, particular confront us with a new context. The struggle for U.S. issues must be confronted: policy that promotes justice and development in southern 1) Does it make sense to continue the geographical Africa and elsewhere is far from over. Apartheid is not yet focus on southern Africa, or is it necessary to expand to fit gone, and even when it is, that will only signal the the name of our office and consider other areas of Africa? beginning of the struggle to overcome the legacy of 2) What overarching conception (comparable to "anti­ centuries of entrenched unjust structures. apartheid") should orient WOA's work? WOA's concern But soon - if not this year, then within a few years - with justice and human rights implies a broader concern, South Africa can no longer claim the moral priority of but to be useful it must be defined in more specific terms. being the only society with legally entrenched and bla­ 3) What criteria should govern the choice of particular tantly overt racial injustice. Many who are eager to accept program areas? de Kl erk's promises for reality think this has already For the first time in WOA's 19 year history, the 1991 happened. The struggle for justice in the future cannot be Program Statement adopted by our Board of Directors fitted into the old molds of a clear and simple anti­ authorizes the staff to fully explore those possibilities. apartheid mobilization. Although change is clearly on the horizon, we still need In this context, WOA's 1991 programs include two your continued support. I look forward to working with kinds of activities. The first is to continue with old priorities WOA and each of you on the difficult road ahead. •

WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA is published three times a year by the WASHINGTON OFFICE ON AFRI CA, 110 Maryland Ave., N. E. , Suite 112, Washington, D.C. 20002, (202) 546-7961. The Washington Office on Africa is a not-for­ IN THIS ISSUE: profit, church and labor union suppo rted organization that works with Congress o n southern Africa legislation. Congress and Africa: New SPONSORS OF THE WASHINGTON OFFICE ON AFRICA: African Methodist Episcopal Church; Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Wo rkers Union; The American Committee on Africa; Christian Church (DiSCiples of Christ); Church of the Realities in a New Decade ...... 1 Brethren; Episcopal Church, Coa lition for Human Needs and Public Affairs Office, Executive Council and the Washington Office ; Evangelica l Lutheran Church in America; Missionaries of Africa; Presbyterian Church (USA); Progressive National Message from the Director.""... 2 Baptist Convention, Ho me Mission Board; The Reformed Church in America; Sacred Heart Fathers; Society for African Missions (S.M.A. Fathers); United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America , UAW; United Special Legislative Insert Church o f Christ, Board for W orld Ministries, Office for Church in Society, and Commission for Ra cial Just ice; United Methodist Church, Board of Global Ministries Africa Office and Women's Division; United Steelworkers of America. The Congressional Black Caucus " .. "" " ...... "." 3 SUBSCRIPTION RATE: We request a $20 annual contribution to receive this newsletter plus periodic legislative alerts on southern African issues. Additional copies of this issue are available for $1.00 each for 1-10; $.90 each for 11 -50, $.80 Key Committees for for more than 50. Add 15% for postage and handling, all o rders must be paid in advance.

Southern Africa ...... 6 PRODUCED BY: Aubrey McCutcheon , 1Il (Executive Director); William Minter; Imani Countess; Laura Carnell; Sean W inch ester; Jim Tvarian; and Tanya Brooks. Southern Africa in Brief .""""" .. 12

2 Washington Notes on Africa The Congressional Black Caucus

ince its inception in 1970 under the leadership of Congressman Charles Diggs (D-MI) and 12 ofhis colleagues the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) has been an important legislative force for Africa. As individuals and as a voting Sblock the Caucus and its members have been instrumental in developing legislation promoting humanitarian and development aid to Africa, sanctions against the minority regime ofSouth Africa and cut-offs ofaid to oppressive regimes like Mobutu 's in Zaire. As CBC members increase in both number and tenure (given the seniority system which distributes key positions based on years in Congress] their influence will be even more significant. The November 1990 Congressional elections broughtfive new members to the Caucus,for a net gain oftwo additional Black seats. The newcomers include one Black Republican, a new memberfrom the South and three vocal and active women, who are predicted to quickly becomeforceful advocatesfor Africa.

