A° I ° MMM)

N 0 R u M B E 6 A.

C I T Y° C O U N TRY ° F Q R T o R WE R o

’ N OR UMB EGA N OR MB EGA

I N D I AN U T T E R AN C E or N ou m ea TH E ANCI ENT roam

' or Nom sv N O RW A Y o r o W H I CH T H E

a a caoN or V : N LA N D W A S s u b ne 't

C ( TY A’r AN D NEAR WATma'ruwu

nap-u m T ern“ w a s“ ,

HO CK S 'W HARVBS ‘ WAL La' nAMa ~ B u nN s

C0 U N T-RY ‘

- ° ~ R OA Fl t s u 1 1 AN D 1 0 THE. S L WR C Exr m nm c F o r. 3 T A EN E

Fi na—r a r e »: avB J AR N I H u ma n- s o u . 9 65 A- D °

LAN D I ‘ALL or Lm r Em u s o N on C A P E C oo

N c a s t C A N A L s o D A MS o WA LLS PAV EA E N T S °

' N ‘ Y O FO R TS TER R AC E D PLAC E S O P AI B B M B LY R E F R A I T O DA

AT B A S E or Tow a a AN D R E G I O N A B O U T

WAS O CC U PI E D BY T HE B R E T O N FR E N CH I N T H E

r‘ H * “ ‘ ié AN D 1 7 Cau ru nmno

RI VE R

T H E CH A R L E S 9

D u c ovt mt i B Y 0 o o o o 0

LE E]? Ea t mso wo wfloA40)

Ex r u onnp a v

’ T H O RWALD o Lm r s B ROTH E R o lOOiSA' D "

C ob ou t z a o nv T H O R F I N N

Fla t t D u ne ?

Em u G N U Ps oN o MZ l bo

lénu s'rm zs s o n J SQ Y EAR S

Mimosa- w oo l) [Bu m slo h am ru ns

s n a vru mm m IC L D I 7 ° LAT EST Nonsr. u ? To E AN N 113 4

TH E

D EFENCES O F NO RU MB EGA

AND

A REVIEW O F THE RECO NNAISSANCES

O F

W AYNE W I N N PROFESSOR HENRY . H S D R W L T . HI GG SO . USTI N I N CO . . , , J SOR,

P KMAN AND REV. D R. ED M N F LAF D R. FRANCI S AR , U D . S TER

A LETTER TO JU D GE D ALY

Prendm t oftbc Am can Geograplzzcal Society

EB EN NO RTO N H O R SFO RD

BOSTO N AND NEW YO RK HTO N MI FFLI N AND CO MPAN HOUG , Y (Bankin: ElbeBihzwinc press, g 1 891 Umvnnsxrr PRESS

JOHN WxxsonAND SON, Camsnxnen. TAB LE OF C NTE TS O N .

PROBLEM OF THE NORTHMEN

WHAT THE CRI TI C S AD MI T AND WHAT THEY D ENY

THE BATTLE - FI ELD

COMMUNI CATI ONS FROM THE CUSTOD IANS OF THE PRESERVE

’ LEIE S EXPED I TI ON FROMGREENLAND

’ D R. SLAFTER S PUB LI SHED I EWS REV. V

THE CI TY AND COUNTRY OF NORUMB EGA

EXTENT OF THE COUNTRY

PA AN D R. RKM

A D I M THE SAI LOR, D VI NGRA

AND REW THEVET

JEAN ALLEFONSCE

WAS THERE A CI TY OF NORUMREGA?

LI ST OF MAP S

THE EARLI EST NORUMB EGA ON THI S SERI ES OF MAPS

THE SI GNI FI CATI ON OF THE LATI TUD E S

I D ENTI TY OF CAPE ANN WI TH THE SOUTHERN CAPE BRETON OF ALLEFONSCE

WHAT AL LEFONSCE SAI D

THE WEI GHT OF THE AUTHORI TY

ERRORS IN ESTI MATI NG LONGI TUD ES AND D I STANCES AT SEA

THE RELATI ON OF ALLEFONSCE To THE Two CAPE BRETONS

F R MBE RI THE LATI TUD E OF THE MOUTH O NO U GA VER .

ANOTHER NANTASEET AND ANOTHER COHASSET D ESCRI BED BY CHAMPLAI N TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

A E ANN CAPE BRETON AND ST. JOHAN, OUR C P

LOCAL MAP OF CAPE ANN

THE MOUTH OF CHARLES RI VER VARI OUSLY I ND I CATED

PLY MOUTH HARBOR

BRET N THE CAvo D E Y NGLA TERRA OF S A THE CA E A F CAPE O , CO A, P NN O

PRI NC E CHARLES

NARRATI VES OE PERSONS WHO HAVE VI SI TED THE COUNTRY OR CI TY OF NORUMBEGA

VERRAZANO VI SI TED THE BOSTON BACK BAY THE TESTI MONY OE CHAMPLAIN To THE EXI STENCE ON THE CI TY OF NORUMBEGA

ON THE CHARLES

TRANSI TI ON PERI OD I N REGARD To NORUMBEGA

’ HAR LUY T S D I SCOURSE ON WESTERN PLANTI NG

' WI NTHROP S MAP OF 1 634

WHAT REMAINS OF THE WALLS OF NORUMBEGA

WHAT HAS BEEN ESTABLI SHED

A RESUME EROMANOTHER POI NT OF VIEW

A SUMMARY OE THE ARGUMENT I N ANOTHER FORM LI ST OF I LLUSTRATI ONS AND MAP S.

PAGE 4 MEMORI AL TOWER AT FORT NORUMBEGA AND THE I NSCRI PTI ON ON

THE TAB LET F rontispiece

4 D AMS D O S AND WHARVES OF THE AN I ENT CI T E N MB , CK , C Y O ORU EGA O N THE

ARLES RIVER AT WATERTOWN IN MAS H CH , SAC USETTS 2 x A F N R MBE A I TH FI SHERI ES N ST B 1 PL N O O U G , W O ONY ROOK 7

vTERRACED HI LL- SID E AND AREA OF B OWLD ERS AT THE MOUTH OE I PSWI CH RI VER 7

’ S Am m THEATRE NEAR BIRD S POND , BELMONT 9

’ “ - ARTI CLES FOUND NEAR LEIE S LAND I NG PLACE 1 3 vSOLI S MAP OF THE REGI ON OF VINELAND AND THE COLONY OF NORVEGA 22

SOLI S MAP OF NORVEGA IN EUROPE (NORWAY) 23

x PA I E I N MB E A l RAD SO, R FUG O, ANGUILEME, ORU G 30 “ 1 RI VER FLOWI NG THROUGH A LAKE I NTO THE SEA 31

vWAS THERE A CI TY OF NORUMBEGA I N THE FORTY - THI RD D EGREE ? 33

Q PART OF MAP OF WATERTOWN THE SI TE OF THE AN IENT CI T OF NOR MBEGA 34 , C Y U

I RELATI ONS OF ALLEFONSCE To THE TWO CAPE BRE TONS 45 “ EQUI VALENTS B ETWEEN CAPE ANN AND CAPE COD 49

“EQUI VALE NTS OF THE RI VER CHARLES 51 “ ” MA F M A AS ET AT THE P RO VOY GES OF CHAMPLAI N. THE COHASSET AND NANT K

MOUTH OF THE SACO ’ M BELLERO S MAP 1 554 HAVI NG CANAL ST JUAN ST. J LI AN OF GO EZ A , , . ( U )

E HA OAST S R MAP H G THE CANAL D I S OVERED AGLOUC STER RBOR. C U VEY S OWI N C

B Y GOMEZ

’ M 5 q COSAS AP, 1 00

xi TRANSI TI ON PERI OD I N REGARD To NORUMB EGA

J‘ ’ HELI OTY PE COPY OF WI NTHROP S ORI GI NAL MAP OF 1 634

AD AUPHI N MAP (D ESCELAER) 1 546

D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

’ ' AL President th e AmericanGeo ra kzealSoczei JUD GE D Y, of g p y

EAR SI R - You e S of th e e of D , may r call that in my tory Discov ry

e f th e A e C of No e th e S e ee of th e Sit o nci nt ity rumb ga, at p cial m ting th e President and Council of th e American Geographical Society held

e o n No e e of 1 889 e ed th e ef e at Wat rt w in v mb r , I tr at chi r sults at which I h ad arrived as fu lfilments ofpredictions which I h ad not hesitated to

e in th e of e e en ded fro th e ne d mak , light l gitimat sci tific uction , m Vi lan

ded d of th e e ed e e and e e e Sagas, ai by my stu y r lat lit ratur my r s arch s in th e field. In this paper I Shall give what will be seen to be confirmation of

o o o th e convictions expressed in my earli er c mmunicati n . It will c nsist of materials that are almost independent of th e course of argument

nd e d d. T e be e a which I last year pursue h y will larg ly maps r cor s, which tell a story ofthemselves essentially coincident with that submitted at Watertown . It may not have escaped your recollection that in my letter to you “ of e e and lf a o de th e e of THE ROBLEM OF Jun , a y ar a ha g , un r titl P

THE NORTHMEN led to th e e e , I was xclamation, Is Massachus tts a Preserve I find myselfobliged a second time to tu rn from th e line of e e e of e on defe e and do th e my r s arch s to that my p rs al nc ; in so ing, phrase I have cited seems as suited to my present needs as it was to

e e s f d a h ad e e at my first. I v n ee in it a two ol qu lity that not arli r

ed e e its e e . tract my att ntion . It has its humorous as w ll as s rious asp ct F R MBEGA 2 D EFENCES O NO U .

fr S de ? e e th e d Wh y not look at it om both i s It may nliv n iscussion .

e e e e o of e th e Wheth r as a qu ry or as an xpr ssi n surpris , phrase may

e ee ed e . be ee o e e to some hav s m a chanc shot It will s n, h w v r, that th e

d its e shaft foun targ t. Th e recent setting up ofth e Tower and its Tablet ofInscriptions at

o of S n B o th e e e of d th e m uth to y r ok, with palpabl obj ct rawing atten

of th e e e of th e tion to th e earthworks what, in lit ratur e g ography of th i ee e h ad ee aled and e ie ed e s xt nth c ntury, b n c l a Fort, which I b l v

be one of th e e of e N e i d h ad n be to s ats a gr at ors n ustry, , it ca not

dened th e of e ofth e e d. i , air conscious poss ssion fi l My right to such

e ee e ed in e e e e o e poss ssion has b n chall ng , t rms which, wh th r w lc m or

e e e effe ed de r e end e e d ed th e oth rwis , hav ct a si abl , th y hav isclos limit of th e resources that may be brought to bear in a charge on th e

f o defences o N ru mbega.

h d e of r d ff T e isput my ight has h a another e ect . It has directed par

n o ticular attentio t th e ancient seaport of Vineland at Watertown . It h as e o ed to th e fe e e fo e p rhaps c ntribut also trans r, not n c ssarily un rtunat , ofth e assumed claim which has been made to exclusive right ofjudg ment upon th e weight ofevidence in this field from th e exercise ofa

f e d th e on th e S relatively ew to whoever may car to stu y e subj ct pot. Th e physical remains ofancient structures deemed essential to th e proof

N e e d e th e e ofth e C e e ee f d. that orthm n onc w lt in vall y harl s, hav b n oun

e be ee and e ed one T e e e ed Th y can s n xamin by any . h ir plac is s ttl .

o h e de to They are n t inconsiderable in extent. T very cita l that is be

d do ed o ed . W e o d to hel or aban n is p int out It is at at rtown, which I h l

h e fth e e of e T de ed e be t e sit o anci nt city Norumb ga. his is ni in t rms

o e all e de e h e e not o of th e e en e of No that c v r vi nc s w at v r, nly pr s c rth men th e le ofthe C e th e A e Co en o in va l y harl s, but on m rican ntin t s uth

’ not e e of Davis Strait . Th e terms of this denial are wanting ith r in

h o precision or t e air ofc nviction . o in Th e Situation may not be wholly th e subj ect ofregret . P ssibly this sweeping denial and a reply lies th e only way in which a newly

MBE A D EFENCES OF NORU G . 3

e e ed. A of e e d e discovered historical verity can b stablish truth r c nt a v nt,

to e e e o th e o d we that is pr vail, lik an x tic in plant w rl , as all know, finds its textu re hardened and toughened by exposure successively to

be fee e for th e e winds from all quarters . I f its support bl , it may tim be crushed by th e violence of th e assault ; but if it has genuine and

it n e e f. th e adequate foundation, will fi ally ass rt its l In this way roots

n L e h of plants and oftruths gain deep a d lasting hold. et us acc pt t e

Th e h be f for. T e e eed be inevitable. trut must ought h r must n s assault

ofth e N e e e f and defence. Th e story orthm n can claim no x mption rom th e general law.

e o e de Th e preliminari es have taken plac in pr p r or r. A considerable numb er of gentlemen of recognized authority in th e early history ofth e Commonwealth have assumed what may be regarded

od ofth e e e e and e e f as th e rOle ofCust ians Pr s rv , ris n to proclaim, ach rom

n fth e d e ded nd th e o . his ownsta point, i violability groun I hav inva

e efe to me d e nd e th e Th e language in which th y r r , ir ctly or i ir ctly, as

f e of e o de e me e o d e . O aim th ir communicati ns, i ntifi s b y n qu stion cours ,

e n ed to th e d e and o I must play my part. I am r co cil unavoi abl , not with ut

e e Of e — e e th e e ofth e e a m asur cont nt, xc pt, possibly, with styl w apons

o To be e e ee ed. tr to e e ed e e t . us I may y h r sign v n this sur , I hav b n

ed h ad not e e ed d of e e th e surpris . I b li v such a kin surpris profitabl to

e d e o e critics ; but th y oubtl ss kn w b st.

