Orissa Review

picture, which seems to play an her colonists, and the zeal of her important role. India has a long missionaries, secured to India and glorious maritime heritage. the command of sea for ages, Role of Her stretchy coastline on the and helped her to attain and east, south and west, bordering long maintain her proud position Kalinga in the the Bay of Bengal, the Indian as the mistress of the Eastern Ocean and the Arabian Sea has Seas.´ In the present paper, a Process of been studded with many sincere endeavour has been flourishing ports and port towns made to analyse ancient Indian Ancient Indian since time immemorial. India¶s colonization in strategic position had, thus, with specific reference to the Colonization invested her from the earliest role played by Kalinga or times with responsibilities to ancient Orissa in it. in South-East play an important role as µa Colonization in first-class maritime power¶. connection with the overseas Asia India had close contact- trade and maritime activities is commercial, cultural and an unavoidable aspect to be political with the foreign studied in its historical Dr. Benudhar Patra countries such as South-east perspective. It is a yardstick to Asian countries i.e. Java, measure the penetration and Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Siam intensification of Indian as well (Thailand), Champa (Vietnam); as the Kalingan traits in South- Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Rome, East Asia. The connotation of Maritime activity of India which Africa etc. which has been the word colonization varied is one of the fascinating fields referred to by both indigenous from time to time. By of historical research is as old and foreign sources. The colonization it is, however, as its civilization, and as such overseas relation of India with generally understood that a set may be traced back to the far off countries, particularly of people go from one country Harappan times. Maritime with Southeast Asia is to another and permanently study comprises many aspects noteworthy, and it is recorded make it their home. In other such as the study of ancient that ancient India had words, it is the practice of maritime structure, ancient established colonies in different acquiring colonies by conquest ports, trade emporiums, trade regions of Southeast Asia. or other means and making routes, articles of import and Referring to ancient India¶s them dependant. But, the 1 export, navigation, ship- colonizing zeal R.K.Mookerji colonizing activity of the ancient building technology, direction of writes ³The early growth of her Indians was distinctive in monsoon winds, sea currents (India¶s) shipping and ship- several respects. The Indians etc. So far as ancient maritime building, coupled with the wherever they went, settled history of India is concerned; genius and energy of her down there, absorbed some of the much debated question of merchants, the skill and daring the cultural aspects of the colonization also came to the of her seamen, the enterprise of original inhabitants, and

November - 2010 17 Orissa Review adopted some traits of the coast, which with its typical connection, many important civilization of the people. In Indian culture had questions arise which are yet to spite of their superiority they predominantly influenced the be answered such as, why did never tried to dominate, rather people of South-East Asian the people of Kalinga go to they allowed the indigenous countries at a very early period. such distant places in the elements to grow. The ancient The Chinese travellers and remote past ? What prompted Indian colonists had the historians of the period have them to undertake this practical knowledge of spoken of a people in South- hazardous task ? At what point adaptability. East Asia as Kunlun (the of time did these people take After centuries of people of Kalinga) whose up seafaring and made voyages interaction both the colonists as civilizing influence might have to distant lands ? What exactly well as the original settlers created this effect. According was the share of Kalinga in the 3 formed one society, each to A.P.Patnaik, µKu-lung¶ or process of colonization and saturated with the culture and µ.¶un-lun, which was the usual Indianization of Southeast Asia? civilization of the other, though designation of the Kalinga What was the nature of the dissemination of Indian people in the Southeast Asian migration of the people of culture formed a lion¶s share. region, was gradually Kalinga ? Satisfactory answer About the Indianization, A.P. transformed to µKling¶ or to these questions is a difficult Patnaik2 says ³the expansion of µKeling¶. Besides, the Indian task. However, a moderate Indian civilization to the South- immigrants in the Malay attempt in this line has been East Asia during the early Archipelago are still called made below. 4 centuries of Christian era is one Orang Kling , which is a Different scholars have of the outstanding events in the survival of the name Kalinga, by advocated different theories on history of the world.