WllllAM L. CLAY, (D-MO, 1): Chair of the Post Office of the House Small Business Committee and its Subcom­ and Civil Service Committee and its Subcommittee on mittee on Small Business Admin., General Economy and Investigations; ex officio member (with vote) of all its Minority Enterprise Development. 2426 Rayburn HOB. other subcommittees. Member of the Education and Labor S.A. Aide: Rhonda McDuffie (202) 225-5126 Committee and its Subcommittees: Labor Standards; and Labor Management. Member of the House Administration RONALD DELLUMS, (D-CA, 8): Chair of the House Committee and Chair of its Subcommittee on Libraries and Committee on the District of Columbia and member of its Memorials. 2470 Rayburn HOB.· Subcommittees: Fiscal Affairs and Health; and Judiciary S.A. Aide: Michele Bogdanovich (202) 225-2406 and Education. Member of the House Armed Services Committee and Chair of its Subcommittee on Research and BARBARA-ROSE COLLINS, (D-MI, 13): Freshwomen, Development; also a member of its Subcommittee on the member of the Committee on Public Works and Transpor­ North Atlantic Assembly Panel; and ex officio member of tation and its Subcommittees: Aviation; Economic Devel­ the Subcommittee on the Defense Policy Panel. Also a opment; and Water Resources. Member of the Committee member of the Select Committee on Intelligence and its on Science, Space and Technology and its Subcommittees: Subcommittee on Program and Budget Authorization. Science; and Technology and Competitiveness. Also a 2264 Rayburn HOB. member of the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and S.A. Aide: Bob Brauer (202) 225-2661 Families. 1541 Longworth HOB. S.A. Aide: Dave Shaman (202) 225-2261 JULIAN C. DIXON, (D-CA, 28): Serves on the powerful House Appropriations Committee which recommends CARDISS COLLINS, (D-IT., 7): Member of the Govern­ funding for all federal programs. Chair of its Subcommittee ment Operations Committee and its Subcommittees: Com­ on the District of Columbia, and a member of the Appr?­ merce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs; and Legislation priations Subcommittee on Defense. 2400 Rayburn HOB and National Security. Member of the Energy and Com­ S.A. Aide: Gwen Brown (202) 225-7084 merce Committee and Chair of its Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection and Competitiveness; MERVYN M. DYMALLY, (D-CA, 31): Member of the and member of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Com-mittee on Foreign Affairs and Chair of its Africa Sub­ Hazardous Materials. Also a member of the Select Commit­ committee; also a member of its Subcommittee on Interna­ tee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. 2264 Ray):>urn HOB. tional Operations. Member of the Committee on the Post S.A. Aide: Sarah Matthews (202) 225-5006 Office and Civil Service, and its Subcommittee on Census and Population. Member of the District of Columbia Com­ JOHN CONYERS, JR., (D-MI, 1): Chair of the House mittee and Chair of its Subcommittee on Judiciary and Edu­ Government Operations Committee, and Chair of its cation; and member of the Subcommittee on Gov't Opera­ Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security; ex tions and Metropolitan Affairs. 1717 Longworth HOB officio member of all other subcommittees. Senior mem­ S.A. Aide: Marva Jo Camp (202) 226-7807 ber of the House Committee on the Judiciary and member of its Subcommittees: Econorpic and Commercial Law; MIKE ESPY, (D-MS, 2): Member of the House Budget Civil and Constitutional Rights; and Intellectual Property Committee, Chair of its Community Development and and Judicial Administration. Additionally he is a member Natural Resource Task Force, and member of the Budget

Washington Notes on Africa 3 • s • s s s S !U!! • 0 !UJ! • S

Process, Reconciliation and Enforcement Task Force. majority party to implement them. Member of the Appro­ Member of the House Agriculture Committee and Vice priations Committee and its Subcommittees: Foreign Op­ Chair of its Subcommittee on Cotton, Rice, and Sugar; also erations, Export Financing, and Related Programs; and a member of the Subcommittees on Conservation, Credit ranking member of Transportation and Related Agencies. and Rural Development; and Domestic Marketing, Con­ Member of the District of Columbia Committee and its sumer Relations, and Nutrition. Also chair of the Domestic Subcommittees: Fiscal Affairs and Health; and Govern­ Task Force of the House Select Committee on Hunger; ment Operations and Metropolitan Affairs. Member of the Majority Whip at Large. 216 Cannon HOB House Administration Committee and its Subcommittees: S.A. Aide: Mike Alexander (202) 225-5876 Elections; Libraries and Memorials; Procurement and Print­ ing; Campaign Reform Task Force. 2454 Rayburn HOB FLOYD H. FLAKE, (D-NY, 6): Member of the House S.A. Aide: Hazel Ross-Robinson (202) 225-4001 Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, and its Subcommittees: Financial Institutions Supervision, Regu­ CHARLES A. HAYES, (D-IL, 1): Member of the House lation and Insurance: General Oversight and Investiga­ Committee on Education and Labor and its Subcommit­ tions; Housing and Community Development; and Inter­ tees: Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education; national Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Health and Safety; Labor-Management Relations; and Post­ Policy. Member of the Small Business Committee and its Secondary Education. Member of the Post Office and Civil Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, Service Committee and chair of its Subcommittee on Postal and Energy. Also a member of the Domestic Task Force of Personnel and Modernization. 1131 Longworth HOB the Select Committee on Hunger. 1034 Longworth HOB. S.A. Aide: Bruce Taylor (202) 225-4372 S.A. Aide: David Liss (202) 225-3461 WIUJAMJEFFERSON, (D-LA, 2): Freshman, member of HAROLDE. FORD, (D-TN, 9): Ranking Member of the the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and its powerful House Committee on Ways and Means which Subcommittees: Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and has jurisdiction over all tax and revenue-raising legislation the Environment; and Merchant Marine. Member of the as well as Social Security and Medicare, Chair of the Ways Committee on Education and Labor and its Subcommit­ and Means Subcommittee on Human Resources and tees: Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education; member of the Subcommittee on Oversight. Also a mem­ Postsecondary Education; and Select Education. ber of the House Select Committee on Aging, and its 506 Cannon HOB Subcommittees: Housing and Consumer Interests; Retire­ S.A. Aide: Max Peltz (202) 225-6636 ment Income and Employment; and the Task Force on Social Security and Women. 2305 Rayburn HOB JOHN LEWIS, (D-GA, 5): Member of the Public Works S.A. Aide: Buffa French (202) 225-3265 and Transportation Committee and its Subcommittees: Aviation; Public Buildings and Grounds; and Surface GARY FRANKS, (R-CT, 5): Freshman and the only CBC Transportation. Member of the Interior and Insular Affairs Republican, member of the Committee on Armed Services Committee and its Subcommittees: Insular and Int'l and its Subcommittees: the Structure of U.S. Defense Affairs; and National Parks and Public Lands. Member of Industrial Base Panel, where he is the ranking minority the Select Committee on Aging and its Subcommittees: member; Future Uses of Defense Manufacturing and Human Services; Retirement Income and Employment; Technology Resources Panel; Investigations; Military Per­ and the Task Force on Rural Elderly. 329 Cannon HOB sonnel and Compensation; and Readiness. Member of the S.A. Aide: Kimberly Caskin (202) 225-3801 Small Business Committee and its Subcommittees: Ex­ ports, Tax Policy, and Special Problems; Small Business KWEISI MFUME, (D-MD, 7): Member of the Committee Administration, the General Economy, and Minority Enter­ on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs and its Subcommit­ prise Development. Also a member of the Select Commit­ tees: Housing and Community Development; Financial tee on Aging and its Subcommittee on Retirement Income Institutions SuperviSion, Regulation and Insurance. Mem­ and Employment. 1609 Longworth HOB ber of the Committee on Small Business and its subcom­ S.A. Aide: Steve Beaujon (202) 225-3822 mittee on Small Business Administration, the General Economy and Minority Enterprise Development. Member Wll.l1AM H. GRAY, ill, (D-PA, 2): Majority Whip of the of the Joint Economic Committee, Resolution Trust Corpo­ House of Representatives, the number three leadership ration Task Force and the Select Committee on Narcotics post in that body. The Whip helps the Speaker and Abuse and Control. 217 Cannon HOB Majority Leader set legislative priorities and assembles the S.A. Aide: Mark Clack (202) 225-4741

