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Preliminary Investigation Into Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys Coriacea (L.) Distribution, Abundance and Interactions with Fisheries in Tasmanian Waters

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Preliminary Investigation Into Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys Coriacea (L.) Distribution, Abundance and Interactions with Fisheries in Tasmanian Waters Preliminary investigation into Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea (L.) distribution, abundance and interactions with fisheries in Tasmanian waters by Catherine Bone FINAL REPORT PROJECT NUl\tlBER: SO-MS97-06 SEPTEMBER 1998 PROJECT TITLE: PRELIlVIINARY INVESTIGATION INTO LEATHERBACK TURTLE DERlltl0CHELYS CORIACEA (L.) DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND INTERACTIONS \VITH FISHERIES IN TASMANIAN WATERS PREPARED BV: CATHERINE BONE ADDRESS: TASMANIAN PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE P.O. BOX 44A HOBART TASMANIA 7001 PHONE: 03 62 332520 FAX: 03 62 333477 1 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO LEATHERBACK TURTLE DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA (L.) DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND INTERACTIONS WITH FISHERIES IN TASMANIAN WATERS PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT IS VESTED JOINTLY IN THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL PARKS AND 'VILDLIFE AND TASMANIAN PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS DOCUMENT HOWEVER, ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES. 2 -. ,?: .' ,,. '.'. ,. ',' -. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUlVlMARY 4 2. INTRODUCTION 5 3. METHODS 6 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7 INTERVIEWING 7 BIOLOGICAL DATA 8 FISHERIES INTERACTIONS 12 TURTLE TAGGING AND SATELLITE TRACKING CONSIDERATIONS 17 ATTITUDES TO THE STUDY 21 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 24 REFERENCES 24 TABLES AND FIGURES 25-49 APPENDIX 50 3 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO LEATHERBACK TURTLE DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA (L.) DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND INTERACTIONS WITH FISHERIES IN TASlVIANIAN WATERS 1. SUMMARY There is evidence that Leatherback turtles occur in all Tasmanian coastal waters but most regularly and systematically in the north westand north east regions. They appear to concentrate in areas where southward migrating warm currents converge with steep bathymetric contours where food is thought to be readily available. The abundance of Leatherback turtles in Tasmanian waters was found to be higher than anticipated with 44 out of 62 fishermen and charter boat operators interviewed having encountered them. The greatest frequency of sightings in Tasmanian waters was found to be in February and March. Victorian records also indicate a mainly summer presence in contrast to South Australian records which indicate year round presence. Migration of Leatherback turtles may occur from eastern as well as western Australia. Leatherback turtles are occasionally entangled in Rock Lobster fishing pot buoy lines. Data collected in this study indicates that over 75% of Leatherback turtles entangled in lobster pot lines are released alive, although post release survival rates are unknown. Most turtles are believed to be entangled overnight and are often discovered when pots are retrieved the next morning. Delays caused by bad weather, severe entanglement or insufficient manpower decrease survival prospects of an entangled turtle. Considerable effort was usually expended in attempts to release entangled turtles alive, even at the expense of losing fishing gear. Education of fishermen in appropriate release techniques and turtle conservation awareness is likely to further reduce mortalities, A tagging program has been instigated in the north west region around King island with three boats having been equipped to tag and measure turtles, and take a small biopsy sample for DNA analysis. Changes in Rock lobster fishing effort, seasonally and regionally due to recent quota introductions, have the potential to alter the level ofhazards to sea turtles. Some changes, such as allowing more frequent pot hauling at night have potential benefits to entangled turtles by hastening release. Other changes such as a shifting of the area of effort or timing (seasonally) offishing will have an unpredictable impact on turtle bycatch. Initial investigations into other types offisheries have highlighted the need for further quantification of thethreats they pose to turtles in Southern waters. The fisheries which are known to be hazardous to turtles elsewhere include net fishing and trawling, both of which are carried out in the waters frequented by Leatherback turtles. This study revealed the potential severity of net fishing to Leatherback turtles in this region. All hazards encountered by Leatherback turtles in Australian waters represent additional pressures on a species which is elsewhere threatened by commercial egg harvesting, feral animal predation on eggs, meat harvesting, degradation of foraging areas, destruction of habitat and changes to breeding sites, ingestion of plastic debris and, incidental capture in trawl, gillnet and longline fisheries. Should a distinct Australian breeding population exist, as may be the case, then such impacts even at low levels may be significant. 