It will be interesting — amusing — one of these days to look over a

e d ofth e e me for e ed f e r cor charg s against having att mpt , in my ortunat e e and O o e to den th e ase Ofth e o ofth e S e of l isur pp rtuniti s, wi b gl ry tat

do T e e my a ption . here are charges against me of cartological p rv r 1 “ sion ; assertions that my papers are significant mainly in th e study

1 ‘ Petermans Mitth eilu n contri u ted Ru e Hefte 9 1 890 ech oes th e arrai nment g ( b by g ) , , , g by ” “ th e au th or in th e Narrative and Critical Histor of America onth e ch ar e of cartolo ical y , g g ” “ sic erversion I nth e letter ofJu ne 1 889 I assu med th is cartolo ical to be a mis rint for ( ) p ( , , g p n ofMa 3 carto ra h ical wh ich is reco nized En lish word. Of th e article in th e Natio g p , a g g ) y

1 888 368 inth e colu mn ofBook Notices I h ave s okeninth e Pro lem ofth e North m en. , p. , , p b

I ts ou rce is o vious. A nosco st lu m s b g y . 4 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. ofpsychology ; that those historians only find evidences ofth e presence of th e North men in Massachusetts wh o are distinguished . for exu ber ance ofimagination and redundance of thought ; that th e idea of evi

’ dence ofany kind that Northmenever came south of Davis Strait is abandoned except by a few enthusiastic advocates ; that I am trying by unworthy means to impose upon children (not to say grown men and women) my views on th e subj ect ofth e discovery ofAm erica by North 1 men; that I rely upon evidence which at th e best is only insufficient and

e are e n n e trivial ; that my authoriti s untrustworthy, littl k ow , or vagu

- n e e e and so on. And e e ee e and u c rtain in stat m nt, th s sw ping charg s are made by gentlemen who conceive themselves entitled to claim that

e ed d e e be e ed o e e ri th ir nak , a v rs opinion shall acc pt as c mp t nt autho ty

e of e hi e e e are u e and in a matt r g ography, w l th r co ntl ss maps charts, and h n ofd o e e and e e ef e ed t e testimo y isc v r rs xplor rs, which, car ully xamin , may be fou nd to hold as I do.

Th e f e e ded e e e we e Wi at that has att n my r s arch s is not, ho v r, thout

de ed o e me de n e precedent . It might be consi r impr p r in to allu to i stanc s

t e i of eo d o e e e in o e e d of in h h story g graphical isc v ry ; but th r is, an th r fi l

e e an old and f o ofth e e e W new r s arch , amiliar illustrati n r luctanc ith which

e e e e ed - for e e th e f e ofH e wh o dis truth is g n rally r c iv , xampl , in at arv y,

o He o d ed e e e e e e ed th e oi th e ood. cover circulati n bl c n uct xp rim ntal r s arch s,

He ed and published th e results to which they led him . was cr ited by

e of e do d e fe e e th critics his tim with a pting absur vi ws a t r trivial r s arch . Bu t h e was wise enough to expect that th e magnificent discovery h e h ad

e to th e w d d be e ed h i e e e e giv n orl woul not acc pt by s cont mporari s, sp cially by those past middle age.

Harvey was a man ofth e rarest accomplishment as a scientific inquirer .

nn e n of His lear i g and skill . w re recog ized ; h e was th e chosen physician

e e o E d. was o ed two sov r igns f nglan When his great discovery ann unc ,

1 Th e little cli u e devoted to th e Cu l ofth e Norse D iscover ofAmerica wh ich th e are striv q t y , y ” in ever means le itimate or oth erwise to im u onth in enr on etc . HENR Y W. g by y , g , pose p e ris g g e ati ,

HA NES Proceedins o the Massach usetts HistoricalSociet 1 890 339. Y g f y, , p. D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA. 5

d ed ed ee ed e e ed ed h e was iscr it , sn r at, p rs cut , lampoon , pitied; copies of his elaborate papers were heaped in bonfires and burned ; h e was virtually

d e f th e ofe . B do ? e B riv n rom pr ssion y whom, you ask I answ r, y many

d n u ed es and e ed — Ofth e ed Ofth e most isti g ish y , l arn m ical fraternity

Ho d e ee one e. w T ofhis ag coul this hav b n, naturally inquires . h e reply

e d : T e m fit e de th e d e e e e is n ar at han h y ig hav ma iscov ry th ms lv s . As nd i n e e e e e a d d o e d. T h i th y w r comp t nt, not, no coul his was t e leg ti e mate conclusion ofhis critics . We xplain it by saying that such con

on e we w of duct is c sist nt with what kno human nature. It has been

d dee on e ed th e sai , with a hint not always ply c c al , that human nature

d d e of th e e e of th e . in ivi ual, lik that rac , chang s slowly In time, how eve th e d e to e and e e e and o r, worl cam acc pt, b li v pr fit in, th e discovery

h o d ofth e circulation oft e bl o . Can any one who offers to Show evidences ofa birthday for th e colo nizationofth e basin ofth e Charles earlier by six hundred years than th e advent of th e Puritans expect to escape th e penalty appointed for his audacity ?

One eed e th e e e. e old e e e e and n not pursu th m It is a v ry xp ri nc , not

Le m confined to any one country or time. t e accept at once th e re

of f be ed and e sponsibility all with which I may airly charg , brac myself to th e consequences . I n eed not refer to th e discovery ofth e Landfall of

o C o 1 49 and th e e - o — not e — of J hn ab t in 7, gu ss w rk to say mor Sebastian

son nor ofth e e ofth e ofth e e of e his , cl aring up truth narrativ s V rrazano and ofGo e e e e e o e e e m z, which in g n ral t rms I hav m r than onc plac d in

T e e to o e e d. d print . h y b long an th r fi l I am now to consi er only th e work in connection with th e Northmen . Here is a general summary

e e e e th e to d e th e L d It is, I b li v , tru that I was first iscov r that an fall oi Leif Erikson was on an island once at th e north end of Cape

d now o ned to th e d e th e e of Co , j i mainlan , but still xisting at tim Cosa Ru ysch Allefonsce and Gosnold th e

’ first to trace Leifs sail thereafter across th e mouth . of Cape Cod Bay E 6 D EFENCES or NORUMB GA. and on th e o fo th e G ne Co e and N e to al g c ast r m ur t, past hass t antask t,

Ha o e e be o nded on ebb de and e Boston rb r, wh r gr u an ti , lat r, with th e

no n flood ed o th e en n e to th e Bo on B Ba i c mi g , pass thr ugh tra c st ack y, “ th e H6 of Th orfinn and- o ed s flood de and p , a small l l ck bay, alt at ti f th e e ree e e o nd of e no th resh at ebb, small lak th l agu s ar u V rraza , e lake through which a river [th e Charles] flowed from th e land to th e ” ’ sea o d n to Le f — th e e of o e Ge r L nd n , acc r i g i , to sit his h us at r y s a i g in Cambridge ; th e first to recognize in th e Sagas th e exploration of Charles River by Thorwald th e first to identify th e Fu rdu strand pur sued by Th orfinn around th e curve southward from Kjalarnes (Cap e Cod) to N e H o and few e e e ond to e ond th e aus t arb r, a l agu s b y a s c bay first to identify th e strait against Chatham as th e Strau mi rd OfTh orfinn; th e first to identify th e extension of th e present Monomoy as th e Strau mO (Island ofCurrents) outside ofth e Strau mfj fird ofTh orfinn and

to S o did not o o d e ond th e e o of lastly, h w that his party g s uthwar b y lb w

Cape Cod. It was also my fortune to discover th e great fisheries of 1 S on B oo n din th e o e nfo e of e e en e t y r k, i clu g m r tha ur acr s ar a, v ly pav d

o e and f d ed e o de e on th e ex with cl s ly skil ully a just massiv b wl rs, r sting panse of deep vegetable mould at th e bottom of th e valley ; also to find and explore th e artificial canals strewn throughout th e basin ofth e

C e o to d o e th e e ofth e n en ofNo e harl s ; als isc v r sit a ci t city rumb ga, with

ed do and e dam fish wa and e of one- l its wall cks wharv s, , y, mil s st wa ls

on th e C e e o in e ood e e on o e al g harl s b l w, still r markably g pr s rvati , nc e n e No e ene e and now o e or e in u se de s rvi g gr at rs t rpris s, m r l ss as un r lying or otherwise connected with prominent industries of th e historic village ofWatertown

need not efe in e o o and I r r this connection to th e w alth, phil l gical e no o ou to th e th l gical, that through these researches has b een br ght

1 From su ch accou nts as I h ave read nd h am rsu aded th at th e avements alon a eard, I pe p g th e sh ores at Pema u id in Maine and th r r ks and o lders at th e mou th q , e masses of angula oc b w ofI swich River wh ich I h ave h ad h o r h d inin terrac offer a field for p , p tog aph ed With t e a jo g es, arch e olo ical research second onl to th at ofSton Brook as of ossi le settlement North men g y y , p b by , and devoted to th e same industrie s th at were pursu ed inth e basinofth e Ch arles.

D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 7

de of e f d S o d be stu nt Massachus tts history. I am a rai I h ul thought ven tu resome ifI w ere to betray my estimate of th e richn ess of th e field

Opened up to archaeology — not ofMassachusetts alone — by th e discovery ofNo e and th e not de th e e ofth e and rumb ga, unworthy pri h irs Pilgrims Puritans will yet take in th e possession ofthis gateway to treasure infi

' nitely transcending all th e material wealth which Wh ittier s Norman Knight “ believed to be in th e Barbaric City .

n o e e It is not , I k ow, alt g th r a light thing to carry back through so many centuries th e birthday ofa realm . Bu t as I should do no violence to my own convictions if I were to intimate that I regard th e deter minations I have made as additions to th e early history ofMassach u

so e e e n ee led to e setts and of America, I b li v , that, havi g b n giv time

t e e o d d to and effort to establish h s convicti ns, I am in uty boun stand in their defence.

no f e . If e I need t go urth r at all, I am unqu stionably a poacher of degree.

f e ed e of ofi ences e of I f this be a su fici nt acknowl gm nt my , in vi w

e ed me e o let me e th e what has been dir ct against p rs nally, r turn to more serious phase ofth e

HE N R HME PROBLEM OF T O T N.

e e e e e ed in th e o of e d n To dispute my vi ws, th r hav app ar c lumns a l a i g 1 T e newspaper ofBoston th e communications to which I have referred. h y discredit th e conclusions at which I have arrived in a field ofgeographical

e fe e e e r of e ed n e i e e co r search, a t r s v ral y a s unint rrupt i v st gation, with v ry operation I could command. Among th e writers wh o have done m e th e honor to differ from me

E d . Slafter e d en th e Rev. . d and publicly to express th ir iss t, is Dr mun F ,

’ th e venerable editor ofB eamish s Translation ofcertain ofth e Vineland

’ Sagas for th e Prince Society s Publications ; also ofits edition ofCham

’ o h e ef ed ef e ed e o of plain s V yages, to which pr ac a car ully pr par m m ir

1 “ ” venin Traveller ofD ec . 28 1 889. Th e BostonE g , 8 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

th e e e e al ofth e fe ofAe de E of e n e gr at xplor r ; so li l xan r, arl St rli g, whos possessions by royal gift once stretched away westward on either side of

nd i e and e nd h t . L e e a e th e t e S awr nc its tr butary lak s, b yo th m to Ver

a th e G lfofC if . dd e e milion Se , u al ornia In a ition to th s publications of

n f h o th e of . S t e o e o t e o e Soci ty which Dr la t r was riginal incorp rators,

th of h e ef A o and h e is e author muc oth r most us ul work. m ng my critics

- are . e e de ofth e e censors also Dr Francis Parkman, Vic Pr si nt Massachus tts

e th e s ofth e ee of th e New Historical Soci ty, classic hi torian Pion rs France in

W d and th e of e th e e e d orl , author many brilliant volum s in sam fi l that

e ed th f fmen of e e . W hav plac him in e ront rank o l tt rs ; Dr Justin insor, ” th e ed of th e e H of B and of th e N itor M morial istory oston, arra

e and C H ofA eri f. He W. H e e tiv ritical istory m ca ; Pro nry ayn s, whos

o E and A ae are e and contributi ns to thnology rch ology w ll known , to

e whose earlier expressions of dissent and those of Mr . Winsor I hav

ed e e e of e 1 889 Th e e of th e call att ntion in my l tt r Jun , , upon Probl m

N e and Col. T We H e e ser orthm n homas ntworth igginson, whos gr at vices in various fields ofliterature are as familiar to th e reading world

th e e and e e e as is his gallantry in lat war, his chivalry wh r v r truth or

e ed d right has app ar to him to be assaile .

WHAT THE CRI TI CS AD MI T AND WHAT THEY D ENY .

Most Of these writers do not seriously question that th e Northmen may have discovered th e continent of America somewhere to th e south

e ofG ee d and e e ed th e e ood of e w st r nlan , may hav r main in n ighborh th ir

L df for n d fe e . d e a an all a w y ars This they eem possibl . Such a mis

e e and d e of sion is cons rvativ safe. Such a frame of min is consist nt,

e d e cours , with almost any measure of scepticism in regar to pr cision ofstatement. Th e proposition to which they have allied themselves is this They hold that tru stworthy evidence of th e presence of th e North men th e twoes o h uman ndiworh o e ae e , such as f ha , or th r arch ological t sti

has not been ound and e of e e e e e e d mony, f , (by som th s g ntl m n it is h l )

1 0 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

THE BATTLE- FI ELD .

Th e burden ofth e present letter is th e det ermination ofth e identity f ofth esite ofth e historic city ofNoru mbega with that o Watertown . I “ h e P o e Ofth e N e and o have, in t r bl m orthm n in vari us paragraphs in

o ned W e de ee of e e not other papers, p i t out ith som gr vagu n ss always

L ndf ofLeif on C e Cod and e unpurposed that th e a all was ap , his hous on th e Charles ; and I recognize that th e proofs I have offered on these points are rather incidental than carefully set in order and prepared to

e o e on e e e e o on e carry cl ar convicti n . My pap r th s th m s, th ugh l g sinc

th e e ee f ed de. ee ed e e to nearly through pr ss, has b n orc asi It s m n c ssary

' fi i n o e ee e ed and to reply to th e personal re ect o s t which I hav b n subj ct , make known without unnecessary delay th e discoveries ofth e physical re mains th e works of engineering and th e masonry I have found in th e basin ofth e Charles . I n th e story ofth e discovery related to you on th e completion ofth e

T e e o d e d ed h ow o d ed b n ow r, I hav t l , as alr a y intimat , I was c n uct y hi ts in th e Sagas and personal exploration in th e field to th e site ofNorum

d o bega . I glance only at th e arguments resting on scanty cart graphy and th e e e of eo One of e ee lit ratur g graphy. my wish s has b n that

e d ffe ed f m me be led to e e n th e ve thos who i r ro might pr s nt, agai st i ws

o d th e e h ad ed f to e e e . I n I h l , argum nts that prov satis actory th ms lv s f e ee ed. Th e o d o o O this wish I hav b n gratifi w rl , or that small p rti n it

ne e ed th e e ofA e th e e now n i t r st in Discov ry m rica by Northm n, may k ow on what foundation rests th e scepticism ofcertain of th e learned men wh o assume to be qualified to pronounce an Opinion on this subj ect .