4 Washington Notes on Africa ELEANOR HOlMES NORTON, (D-DC, Del.): Fresh­ LOUIS STOKES, (D-OH, 21): Chair of the House Commit­ women, member of the Post Office and Civil Service tee on Standards of Official Conduct. Senior Member of the Committee and its Subcommittees: Civil Service; and House Committee on Appropriations and its Subcommit­ Postal Operations and Services. Member of the Committee tees on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and on Public Works and Transportation and its Subcommit­ Related Agencies; HUD/VA-Independent Agencies; and tees: Public BUildings and Grounds (Vice-Chair); Investi­ the District of Columbia. 2365 Rayburn HOB gations and OverSight; and Surface Transportation. Also a S.A. Aide: Alice Freeman-Harris (202) 225-7032 member of the District of Columbia Committee and its Subcommittees: Fiscal Affairs and Health; and Judiciary EDOLPHUS "ED" TOWNS, (D-NY, 11): Member of the and Education. 1631 Longworth HOB Committee on Energy and Commerce and its Subcommit­ S.A. Aide: Gloria Johnson (202) 225-8050 tees: Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Competitive­ ness; Energy and Power; and Health and the Environment. MAJOR OWENS, (D-NY, 12): Member of the House Member of the Committee on Government Operations and Committee on Education and Labor, Chair of the Subcom­ its Subcommittees: Environment, Energy, and Natural mittee on Select Education, and member of the Subcom­ Resources; and Government Information, Justice and mittees on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Educa­ Agriculture. Also a member of the Select Committee on tion; Labor Standards; and Labor-Management Relations. Narcotics Abuse and Control. 1726 Rayburn HOB Member of the House Committee on Government Opera­ S.A. Aide: Suzanne Hutchings (202) 225-5936 tions and ranking Democrat on the Subcommittee of Gov­ ernment Activities and Transportation. 114 Cannon HOB CRAIG A. WASHINGTON, (D-TX, 18): Elected following S.A. Aide: Schuyler Rainey (202) 225-6231 the death of Mickey Leland and reelected in 1990, a member of the Committee on Education and Labor and its DONAlD M. PAYNE, (D-NJ, 10): Member of the House Subcommittees: Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Committee on Education and Labor and its Subcommit­ Education; Labor-Ma nagement Relations; and tees: Labor-Management Relations; Postsecondary Educa­ Postsecondary Education. Member of the Committee on tion; and Select Education. Member of the Committee on the Judiciary and its subcommittees: Civil and Constitu­ Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittees: Africa; and the Task tional Rights; and Crime and Criminal Justice. Also a Force on International Narcotics Control. Member of the member of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Committee on Government Operations and its Subcom­ Control. 1711 Longworth HOB mittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Rela­ S.A. Aide: Darlene Taylor (202) 225-3816 tions. Member of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Congressman Payne was also selected as a MAXINE WATERS, (D-CA, 29): Freshwoman, member of member of the U.S . Presidential Observer Delegation to the Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee and its monitor Namibia's first election. 417 Cannon HOB Subcommittees: Consumer Affairs and Coinage; General S.A. Aide: Frank Kiehne (202) 225-3436 Oversight and Investigations; Housing and Community Development; and International Development, Finance, CHARLES B. RANGEL, (D-NY, 16): Senior Member of the Trade and Monetary Policy. Also a member of the Commit­ Committee on Ways and Means, Chair of the Ways and tee on Veteran's Affairs and its Subcommittee on OverSight Means Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, and and Investigations. 1207 Longworth HOB member of the Subcommittee on Oversight. Also the Chair S.A. Aide: Bill Azavarello (202) 225-2201 of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control; and Deputy Majority Whip. 2252 Rayburn HOB ALAN WHEAT, (D-MO, 5): Member of the House Com­ S.A. Aide: Emile Milne (202) 225-4365 mittee on Rules which controls the flow of legislation and sets the terms of floor debate and its Subcommittee on the GUS SAVAGE, (D-IL, 2): Senior Member of the House Legislative Process. Member of the Select Committee on Committee on Public Works and Transportation, Chair of Hunger and its International Task Force. Member of the the Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families. Also a member of Subcommittees on Aviation; and on Economic member of the District of Columbia Committee, Chair of Development. Senior Member of the House Committee on its Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metro­ Small Business and its subcommittees: Procurement, Tour­ politan Affairs, and member of the Judiciary and Education ism, and Rural Development; and SBA, General Economy, Subcommittee. 1210 Longworth HOB and Minority Enterprise Development. 2419 Rayburn HOB S.A. Aide: Sam Afridi (202) 225-4535 S.A. Aide: Donnovan Dunkley (202) 225-0773 * HOB = House Office Bldg.; Washington, DC 20515 •