´ As a which the inhabitants of Orissa the migration. Kautilya¶s product of this Indianization, a were once known. Arthashastra recommends series of kingdoms came into The people of Kalinga seizure of the territory of other existence like , had a big share in the process countries and deporting surplus Champa, Burma, Siam, Java, of colonizing activities of South- population of his own, which Bali, Sumatra etc. with tangible East Asia. They indeed, were can be taken to indicate an Indian influence. Though each the pioneers. Even for several early wave of Indian of these states developed centuries, Kalinga remained in immigration to South-East Asia according to its own genius the form of µGreater Kalinga¶ and other countries6. But this through a process of interaction acquiring several islands and interpretation is so imaginative with the physical and social countries, which lay around the that it looks like a flight of environment of the respective Indian seas under its suzerainty. nationalistic fancy rather than area, their cultures never lost It is also said that long before sober historical thinking. Some the family resemblance that the Pallavas of Kanchi, the scholars, however, seek to they owed to their common people of ancient Orissa had particularize a few definite origin. This common origin laid the foundation of Indian or waves of migration from India could be India as a whole or Indianised states ³beyond the and assign causes to the same. that of Kalinga, on the eastern moving seas´5. In this They say that the Aryan

18 November - 2010 Orissa Review conquest drove the pre-Aryan conquest of Kalinga by the period, there is no evidence of settlers of India towards the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in any local resistance to their countries beyond the sea in the the third century BCE, which, arrival. The Indians also did not east and South-east and that the it is suggested, might have regard these new lands as Hindus were forced to migrate provoked an exodus8. Could it outlets for their excessive there in large numbers by be that Kalinga people population or an exclusive political events in later times. migrated, enmass to South- market for their growing trade Most of the theories, however, East Asia on the wake of the nor did they insist on the are based on disturbed life in Kalinga war of Ashoka ? There superiority of their culture. It India, which compelled the is no historical evidence of such was what as D.P.Singhal11 people to take shelter in distant a movement. Archaeological remarks, ³Whenever Indians lands. One theory advocates evidences are silent too. But it settled they gave what they that the first wave of Hindu appears indirectly in one of the had and took what they could. migration in the early centuries rock edicts of Ashoka that after Thus was evolved, by mutual of the Christian era occurred Kalinga war, the grief stricken consent, a new culture whose owing to the invasion of India emperor has not only spoken dominant note was Indian.´ The by the foreign hordes such as of the µdead and deported¶ but regions, especially the islands of the Greeks, the Shakas and the also of µthe people who were South-East Asia were so much Kushanas. Basically it is fortunate to have escaped¶ influenced by the Indian culture attributed to the pressure of the without mentioning the land to that many scholars have gone Kushana invasions of India in which they escaped. As the to the extent of declaring them the first century CE.7 This small kingdom of Kalinga was as a part of µGreater India¶, assumption, in the absence of surrounded on three sides by µIndian Colonies¶, µExtended historical proof, however, the mighty empire of Ashoka, part of India¶, µFurther India¶ seems to be unacceptable. It is thousands of young people etc. According to H. Kulke and to be remembered that the from Kalinga, experts in D. Rothermund 12 the Greater conquests of the foreigners in navigation, might have Indian theory was a by product the early centuries CE hardly preferred to escape into the of Indian Freedom Movement. affected the area beyond the distant lands through the sea According to them the Indian Gangetic plain. Further, there rather than being deported to historians smarting under the was ample space in India itself Magadha as prisoners.9 But G. stigma of their own colonial for them to take shelter. It is, Coedes10 remarks that there subjection, tried to compensate therefore, difficult and not was no mass emigration from for this by establishing the theory proper to regard the foreign India. The exodus was pre- that Indians of yore were strong conquest as a sufficient cause, eminently caused by enough to establish colonies of by itself, for a large-scale commercial considerations. It is their own. In 1926, at the migration to a distant land quite remarkable that despite initiative of Kalidas Nag, the beyond the sea. the large-scale influx of Indians µGrater India Society¶ was The migration of the including the Kalingans of established in Calcutta and in Kalingans, in particular, is various economic classes and subsequent years. R.C. attributed to the bloody intellectual levels over a long Majumdar, a doyen of Indian