Th e ofN e e d de d th e de nW e city orumb ga, as I have h l , un rlai mo r at r town . I recall again th e miles ofstone- walls whose construction may be

ed th e e h n ed S e A e trac to Northmen . They b gin just above t e U it tat s rs n h e . I e e d d or re ed. t nal In plac s th y have been un ermine mov main, they are nearly continuous on either side of th e river — much b etter

“ e e ed do e e ed th no de for o i e pr s rv ( ubtl ss r pair ) on e rth si ab ut a m l ,

D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA. 1 1

e d W e d e fish wa and dam xpan ing at at rtown into ocks, wharv s , a y, a , at th e e d of de- h a ti water.

be ed e ee e d It may claim to hav b n alr a y shown, in my earlier com mu nication th e dam o rounded bou ers field- ne of , that f ld sto which all th e o e are de e de e th e o of e e e o o th r walls p n nci s, was w rk th s arly c l nists

— of e th e No en. Th e o n o h Massachus tts, rthm c mmu icati n which I h ad t e

o N e e e a o to e en ou th e A e h nor in ov mb r a y ar g pr s t, through y , to m rican

Geo S e ed th e in ofth e dam h graphical oci ty, trac orig to an industry oft e

No e en — or e efo e h ad een e ded ed th da nd rs m , rath r, b r I s th m, uc e m a

e th e do and e nd en e e e en fo s aport, with cks wharv s, as i isp sabl r quir m ts r th e o d of e No e nd of e ar c n uct a gr at rs i ustry , which glimps s e given in th e

Th o n nd h e Vineland Sagas . e ccasio a t time at my command did not per

th e e den e in de e de of th e o e e of o mit vi c a quat tail c rr ctn ss my p sition . 1 T o o e o hat I pr p s to submit in this c mmunication . Th e time is not distant when all wh o have th e needed leisure to in vestigate th e subj ect will acquiesc e in my demonstration I give my as

en to o e — Le f ded on C e Cod th e e 1 0 s t n thing l ss that i lan ap in y ar 00, and built his house on th e Charles near th e Cambridge City Hospital ; and o e and e de end n for en e ond ed that his c untrym n th ir sc a ts, c turi s, c uct extensive industries in th e basin of th e Charles and elsewh ere in New ? En nd of No e one ofth e e and th e o en gla , which rumb ga is k ys m num t

1 To th is end mainl I h ave arran ed on d c h e u i — , y, g eta h ed s ets s tes ofmaps h eliotype copies

constitu tin a solu te ac- similes of earl au th oritative works man ofth em rare. Each sh eet of g b f y , y ma s is desi ned to aid th e stu dent in u nderstandin th e line of investi ation I h ave u rsu ed p g g g p , in re ard one or two oints onl earin on th e resence m an centu ries a o of colon g to p y , b g p , y g , a y

o h men in h e asin f h e Ch arles I t was inevita le th at sin le ma s and im ortan of N rt t b o t . b g p p t individu al facts Sh ou ld be repeated. 3 ’ Josh u a Tou lmain Smith remarks th at some ofTh orfinns art remained inVineland. Gu drid p y , so Koh l divines told th e au th orities at Rome ofth e eau tifu l new cou ntr inth e west ineland , b y , V “ ” th e Good — inland det Goda — and a ou t th e Ch ristian settlem ents made th ere Scandi , V , b by “ ” na ia n f enmark told Adam of Bremen see Ch u rch Histor vns. S e I I . Ki o D w yn , g , ( y, of th e I sland wh ere ra es rew wild and corn rew s ontaneou sl of wh ich intelli ence h ad g p g , g p y, g been brou gh t h im by tru stworth y D anish su bjects : Praeterea u nam adh u c insu lam recitavit a multis re ertam in illo Oceano u ae dicitu r Winland eo u od ibi vites s onte nascu ntu r vinu m p , q , q p , M 1 2 D EFENCES OF NORU BEGA.

I do not forget that others may not feel th e force ofth e evidence of To cartography and of geographical nomenclature as I do. them there

o e e ene th e r e of e on V th e will come, in pr p r s qu c , na rativ s p rs al isitors to site ofNorumbega inth e sixteenth century . TO those who cannot believe that th e Northmen were in th e valley ofth e Charles until there be laid before them th e demonstration of th e precise latitude of th e points in

e on e e be ed th e o e of e th e eeded qu sti , th r will suppli in pr gr ss this pap r n

d n r h of con itio s fo t e removal their last doubt.

Let me d e th e o e wh o e efl e in ulg h p that all , with littl or no car u inv sti

ation now so on de e e de e g , c fi ntly ass rt th ir clarations against th e pres nce

e e ofe N en e th e f o o o o e h r arly orthm , may hav satis acti n, in c mm n with th rs

e fee to e new e of ee th e e en happily mor r acc pt vi ws, s ing tim wh it shall be difficult to find in Massachusetts a man wh o did not always know that ” Northmensettled somewh ere about the basinofth e Charles.

1 COMMUNI CATI ONS FROMTHE CUSTOD I ANS OF THE PRESERVE.

Th e letter ofColonel Higginson glves his views ofth e purpose which th e en d e th e of n Broo e e ed anci t itch s at mouth Sto y k may hav subs rv , some hydraulic experiments ofth e early colonists ; speaks of th e rela tive interest h e found in th e photographic illustrations ofsome ofmy

e o ed th e e n ofth e No t e n An e pap rs, as c mpar with ngravi gs r h r tiquari s of f e s a o and o e nd d o de f fi ty y ar g , with s m ki re criticism c nclu s as ollows

Personall I h ou ld lik no r h l i l iscover be ter h an one wh ich y , s e a c aeo og ca d y t t sh ou ld place th e h au nts ofth e North men among th ese h ills and meadows wh ere

I l We are all inde ed payed in ch ildh ood ; bu t I can see no evidence for it . bt

o timu m ferentes. N l a o inione sed certa p am et fru ges ibi non seminatu s abu ndare nos fabu os p , ” D anoru m com erimus rel i nnin ofth e eleventh centur p at one. Expeditions to Vineland at th e begi g y

' are said in h ” nskbld wh o h as twice t e Sa as to h ave e n . Norde g b e both profitable and h onorable j , visited Greenland n ivenu s ellin ofEirik Rau de and ofLeifh is , a d h as g th e su pposed Site ofth e dw g son at Brattah lid sa s th e orth men er r ne — or more th anth ree h u ndred ears. , , y N w e h e e inVi land f y

He wh oll a i in h e I ndiantri es y cqu esces inth e View th at th e North menbecame largely merged t b , ofwh ich we h ave a undant evidence inl cal name and inoth er forms wh ich I cannot enlar e b o s, g u on p h ere. 1 I n “ n v ” th e Bosto E enin r vll r fD ec. 889 g T a e e o 28, 1

BE A 1 4 D EFENCES or NORUM G .

d 95 i. N e and C H What Mr . Winsor sai (p. , vol . , arrativ ritical istory ” o d ofAm erica ) is this : Referring to what Mr . Bancr ft h a published to

Scandinavians ma h ave reach ed th e shores o Labra o th e intent that though y f d r,

’ a no one vest e their resence I S R t Un ed tates h s t T E O he soilofth e it S ig of p , U N W AS

WHEN FI RST WRI TTEN. “ th e e e of e e of e 1 1 889 e th e o Wh at titl pag my l tt r Jun , , gav as pinion ” nsor s ofJustin Wi , was thi

1 7tou h Scandinavians ma h ave reach ed th e sh ores o Labrador t oi g y f , h e s l ofthe ” United States h as not one vestige ofth eir presence.

ni e ie e . . W e e B ft C e Mr insor in his r c nt commu cation r l v s Mr ancro , olon l

and e f th e fo e o e f Higginson, hims l in llowing passag , which I qu t rom his ” communication in th e Traveller :

s not sin l item all th e evidence advanced rom time to ti e Th ere i a g e of f m , which canbe said to connect by arch aeological traces th e presence ofth e lVorth menonth e soil ’ ' t o k ve b ofNorth America sou th ofD avis Strait. Argwmens fthis ind h a een aban ” d ned e ce t b a ew enth u siastic advocates. o , x p y f

Of th e de e e e of d qualifications which un rli this r p tition ju gment,

be e ned e de th e ed o re u ir it may m ntio that, b si s vast it rial work, q

e e of eo m en o th e e f ing mor or l ss g graphical acco plishm t, up n ight olio volumes (some forty- fou r hundred pages in all) of th e individual origi “ nal researches of others that go to make up th e Narrative and Oriti

H o i e f o A e . W ee e cal ist ry m rica, Mr insor has hims l b n a promin nt

o o th e . He deed d ed e c ntribut r to work has, in , pro uc , among his lat st

e one of e d ed e ed f o e e ed pap rs, n arly a hun r clos ly print oli pag s, ntitl

Mr Bancro r n . ft fo th Min in th of h ich is Polaris th e North Star a d th is at ofUrsa or, e tail w , ; constellation h ad een mistaken for sinle star I t is a sin ular instance of th e h u rried ex b a g . g amination of ori in f bad roof- readin in th e fir g al au th orities by a most learned man, o p g st r vi u e se s cceeded indifi r r fl re ers oth erwise th e error h ad een , by e ent , or a scarcity ofca e u , ad , b earlier oi Mr. nted ou t . h atever n nm or ma h ave een it is clear th at p W th e expla atio ay be y b , ’ Bancroft s violent u d ment on th Pr le h wever inkee in with th e meth od of research of j g e ob m, o p g th e times in h ich th o w it was written, carries with it a clear intimationof e cau ti nwith wh ich h is statements onth is th eme sh ou ld be received. E R MBEGA D EFENC S or NO U . 1 5

- E e e d Pre Columbian xplorations, which purports to hav xhauste th e

th e e ed t ns ofth e N e e a d literature relating to xp i io orthm n to Vin l n , with th e result we have seen .

fe th e e fo e of C al H ofA e Thus, a t r ight lio volum s ritic istory m rica

e and ed we e e ed have b een writt n publish , hav this r sult announc at once

of th e e e and th e of in th e first volume s ri s, last in point time

Th ere is not a single item of evidence [of] th e presence of th e ’ ” t merica sou th o D avi t North men on th e soil ofNor h A f s S rait.

’ W e d of e To this conviction Mr. insor s m tho g ographical investigation has conducted him .

Professor Haynes says “ Th ere is th e same sort ofreasonfor believing inth e existence ofLeifErikson th at th ere is for believing inth e existence ofAgamemnon: th ey are both traditions

’ r wr er I t is ne edenl ro a l h a h r accepted by th e late it s. a t c t y p b b e t t t e No semen discovered America in th e early part ofth e eleventh centu ry ; bu t th at discovery is

h e same or ofh i tori a r dit on not s ron enou h to b all d confirmed by t s t s c l t a i , t g g e c e

vne u onwh h ou r eliefinman ofth e fa s ofh or re . e ide c , p ic b y ct ist y sts

Th e likeness referred to has b een recognized by Vigfu sson between th e works of Homer and th e great poems of th e Heroic Age of Scan

inavia th e Edd — not ef e far e ee d , such as as, but b or , so as I know, b tw n th e Iliad on th e one hand and th e logs ofmerchant- ships preserved in th e h o Vineland Sagas on t e ther . That one may appreciate th e weight of this argument ofProfessor

’ H e e th e two of C e d th e e ayn s, compar first stanzas owp r s Ilia with op n ’ of Le fs E ed to e d th e S of E ing paragraphs i xp ition Vin lan , in aga irik

e d f : Rau de. They r a as ollows

ILIAD .

’ Sn Mu e th e dead wr h of e eu son i g, s , ly at P l s

A h ile ou r e ofm n h ou nd woes c l s , s c a y t sa ’ To th e Ach a nh os wh ch nu m rou s ou ia t, i s ls

Ofh eroe en to Ade rem u e s s t s p at r , 1 6 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

And left th eir bodies to devouring dogs ’ ’ And birds ofHeavn( so Jove h is will performd)

’ From th at dread h ou r wh endiscord first embroild

Ah i e and Atrides Kin ofMen. c ll s , g ’ Wh o ofthe gods impelld th em to contend ? ’ ’ ’ L on sonand Jove For h e incensd at a s s . ,

A in th e Kin fou ona onr i ed ga st g, a l c t gi a s ’ I n th e h o and mu de destro d all st, ltitu s y , ’ For th e afi ront from Atreu s sonreceived

r h r To th fl fGr Byh is piest C yses . e eet o eece

He me h re ou r nom to edee ca , wit p ci s a s r m ’ His ve d u h er and A ollo wre h capti a g t , p s at

r ri i h i And goldenscept e bea ng n s h and.

’ D T FR MGREENLA D LEIF S EXPE I ION O N .

. Th h n d u t h eir h i and wh en h e were re d a ed e w r eyt e fitte o t s p, t y a y , s il s a a d.

r i B rni l Th r Th ey now fou nd th at cou nt y first wh ch ja h ad fou nd ast. e e th ey stood

nh or and u t u t h and wen hore bu t u ld r o t e o o see no . G e m, cast a c , p b at, t as , c g ass r at

er overed th e h i h l nd bu t it wasas one flat ro from th e sea to th e l ier glaci s c g a s, ck g ac s .

r Th e cou nt y appeared to be u tterly worth less. “ Th en aid Leif: Th e me h n h as not h ened to wh h did to B arni s sa t i g app us ic j ,

h a we h ve not e ed h o e and now h i e h i ou nr nme and t t a st pp as r ; I s all g v t s c t y a a , ” call it HELLULAND .

Th e h enwen to th e h and u t ou t to sea and fou nd no h er ou nr . Th e y t t s ip p , a t c t y y

n ai ed to l nd anh or u t ou t o and wa ed h ore. Th ou nr was agai s l a , cast c , p a b at, lk as at c t y evel and wooded and wh e nd in m n e wh ere h e wen and not ee l , it sa s a y plac s t y t, st p l a ong th e sea.

Th en d Leif: Th i u n rd n to its u li e sai s co try sh all be named acco i g q a ti s, ” MAR LAND K .