Washington Notes on Africa 5 Key Committees for Southern Africa: House

House Africa Subcommittee Room 816 O'Neill HOB ~ Washington, D.C. 20515 'J""~ (202) 226-7807 +04. Mervyn Dymally (CA, 31) 225-5425 Episcopalian 31 87 100 1717 Longworth Marva Jo Camp Howard Wolpe (MI, 3) 225-5011 Jewish 8 85 100 1535 Longworth John Wyma Jaime Fuster (PR) 225-2615 Catholic 427 Cannon Carma Totaw Stephen Solarz (NY, 13) 225-2361 Jewish 6 76 92 1536 Longworth Eric Schwartz Edward Feighan (OH, 19) 225-5731 Catholic 1 78 100 1124 Longworth Ben Dwyer Donald Payne (NJ, 10) 225-3436 Baptist 54 89 100 417 Cannon Mike Kiehne Dan Burton (IN, 6) 225-2276 Prostestant 3 2 17 120 Cannon Gil Kapen Ben Blaz (Guam) 225-1188 Catholic 1130 Longworth . Joe Pelham Arno Houghton (NY, 34) 225-3161 Episcopalian 1 22 25 1217 Longworth Mark Dowling Toby Roth (WS, 8) 225-5665 Catholic 0 7 8 2352 Rayburn Ed Rice Staff Director: Adonis Hoffman

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence H 405 Capitol Building ~ Washington, D.C. 20515 'J""~ (202) 225-4121 ~\~%k ~1>1><~"" +04. Dave McCurdy (OK, 4) 225-6165 Lutheran 6 17 58 2344 Rayburn Mike Chapman Charles Wilson (TX, 2) 225-2401 Methodist 14 26 83 2256 Rayburn D'Anna Tindal Barbara Kennelly (CT, 1) 225-2265 Catholic 10 83 92 204 Cannon Lisa Zgorski Dan Glickman (KS, 4) 225-6216 Jewish 6 61 67 2311 Rayburn Kevin O'Leary Nicholas Mavroules (MA, 6) 225-8020 Grk. Orthodox 1 80 100 2334 Rayburn Margaret Sullivan Bill Richardson (NM, 3) 225-6190 Catholic 1 44 92 332 Cannon Karen Henderson Stephen Solarz (NY, 13) 225-2361 Jewish 6 76 92 1536 Longworth Eric Schwartz Norman Dicks (WA, 6) 225-5916 Lutheran 6 63 92 2429 Rayburn Dan McClaskey Ron Dellums (CA, 8) 225-2661 Prostestant 24 96 100 2136 Rayburn Bob Brauer Dave Bonior (MI, 12) 225-2106 Catholic 2 94 100 2242 Rayburn Mark Koyanagi Martin Olav Sabo (MN, 5) 225-4755 Lutheran 5 83 100 2201 Rayburn Charles Monfort ,. Wayne Owens (UT, 2) 225-3011 Mormon 1 69 75 1728 Longworth Michael Yeager Bud Shuster (PA, 9) 225-2431 Prostestant 1 9 9 2268 Rayburn Scott Bosworth Larry Combest (TX, 19) 225-4005 Methodist 5 o 8 1527 Longworth Steve Ruhlen Doug Bereuter (NE, 1) 225-4806 Lutheran 1 13 o 2348 Rayburn NelTemple Robert Dornan (CA, 38) 225-2965 Catholic 2 7 18 301 Cannon Joe Eule Don Young (AK-at large) 225-5765 Episcopalian 3 15 33 2331 Rayburn Jeff Smith David Martin (NY, 26) 225-4611 Catholic 1 13 33 442 Cannon Judy Brewer George Gekas (PA, 17) 225-4315 Grk.Ortho. 6 6 17 1519 Longworth Jeff More Staff Director: Dr. John G. Keliher