November - 2010 19 Orissa Review historians published a number the very ancient times. In the activities which culminated in of books and articles on the words of A. Lamb14, ³By the the establishment of their subject what he called µAncient opening of the Christian era the political power beyond the Indian Colonies in the Far civilization of India had begun seas. The fascinating account of East¶. R.C.Majumdar13 writes, to spread across the Bay of Hindu colonial and cultural ³For nearly fifteen hundred Bengal into both island and expansion beyond India years, and down to a period mainland of South-East Asia; proper, the plantation of Hindu when the Hindus had lost their and by the fifth century A.D. colonies in Sumatra, Java, independence in their own Indianized states, that is to say Malaya Peninsula, Champa home, Hindu kings were ruling states organized along the and Kambuja and the over Indo-China and the traditional lines of Indian establishment of the kingdom of numerous islands of the Indian political theory and following Sri Vijaya (modern Palembang) Archipelago, from Sumatra to the Buddhist or Hindu religions, under the Sailendra kings New Guinea. Indian religion, had established themselves in should ever remain a glorious Indian culture, Indian laws and many regions of Burma, episode in ancient Indian Indian government moulded the Thailand, Indo-China, history.´ lives of the primitive races all Malaysia, and Indonesia. Some In this connection over this wide region (Far of these states were in time to several theories like the East), and they imbibed a more grow into great empires Vaishya theory, the Kshyatriya elevated moral spirit and a dominating the zone between theory and the Brahmana higher intellectual taste through metropolitan India and the theory have been formulated by the religion, art, and literature Chinese southern border, the scholars. The Vaishya of India. In short, the people which has sometimes been theory gives the credit of were lifted to a higher plane of described as µFurther India¶ or colonization to the Vaishyas, civilisation. A was µGreater India¶. Once rooted in the Kshyatriya theory to the established by a gentle fusion South-East Asian soil, Indian Kshyatriyas and the of races , which richly endowed civilization evolved in part Brahmana theory to the the original inhabitants with the through the action of forces of Brahmanas. spiritual heritage of South-East Asia origin, and in India«..The colonial and part through the influence of The Vaishyas or the cultural expansion of India is cultural and political changes in trading communities of India one of the most brilliant, but the Indian sub-continent. Many have been given the credit of forgotten, episodes of Indian scholars have described the colonizing South-East Asia. history, of which any Indian may eastward spread of Indian Trade was the driving force for justly feel proud.´ This µGreater civilization in terms of a series the early contact. Trade in the India¶ theory, however, has of µwaves¶. B.K. Majumdar15 opinion of Romila Thaper16 led been recently refuted by many says ³From the second to the to settlements, which slowly scholars from South-East Asia. fifth centuries A.D.(CE) the developed into colonies. The The early South-East Hindus, belonging particularly Sanskrit and Pali works like the Asia remained under the to the South, north-east India, Brihat Katha, Kathakosha, influence of Indian culture from showed signs of maritime Jatakas, Milindapanho,

20 November - 2010 Orissa Review

Niddesa (Pali canonical work), parts of South-East Asia. They entities in their own might¶ J.C. Jain texts etc. refer to trading provided an important Van Lear24 has also strongly voyages between Indian ports, transmission belt for all kinds of rejected this theory. Since the and Suvarnadvipa and cultural influences. The traders belonged to the lower Suvarnabhumi.N.J.Krom17 concepts like Suvarnabhumi strata (third in rank) of Indian says that the Indian penetration (lands of gold or Indo-China), caste system they had least into South-East Asia began Suvarnadvipa (islands of gold possibility of acting as with traders who settled and or Indonesia) refers to administrators, advisors etc. married native women, thereby importance of traders who The Kshyatriya introducing Indian culture. G. considered those regions as hypothesis in connection with 18 Coedes is of the opinion that mine-house of gold or precious the colonization and the spread of Indian culture was commodities. All these suggest Indianization of the South-East a result of intensification of that trade was the primary Asia has been propounded by Indian trade with South-East concern of the Indian a host of scholars. This theory 21 Asia early in the Christian era. colonists. ascribed the transmission of According to R.C. This theory, however, Indian culture to the conquest 19 Majumdar , µas in all ages and is not free from criticism. If of South-East Asia by the countries, the prospect of merchants played a major part Indian princes and kings who acquiring wealth first tempted in the transmission of culture crossed the Bay of Bengal with the Indian traders and then the centres of Hindu all their retinue and founded merchants to explore unknown civilization would have strong µIndian¶ or µHindu¶ territories beyond their own developed on the coastal areas, kingdoms there.25 It is said that frontiers¶. The Indian traders, the areas