Th en o n down nto th e h i u i o le h e i ed e rd g i g agai s p as q ckly as p ssib , t y sa l s awa ,

fr T and o two days th ey sailed with a north easterly wind u ntilth ey sigh ted land. h ey

iled to th e ou nr and m h i h la th nor h ofth e ain nd sa c t y, ca e to anisland w c yto e t m la ; w l ed sh ore and ooked a ou n h r Th e no i e h dew was onth e a k a , l b t infi e weat e . y t c d t at

' r and h a enin to ou h it i r nd u t it ino h e r ou h g ass, pp g t c w th th ei h ands a p t t i m t s ,

h ou h h e ne er h ad Th e h en en to h e t g t t y v tasted anyth ing so sweet as th at. y t w t t ir M D EFENCES OF NORU BEGA. 1 7

and a ed ino h a ou nd wh ich la e weenth e s nd and th e ne wh h ship, s il t t t s y b t i la ss ic

u t d ou t nor h ofth e mainland and eered wes ward as th e ness. Th ere rea j te t , st t p t , g t h ll w e ended ebb- ide and h en h eir h i ood a rou nd and h enit a s a o s xt at t , t t s p st g , t p

ar d far from th e ve se to th e sea. Bu t so ea er were h e to o ash ore h a pe e s l g t y g , t t th ou ld not w i u nil th e sea h ou ld re u rn to h eir sh i bu t ea ed ash ore ey c a t t s t t p, l p w r river flowed ou t of ake. Bu t wh en th e ide re u rned to h eir sh i h en h e e a a l t t t p, t h th e oa and rowed to th e sh i and it moved u no th e river and h en t ey took b t p, pi t t

h nch r n rri h k . Th ere e a o a d ca ed eir ea h ernh amm ocks ash ore into th e la e t y c st a , t l t

mad oo h h ere. Th e h en decided to dwell h ere du rin th e winer and and e b t s t y t t g t , erected th ere a large bu ilding.

’ o ofLe f f G ee d e This is th e st ry i s voyage rom r nlan to Vin land.

o and ofe o H e a e e th e Dr. Wins r Pr ss r ayn s subst ntially r p at criticisms I “ ” ned e e th e e ofth e N en — and to have pri t in my l tt r on Probl m orthm ,

e e ed th e e . which I hav r pli , in sam publication

n th e e en ed f Dr . Wi sor now omits stat m t which I quot rom him last

e th e e ofth e Co ee C to th e Massach u y ar, that r port mmitt , by its hairman ,

e H S e on th e d o e ofA e th e No t e s tts istorical oci ty, isc v ry m rica by r hm n, “ fully expressed th e sense ofth e Society in language which seems to b th e e ofth e e al e r sult b st historic criticism . Bu t it does not seem to have occurred either to h im or to th e Chair

e ne e e ofth e Co ee th e en - man to stat that o m mb r mmitt , th first Vice Presi

de ofth e S e th e e . C e e e did not e e th nt oci ty, lat Dr harl s D an , acqui sc in e

e o and de ned to it — a n e add of r p rt, cli sign , circumsta c , I may , which that

e e oo o o fe th e e o ned e on to nfo g ntl man t k ccasi n , a t r r p rt was pri t , p rs ally i rm

o h e n en th e C e o d n me. It is obvi us that t e expr ssio s chos by orr sp n i g Sec retary ofth e Historical Society must have a technical rather than th e com

e ed e nn e ne een ene e o mouly acc pt m a i g , inasmuch as Dr. D a has b g rally r c g nized be th e e d of de en of e e New En d to at h a this partm t r s arch, in glan ,

n e o n on en e e n and en ed e o d en . as such, titl to p rs al r c g iti , wh xpr ssi g iss t h n du e o d e o ad . e e It is, perhaps, that I sh ul m nti n that I show to Dr D an evidences ofth e presence here ofth e Northmen which it h ad not been my

o ri fortun e to point out t my c tics . 1 8 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

’ D R. SLAFTER S BLI SHED I EWS. REv. PU V

Rev. . Slafter e ed th e e ofhis add e ef e th e Dr r mark , in cours public r ss b or 1 e o h ad th e be e e Bostonian Soci ty, on which occasi n I honor to pr s nt

D id th e North menleave onth is continent any monu ments or remains wh ich may

' serve as memorials ofth eir abode h ere inth e earlypart ofth e eleventh century? Sou rces ofevidence onth is point mu st be looked for inth e Sagas or inth e remains wh i h canbe e r ra ed to th e Nor hmen. I nth e S we are om eled to c cl a ly t c t agas, c pl

mu h we i h w h it o h erw e we h ve looked in nfor an u h tes say , as c as m g t is t is , a vai ys c im Th e containno evidence or intimation th at th e Northme o st cted an t ony. y nc n ru y

asonr h ere or laid one stone u on anoth er. Th ere h ave beensome isto ians m y , p h r

h o h ave ou nd vastl more th an1 h ave beenable to discover bu t th e blon o th at w f y , y e g t class ofhistorians wh o are distingu ish ed by exu berance ofimaginationand redu ndance ” 2 ofth ough t.

th e n e e ed th e th e T e e In commu ication pr s nt to public through rav ll r, h e says substantially as follows

Vineland th e ba th e river th e islands at th e mou th meanalmost an re ion , y, , , may y g , ba river with islands at th e mou th inNewEnland: No vdenc wh ich is better th an y, , , g e i e nsu icient and trivialh as bee brou h t a i fl n g forw rd to positively locate th em.

Slaf r i i D r. te s th u s emph at c in th e expression ofh is convictions becau se th ey

n r are i e e and ed h e fe on d e e r h . On ma h ow ou ld s c , bas , as lt, a equate r s a c e y ask c

1 As li d d il supp e to th e a y papers. 2 Th e critic maynot h ave met with th e following sentence inth e address before th e Royal Society

th e late Sir BenaminBrodie and wh ich T ndal makes th e te t ofone ofh is rilliant ch a ters by j , y x b p , Th e Scientific Uses ofth e I magination

Ph sicalI nvesti ation more th anan thin else sides h el to te h u s th e actu alvalu e and ri h t y g , y g be , ps ac g use ofth e ima. ination f w ll d lead us astra g , o th at wondrou s facu lty h ich left to ramble u ncontro e s y into a wilderness of er le ities and errors a land o mists and sh adows but wh ich ro erl controlled p p x , f , p p y

e erience and r fl i n m i eniu s th e instru by xp e ect o beco es th e noblest attribu te ofman, th e source ofpoet c g , ment ofdiscover ins i n ith i nw ul vr h avinvented fiuxions nor y c e ce, w ou t th e a d ofwh ich Newto o d ne e e , ” D avh ave decom osed th e ea h s n l nr ul lu m u h avfou nd anoth er co tinent. y p rt a d a kalies, o wo d Co b s e n

I t is a pleasu re to recallth e memory ofthis old friend and classmate ofnearly fifty years ago. Sir

n mi r h is urse u nder Be j a nB odie was th e eldest son ofth e eminent surgeon ofLondon. After co th e reat master Lie i h e devoted man e s as Professor ofCh emistr at O ford to th e su c g b g, y y ar , y x , cessfu l develo m nt nu m u s u l h h conne tin h is name im er sh a l p e of ero s btle aws ofC emistry , t u s c g p i b y with th e r f pogress o ph ysical science. D EFENCES or NOR MBEGA U . 1 9

I h ave arrived at oth ers so u nlike th em ? I t canonly be th at from h is mind h ad

n onealed th e videne wh ich rou h onvictionto min bee c c e c b g t c e.

r l n f r u lf I Let me c ave indu ge ce or a wo d abo t myse . n th e first place I h ave

een for u na e. Th e ciden ofm residence on th e tide- w er ofth e Ch arl b t t ac t y at es,

l i u r and o or u ni ie wh ich ermit ed u ninerru ed s u d f h and my e s e pp t t s, p t t pt t y o t e prob l fr six ars mu ch ofth e ime in th e field ave wh a ou ld n v em o ye , t , g t c ot h a e come

I ivd onl so far wa Bos onfrom th e h ea r f i to me h ad l e y a y as t t t e o stu dy . Wth

h is h r was I ma erh a s add th e h abi of es in ro ems s i n t t e e , y p p , t t t g p bl by c e tific

h ds — to wh ich na u rall fell th e ro em of th e Nor h men and h i met o , t y p bl t ; t s came

r r h of a lifetime given to experimental esea c .

vn with h ese for u i ou dvana e I am free to onfes h u fr E e t t t s a t g s , c s t at b t o a

h ildh ood amon th e ndians th e son of a missionar I h ou ld not h vh ad c g I , as y , s a e wh a I re ard as one ofth e ch ief u alifi a ions for th e s u d of h i ro m t g q c t t y t s p ble ,

i r n th e h abit of th e ear readily to receive Ind anutte a ces . Th is gave to th e ph o n i u ali i of h ir an u a e h eir ro er servi e inth e s u d ofth r et c q t es t e l g g t p p c t y e poblem . Th e North men migh t h ave left traces of th eir langu age ; bu t for my exceptional e erience wh a ever else of u alifica ion for th e u d I ma h ve h ad I sh ou l xp , t q t st y y a , d not in all ro abili h ave fou nd Norwa in Noru mbe a or Neri on an earli r p b ty y g ; g , e form ofNorwa in Narra an— se and Norrid e- woc nor th e Hu itra- manna— land y , g tt g k ; ’ l f th Sa a Wh i e- man - and in Wa anakke or Wam anakke — th e h ome of o e g s ( t s l ) p p ,

1 ’ Wam anakke Wam anau ke Wabanakki Rasles Wa anaeh ki Cree Wh ite- maa sland p , p , ( ) ; p ( ) , , resolves itselfinto th ree Al on u inroots: wam an and alcke. g q p, , “ ” For th e fi rst syllable Roger Williams sometimes gives wompi for wh ite in th e Narragan

di lec . I n h e ree it i w I n h D elaware it is woa . I t a ars in sett a t t C s ap. th e Lenape oft e p ppe “ “ ” Wam u m — wh ite eads also inWom an R — mone eads stru n on strins p , b p ( . y (b g g “ for convenience . We h ave th e root in am - a u it — wh ite lanket a coverin and in ) W p g , a b ( g) , ” - Wam inu it wh it lo . p , e c th ” nck i e a - e vs Wo ach an . D e o wh ite r . Len e g p p , b ead ( ap ) ” Woa ach su n Woa - alclce- assu n h it - l n - ne h lk p p , w e a d sto , c a . ” Woa - alc Wh ite each p , b .

I t is reco nized in th e Mic- Mac Massach u setts Narra ansett and Ch i ewa th e Sch awanese g , , g , pp , ,

D elaware Minsi h e enne r h er Al on u indialects ( ) , C y , C ee, Sank, and ot g q . ” Th e second s lla le an 1 8 an a reviation from Leni or Anini D elaware for man. I t y b bb , ,

occurs incom ination in h e nam f man ndi ri es. For Waban alclce and an see th e b t es o y I an t b , , , ” Al on u in “ u ier also Brin n Lena e Sa a WALUMOLUM edited S to . g q p g , by q ; by

Th e th ir d syllable, “ ” Akke m in varies - as lce eans land Th e s ell ah au lce acke okke etc. , . p g , , , y, , 20 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

n ofth e u ri n h roni le th e ri e of K n h i th e Wampa oags P ta c c rs ( t b i g P lip) , and th e

Nor sh u Wapenokis and Wapanoos ofth e D u tch . o ld I h ave found inWabanakke ’ - - h A en i Wa an k (White mans land) th e h ome of t e b ak s ( b ak es) . It was in all th is regionth at th e explorers u nder Ayllon and later Verrazano fou nd white eo le ofwh om fr h er nor h J u e C ier h e rd in 1 534— 35 l o p p , , a t t , acq s art a , as a s

Moravnm nr nd wh o c o a e e led S h awanaks. Zeisberger th e ia issi a y , w r ca l “ Th is early experience with th e Indians h as enabled me to recognize Noru m ” a inArambec see Joh nRu t 1 527 inPu r h inth e Gr nd L ur n- beg ( , , c as) , a e a e t bee

’ r m r inal r h men f Br voort Cole ion th e P i Grou a d s a o o e e et ( p, ig pa c t l ct , t t

Grande Lorembec Vau ond and L u en onFrenh in m os ( g y, a r s, c maps y p session all h i h are na e u e ve orne th e me o l i , w c m s s cc ssi ly b by sa l ca ity , beg nning

h Arambec e weenth e e ofLou s u Ca e Bre on and th e l nd of a wit , b t sit i b rg, p t , Is a Sc

ri. Th i o ali ll e r on e h er de of th e ba for h e d nd Bi ta s l c ty sti b a s it si y, its a la s, g and Little Loran on ome ofth e re en Adm r h r ofth e nd of , s c t i alty c a ts Isla Cape “ — Bre on. Th e bee th e e u en of be a — in Noru m h t q ival t g , a bay bega ad been . dro ed and th e N and u ofNoru m h ad een e ed b th e d e i e uiven pp , b r plac y ial ct c q al ts

! — L and a. Noru m romonor di idin ba inNoru m e vin a p t y v g a y b ga, as ser g inNew

En and nme h as b dro in th e be a e ome ca e as n gl a s, , y pp g g (a bay) , b c a p , appears o num r u m ofth e eenh and e r r Th e e o s aps sixt t a ly pa t ofth e seventeenth centu ries. ’ no was th e na ofTru ull and of E o Bi e — a divide th e middle — h vin mb , li t s bl , , , a g

nt m ro l h En i th e same roo o t e h nose. n n ma h ere were t o t , i p bab y , as gl s O o e p t w

u lfs ofSt. Lor n w h e e ween h ow n th e onfu ion ookin ou t fo g a , it a cap b t (s i g c s ) , l g r m

r h r f h Rivr f Th i — L r — n im r th e No th S o e o t e e o Canada. s name o an ot p obably

be ame wi h Ch m in C. St. Lor n 1 604 w h L scarbot C Sainct c t a pla a ( it e , .

L u r n 1 6 h n . St L u ren wi h Ch m A h er and e rlier a e t ( 09) t e C . a s t a plain not a

E lish ma 1 61 0 iv fr h in L wrenc th e h o ng p ( ) g es o t is po t th e Bay and Cape St . a ( p ne i Frenh e u ivlen ofLoran and a er Ch ar evo r du ro e t c c q a t ) ; l t , as l ix says, g a ally a s 1 vr nd th f. th e nme St. L wrene th e name now a ied to o h th e i e a e u a a c , ppl b t r g l

Th e Naranbergue of Ch amplain (1 61 2) on th e Penobscot is preserved to- day ‘ in Nolu mbeh e F h er Vetromille it w re eded th e for of B g ( at ) , as as p c by m aya . ' de Loreme on th S i n Ca o m f Wh a Vetromille h e rd e ebast a b t ap o 1 544 . t a

Nolu mbeh e recalls e id th e nm r rv h m in h ofNoro g , b s es a e p ese ed by C a pla , t at m

1 SanLorenzo was earlier mar r ns ma h ave een re arded (Go a, 1 553) and possibly St. Lau e y b g for a ti e as a corru tion f h i frm fderivatives from th e first m p o t s o , instead ofbeing inth e line o

s lla les ofNoru m- two y b bega.