6 Washington Notes on Africa Key Committees for Southern Africa: Senate

Senate African Affairs Subcommittee 446 Dirksen Senate Office Bldg. c,c, ~ . 0'> ~ '-J"'~ Washington, D.C. 20510 ~e; ~~ o"e; ~o ~\.oJ X,'Y +e;4, (202) 224-4651 ~ ~ <:)\<:) GG ~ ~:~ Paul Simon (It) 224-2152 Lutheran 13 92 78 462 Dirksen Adwoa Dunn-Mouton Terry Sanford (NC) 224-3154 Methodist 20 49 67 716 Hart Barbara Larkin Daniel P. Moynihan (NY) 224-4451 Catholic 12 89 78 464 Russell Paula Jacobson Nancy L. Kassebaum (KS) 224-4774 Episcopalian 5 16 22 302 Russell Lori Esposito Murray Jesse Helms (SC) 224-6342 BaJZtist 20 14 22 403 Dirksen. Bruce Richardson Staff Director: Adwoa Dunn-Mouton

Senate Seled Committee on Intelligence 211 Hart Senate Office Building c,c, ~ .0'> ~ '-J"'~ Washington, D.C. 20510 ~e; ,*oJ ~~ o"e; ~o ~'Y +e;4, (202) 224-1700 ~ ~e; <:)\<:) GG ~~ David 1. Boren (OK) 224-4721 Methodist 6 22 63 453 Russell Eric Liu Sam Nunn (GA) 224-3521 Methodist 24 19 56 303 Dirksen Rocky Rief Ernest F. Hollings (SC) 224-6121 Lutheran 27 43 67 125 Russell Chris Straub Bill Bradley (N]) 224-3224 Protestant 11 86 67 731 Hart John Despres Alan Cranston (CA) 224-3553 Protestant 7 86 67 112 Hart Regina Genton Dennis DeConcini (AZ) 224-4521 Catholic 3 59 56 328 Hart Tim Carlsgaard Howard Metzenbaum (OH) 224-2315 Jewish 9 89 89 140 Russell Ed Levine John Glenn (OH) 224-3353 Presbyterian 9 59 67 503 Hart Don Mitchell Frank Murkowski (AK) 224-6665 Catholic 3 0 44 709 Hart John Mosman John Warner (VA) 224-2023 Episcopalian 17 3 56 225 Russell Gru:r. Sojka Alfonse M. D'Amato (NY) 224-6542 Catholic 12 32 44 520 Hart Mike Hathaway John C. Danforth (MO) 224-6154 Episcopalian 9 19 44 249 Russell Jennifer Sims Warren B. Rudman (NH) 224-3324 Jewish 14 11 530 Hart Art Grant Slade Gorton (WA) 224-3441 Episcopalian 2 14 0 730 Hart Jeff Roe John H. Chafee (RI) 224-2921 Episcopalian 2 30 11 567 Dirksen Christopher Melon Staff Director: George]. Tenet

BOLD Republicans %BLK Percentage of Blacks living in the Member's district as of 1990. CC Percentage of 54 recorded votes in 1990 on which the Conservative Coalition appeared and on which a representative voted against the Coalition's position. According to Congressional Quarterly, the Conservative Coalition is "a bloc consisting of a majority of Republicans and a majority of southern Democrats voting against a majority of northern Democrats." AFL Votes tabulated by the AFL-CIO which represent "votes for or against the interest of workers."

Washington Notes on Africa 7 e $ • • $ • $ - Writing Letters to Members of Congress

Many people feel intimidated about When you and others write letters reversible. The resolution also calls on writing a letter to their representative about southern Africa, you will be add­ the South African government to: and senators, or wonder if one letter can ing your voices to many others who are • repeal all racial legislation that make a difference. Yet letters are easy to calling for peace, social justice and an maintains apartheid; write and are important in guiding our end to hunger and misery in that region. • terminate the policy of detention elected leaders as they make decisions. Congressman Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) without trial; In congressional offices, your opin­ has introduced a non-binding resolu­ • cease all executions of politcal ions will usually receive consideration tion, H.R. 126, on South Africa sanctions prisoners; proportionate to the personal attention that WOA urges you to support. The • grant all exiles the opportunity to you have given them. A personal letter resolution urges the President to main­ return home; as opposed to a preprinted postcard or tain sanctions against South Africa until and urges President Bush, through the a form letter will draw greater attention. the provisions of the 1986 sanctions law Secretary of State, to: A personal letter shows that you care have been met and progress toward a • investigate the role of the South enough to have thought about the issue nonracial de- African government in township and have taken the time to write. mocracy is ir- violence.

LEITER WRITING TIPS • BE CONCISE. Express clearly and briefly what action you would like. One or two paragraphs should be enough. REQUEST SPECIFIC ACTION. Ask your Representative and Senators to work to pass House Resolution 126 introduced by Representative Mfume. The Senate has not introduced similar legislation. Write your Senator, ask him to sponsor a bill similar to H.R. 126. If your Members of Congress have already cosponsored the legislation, thank them and encourage their active support of it. Be supportive of your Members of Congress. If possible thank them for support on southern Africa issues. EXPLAIN WHY TIllS LEGISlATION IS IMPORTANT. Such an explanation may include that while change has been significant in South Africa, re­ pressive laws remain on the books, all political prisoners have not been re- leased and South African exiles have not been issued amnesty to return home. Rather than lift or modify sanctions now the U.S. should maintain the current law.

