Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition
Mrs. Hummer Chapter 5 Tissues
1 Chapter 5 Tissues
Four major tissue types
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
2 Epithelial Tissues
General characteristics - • cover organs and the body • line body cavities • line hollow organs • have a free surface • have a basement membrane-thin nonliving layer • avascular • cells readily divide • cells tightly packed • cells often have desmosomes (junction between cells) • function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion • classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers 3 Epithelial Tissues
Simple squamous – Simple cuboidal – • single layer of flat cells • single layer of cube-shaped • substances pass easily through cells • line air sacs • line kidney tubules • line blood vessels • cover ovaries • line lymphatic vessels • line ducts of some glands
4 Epithelial Tissues
Simple columnar – Pseudostratified columnar – • single layer of elongated cells • single layer of elongated cells • nuclei usually near the basement • nuclei at two or more levels membrane at same level • appear striated • sometimes possess cilia • often have cilia • sometimes possess microvilli • often have goblet cells- • often have goblet cells specialized to secrete mucus • line uterus, stomach, intestines • line respiratory passageways
5 Epithelial Tissues
Stratified squamous – Stratified cuboidal – • many cell layers • 2-3 layers • top cells are flat • cube-shaped cells • can accumulate keratin • line ducts of mammary glands, • outer layer of skin sweat glands, salivary glands, • line oral cavity, vagina, and and the pancreas anal canal
6 Epithelial Tissues
Stratified columnar – Transitional – • top layer of elongated cells • many cell layers • cube-shaped cells in deeper • cube-shaped and elongated layers cells • line part of male urethra and • line urinary bladder, part of pharynx ureters, and part of urethra
7 Notebook #1
Understanding Words- pg. 142
1. What are the 4 kinds of tissues in the human body? 2. Where in the body is epithelial tissue present? 3. Epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by the ______. How does this membrane affect the spread of cancer cells? 4. List 4 functions of epithelial tissue.
8 Glandular Epithelium
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
Endocrine glands are ductless Exocrine glands have ducts
Unicellular exocrine gland • composed of one cell • goblet cell Multicellular exocrine gland • composed of many cells • sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. • simple and compound 9 Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
10 Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands • fluid product • cellular product • secretory products • salivary glands • portions of cells • whole cells • pancreas • mammary glands • sebaceous glands • sweat glands
11 Notebook #2
1. Describe the characteristics of the secretions of merocrine, apocrine and holocrine glands. 2. Differentiate between serous cells and mucous cells.
12 Notebook #3 pg. 168
Critical Thinking http://www.youtube.com/watch? # 3 v=qdZ1U0LA1ko Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch? Review Exercises v=HQDqb9yoHTE Part 2 # 1-11 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=KIZD56w_UAY Part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=y2N_b0qwvxY Bozeman Science 13 Connective Tissues
General characteristics - • most abundant tissue type by weight • many functions • bind structures • provide support and protection • serve as frameworks • fill spaces • store fat • produce blood cells • protect against infections • help repair tissue damage • have a matrix • have varying degrees of vascularity
• have cells that usually divide 14 Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fibroblasts Macrophages • fixed cell • wandering cell • most common cell • phagocytic • large, star-shaped • important in injury • produce fibers or infection
Mast cells • fixed cell • release heparin • release histamine
15 Fibroblasts
Collagenous fibers Elastic fibers • thick • composed of a protein • composed of collagen called elastin • great tensile strength • weaker than collagenous • hold structures together • elastic • tendons, ligaments • vocal cords, air passages Reticular fibers • very thin collagenous fibers • highly branched • form supportive networks • spleen 16 Connective Tissues
Connective tissue proper Specialized connective tissue • loose connective tissue • cartilage • adipose tissue • bone • reticular connective tissue • blood • dense connective tissue • elastic connective tissue
17 Connective Tissues
Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue • mainly fibroblasts • adipocytes-store fat in their cytoplasm • fluid to gel-like matrix • cushions • collagenous fibers • insulates • elastic fibers • store fats • bind skin to structures • beneath skin, behind eyeballs, • beneath most epithelia around kidneys and heart, abdomenal • blood vessels nourish membrane nearby epithelial cells • between muscles
18 Connective Tissues
Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue • composed of thin, • packed thick collagenous fibers collagenous fibers • elastic fibers • supports internal organ • few fibroblasts walls • bind body parts together • walls of liver, spleen, • tendons, ligaments, dermis lymphatic organs • poor blood supply
19 Connective Tissues
Elastic connective tissue Bone (Osseous Tissue) • abundant in elastic fibers • solid matrix • some collagenous fibers • deposited by bone cells • fibroblasts called osteoblasts • attachments between bones • supports, protects • walls of large arteries, airways, heart • forms blood cells • attachment for muscles • skeleton • osteocytes in lacunae
20 Connective Tissues
Hyaline cartilage • most abundant Cartilage • ends of bones • rigid matrix • nose, respiratory passages • embryonic skeleton • chondrocytes in lacunae http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/ (small chambers) joints-and-articulations-guest • poor blood supply Elastic cartilage • three types • flexible • hyaline • external ear, larynx • elastic http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest • fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage • very tough • shock absorber • intervertebral discs • pads of knee and pelvic girdle http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest 21 Connective Tissues
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage 22 Connective Tissues
Blood • fluid matrix called plasma • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets • plasma • transports • defends • involved in clotting • throughout body in blood vessels • heart
23 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/connective-tissue.html#lesson Notebook #4
1. What kind of protein makes up dense connective tissue? 2. What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon? 3. How do cartilage cells receive nutrients? 4. List the three types of cells found in plasma. 5. Describe the role of connective tissue in protecting the body against infection.
24 Muscle Tissues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBuReVewhws&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS Skeletal muscle • attached to bones • striated General characteristics • voluntary • muscle cells called Smooth muscle muscle fibers • walls of organs • contractile • skin • three types • walls of blood vessels • skeletal • involuntary • smooth • not striated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isOWu7Ts-vs&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS • cardiac Cardiac muscle • heart wall • involuntary • striated • intercalated discs 25 Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle 26 Nervous Tissues
• found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • basic cells are neurons • neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components • sensory reception • conduction of nerve impulses
27 Types of Epithelial Membranes
Mucous Serous • line tubes and organs • line body cavities that open to outside world that do not open to • lining of mouth, nose, the outside throat, etc. • reduce friction • secrete mucus • inner lining of Cutaneous thorax and abdomen • covers body • cover organs of • skin thorax and abdomen • secrete serous fluid Synovial • composed entirely of connective tissue • lines joints
28 Notebook #5
1. What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? 2. What is the basic cell of the nervous tissue? 3. What is the function of nervous tissue?
29 Notebook #6
Critical Thinking: # 5, 6, 7
Review Exercises: # 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
30 Clinical Application
The Extracellular Matrix: The Body’s Glue Cancer Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis • fibroblasts become more • imbalances of collagen production contractile, take on cancer and degradation cell characteristics and secrete • ECM buildup may block blood flow abundant collagen in the arteries and the heart
Liver Fibrosis • collagen deposit increases • ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow
31 Clinical Application
Collagen Disorders
Chondrodysplasia Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa • collagen chains too wide • breakdown of collagen that attaches • stunted growth skin layers • deformed joints • stretchy skin • lax joints
Hereditary osteoarthritis • change in amino acid in collagen • painful joints
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