2 MBE 2 D EFENCES OF NORU GA.

some MAP or THE REGI ON or e ELANn AND THE COLONY or NORVEGA AGAI NST

MASSA HUSETTS B AY I N LUD THE rrvr N UE A NORUMB E A I THE C , C I NG o o OR G ( G ) N

- FORTY THI RD D EGREE FR MTHE OLLE TI O F MR . BREVOORT. . ( O C C N O ) MB D EFENCES OF NORU EGA. 23

s u MA r N RVE A I EUR PE N RWAY THE PA E T UNTRY OF o s P o O G N O ( O ) , R N CO TI OF THE COLONY ON THE CHARLES RI VER. (FROM THE CO LLEC ON MR RE ORT . B VO ) D EFENCES MB 24 or NORU EGA.

i h its der vt ve No u m e is not diffi u l t r (w t i a i r b ga) c t o t ace in th e New England n e of to- da — in Nau mbeak Ca . John Smi h Nau m e am s y, as ( pt t ) , k ag, and Amos k E i ll i r eag ( see Colonel Gookin) . spec a y is th s t u e wh enwe take into accou nt th e Noru mbe a of Haklu Sir Hu m h re Gil er Ch m in and of g yt, p y b t, a pla , th e maps u ri h v ofth e sixteenth and early seventeenth cent es . I a e fou nd a large nu mber of

r h i l nme inNew Enl nd wh i h r Nor 1 early geog ap ca a s g a c car y a se root.

h famila for to- da ofth e n en Norve a are T e i r ms y a ci t g ,

Nor e th e nme on Norwe i n m g , a g a aps.

nam n i h m Nbrri e th e e o Swed . g , s aps

h nam r Norve e t e e on F nh m . g , e c aps

Norwe en th e name on Ger an m . g , m aps

“ Norwa th e nme on En h m . y, a glis aps

From earlier and later maps — representing th e time from th e second centu ry

efo e Ch r down h n e h n for form of th e nm b r ist, I ave ot l ss t a ty s a e.

be e t and e e e i It will a gr a , I am sur a not unw lcom , surpr se to my vener

e f e d find e e e abl ri n to , as will pr s ntly app ar, that his own labors have fu r nish ed evidence ofth e presence and th e site ofth e very remains which h e deems indispensable to a beliefthat th e valley ofth e Charles held th e “ e e e ofth North men th e stones laid one u onanother. arly settl m nts e , p

Let u s now turn to

THE CI T O RY OF NOR BEGA Y AND C UNT UM ,

l t r dee e e . as th e theatre ofth e evidence which Dr . Safe ms ss ntial to conviction

Th e u nifom l ed on th e d C city was y plac maps, own to hamplain, in

th e ed N th e e e New e. country call ova Francia, arli st Franc There seems to have been an early chart designed to illustrate th e

e Ofth e o r de ed th e e d S — a sit c unt y scrib in Vin lan agas, chart which was e e ed ed At th e same oint ee ofth e O e — of r p at ly copi . p on thr opi s, that

e 1 5 0 ofS 1 598 and B e I n 1 603 — we e th e Ort lius in 7 , olis in , ot ro , hav

1 n n u ch follo n : No na noe nau nolle nollu m Am ong forms co sta tly recurring are s as th e wi g , , , , , ,

n r k ban sale c s i lt an 0 h nd lor arem h usa ch ic ar chili othe norri o u m be a bec sa a vle a o o . , , g , , g, , , g, , , , 9, , , , , , y , , g

With th ese are many dialectic modifications bu t I maynot pu rsu e th e matter h ere. MBE A D EFENCES or NORU G . 25

same name with dialectic variations . (See last three ofth e maps on one

ee e sh t, pag

Norumbe a e e S Norue a and B e e No e . Ort lius has g wh r olis has g , ot ro ru ga

h o T e e e are They apply to t e same l cality . h s three nam s plainly all forms

’ — nd b ofNorwa u vw a e e e e. S th e y, , , , b ing int rchang abl olis s map has

th e e d n for and e h name with charact r stan i g a city, also in larg r print t e

e e for e and e th e n sam nam a provinc , in still larg r print ame Nova

— n h e o t e e . Francia, which also app ars both oth rs

n th e o fo W e th e e o C e Cod th e t. Law h n nativ s, all c ast r m ap to S

e e ed th e e of e e e rence, w r ask nam th ir country or provinc or p ople, “ ” h e e ed e e Norumbe a th t y answ r , which b cam g to e inquirer ;

nd th e e ed th e d o e f a as vow ls chang , wor to k on oth r orms of spelling,

e f h e according to th e nationaliti s o t e qu stioners. Peter Martyr wrote 1 Arembi e o Anoroba ra R e Nurumber e Norombe a ; V rrazan , g ; usc lli, g; M rcator, g ;

Allefonsc e Noromber ue W de Te e Anora ua — e e e a , g ; illiam st , g , but th y w r ll

f o e an B inNew France. W th e o S d e e ith maps lis, Ort lius, ot ro, tak n in

’ connection with Bancroft s remark that th e French diplomatists always ” 2 e e e ed B n th e al ofNew e r m mb r that oston was withi origin limits Franc , I have elsewhere intimated that th e elements for th e solution of th e

e ofth e N e e e ed th e S be f d. Probl m orthm n , as pr s nt in agas, might oun

E ' ' xrENr OF THE CO UNTRY .

I fwe e th e e ed C we e th e t tak nam as us by hamplain, hav coun ry

e n e e . C e o n e as e str tchi g ov r a vast ar a harl v ix, a oth r authority absolut

C e ofPenta oet th e e o o th e as hamplain , sp aks g ( P n bsc t) as running through “ d of N e lon known h e as a beau ti u l and ower u l mi st orumb ga, g , says, f p f ” Allefon o e Province. sce e n for , l ss know than Champlain bvious r asons,

1 n im ro a le from Th i re em n i . I seems ot s s bla ce to Nu rembu rg is not with ou t significat on t p b b ,

e rch es v h n me to Noricu m ofRomantimes res a I h a e m ade h h ni n vri n wn ave t e a , , t at t e a c e t Ba a a to g conceived to be th e district from wh ich Au stria arose and wasitselftracea le th rou h variou s dialectic , b g

’ n i e Wedells Atlas — ao nearl resem lin ch a ges to Norej a ofth e second centu ry before Ch r st (se ) , y b g th e Nore r ofth e time ofLeif and not remote from th e Neri onofPlin a th ou sand ears earlier. g , g y y 1 d c ol. i. . 24. d tates 2 d. v History ofth e Unite S , , p E R 26 D EFENC S OF NO UMBEGA.

th e e e d d but as a pilot enjoying high st r putation, fin s abun ant evidence of

o e New E d T e th e extension ofNoru mbega in s uth rn nglan . h vet found th e

- country in th e forty third degree. John Smith looked for it for many m i ’ n ni ’ e fu in . Ra u so s a d Parm e t er de years unsucc ss lly, Virginia s scriptions of th e productions ofNoru mbega included fruits that are found in th e

d o d Allefonsce ee ed e h ad Carolinas an Fl ri a. s m to hav a suspicion that

n e e ed and ded th e e e o and h this a ci nt country r ach to inclu sam r gi n, e

ed for th e de of C e . th e e di e o look it about latitu harl ston In oth r r cti n, th e dialectic equivalent ofth e name is still preserved on th e recent Ad miralt r e d e ned th e o de ofth e d o y cha ts, as alr a y m ntio , on s uth si islan f

h e L and th f C e B e o e ee t e e d o Scat ri. ap r t n, b tw n anci nt ouisburg islan a

’ e th e e en It applied also in Champlain s tim to pr s t Cape North .

n o l d or This great exte t of c untry was ca le N u mbega. Admiral D e

’ th e e d Slafter s C ed southward fo th e Monts, says r cor ( hamplain sail r m n’ n h f region of Frenchma s Bay alo g t e coast o Norumbega. Champlain

ef th e e on h is — 1 61 2— 1 61 3 — at difi erent o and l t nam maps p ints, in his

fo He e d th e e f text it is found altogether some rty times . h ar nam ar in

h e n th e Ne En d o t e int rior as well as alo g w glan c ast.

’ e 21 8 of th e e nd e e S e On pag s co volum (Princ oci ty s Publications,

ed ed . Slafter C e o ded e o th e it by Dr ), hamplain has r c r his t stim ny as to extent Ofth e country OfNoru mbega as follows .

W e th e e e e C o d th e hil on lak which b ars his nam , hamplain was t l by

Algonquins — whose cause h e h ad espoused — oftheir enemies inhabiting th e e o e nd e L e Geo e e e e r gi n b yo a lak ( ak rg ), to r ach which it was n c s “ f h e fe d ed e e sary to pass a all, which a t rwar s visit , which lak was nin

n e e n th nd of h e e e te . Afe d e e e t w d or l agu s lo g t rwar , r aching lak , shoul ” e e d two e e d and e o hav to go, th y sai , l agu s by lan , th n pass thr ugh a

e fl th e ea th e o of N e e of riv r owing into s , on c ast orumb ga, n ar that 1 d e e two d e Flori a, whith r it took th m only ays to go by cano , as I

1 Th is ma h ave beenth e Florida f errazano — th re ion ofCa e Cod or ossi l Ch am y o V , e g p p b y

lainmi h t h ave iven reater e ten Nor m e r Florida as was iven Allefonsce p g g g x t to u b ga, o to , g by ,

Ramu sio, and oth ers. D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 27

e e e ed f e e we ed wh o e hav sinc asc rtain rom som prison rs captur , gav me minute information in regard to all they h ad personal knowledge of o e A ne e e de d th e o , thr ugh som lgonquin i t rpr t rs who un rstoo Ir quois language.

e u C n th e e ned It is quit obvio s that hamplai , in common with l ar men of th e ee en ene e e ed th e e en e of sixt nth c tury g rally, b li v in xist c T h n h d Norumbega as a country . hat e has u wittingly crowned t e emon stration e e ofNo e e we see e that th r was a city rumb ga as w ll, shall lat r. That h e should have stricken every trace of th e name from his map

Of 1 632 we o see ee f ed , shall als was in k ping with his having ail to

find e f th th e eno and of in r mains O e city on P bscot, his hav g implicitly

e ed th e e e of th e C e and of e du acc pt sup rficial r ports harl s, its mistak n

e Rio du Gas de th e m en e e o e th e e — ii plicat , ma by s nt to xpl r r gion, ,

deed h e e f e e not e o l of th e e . See in , hims l w r p rs nal y xploring party (

1 61 3 ed f e on Purchas, , cit urth r . )

D R. PARxMAN.

Of my critical friends wh o doubt th e presence of Norsemen and

o — or n — in th e ne o d ofth e C e ofN rumb ega city cou try ighb rhoo harl s, and n on e th e No e e e A e thi k it ly probabl that rs m n cam to m rica at all,

r n e th e fo o e h h e d e Dr . Francis Pa kma has giv n ll wing r asons w y o s not

n on n He accept my ge eral c clusio s . says

“ I think it is robable th at th e Norsemen came to America bu t I do not p , consider th e evidence to th at efi ect wh ich h as been brough t forward sufiicient for

roo Th e most de nite statement ever 9 made abou t Noru mbe a was th e re ort p f. fi [ ] g p

O Ch am lain wh o su osed th at Noru mbe a existed at all it mu st h ave been f p , pp if g , ’ no scot ot ar rom th e sit o B o a ain a s o th u th e Pe b n e an r. Ch m l s m e p , f f f g p p f

t evt a eastern coast were th e firs really accu rate ones th at were made. Th e w s

c e u lo s addicted to exa eration and was ond elatin marvellou s th in s. Th e r d u , gg , f ofr g g statements of I ngram are of a vagu e and u ncertain ch aracter ; his story is a ” 1 o b . ittle i known o o c d u tfu l one L s fAllefns e.

1 h a cited as au th oriti Al fonsce Th e et and I nram I d es le v . , , g D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

r e e e e e ill e e e a e are of It is t u , n v rth l ss, as w app ar, that th s uthoriti s

be e ee e are d e e. significance. It will lat r s n that th y not in isp nsabl

T e e 1 556 Allefonsce 1 542 Ingram was here in 1 569; h v t in ; in .

AI LOR A I D NGRAM. THE S , D V I

He et e ir . s S H David Ingram was a sailor was ashor by John awkins,

d ed e e for of with more than a hun r oth rs, in str ss want provisions, at

h e fof ex 1 568 and de ed all th e Tampico on t Gul M ico, , wan r way across

h ee and ea of e hi th e t e cou ntry, s ing h ring many marv llous t ngs by way,

e 1 569 N e h e e es comingat l ngth in to orumb ga, which says was sixty l agu

( miles probably intended) fromCape Breton (Cape Ann) . Here h e found

f . fe a city three quarters o a mile long From this city, soon a t r his

’

h e e th e Ba of St . one of th e e e arrival, w nt to y Mary s ( arly nam s of B H e e h e f d e h e ed oston arbor), wh r oun a Fr nch ship, in which sail for e and e e ed E d e ded of Franc , ultimat ly r ach nglan . It is r cor him that h e again m et and was recognized and kindly received by Sir John

H nd h e ed T e e . awkins , a that was call in council, as h v t was, by Dr John

D ee d e th e te e ofth e - f ed Sir H e Gi e , to a vis in in r st ill at umphr y lb rt about

ne ed N e T o e e and e e e ed a xp ition to orumb ga. h ugh illit rat , to som xt nt cr nlou s ee e ded th e de e of e , Ingram s ms to hav comman confi nc thos who met and conversed with him after his return to England. That his state

e s Noru mbe a th e C e e f l m nt about g on harl s wer truth ul, wi l, later in this

e h e e ted th e e d ed de e pap r, acc p by unpr ju ic rea r without h sitation.

AND REW THEVET.