'Special thanks to Bread for the World

8 Washington Notes on Africa e e s s S !U e §Oi! e e Congress SOUTII AFRICA: But moving into the new era means TIlE PROSPECTS FOR PEACE more than announcing it. And nowhere Jrompage 1 AND DEMOCRACY IN A NEW ERA is the gap between Simplistic outside Africa pro-Iraqi sentiment was height­ The signs of a new era in southern perception and the precarious state of ened: the Peace Corps was withdrawn Africa and elsewhere on the continent the transition more acute than in South from Tanzania, and State Department are not just the derivative of global shifts Africa. While the European Community advisories were issued against travel in or the end of the Cold War. The dramatic and the Western press seek to reward de northern Nigeria and parts of East Africa. shifts in South Africa, negotiations for Klerk for his reforms, on the ground Perhaps the most significant impact peace in Angola and in Mozambique, South Africans are coping with the on U.S .!African relations from the Gulf the grassroots demands for human rights regime's murderous two-track strategy. Crisis comes in the attitude it seemed to and democracy that have swept the On the one hand de Klerk is moving prefigure for post-Cold War U.S . foreign continent herald new possibilities. ahead with legal changes and reforms policy. Some hoped that initial appeals The long era defined by seeking to the apartheid structure, and speak to the United Nations indicated a U.S. political freedom from European and ing of a new South Africa. On the other willingness to seek peaceful resolution white-minority rule is ending. In inde­ hand he and his colleagues are deter­ to crises and to rely on the international pendent African countries the first gen­ mined to hold on to effective power for community. Instead the turn to war was eration of independence has definitively the white-minority. accompanied by renewal of the "arro­ given way to universal demands that the Thus the proposed abolition of the gance of power" condemned by U.S. rewards of freedom must reach the Land Act would be accompanied by Senator Fulbright in an earlier era. The people- not just a small elite. South laws barring compensation to Blacks Signal to African and other Third World Africans- and their neighbors-are con­ displaced from their land, and requiring countries was that there would be no scious that dealing with the inequalities that the transfer of land be determined new sensitivity to diversity of opinions, left by apartheid will take more than a only by market mechanisms. This would but rather renewed intolerance of any generation. Few are under the illusion leave the estimated 2.5 million Blacks disagreement with Washington. that a new government by itself can who were brutally uprooted to make The attitude was demonstrated graphi­ solve the problems. continued on next page cally in a mid-March telephone conver­ sation between President George Bush and Nelson Mandela, in which Bush reportedly berated Mandela for an ANC statement which had criticized both the Iraqi invasion and the U.S. military inter­ vention in the Gulf. In a later television interview with Mandela, TV journalist Leslie Stahl expressed her astonishment that the African leader dared to criticize the U.S. Neither Bush nor Stahl appar­ ently noted the irony that last year Bush had lectured Mandela on the virtues of non-violence. The end of the Cold War, then, has produced no international peace divi­ dend that might alleviate Africa's plight. Nor are the problems of Eastern Europe and the Middle East likely to be quickly resolved, to allow international atten­ tion to focus on Africa. The dominant assumption seems to be that Africa's problems are either disa ppearing - like Ttl£. NEW WORLP ORJ>ER. apartheid - or hopeless - like wars and famine in places with obscure names. In either case they are of marginal inter­ The end of the Cold War has produced no international est for top U.S . policy-makers. peace dividend that might alleviate Africa's plight.