usually frequented by the Indian culture went to while trading indirectly the traders. But in Indonesia, South-East Asia with the transmitted their customs, the these are found in interior areas activities of Indian warrior Indian religious ideas and the and mountains and in case of immigrants who captured the technical skill to the populations Java, in the almost inaccessible political power of the region. of the respective places. plains of Kedu and Prambanan. This theory further propounds Further, he also expressed that Commercial contacts are also that Indian monarchs ousted ³the merchants in India, as in inadequate for the transmission from their realms sought new other countries, must have been of the higher civilization of one lands in Indonesia. They pioneers in the exploration of people to another.22 J.F. conquered certain areas and Southeast Asia. The knowledge Cady23 who criticizes this introduced Hindu civilization and experience gained by them, assumption remarks, µSome of among the native population. must have induced not only the strongest centres of Indian Accordingly it was one of other traders, but also peoples influence, such as central Java, colonization by Indian of different categories to follow Mon Dvaravati, Cambodian monarchs, and might have in their wake´20. The Angkor, and Pagan Burma, resulted in intermarriage inscriptions also show that were not centres of seaborne between those Indian princes guilds of Indian merchants had commercial intercourse at all, and daughters of local chiefs established outposts in many but rather advanced political which further strengthened the

November - 2010 21 Orissa Review process of colonization by the organization of µBoard of religious outlook on life Kshyatriyas. However, so far Admiralty¶ under the Mauryan manifested by holy monuments as the Kshyatriya theory of emperor Chandragupta (Chandis), and Sanskrit words Indian colonization is Maurya, depiction of the figure which enriched the Indonesian concerned there exists very of sailing vessels on the coins vernaculars.28 R. Le May is of little proof of any direct political of Satavahana and Pallava the opinion that µ The beginning influence in South-East Asia. kings, Samudragupta¶s claim to of Indian colonization overseas R.C.Majumdar26 is of the have exercised suzerainty over eastward go back a very long opinion that ³we must not ³all islands´ and particularly, way in time and it is almost presume that this colonization powerful naval expeditions by certain the results seen today (Hindu colonization) was the Chola emperors (11th century were, in the main, not achieved result of any military expedition, CE) against Sumatra and by military expeditions, but by deliberately undertaken by any Malaya Peninsula indicate to peaceful trading and religious Indian king for this purpose´. the significant role played by the teaching and thereby all the F.D.K. Bosch27 has also rulers and warriors in the more permanent´29. J.C. Van criticized this theory. Bosch has process of colonization. Lear30 has given emphasis upon put forth his claim on the The third theory, the the role of the Brahmans¶ for following ground that ³A Brahmana theory seems to be the colonization of South-East conquering prince would have the most successful explanation. Asia. mentioned his success in an This theory says that the Indian It is said that the inscription, or, if not, one of his priests disseminated and transmission occurred at the descendants would have done upheld Indian culture in places court level and was the work so.´ But this practice is absent outside India, including of the Brahmanas. The in the South-East Asian islands. Indonesia. Amongst priests Brahmana priests functioned In the absence of such records, were included the Brahmins, to complete the merger with the Sanskrit names, adopted by the Buddhists and the Jain local cults, to make rulers the rulers of South-East Asia is monks. In addition to being avataras of Hindu Gods, to taken as the most important religious specialists they were concoct impressive royal evidence in this regard. But the experts in Dharmashastra genealogies, and eventually to pure Sanskrit form adopted by (religious rites), Arthashastra Hindu literature, legal code, and the South-East Asian rulers¶ (economic affairs) and governmental forms.31 Van shows that they had adopted Silpashastra (art and Lear32 says, ³the initiative for these names not from the names architecture). They must have the coming of Indian civilization of the Indian rulers but from acted as development planners emanated from the Indonesian Sanskrit language itself. and as advisors to the rulers of ruling groups, or was at least However, the role of the South-East Asia. They an affair of both the Indonesian Kshatriyas and the warriors in gradually improved their own dynasties and the Indian the process of Indian ways of administration and hierarchy. The course of events colonization in South-East Asia language. Besides, this theory amounted essentially to a cannot altogether be ruled out. is based on the fact that Indian summoning to Indonesia of Megasthenes¶s reference to the influence is mostly evident in the Brahmin priests and Indian