Andrew Thevet was an early explorer and discoverer . In his time th e New World was filled with marvels to th e men of enterprise in th e

old. He o e and e d e e of e ed wr t much , , lik many iscov r rs his tim , incorporat

own e o e of e s h ad ee in his writings, with his r lati ns, thos what oth r s n or

e o ed He o ed e f nk His o e e h ad ee . r p rt that th y s n ackn wl g s it ra ly. bs rva

of o e one ofth e e h e h a tion a c m t ( marv ls, which calls a star wit tail),

th e d e and ed e to h e with at position, I have test by app al t records of

D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 29

th e e th e e e ofH d and astronomy, through astronom rs at Obs rvatori s arvar

He m d and e d o e Cordoba . was any ays in a vast thick fi l fmarin vege

i ed th e o e of o e e for h e tat on that obstruct pr gr ss his ship (an th r marv l,

d ofth e S Sea w e h e h ad ed h e ed h ad not hear argasso ) ; h n cross it, sail l s e no e away to Cabo de Baxo . It is c rtain that arly writer has given

e of th e e o fo N a e Ba to and such accurat accounts r gi n r m arr gans tt y ,

d n C e Ann. fe G w e of inclu i g, ap Pro ssor anong, than hom on this qu stion

‘ trustworthiness no one is more competent from research in this field to “ ” f He ed e n T e e e . giv opi ion, says h v t is c rtainly truth ul is charg with

n d o o w e defen e ofh is bei g cre ul us. S was Pliny ; but hat a magnific nt c great accomplishments and services Cuvier has left us ! Shall I take exception to th e estimate ofChamplain b ecause his map Ofth e coast Of

New E d e d of e n ed th e rst reall accurate one nglan , inst a b i g, as is claim , fi y ,

e e d and m e e of o n and e e is grot squ in its uplication isplac m nt p i ts, b caus it fails to recognize some of th e most important features of th e coast

o h e ed e fo e and e e e e Of al ng which sail at l ast ur tim s, b caus th r is a want conformity b etween his text and his maps ? Instead of depreciating his

e n de e e e and ene e work, I marv l at his havi g ma so xc ll nt g rally accurat a

His d Chou acoets Co e — e e e on de e map . fin ing two ( hass ts), th y w r ly scriptiv

e e e two o e led to o of nam s applicabl alik to l caliti s, was what m st his e o T h e e e of 1 61 2 th e e of No e rr rs. hat has twic giv n (map ) sit rumb ga,

e e on fth e C e e de e two e o n e on two pr s ntati s o harl s, is vi nc that xpl ri g parti s

— e e e or e two e o e e e e ed. w r s nt out, p rhaps only that r p rts w r r c iv

’ Parkmans e e ofth e ne ofT e e ed In Dr . stimat trustworthi ss h v t as appli to what h e has said ofNorumb ega h e has th e support of many distin

u ish ed m en o e are ofe o S e th e e . Geo e g ; am ng th m Pr ss r hal r, lat Mr rg

" r voort d Le th e e . B e e e Rev. . D e C e e D xt r, Dr osta, J an ry, lat Mr , Pro

1 - - Ca o de Baxos th e ca e ofth e ver little ba ofProvincetownHar or is Al on u in. Bacca es es b , p y y b , g q

(Baxos) is one ofth e recesses ofth e bay ofCape Cod ; Bacca- es (Baxe) is th e lesser bay— Cape Cod

— m r ith h reater Massach u sett Ba E3 is th e Al on u in diminu tive es- es is Bay as co pa ed w t e g s y. g q ;

- - - - = . i = u Tr m u ll . Bacca es Baxe a form ofemph asis. Th e a: arose as n Pau tu ckes et Pau t xet ( u b )

Bacca- es- es Bax- es Baxos. 30 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

1 f e d did e th e ffrrel and e . fessor Ga a , oth rs My critical ri n s simply not hav necessary material for adequate investigation . I have intimated that Thevet did not stand alone in maintaining that

— d de ee th e o e d Norumbega was in th e forty thir gr , against pinion h l by some in his time that Norumbega was in th e latitude ofCanada in some

- - He e e e th e o of fifty six degrees . m ntions c rtain w ll known points on c ast

e are e ee th e C e Sainct e e ofT e e Norumbega. Th y b tw n ap J an (Doubl ) h v t,

n nd — h e it — Aia ascon o o for arm our Cape An , a as calls y (Ir qu is ), our

e Nana- lasket th e e of e arm and Nantask t (or ), which has shap a b nt human ;

de ofN n e Ro d o e ed and e ded Thevet gives th e exact latitu a task t a s, bs rv r cor

° e f 42 Of e oft e e h e e th e e . T e by hims l , as som h s points giv s nam s h y

Ref d and o . So e o e add are Porto de ugio, Para iso, Fl ra m cart graph rs Porto

’ nd h o Clu veriu s e o e th e Reale. Ogilby a Bu s both m nti n th m as on coast

e e e ef . i d e o e of Norumb ga, but th y hav not l t us maps I ntro uc th r

’ e of e de Th evet s e ed f authorities in a seri s maps, which b si s , pr par rom his Relation in th e Cosmography (edition of includes Ruscelli (two

’ e G d f Ramu sio Ul iu ss G o e H e n m e o phas s) , astal i ( rom ), p l b , i ro y us V rrazan , ’ e e d fe o Ganon s e e and Maiollo. Th e support th y l n to Pro ss r g stat m nt ” T vet was certain tru th u l O s. that h e ly f , is bviou

f his e fo Ca Juu ide u d of de e O xplorations r m p (Point J y mo rn tim s), 2 o nd Baccalaos th e Cabelau ofth e C e Ann h e ar u ( j Dutch) to ap , which

e ainct e th e o ofLok and th e C e eh an of calls Cap S J an ( Cape J hann , ap J

1 In th e Preface to th e Singu laritez de la France Antarctique Professor Gaifarrel h as givena

’ th ou h tful estimate ofTh evet s ch ar cter as well as a su mmar ofth e criticisms h is enemies g a , y by , and by th ose wh o cou ld not accept as tru e wh at h e said of many of th e wonders of th e New

rld. I n t e su mmar Professor ifrr l int r i n of Th evet Wo h y Ga a e po s ou t th e imperfect ea ly edu cat o , h is assion for learnin h is foi les h is vanit bu t it all fails entirel to affect th e accu rac of p g, b , y ; y y h is eo ra h ical ortrait ofth e coast from Point Ju d th e western romontor at th e mou th of g g p p y, p y

Narra ansett Ba arou nd Ca e Cod ast Coh asset into Bos n Har r nd th e Ch arles as g y, p , p to bo , a u p h igh as th e mou th ofStony Brook; and north eastward along th e Beverly sh ore and arou nd Cape

Ann with its o s ient i tw al s Th s ortrait I h ave tested. I t is a solu l t reach of , . p b te y beyond h e

’ one s adve ti any ers cri cism on th e point of tru th fulness. Consider only th e latitu de of Nantes ket Roads!

2 Baccaloo Baccalieu metath e is Cabelau D h or Ka l rm . ; by s , j ( u tc ) be jau (Ge an)

D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA. 31

Allefons e and e l be een T e e e c many oth rs, as wi l s ), h v t has giv n a most d Th e de of th e en n e to th e C e ob etailed account . latitu tra c harl s was ” nd e o ded o o d f e o a C . served with won er ul pr cisi n, r c r in his sm graphy

Th e more crucial test of his record ofwhat was in th e forty - second and forty - third degrees will be seen on comparing it with that of th e o n of of o o r fac— e e e for g i g sheets charts ph t g aphic simil s, which I hav prepared.

d — T e e not n t e He There is another consi eration, h v t is a ew wi n ss . 1 o e ed oru m io has b een pr ved. He said that on a riv r call N begu e (also R

nde th e fo - d de ee d n e of o e ten e e Gra ), in rty thir gr , at a ista c s m or tw lv e e f e e f ded d ed l agu s rom its mouth, th r was a ort, surroun by a itch suppli

th to th with water from a stream entering e river at this point. I went e

e de ed and fo d e a o th e e of th e n e plac scrib , un , six y ars g , r mains a ci nt

f - N f and d . o d th e ed e o ort itch I als oun arm shap antask t, with its Iroqu is

e Aia ascon and th e C e ofth e l nd — Co e — de ed nam y , ap Is a s, hass t, as scrib

and f and ore e e d o e ed th e by him, amiliar to us all ; m r c ntly I isc v r city

’

d ed Th evet s e t and on . I t T e e wh o e as in icat in t x his map was h v t gav ,

' e d e o ed th e de of th e u of th e e N as alr a y m nti n , latitu mo th riv r orum begue (Nantasket Roads) substantially coincident with that of th e Coast

° S e — 42 urv y,

JEAN ALLEFONSCE.

e Allefonsce h ad ed for e m e e e and J an sail many y ars in al ost v ry oc an ,

e o ed He e ed of d f . e o n was r n wn as a most skil ul pilot was a r s rv , pr u ly conscientious man ; gave inhis writings ins tructions for th e u se ofastrono mical instruments ; was chosen by th e King ofFrance to be th e pilot of

Ro e led e o n e ed n o 1 542 and b rval, who an xpl ri g xp itio to our c ast in ,

e eded th e e en and e Cartier — th e eat sup rs wis , pati t, gallant Jacqu s f gr

1 ’ “ ” “ See Joh nCa ot s Landfall 1 497 and th e Site ofNoru m e a 1 885 Cosmo ra h ie 575. b , , b g , . g p , 1 9 “ Mar r at len th . D r Koh l sa s : Ro erval sent on a va e fdi c ver to north See g y, g . y b , oy g o s o y

eastern America th e French Government Francis I . sent also one ofh is mariners a ver by , , y

il named Al h onse de Sainton e o sea h for a north we n expert p ot, p g , t rc st passage orth ofNewfou nd MBE A 32 D EFENCES or NORU G .

n h e dded ofd sc e th e L e e captai , who much as a i ov ry along Saint awr nc , h d f ed one of th e ef e of e ed a ail to accomplish chi obj cts his xp itions, to

to th e d e k find th e passage through In i s . It was while see ing this passage

nde R e Allefonsce f d e e oftoo dee d a u r ob rval , that oun his v ss l p r ught to

e d th e G fof B e th e m of C e Cod Ba th e asc n ul arnstabl at botto ap y, in 1 o - o d de ee h e e ed d frty sec n gr , which bay conj ctur might lea through to th e e e e and th e of — W st rn Oc an ; it was to pursuit this phantom, born ofC and th e ofth e e and lffo — olumbus, passion c ntury a ha llowing, that ’ h we owe Allefonsce s record oft e Massachusetts coast . He placed th e

° ’ e and th e ofNoru mbe u e e d e ee 42 6 riv r city g , as his r cor shows, b tw n and

° 42 wi i e d of thirt - two minutes of de ee th n a br a th only y a gr .

WAS THERE A CI TY or NORUMBEGA?

Before further proceeding to vindicate th e authorities discredited by

for . let e e e one n ofth e Dr Parkman, us paus to glanc a mom nt at bra ch evidence ofth e existence ofa city of Norumbega which is furnished in

He 2 r h f th e e E d . e t e ancient cartography o N w nglan coast re (p . 3 ) a

fo e e e th e Miru elo 1 52 d th e maps r m P t r Martyr (r sting on pilot , 0) own to m th e end of th e ee e u i orumbe a with aps at sixt nth c nt ry, wh ch connect N g a rovince o Norwa with th e re ion Vineland with th e soverei nt ( France p f y, g of , g y f , with th e neigh borh ood ofB oston Many ofthese maps bear against th e name

e d th e e ofth e ofNoru mbe a a sp cial mark in icating sit city g .

land. ean Al h ns de ain v h o formerl had J p o e S tonge was a ery distingu ish ed French captain, w y

travelled Brazil in Frenh a w ll r u u i - vessels. Haklu t VOL iii. . 237 se . to , c s e as Po t g ese sa ling y [ p q] commu nicates e cell n ailin dire tions for th e u lfand ive Lawrence made th is navi x e t s g c G R r St. , by gator [Alph onse de Kohl fu rth er refers to Alph onse th u s : See more ofh im in a

’ . A Ann note ofM D vezac inBulletinde la Société de Geo a hic 31 se . ée , gr p , p. 7 q, ' ” Mar r in Navi atrones Franais s dr w a tentionto th e assa e also iven Haklu t g y, g c e , e t p g ( g by y )

’ inwh ich h e distin l aver t h e h nt r d b inl . Brevoort s errazano . ct y s th a ad e e e a ay at ( V , p

Th is was th e Ba at Barnsta le wh ich Al h onse su ested sh ould be e lored with a smaller vessel y b , p gg xp , as le din si l h a os t rou h t th Pa ifi a nrth st a . g p b y g o e c c, o we p ssage 1 M attentionwasfirst dra n h int h l v w to t is o t e ate J. CarsonBre or y p by o t.

34 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

h e and th e or e ind in Sometimes we have both t e nam mark, ciph r, icat g n e e mi ed. T e e 1 556 a d e a city . Th e cipher is som tim s o tt In h v t ( ) M rcator

o e th e n of e e e (1 569) th e name N rumb ga is at junctio two str ams, wh r I

t and o e d th e e th e de e ofth e found th e for , also l w r own riv r, with vic city

tfliet th e ed th e of at th e latter point only . On Wy city is plac at junction

o e e th e e ofN e th e two streams . In s m cas s nam orumb ga as a country is

few e ed as e e . given . In a cas s it is mark a riv r as w ll as a city In

e th e efe th e ef of e led most cas s name r rs to a city on l t bank a riv r, ca l

i d m At th e om ofth e ee th e R o Gran e as well as Noru bega . bott sh t is map ofSolis (1 598) and th e copies ofth e same original by Ortelius and A B e n e e d t New e and th e C e . ot ro, which co n ct Vin lan wi h Franc harl s second sheet of maps to be later presented will carry forward th e evi dences of e ofN e W e o d th e d e an anci nt city orumb ga at at rt wn , own to at ofits recent discovery .

Lescarbot 1 61 0 1 60 and W tfliet Au mentu m Ptolo , Douay, 7 ; y ( g “ macaei 1 59 e th e e en to th e north Vir inia ), 7, all alik carry stat m t that of g ” is Norumbe a which is well knownas a beaut u l cit and a reat river g , if y g , which

h ad ef e e ee e ed Allefonsce in most particulars b or in substanc b n r lat by ,

e and Thev t, Ingram .

THE EARLI EST B E A THr E I E NORUM G ON s S R S onMAPS.