Washington Notes on Africa 9 Congress South African business interests. The centage of the total foreign aid bill, and Southern African Economic Develop­ is little more than the estimated cost of from previous page ment Coordinating Conference (SADCC) relief to the Kurds this year. way for whites still homeless in the new faces major readjustments, which will More Significantly, while size of aid South Africa. Speaking to an interna­ depend in large part on willingness of a budgets is an indicator of U.S. interest, tional gathering in Cape Town in April, new South African government to be and the quantities are small given Afri­ de Klerk angrily denied that any South sensitive to historic regional inequalities can needs, aid without sensitivity to Africans had ever been unjustly de­ Elsewhere in Africa the hopes for African priorities and to local conditions prived of their land. democracy and development depend may have little or even negative impact. Most critical for the immediate future, on ending long-standing conflicts, such Indiscriminate promotion of free-mar­ however, is de Klerk's decision to toler­ as in Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and on ket plans or of U.S .-style election cam­ ate-and take advantage of- security the willingness of entrenched leaders paigns provides no solution for African force involvement in violence in the problems, nor does favoritism to tradi­ Black townships that has escalated dra­ tional allies such as Kenya or Zaire matically since he came to power. ANC The changes in South despite their human rights abuses. demands for impartial policing, such as Africa should mean new There are no easy formulas for deter­ banning all weapons at public meetings mining what is the best kind of aid, and prosecution of those involved in opportunities for the entire deciding the poliCies towards particular murders, have been virtually ignored. region. But without system­ countries, or figuring out how to high­ The outside world sees "black-on-black" light human rights abuses or to pressure atic planning the primary violence, while the government's role in oppressive regimes to change while con­ instigating and prolonging the violence, result may be reinforce­ tinuing to provide aid to people in need. documented in independent human ment of the strongest eco­ What is certain, however, is that without rights reports, goes largely ignored. informed Congressional and public SClU­ Until the South African government nomic actors: white South tiny, sensitive to grassroots African opin­ addresses this issue seriously, the transi­ African business interests. ion, human rights and genuine develop­ tion to democracy is likely to stall. Anti­ ment needs will most frequently take apartheid activists in South Africa think second place to other interests. there will be very hard times ahead, as such as Mobutu of Zaire and Moi of most of the outside world accepts de Kenya to allow transitions to democ­ Klerk's promises and turns a blind eye to racy. But overthrowing old regimes can THE CONGRESSIONAL the fa ct that a white-minority regime is as easily end in chaos-witness Liberia IlNEUP ON AFRICA still in power. and Somalia-as in new hope. And even Foreign policy is traditionally domi­ In the southern African region, de­ the best-intentioned of new politicians nated by the executive branch, and spite the peace talks on Mozambique, require continued pressure to live up to Congress normally reacts to the the war still rages on. Even if cease-fires their promises and new resources to be administration's agenda rather than tak­ are concluded, as in the case of Angola, able to implement changes. ing the initiative. Nevertheless, by its the scale of human and physical destruc­ It would be particularly tragic if new diversity and its relative closeness to tion is enormous. Food aid requirements African initiatives for internal reform pressure from constituents, Congress is in Mozambique alone are conservatively should founder for lack of genuine inter­ the place where public influence can be estimated at one million tons for the national support. It is easy to proffer brought to bear. A group within Con­ 1990-1991 crop year: only 190,000 tons general advice. But if Africa remains gress, or even a single member, can were pledged by the end of 1990, as economically marginal, and resources have an impact, if they give high priority observers noted donor fatigue. Both are drained from the continent instead to an issue. Other members may defer to countries have adopted multi-party sys­ of being invested in the future of its their expertise or go along in order to get tems, and elections are expected in 1992 people, even the best of policies have reciprocal cooperation on issues impor­ or 1993. But even the physical obstacles only slim chances of success. tant to them. to holding elections will be enormous. As a result of lobbying by the House Thus despite Africa's marginality for The changes in South Africa should Africa Subcommitee, the 1992 foreign most members of Congress, a nucleus of mean new opportunities for the entire aid bill includes $1 billion in aid for sub­ concerned members can at least call region. But without systematic planning Saharan Africa. This is a $200 million attention to an issue. In exceptional the primary result may be reinforcement increase over the administration's re­ circumstances, such as the Clark amend- of the strongest economic actors: white quest, but still represents a small per- continued on next page

10 Washington Notes on Africa Congress efforts to stop U.S. aid to UNITA. But in ence on Africa issues from the seniority recent years his favorable stand towards of its members, including House Major­ from previous page Zaire's President Mobutu Sese Seko has ity Whip William H. Gray, III CD-PA). ment barring u.s. military intervention been controversial, since other mem­ Former CBC Chair Ronald Dellums in Angola in 1976 or the Comprehensive bers of the CBC and the Africa Subcom­ CD-CA), one of the strongest anti-apart­ Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, the majority mittee have worked to block aid to Zaire heid voices in Congress and an active in Congress can be brought along, re­ on human rights grounds. opponent of covert aid to UNIT A, was shaping U.S . policy despite the opposi­ Dymally's initial priorities, according appointed to the House Select Commit­ tion of the executive branch. to his staff, include legislation calling for tee on Intelligence. With David Bonior The institutional base within Con­ the development of a U.S. Commission CD-MI) also newly appointed, the gress which has focused attention on on SOl,lthern Africa which would pro­ committee's liberal component has been Africa over the past decade has been vide for the training of South African substantially strengthened, a deliberate centered in two bodies: the Africa Sub­ construction by House leadership to committee of the House Foreign Affairs compensate for the conservative biases Committee, and the Congressional Black It would be particularly of the committee Chair Dave McCurdy Caucus CCBC). Future Congressional ac­ CD-OK). In the past McCurdy has been a tion on Africa will continue to depend tragic if new African prominent supporter of UNITA , and a largely on these bodies. initiatives for internal critical 'moderate' swing vote on issues Probably the most important change reform should founder such as aid to the contras in Nicaragua. this year is the turnover in leadership of On the Senate side, where advocacy the Africa Subcommittee. For a decade it for lack ofgenuine for Africa has suffered from the lack of a has been chaired by Representative international support. Black caucus and the low profile of the Howard Wolpe CD-MI), who has given African Affairs Subcommittee, reorgani­ up his position to become Chair of the zation promises somewhat greater po­ Investigations and Oversight Subcom­ Blacks in public sector administration, tential for a focus on Africa. For the first mittee of the Science, Space and Tech­ maintaining U.S. sanctions against South time the Subcommittee will have a staff nology Committee. Africa, and increasing U.S. trade rela­ of its own (previously the staffperson Wolpe's tenure was marked by sus­ tions with. Africa while supporting op­ assigned to Africa, Nancy Stetson, was tained attention to a variety of African portunities for U.S. minority businesses. responsible to the full Foreign Relations issues, passage of famine relief and Dymally has brought his own staff to Committee rather than to the Subcom­ development programs, and the imposi­ the Subcommittee, and the senior mem­ mittee). The new staffperson is Adwoa tion of economic sanctions on South bers of the Wolpe team have all left. Dunn, one of the veterans from the Africa. Wolpe, a professor of African Most of the new staff worked with House Africa Subcommittee staff. It re­ studies before election to Congress, was Dymally at the International Operations mains to be seen whether Senator Paul supported by a staff of well-respected Subcommittee, where they dealt with Simon (D-IL) will take advantage of this Africanists whose work helped shape international issues but did not special­ change to seek a higher profile for the the Subcommittee as the focal point of ize in African affairs. Although well Subcommittee. Africa legislation. experienced in the legislative process it In the absence of any highly publi­ Taking over from Wolpe as Subcom­ will take some time before the new team cized African crisis which catches the mittee Chair is Congressman Mervyn acquires expertise in the region and attention of U.S . opinion, there is little Dymally CD-CA), a member of the CBC defines in practice the new directions for chance for a wave of Congressional and former Chair of the International the Subcommittee. response such as that which led to the Operations Subcommittee. Dymally has In other changes, the November 1990 1986 anti-apartheid act. The political been a member of the Subcommittee elections brought five new Black Repre­ work needed to influence U.S. involve­ since 1980, and served as chair of the sentatives to the House for a net gain of ment away from indifference or the CBC in the 100th Congress, 1987-88. two new Black seats. Among the new mechanical application of U.S . solutions Wolpe remains on the Africa Subcom-. members is one Connecticut Republican to African problems is unlikely to be mittee as a member, as does CBC mem­ and California anti-apartheid activist dramatic. But the seniority and expertise ber Donald Payne CD-Nj) and Subcom­ Maxine Waters. With the retirement of of some of Africa's friends in Congress mittee member and former Chair Stephen Rep. George Crockett CD-MI) this means are assets that can make a difference, if Solarz CD-NY). a net loss of one CBC Member on the the public constituency concerned with Dymally has long been active in sup­ House Foreign Affairs Committee. The Africa refuses to succumb to the current port of anti-apartheid legislation and in CBC also derives much potential influ- climate of benign neglect. •