22 November - 2010 Orissa Review court artificers. The Indian east Indies. Many of these earlier that people of different priesthood was called eastward emigrants permanently settled castes were involved in the certainly because of its wide in these foreign lands. They trading activities. Maritime renown±for the magical, sacral married women of the localities trade was not restricted to the legitimation of dynastic interests and the influence of their Vaishyas, the traditional and the domestication of superior culture gradually traders, only. The profitability subjects, and probably for the Hinduised the society. This part of it attracted people from organization of the rulers¶ imperceptible but gradual different castes who had the territory into a state penetration, often aided by money and the mentality to take (patrimonial). In corroboration active missionary propaganda, up the trip. Hence, as to this W.F. Wertheim33, a gradually spread Hindu suggested earlier, there grew up Dutch scholar has summarized religion, art, literature and social a class of rich merchants called this view as follows: ³The so- ideas in all directions. the Sadhabas or Sadhavas in called µHindu colonisation Sometimes a military Kalinga (ancient Orissa) who process, is reduced, in the adventurer seized the political carried on this maritime trade. modern conception, to the power and established a Hindu They used ships called presence at the Javanese courts kingdom. The fusion between (the word is probably of a comparatively small the Indian settlers and the derived from the Sanskrit word number of very influential Indian Hinduised local people was so Vahitra, meaning a ship or Brahmins, lending political complete that it is not always vessel) to travel to distant lands support to Javanese rulers by possible to distinguish between such as Java, Sumatra, Bali, providing them with a kind of the two. The latter assumed Borneo, Sri Lanka, Burma, investiture and with a Hindu names and adopted Siam, Champa etc. to carry out genealogic confirmation of Sanskrit or Pali language and trade and for cultural membership in a high caste, and Hindu religion, manners and expansion. Kartika Purnima acting at the same time as customs, while the Indians Day (full moon day of Kartika advisers in affairs of imbibed local habits and social falling in the months of October Government and things sacral.´ usages and merged themselves - November) was considered R.C. Majumdar34, has into the local communities. by the Sadhabas as an summed up by saying ³the zeal Thus, grew up the Indian auspicious day to begin their of the Brahmans and colonial kingdoms, which were sea voyages. They, however, Buddhists, pressure caused by constantly strengthened by did not belong to a particular increasing population and fresh streams of immigration caste but constituted a class invasion of foreign hordes, and from the motherland.´ including people from different the spirit of adventure of the Gradually, the new culture castes indulging in the maritime Kshyatriya princes and nobles spread from place to place and trade. Thus, people of all castes added to the commercial engulfed the entire region. i.e. Vaishyas, Kshyatriyas, enterprise of the merchants, and The colonization Brahmanas and even Shudras caused a steady flow of Indian process under discussion can formed the Sadhabas. emigrants to various parts of the never be the work of any single Thus, colonization was Indo-China Peninsula and the community. It has been said neither done by any caste nor

November - 2010 23 Orissa Review during a short span of time. It early Indonesia. If this view is first kingdom in the Southeast was a combined effort of to be accepted then the early Asia which was founded by a various participants over a long Indonesians were a developed Brahmana from India named period of time. Nevertheless, lot and if that be so there was Kaundinya (1st Century CE). the trading trips were carried the least chance of their Gradually, several other Hindu with them Brahmins who acted welcoming the foreigners. At the colonies were developed in as advisers because of their same time, protagonists of the Kambuja, Champa, Java, expertise over various opposite view said that the Sumatra, Bali, Borneo etc. branches of knowledge, the Indonesian people as well as The role of Kalinga in Kshyatriyas who gradually the rulers themselves invited and the process of colonization of fused their traditional welcomed the Indians in large South-East Asia and Ceylon is occupation with that of trade for numbers. Whatever may be the supported by various sources. their survival and the Vaishyas fact, source materials are very It is believed that the first who earned the title of honest scanty either way. The impulse to the colonizing businessmen µSadhu¶ or chauvinistic approach of the activity and expansion of India µSadhaba¶. modern scholars of the South- had its origin in the daring spirit Now question arises as East Asia has made them argue of Kalinga. The spirit of to what was the role of the in support of their country. But enterprise and adventure was people of South-East Asia in one thing is certain that when so remarkable among the the process of colonization? the Indians first went there Oriyas in ancient times that What