Amon th e rovinces over wh ich A llon was made Adelantado overnor with a g p y (g ) ,

ch arter contem latin ossessions e tendin ei h t h u ndred lea es north war n h p g p x g g gu d, a d wit wh ich th e pilot Miru elo h ad become acqu ainted on an expedition of discovery north

ward from th e Bah amas in 1 520 was Ar m h n f M , a be. T e ame onth e map o Peter ar

nn a e Haklu i r t r a ot t d s A embi. I i vn lit re r n n y , by yt t s gi e to a loca y p ese ted o ’ th e co ofPeter Mart r s ma f1 in h e Leno Li r r I i on h io amas py y po 534, t x b a y . t s t e R G ,

— l a am es mez Rio amas is one of th e names ofth e h arles. Terra de Stevg (Go ) . G C ’ Ayllon— m ainly th e territory ofNew England is sh ownon Ribero s map I t

. Arem i i i h i n in h lies to th e north of a e od and h olds b . Assoc ated w t th s ame t e C p C , list ofprovinces or regions or localities over wh ich Ayllonwas to rule were many oth er

1 It seemsno im o si l at th e coast ofNew En visited A ramonte commissioned t p s b e th gland was by g ,

Ferdinand and u eenJu ana of Castile u nder th e u idance ofBreton ilots as rl as 5 . by Q g p , ea y 1 1 1 ’ Bu t th e record ifone made h nt eenidentified ee Br voort s Verrazan 69. was as o . S e o , , b , p. D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA. 35

names some ofwh ich seem bu t dialectic modifications ofI ndiannames still r erve , p es d on

l Mar onei e th e New En and coast . Peter t r c c vd th is re ionto ointo Baccalao h g y g j s, w ich at ’ h fh is writin as sh own onRi ero s ma t e date o g, b p, lay betweenNew France and Labrador

’ “ ” ’ M r th en vScotia . See Peter art s D ecades I I h a ii n No a . c . . a d Nav ( ) y , V p , arette s Collec ” ’ “ ” i veries l I I I — 4 l tionof o a es and D sco Vo . . . 69 7 a so Herrera s D ecades Bo kvi V y g , p ; , o ii.

I add a fu lllist italicizin th e names wh ich I elieve to be still r rved , g b p ese

u ch e Ch icora Ka ira Tatancal Anicati e Coca o Gu aca o Xoxi Sona Pas u e Sa , , p , , y , y , y , , , q ,

r mu nambe Hu a Tanzaca Y en oh ol Paor Tammiscaron arixa u isi nanin A ambe, Xa , g, , y , , , C q g , “ Besides th ese th ere are mentioned D u h ar n h i i f and Anexa. e, o t e oppos te s de o a ” a from h icora and Gu adal e Xa eda Hith a Xamu nambe Tih e Gu ac aia u oh a b y C , p , p , , , , , Q th e,

d Pah or. Tanzacca, an I add also a list of certain of th e Spanish names with wh at seem to m e to be

nm Th e differences etween th ese n h corresponding I ndian a es. b a d t e equ ivalent Spanish are not greater th an between th e names given to th e same locality in th e dialects of

For e am le neigh boring tribes. x p

AL N I N H GO . SPANI S . QU

Sau ch e Saco

Ch icora Ch icoru a

Natiscotec Anicatiye ,

Now called Anticosti ulfofSt L r n G . aw e ce.

’ Pas u e Mou th fBu zz q o ard s Bay.

ru m e a onth e R No b g , .

Gam as Gomez th e ( ) ,

Massach u Ch arles setts.

Xamunambe

und ofwh ich Some compo ,

i ru m Arambe th at s, No

bega formed a part.

n u h h r Y . So t S o e. Knag Long I sla d [N. ] ’ D u h are See Joh n Smith s map off th e

mou th ofth e Penobscot .

Qu oh ath e Coh asset Massach u setts Bay.

n n de one ask We e e e - e Without now goi g i to tail , may , r th s map mak rs

e e e n difierent and o e e n on i e and historiographers, r pr s nti g s m tim s rival ati al ti s,

o a o e on e o e e n th e u nited for seventy years in a c nspir cy to imp s th ir s v r ig s ,

and e e e ? n e e ? world ofgeography, th ms lv s Is such a conspiracy co c ivabl 36 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

n e e must e ee I fthere cou ld not have been such a co spiracy, th r b n a “ hav of N u e a l be ee d nl e ee city or mb g , It wil s n that it coul o y hav b n on th e Charles.

THE SI GNI FI CATI ON or THE LATI TUD ES.

d ed Allefonsce and T e e ed C Dr . Parkman iscr its h v t, but cr its hamplain

fth e e E with having made th e first correct map o N w ngland coast .

T Let us see how much this involves. hese three navigators Alle fonce T e e and C ali e e th e e of e s , h v t, hamplain k plac shor s a gr at bay in th e f - hi d de ee e e th e C S e e e Ba orty t r gr , wh r oast urv y plac s Massachus tts y;

’ e e C e Ann and C e Cod and th e e e ee that is, th y plac ap ap r gion b tw n,

de th e ofC e R e ee th e f - i d which inclu s mouth harl s iv r, all thr , in orty th r degree.

h 42d de ree e e Let us carefully consider these three points . T e g r ach s to fe e of th e of th e e of C e Cod within a w minut s summit p ninsula ap .

“ ° Ca e Ann th e o e e of th e 42 Th e p , e mor n rth rn sali nt bay, is in

° of R e e d T e e 42 1 4’ mouth Charles iv r at Nantask t is, accor ing to h v t, in

° o t o d th e Co S e 42 See th e B s on , acc r ing to ast urv y, is in how narrow

e and u e are ed de ! b lt is, what is in it, what a thoriti s unit on its latitu

Within th e compass ofless than forty miles in th e forty - third degree are th e ee — C e Ann th e ofC e R e and C e thr points, ap , mouth harl s iv r, ap

Cod i th e C e C T e e and Allefonsce all , in wh ch oast Surv y, hamplain, h v t, are agreed ! 2 W th e e l of de h d th e e of ithin sam imits latitu , I ol , was anci nt city

N e . Th e f are if d let e a e one orumb ga proo s man ol , but us tak singl , resting primarily on Allefonsce.

1 Strictl s akin th i in ° ’ y pe g, e State Hou se s 42 21 3 Purch as (1 61 3) places Noru mbega betweenth e Kennebec and Cape Cod ; Ogilby (1 671 ) places it inth e - Winth r re ion f r h . n n s a n h m f g o th e fo ty t ird degree Na tasket a d Cohas et re o t e aps o op,

Ch am lain Lescarbot and th e Coast Su rve . Under oth er names th e same oints are indicated on p , , y p man y oth er maps.

38 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

Many ofthese places still bear th e names they bore in th e middle of

th e een e . Th e St. o of e and de o e sixt th c ntury J hn that tim latitu , h w ver,

’ Ed d nd One de ofth e d of became Prince war s Isla . si islan Cape Breton

L e e th e Mer du C d th e o faces th e GulfofSt. awr nc ( ana a) ; ther side looks 1 out on th e Mer Oceane.

’ th e ea ofC n d th e d ofSt o n Se In s a a a is islan . J h , on bastian Cabot s

n e e R . th e e sea C C e R e on t map In sam was a oth r ap atz (our ap ay , h e

e ofNe fo d d th e C o S Ofth e w st coast w un lan , across ab t traits recent Admi

lt nd o e of e No th e ea e C L ra t a C e n . y char s n rth ast ap rth, rli r ap orai ) Be sides this was th e other Cape Raye (also called Cap e Ratz by Allefonsce)

th e o e e e e ofNe fo d d C e R e at s uth ast rn xtr mity w un lan (our ap ac ), which

th e Mer Oceane. Be de d of St. o th e G was in si s this islan J hn, in ulf

f L e th e f — d de o St. e e as ee f d awrenc , th r w that in orty thir gr re erre to by 2 Allefonsce.

There are two inscriptions referring to th e Landfall of John Cabot “ ” 1 49 th e of1 544 Prima visa and Prima terra visa. in 7, on map , ,

e on th e L df of C 1 885 e ed In my pap r an all John abot, , I sugg st that th e d ee e ee A en e nd lan first s n might hav b n Mt. gam ticus, som what inla

— d t A e d Re . . T Hl an h e o e of e Ann. f v to n rthw st Cap ri n Dr homas i l, formerly President of Harvard University has calculated th e horizon fom th e t ofth e e and de r summi mountain, with its known h ight latitu ,

1 ns me of m m h Mr d m r N u n and and e tends to th e sou th O o y aps t e e n Canada e b aces ewfo dl , x ward evenbeyond th e latitu de ofCape Sable 9 l lan n is referr d t h ll h from Haklu t . One ofth e Th is litt e is d St. Joh , , e o int e fo owing paragrap y le ends onth e Ca ot ma Adams o f 4 Haklu t and cited th e late g b p c py) o 1 88 , as translated by y by

. Win r l . . D r Ch arles D eane so vo . iii ( , p 45) reads “ I nth e ear ofou r Lord 1 4 4 J h n i so e astian with anEnlish y 9 , o Cabot, a Venetian, and h s nS b ( g

fleet sent ou t from Bristol discovered h t land wh i h n man efor th at h ad attem ted onth e 24th ) , t a c o b e p ,

’ u ne a ou t fi ve O cl k i Vista — th at is to sa ofJ oc ofth e earl mornn . Th is l nd h e called Prima , b y g a , y,

First Seen — ecau se as I su ose it was th at art wh ereofth e h ad th e first si h t from th e sea. , b , pp , p y g

Th t isl n n th is occasion a a d wh ich l eth ou t efore th e land h e all d th island of St. oh n u o y b c e e J , p , as I th ink ecau se it was discovered u onth e da ofSt Joh nth e Ba tis , b p y . p

D r. D eane remarks t th e ass g in aren is not th e ori n ut was introdu ced th a p a e p th eses in gi al, b by

Haklu yt. D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 39

and d e ee ee e e C e Ann f fin s that it might hav b n s n arli r than ap , rom a

nd f - Th e o St. o o vessel coming in from sea. isla J hn f th e forty third

d e e e o e e . th e nd east fth e egree must, th n, hav lat r c m into vi w It was isla o

— n l — A R e th e St. ofGo e de of nnisquam iv r, ca al Ju ian (Johan) m z, outsi

’ St are th e T ee T He d of S th e which island of . John hr urks a s John mith (

’ ’ ’ - l d e th e e of St . o S o T e sma l islan s n ar shor J hn s), trait s M uth, hatch r s, ’ 1 oller s 1 5 4 n and d . See B o 5 C . S. u a Milk islan s map , , having anal J .

’ of e C o ma of 1 544 ee e Th e St. John S bastian ab t s p s ms to hav b een recognized by Allefonsce as a name applied to an island inth e southwest

L e . h e ern ofth e G fofSt. e T d ofSt . o of o part ul awr nc islan J hn , J hn

— L df d e 24 1 49 — e ed fo Cabot, his an all on his birth ay, Jun , 7, was s parat r m

n d th e A ni R e th e n Gu t of th e mai lan by n squam iv r, which was origi al “ ” ned 1 885 L df ofC . Th e e Canso, as I poi t out in , in my an all abot clust r

’ of islands north on Sebastian Cabot s map on th e Dauphin

D sceliers G d R e S e and d of e ( e , astal i, usc lli, olis, M rriam, a crow oth r ’

are th e islands th e Maine coast south Frenchmans B a . Th e maps, of , of y

Lawrence. Bu o to 0 Penobscot is confou nded with th e St. t it is imp ssible st p here to consider th e matter ofth e confusion between th e two new- found

d e d ed e n e th e of lan s, which I hav iscuss at l ngth in co n ction with map

C e e e d for th e e . T e e are Sebastian abot, in a pap r n arly r a y pr ss h s hints ,

o e e f e e e th e de e th e h w v r, su fici nt to nabl stu nt to cl ar away mists with

ed which th e subj ect has been envelop .

nd d th d e Th e e St. o ed a e e nam J hn , though appli first limit to islan ast

h e Ann R e and Ba de on e a th e n d for oft isquam iv r y, inclu s som m ps mai lan

— o de e d e we see onC G d and R e . a c nsi rabl istanc , as osa, astal i, usc lli It was

h n o d to th e e ofAllefonsce — deed d w t e prevaili g noti n own tim , in , o n to

ofRamu sio th e o e e o de of d . Ver that , that wh l r gi n was ma up islan s

’ ’ R e o e ee to . razano s maps have only r cently b n brought light ib r s map,

9 al ee e ee ee e e Allefonsce Ramu sio. 1 52 , so s ms not to hav b n s n ith r by or

1 ma f t C rian Sou th ack from su rve s made efore Th is ch annelis indicated onth e p o Cap . yp , y b

Ph o ra h ed for me th e nited States Coast Su rve Ofiice. 1 694. ( tog p by U y ) R A 40 D EPENCES OF NO UMBEG .

WHAT ALLEFONSCE SAI D .

Th e passage already cited from Allefonsce may be translated thus

to Ca e Ratz which is onth e o ensea ou r Ca e R e at th e ou h Retu rning p , p [ p ac s t east

fN wfou ndland I sa th at th e Ca e Ratz on th e one h nd and th e Ca e corner o e ] , y p [ a ] p

t a d oth er arts inth e o en sea which is also called Jeh an onth e o h er ofB re on n p p , [ t ] , 1 - t- sou th west are on th e cou rse ei h t lea along th e east north east and wes [ ] g y gu es. Th e .

a e B reton o th e O en sea » ou r C e Ann is th rou h h is nex to and said C p f p [ ap ] g [t at , t ” above] forty- two degrees ofnorth latitu de.