Washington Notes on Africa 11 Southern Africa ••• In Brief

NAMmIA Renamo in peace negotiations with the government of As of February 1991, the United States rankedfourth in Mozambique. William H. Ball, Jr., of Indianapolis, a pledged development aid to Namibia for the period.1990- member of the Coors-founded Council on National Policy 1993. The total U.S . commitment was $40 million, com­ (CNP), sent the Renamo request to CNP members this pared to $160 million from Germany, $66 million from spring, with Renamo's assurances that their contributions Sweden, and $52 million from Finland. In grant aid alone would be "reimbursed with interest" once Renamo came for 1990-1992, already disbursed or firmly committed, the to power. Cited by Ball as potential advisors were former U.S. total of $2 million ranked ninth, behind the individual Assistant Secretary of State Alan Keyes, Michael Johns of commitments of Germany, Sweden, Finland, United King­ the Heritage Foundation and Howard Phillips of the dom, Norway, France, Denmark and Canada. The 1992 Conservative Caucus. Bush administration aid proposal is $12 million. Despite Mozambique'S adoption of a multiparty system, Namibia is a newly independent country with a much­ and the establishment of two small opposition parties in lauded model democratic constitution and a shortfall of Mozambique, observers have noted Renamo's reluctance over $600 million to meet its three-year development plan to move from military action to political competition. A and deficit needs. In this context the token U.S. contribu­ partial cease-fire agreement, applying to the Beira and tion signals how low Africa rates in comparison with other Limpopo transport corridors, was Signed in December at 'emerging democracies.' meetings in Rome. But Renamo has repeatedly violated the agreement, and threatened to suspend it. Bruce Fein, conservative columnist and a former Heri­ MOZAMBIQUE tage Foundation staffer, is reported to have agreed to According to a confidential document obtained by advise Renamo in the talks. Mozambican sources say the Washington Notes on Africa, a right-wing U.S. business­ government welcomes the move if it will give Renamo the man is appealing for $214,000 to provide advisors to confidence to negotiate seriously. •

SOUTH AFRICA WI1AT Call the OOES (rl; Africa Hotline! JUSTIC~_~ REaJlRE The anti-apartheid action

When governments are lifting sanctions ... When people are debating if real change is taking place ... hotline offers a three-minute When the violence increases and apartheid continues ...

consu,tation on South Africa is being taped message, updated convened by the National Counci l of A the Chu rches of Christ, USA, for people of faith. weekly, providing current What are the political, economic and social strategies (or the future? information and action The anti-apartheid mOVQment in the USA is at a decisive juncture. Your participation is crucia l. Register now! suggestions. SATURDAY AND SUNDAY OCTOBER 16 -17, 1991 Newark Airport Vista Hotel in Elizabeth, NJ Call (202) 546-0408 fotinlormotioncontact Africa Office. National Council of the Churches of Christ,USA 475 Riverside Dr. New York, NY 1011 5 (212) 870·2645

12 Washington Notes on Africa