sort of civilization existed probably there was no they have been referred to in there before the advent of resistance from the local the Sanskrit literature as Indian cultural elements? Were people, although whether they Kalingah Sahasikah (the they merely passive recipients welcomed them or not is a brave Kalingans). They or did they actively participate difficult story altogether. Initially cherished the ambition of in the process? The there was very good founding colonies in distant propounders of µGreater India¶ relationship between the lands. Recent researches on the theory put forward, the passive original settlers and the Indian colonization have recipient theory. But it will be foreigners, which continued to revealed that Kalinga had a wrong to think that the areas of remain so almost, till the end. major share in the over-seas Southeast Asia were merely This, however, does not mean expansion and colonization. µcultural appendages¶ of India. that the local people were The naval power of Kalinga The Dutch scholar, J.C. Van underdeveloped or backward made it possible for her to Leur35 was the first to project nor does this prove that they establish kingdoms in South- the Indonesian element in the were very developed. As stated East Asia in the early stages of process. He has highlighted the earlier, the claim of Indian colonization and finally a great great skill and courage of the scholars on µGreater India¶ empire during the middle Indonesians. Early Indonesian theory is not free from ages36. Tradition holds that inscriptions show that trade, chauvinistic approach. 20,000 families were sent from agriculture and craftsmanship According to tradition, it is Kalinga to Java by the prince had considerable progress in recorded that Fu-nan was the of Kalinga who further

24 November - 2010 Orissa Review multiplied and prospered. Kalinga. Prome, the capital of went and civilized them. The Similar traditions of colonists Burma for some time was remains of Hindu and Buddhist from Kalinga (ancient Orissa) named as Shrikshetra after the architecture in Malaysia still are preserved in the chronicles name of famous Shrikshetra indicate the cultural conquest of of Java. According to A. (modern Puri) of Orissa. The that land by Kalinga. The Bhattacharjee37³the most Sailendras, the most famous names like Talaing, Telinga, important kingdom of Java ruling dynasty of Sumatra were Kling, Keling and Kalinga still during the Tang period was not only contemporary of the continue to exist and used by Kalinga, named after the well Sailodbhavas of Kalinga but the people of Burma and known province of India. Thus, were supposed to be their Malaysia. it is quite natural that the offshoots. It is believed that the Notes and References: colonists from Kalinga Sailendras came directly from dominated Java or at least a India and were connected with 1. R.K. Mookerji, Indian Shipping, New Delhi part of it. Any way, the name the Sailodbhava kings of (Munshiram Manoharlal Kalinga and the popular belief Kalinga.41 However, it is Publishers Pvt. Ltd.), 1999, that the original colonists of difficult to ascertain the exact p.5. Java came from Kalinga share of the Kalingan people in 2. A.P.Patnaik, µKalingan Link indicate a close affinity between µGreater India¶, but it can be with Countries of South-East Java and Kalinga country´. inferred that they had a lion¶s Asia,¶ in: Orissa Review Both R.K. Mookerji38 and (hereafter OR), vol. XLVIII, share in it. Highlighting the role no.9, (April) 1992, p.25 Crawford hold the view that all of Kalinga in the colonization of 3. A.P.Patnaik, The Early the Hindu influences in Java Southeast Asia, M. N. Das42 39 Voyagers of the East, Vol. II, were from Kalinga . The said that the expansion of Delhi (Pratibha Prakashan), Buddha images of Borobudur, Kalinga, politically and 2003, p. 573. the greatest monument of the culturally, into the lands so 4. A.K.Coomaraswamy, History Sailendras in Java, are found to mentioned, was really a great of Indian and Indonesian Art, have been modeled up on the contribution of that land to the New Delhi (Munshiram Buddhas from Ratnagiri in civilization of the East. Manoharlal), 1972, p.157. Orissa40.The fact admits very Spreading and 5. ibid. little doubt that many Kalingan , Indian literature and 6. D.G.E.Hall, A History of South- rulers¶ ruled over Ceylon and art, and still more, infusing the East Asia, London (Macmillan established dynasties there. Indian blood into various parts and Co. Ltd.), 1955, p.14. Starting from Vijaya up to of the Asiatic hemisphere, 7. ibid, p.17. Nishanka Malla many kings of Kalinga had greatly advanced 8. ibid; Arun Bhattacharjee, Ceylon were either from the movement for µGreater Greater India, New Delhi Kalinga or had matrimonial India¶. The legacies of the past (Munshiram Manoharlal relationship with the ruling Publishers Private Ltd.), 1981, remain till to day. Even to day, p. 17. families of Kalinga. the Pacific islanders look 9. A.P.Patnaik, µKalinga There was a Hindu towards the shores of India in influence and Colonies in kingdom in central Java, which memory of a very remote age South-East Asia, OR, Vol. XLII, the Chinese called as Holing or when the people from that side no.9, 1986, p.19.