4 Global conservation efforts for sea turtles have focused primarily on nesting beaches and foraging areas. Satellite tracking of disentangled turtles in Tasmanian waters would help to identify migration routes and origins of non-nesting Leatherback turtles within and outside Australian waters, and further assist these conservation efforts. 2. INTRODUCTION Leatherback turtles are the largest, as well as the most morphologically and physiologically divergent of the sea turtles (Frazer, 1986). They migrate further (Pritchard, 1973), dive deeper (Eckert et al, 1986) and range further into colder waters (Bleakney, 1965 ; Lazell 1980) than do other species. Furthermore they are known to be able to maintain body temperatures as much as 18 degrees C above ambient sea water temperatures (Copeia, 1988). This ability, unique amongst reptiles explains why they are the most frequently encountered of all turtles in the cool temperate waters of Tasmania. The Leatherback turtle is classified as Endangered throughout its global range (Groombridge, 1993). There is low density nesting of Leatherback turtles from Southern Queensland to Arnhem Land in Northern Territory. It is possible that the survival of this species in Australia may be largely dependent on the maintenance of large breeding populations in neighbouring countries (Lirnpus et al, 1992). There are large nesting populations in northem Irian Jaya and northern Papua New Guinea and a small nesting population in the Solomon Islands. The species has undergone significant declines in the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the last 20+ years (Environ Aust.,1998). Given the intense pressures on this species in neighbouring countries and the possibility that a distinct Australian breeding population may exist, it is important to provide protection for the species in Australian waters, so as not to contribute to a further decline in breeding stocks. Therefore, all threats encountered by Leatherback turtles visiting Australian waters require quantification. The problem ofaccidental capture in, or entanglement by fishing gear has been documented worldwide, and is recognised as a serious hazard to sea turtle populations (Poiner et al, 1996). Leatherback turtles have been accidentally captured in trawls, in Lobster pot lines in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, in gill net fisheries off the Northern Territory coast, in Queensland and in Tasmania (See Fisheries Interactions pg 12), in float lines to crab pots, in shark nets and by boat strikes in Queensland (Limpus, 1992), and in barramundi nets in the gulf of Carpentaria (Limpus pers comm.1998). In response to knowledge ofentanglements in lobster pot lines the Department of Environment and Land Management, Department of Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania applied to the Federal Government, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia for funding of a project (contract consultancy services, project number SO­ MS97-06) to investigate such interactions .The application proposed that funding be used to employ a project officer for 2 months, to purchase tagging gear, for travel to King Island and to purchase a satellite pack harness for future use. Prior to this studv there WM little information about the distribution of Leatherback turtles in Tasma~ian waters. One aim of this project was to synthesise observations by fishermen at sea, past published accounts and anecdotal records in an attempt to form some understanding of the abundance, distribution and behaviour of Leatherback turtles in the region. The behaviour at sea and migrations ofLeatherback turtles are largely unknown (Morreale·et al, 1996). Satellite tracking technology is ideally suited to reveal such 5 .,';':->.,'. " / ,'. '. "" -." >'. •• ~,' .•' .'. , information and also for determining originsof the turtles frequentingTasmanian waters. The prospect of attaching satellitetransmitters to turtlescaptured incidentally in the Rock lobster fishery was assessed. The contract objectives were stated to be as follows: 1) Synthesise all available information detailing the entanglement of Leatherback Turtles with fishing gear in Tasmanian waters. 2) Provide suggestions regarding methods to mitigate the interaction. 3) Initiate a tagging program (iffeasible) to tag the turtlescaught and released from entanglement in lobster pot lines. 4) Liaise with fishermen on King Island so that the incidence of turtle entanglement is most effectively dealt with. 5) Purchase a satellite pack harness for Leatherbackturtles (as designed and used by Dr. Scott Eckhart) for fitting and assessmentof suitability of application. EXPENDITURE See appendix 4 for expenditure breakdown. 3. METHODS DATA COLLECTION a) Data collection began in December 1997and continued until August 1998. Commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen, and charter boat operators were interviewed. Phone interviews were conducted when personal interviews
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