November - 2010 25 Orissa Review

10. G.Coedes, The Indianised 22. F.D.K. Bosch, Selected 36. M.N. Das, Glimpses of States of South-East Asia, Studies in Indian Kalinga History, Calcutta, Honolulu (East and West Archaeology, Hague, 1961, 1949, p.120. Centre Press), 1967, p.19. p.10. 37. A. Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p.26; 11. D.P.Singhal, India and World 23. J.F. Cady, South-East Asia, Its It is mentioned in Our Civilization, Vol. II, Calcutta Historical Development, New Merchant Seamen (Modern (Rupa and Co.), 1972, p.93. Delhi (Tata McGraw Hill Indian Series: 3, Publications Division, Govt. of India, p.6) 12. H.Kulke and D.Ruthermond, A Publishing Company Ltd.), that, ³The colonization of Java History of India, Calcutta 1964 (Reprinted), p.42. has been aptly described as (Rupa &Co.), 1991, p.152. 24. J.C. Van Lear, Indonesian one of the most glorious 13. R.C.Majumdar, µColonial and Trade and Society, Hague, achievements recorded in the Cultural Expansion¶ in: 1955, p.99. entire history of the country. R.C.Majumdar et al. (Ed.), An 25. H. Kulke, Kings and Cults About 75 A.D. it is said that a Advanced History of India, (State Formation and few Hindu navigators sailed Madras (Macmillan India from Kalinga and drifting into Legitimation in India and Limited), 1988 (Reprint of 4th the wide expanse of the Indian Southeast Asia), New Delhi Edition), pp.215-216. Ocean touched the island of (Manohar), 2001(Reprinted), Java. This and the adjacent 14. A.Lamb, µIndian Influence in p.257. islands were colonized by Ancient South-East Asia,¶ in: these men from Kalinga.´ A.L. Basham (Ed.), A Cultural 26. R.C.Majumdar, Ancient Indian History of India, Delhi (Oxford Colonisation in South East 38. R.K. Mookerji, op. cit, pp.148- University Press), 1988, p. 442. Asia, op. cit. p.6. 149. 15. B.K. Majumdar, The Military 27. F.D.K. Bosch, op. cit, pp.8-10. 39. J.F. Scheltema, Monumental System in Ancient India, 28. H. Santiko, µTechnological Java, New Delhi, 1985, p.35. Calcutta, 1960, p.86. Transfer in Temple 40. D.P.Ghosh, µRelation between 16. R. Thaper, A History of India, Architecture from India to Buddha Images of Orissa and Vol. I, London (Penguin Java,¶ in: Utkal Historical Java¶, Modern Review, Books), 1987, p. 164. Research Journal, Vol. V, 1994, Calcutta, 1933, pp.500-504. p.26. 17. Quoted by B.K.Singh, µNature 41. Quoted by A. Bhattacharjee, of Indianization of Early 29. Quoted in A. Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p.48. South-East Asia,¶ in: op.cit, pp.7 & 8. 42. M.N. Das, op. cit, p.122. Quarterly Review of 30. J.C. Van Lear, op.cit, p.99. Historical Research, vol. XVII, no.2, p.106. 31. Ibid, pp.96-98. 18. G.Coedes, op. cit, p.19. 32. Ibid, pp.103-104. 19. R.C. Majumdar, Hindu 33. W.F. Wertheim, Indonesian Colonies in the Far East, Society in Transition (A Study Calcutta (Firma KLM Private of Social Change), The Hague Limited), 1991 (Reprint), p.8. (W. Van Hoeve Ltd.), 1956, Dr. Benudhar Patra is working at P.G. Dept. of History, Post Graduate 20. R.C Majumdar, Ancient Indian p.275. Govt. College, Sector-11, Colonisation in South East 34. R.C.Majumdar, Hindu Chandigarh (UT), Pin-160011, Asia, Baroda (Oriental Colonies in the Far East, op. India. Email:dr_benudharpatra@ Institute), 1955, p.7. cit, pp.8-9. yahoo.co.in, drpatra11@ gmail. 21. Arun Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p. 35. J.C.Van Lear, op. cit, p.92. com. 18. 26 November - 2010