Later occurs th e following

t J nwhich is called th e Ca e de B reton A Tu rnin to th e island o S . eh a C e nn g f , p [ ap ] , and th e man orts inth e Mer Occane which is above thirt - nine de rees o th e h ei t yp , y g f gh o th e North Pole th e re ionfrom th e D el w re to Ca e Cod I sa th at th e Ca e f [ g a a p ] , y p

Sainct Jeh a called Ca e de B retonand th e Ca de la Franciscane are north east an n, p p d sou thwest and trendin a u arter rom east to west th ere are on th e rou te a h u ndr d , g q f , e ” and ort lea u es nd th ere make a Ca e called Ca e de Norombe u e. f y g , a p p g

’ Th e Cape de la Franciscane is on Allefonsce s pen- made chart at th e summit ofCape Cod ; th e Cape Norombegu e in his text seems to be

ed to th e o e e n of C e Cod and L n nd and ex appli wh l p ni sula ap o g Isla , nd e e to th e e e to e e Ba . t s, p rhaps, ntranc D lawar y Allefonsce continues “ Th ai i i - Th i r u e s d Cape s nabou t forty one degrees oflatitu de. e coast s th o gh ou t s nd and low wi h no mou nains and lon th e oas h ere are m n i l nd a y , t t , a g c t t a y s a s of nd and oas dan er u s fr r ks from Barne a to Coh e sa , a c t g o om banks and oc [ g t ass t

ro k . Be ond h a is to th e nor h of th e Ca de Norombe u e alled on c s] y [t t , t ] p g [c h is ma th e u mmi of th e C e Ca de la Franciscane de end th e river p, at s t ap , p ] sc s

led N r - i vr i o ombe u e ou n ve ea e from th e Ca e. Th e sa d ri e s cal g , ab t twe ty fi l gu s p

r e it is inm ore h n h is m h i h er la itu de h an for de rees of a i la g ; t a [t at , g t , t ] ty g l t tude and mainains its lar enes some h ir or for ea u es and is sal Alle , t g s t ty ty l g , t [

1 I t is m entioned th at th e lea u e r r u s u t Enlish miles g swe e F ench leag e , abo g . 1 From th e qu otationit appears th at Allefonsce conceived th e cou ntry ofNorombegu e to ex tend evenfarth er th anD el r nfu sed and seems to indi awa e Ba . h i mewh a co y T e langu age s so t , cate ossi le e tension as far at least h u ar lina. p b x as C arleston, So th C o D EFENCES r NOR MBE A o U G . 41

fonsce h e was so o d — selon le dict des ens de la ville and is all fu l says t l , g ] , l of l sle wh ich e end ome ten or welve lea u e ino th e ea th e Brews er th I s , xt s t g s t s [ t s , e

Gr ve th e Roarin Bu ll th e L zard and it is dan erou from ro k a s , g , i , g s c s and

n Th aid river is e ond fort - one de rees f l w h i e o i u d . Wi s as gs. s b y y g at t e th in th e said river fifeen ea u es h ere is cit wh ich is called Norombe u e and h r t l g t a y g , t e e

n h h av u anities ofskins f ll i is init fine eo le a d e e o a anm als. Th o a p p , t y q t e pe ple ” wear loaks ofm arten in . Th e land ofNorombe u e is h h an o c sk s g ig d go d.

Allefonsce makes th e coast southward from Cape de la Franciscans

Ca Norombe u e — th e e of C e Cod d L n d ( p g , P ninsula ap ) inclu ing o g Islan

nd h e e o to Ba low and d a t e e e . He e t J rs y c ast D lawar y, san y mak s h e entrance to th e river Norombegu e (between Nahant and Cohasset) full of nd and and for e e e n de t nd isla s rocks , th s r aso s, with its ti s, curren s, a h i d d ffi of n t e . w n s, i cult navigatio

’ Allefonsce s description makes identification easy to one familiar with

° ° maps ofth e Coast Surv ey ofth e region from 39 to 45

THE WEI GHT or THE AUTHORI TY .

I h ave said Allefonsce has never been doubted. He was distinguished for e o e and ne man his probity, charact r, acc mplishm nts, trustworthi ss as a

e e e to e o en o and a pilot. Who v r car s qu sti n this may have his att ti n ” d e ed Mar r e e and th e Co o and ir ct to g y (at gr at l ngth) , to sm graphy

fT e in u laritez o e . I e e d efe ed B revoort S g h v t hav alr a y r rr to what , ’ 2 H o D Avezac e d and th e e d of n e e akluyt, K hl, , hav sai , to r cor lo g s rvic

fe de of th e e th e A n and as pro ssional pilot on both si s quator in tla tic ,

1 ’ “ ” h nn a a Be or th river were re t islands. T orfi s S ga s ys, f e e g a

Gafi arel must h ave seenth e manu scri ts wh ich ein inOld French scri t were as I con p , , b g p, , ceive difficu lt to read and not likel to m ake a favora le im ression An e ert at th e Bi lio , , y b p xp , b th e u e for m u se converted th e ancient into modern French ch aracters and th is co came q , y , py

h r ranla fr m th e rofessor of with th e ph otograph ic Copy of th e original. T ey we e t s ted o e by P

h r h av o ied nd rinted casional ortions ofth e manu French at Wellesley College. Ot e s e c p a p oc p

— nder at h a h ere s ri t R vD r. e o t and th e late Mr. Mu r h I t is not to be wo ed t t t c s as e . D C s a . p , p y h ave cre t into oth some mis rints wh ich seriou sl affect th e sense. p b p , y 42 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

th e d e and S e . Th e e n e also in In ian Oc an outh rn Pacific b st a sw r, pos sibl e i ofAllefonsce : Of th e sea- y, to p rsonal crit cism is this all captains ’ ofFrance h e was chosen by th e King to be th e pilot ofRoberval s ex

lorin e ed — der e er ede th e fted C e p g xp ition, virtually un tak n to sup s gi arti r, at a time when th e passage through to th e Pacific was th e most important geographical problem before th e world. “ Wh y was this ? Had Cartier failed to find th e Northwest Passage

e e ? At e e for lack of a comp t nt pilot all v nts, a change was made.

d th e best ofth e e m n d Th e King wante pilot r al to accompany a ew a miral .

Th e occasion in his opinion justified it. ” As e ed th e C ofAllefonsce not e e n I hav intimat , osmography is l ga t

T e e th e o of ee d ed e . Fr nch h r is in comp sition an air its having b n ictat , o T and th e phrases taken d wn verbatim. his may have been don e by

lart e e e of Allefonsce h e Seca , whos nam app ars with that , although t

e e of th e . Be e e for titl pag manuscript is wanting that as it may, n v r a line is th e sense ofpersonal responsibility for what h e is saying — th e

— i pride of th e pilot wanting . H s relation was written at a tim e when

A e i ed be de of and — nd d m r ca was still suppos to ma up isl s, as i icate on

’ ’ ’ Gastaldis Ru scelli s and e th of Cosa s map, on , on , sp cifically in e text 1 He e ed e did th e Ramu sio. e o f o B susp ct , as oth rs , conn cti n o St ny rook

th e St L e e d ed e on and th with . awr nc , as in icat on maps in my poss ssi , e

’ o e of th e C e B d Ba N e and th r branch harl s with uzzar s y, or arragans tt ;

h ad h Thevet seems to have t e latter notion . There are many maps of 2 th e period indicating this idea .

1 From th e re orts ofCartier we are not clear h h r Ne France is continu ous th p , as yet w et e w wi

h e Terra Firma ofth e Provinces ofFlorida and New S ain or h eth er it is allcu t u into islands t p , w p ; and h eth er th rou h th ese arts on n h Pr vince of atai as ttenme man ears w g p e ca go to t e o C , was wri y y

” ’ ” a Se astian a o ou r Vene n h r ofAmerica . o C t ti . See Ko ls Discove g by b b , a ( y , p 9 ’ ’ Verrazano s ma 1 524— 1 527 and Ri ero s 1 527- 1 529 seem to h ave een amon p , b , , b g

th e first ifnot th e ver first to re en orrect idea of th e continu it ofth e coast. , y , p s t a c y D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA. 43

ERRORS I N ESTI MATI NG LO NGI TUD ES AND DI STANCES AT SEA.

How NEAR ALLEFONSCE CAME.

Distances are estimated in leagues and latitudes ; but in a region of

e e e fo th e no on o o d oc an curr nts, lik that r m rth al g our c ast s uthwar as A H e e o d on be o e. Be de th e far as atteras, th s c ul ly appr ximat si s rctic

en e e are we th e e d o e curr t, th r , as know, gr at ti al oscillati ns which mak

n th e ore in te n e d e on e d th e strong currents ear sh al r at ir cti s , twic aily, in

e nn and C e Cod. S th e de of 1 542 e region of Cap A ap till , latitu s , wh n

Allefonsce e e e e th e n o e n was h r , w r in mai trustw rthy, c rtai ly within a

no o ned n o in th e o e e th e d . egree Verraza btai (at a ch r), harb r, pr cis ly lati tude ofNewport in 1 524 but h e states in a commu nication to th e King

’ f in n o e on en sea Allefonsce s e o d and his di ficulty maki g bs rvati s wh at . r c r paragraphs cited at length in Margry recognize something of th e same d f T e e e de e da e d ed i ficulty. h v t gav latitu s at a lat r y, as alr a y not , with

t T e e be no do to th e ene o e of grea precision . h r can ubt as g ral trustw rthin ss

’ Allefons e s de We see f e o e eo e c latitu s . shall , urth r on, that th r g graph rs and explorers sustain him .

’ ALLEEONSCE S ORI GI NAL CHARTS AND THOSE or OTHERS WHO HELD As

HE I D D .

Th e photographic copies of th e two sketches in th e manuscripts of

l fonsce th e B o e e N on e to e efe ed ead Ale in ibli th qu ati al , which I hav r rr , l fth ne ofth e nd ofCa e B e o th e mo o e St. th e column. O is isla p r t n at uth

° e e de of45 to and th e o e n u de th e nd Lawr nc , in latitu th r i cl s isla s off th e Maine coast and th e region immediately south of th e Cape

in th fo - d de ee fro th e B de Rockas of R Breton e rty thir gr , m aya uysch

— th e th e Be e an es e and G o este S o e (l507) bay against v rly , M ch t r, l uc r h r s

d n d n th e o and d th e m o t of th e southwar , i clu i g r cks islan s at u h

Charl es ; also Cap e Cod and th e salients and islands still farther south . D I place before th e photographs tracings made by Rev. Dr . e Costa

and fe e u e on of o n h and Mr . Murphy, a t r th m a s cc ssi maps sh wi g t at 44 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

ed Alle n nd t. o e o s th e association ofCape Breton a S J han , r mark by f ce as

- d de ee e n C and Co and ee in th e forty thir gr , aros with Joh abot sa, has b n f and e O . at perpetuated by many cartographers writ rs , whom Dr Sl ter is

‘ t to den f th e de and d fo e th e e h e latest, i ti y latitu s by goo rtun g ographical

C o CAPE BRETON th e C o de Yn la Te r AND names Of John ab t, [ ab g r a]

fe e St. ofC . See t o of C e ST. JOHAN [ Johan osa] also char s quival nts ap

- ofth e f d de ee. Breton and St. Johan, orty thir gr

THE RELATI ON OF ALLEFONSCE To THE Two CAPE BRETONS

Th e obj ect in this sheet ofmaps is mainly to show that there were .

f ac- similes fu of e two Cape B retons. Th e whole series o f is ll t stimony relat

to e Ne E d r and th e is de ed ing arly w nglan ca tography ; as map tach , it may be conveniently used to illustrate th e various points of th e argu ment .

First T e e d e e e ed and e th e e . h r is an islan , which arly r c iv still b ars nam ofC e B e e ee th e fo - fifth and th e f - e de ap r ton, lying b tw n rty orty ighth grees oflatitude.

n — Seco d. T e e anoth er Ca e B reton ed d o h r is p , also call an islan , als

- ed St. o h fo d d T t e e ee. e and call J hn , which is in rty thir gr his cap island no longer bear either of th e several designations recognized by

Allefon sce.

Th e e d e ed C e Ann and e ed s con cap is now call ap , is not r cogniz as

d. G e e e ed fom th e d l an islan It is, with louc st r, s parat r mainlan by a cana and th e A R e o e ed G e 1 25 and ed nnisquam iv r, bs rv by om z in 5 , call , as

e d e = — ed . d St t. o h o e e alr a y m ntion , canal Julian S J han , t e frm r a misr a in so e e Ofth e rris g, I conc iv , manuscript record communicated to Ha se.

’ THI S I S THE ORI GI AL I 4 N SLAND OF JOHN CABOT S LAND FALL I N 1 97,

’ and e th e n e and d e L b ars am at on ok s map.

Third. T e e th e air n f C e B e o and . th e h r is p , ap r t St Johan, in orty d de ee thir gr .

D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 45

ALLEFONSCE IN REGARD To THE Two APE BRETONS ND THE TWIN NAME O C , A F

THE CAPE I N THE FORT - THI RD D EGREE Y .

List ofMaps

1 . R D r D Co ofth e r ke h de b Allefonsc of estorationby Rev. . e sta fi st s tc ma y e

th e and ofCa e Bre on at th e ou h ofth e St Lawrene. isl p t m t . c

Mr. Mu r h h ond k h in th - h ir r 2. Res ora ion oft e se e c e fo d de ee t t by p y c s t , rty t g ,

Allefonsc sh owin Rio Noru m e . by e, g b ga

Ph o o ra h o ofth e en- and- ink e ch Allefonsc f th f 3. t g p c py p sk t by e o e region o th e nd of Ca e Bre on e ween th e ra lel of for - five an for - i h Isla p t , b t pa l s ty d ty e g t i degrees oflat tu de.

- - All f 4. Ph o o ra h i o of enand ink e h e onsce em ra in th e t g p c c py a p sk tc by , b c g for - first for - e ond for - h ird and for - fou r h de rees Of ti u de ac ordin ty , ty s c , ty t , ty t g la t , c g

h i l i a a Br n nd St Joh n Ca e Ann a r to s re a on o C e e o a . a C de la F an t ; ls p t ( p ) , p ciscane Ca e Cod and of ou rse Rio Noru mber u e wh i h lies e we n in ( p ) , , c , g , c b t e , be g inth e forty - th ird degree.

5. To th e ef Th e e from re ons I n u din th e for - first for - e ond l t, v t, lati , cl g ty , tys c ,

- n fr h ird d r e . Se Cosmo ra h a d o ty t eg e s ( e g p y ,

’ T v inh is osm ra 6. To th e ri h h e et s ma C o h . g t, p g p y

’ Th is is an obviou s copy of Mercator s wh ich is given on th e sh eet ” a e 32 eni ed Was h ere Ci of Noru m e ? I t Sh ows th e si e of ( p g ) t tl , t a ty b ga t

F r Noru m e and ofth e ofNoru m e a on rive e weenC des Bertoens o t b ga city b g , a r b t .

ve ivth u r d Arenes. I n h is rela on Th e e e a de a ead no ed of th e C. e ti t g s l tit , as l y t ,

° mou th ofth e Norombegu e River as 42

’ 7. Loks m a or tracin 1 582 nor ora in and indors n th e si e of th e p ( g) , , i c p t g i g t

Landfall of Joh n Ca o in 1 497 resenin th e mou h of th e Ch ar e and th e b t , p t g t l s su osed errazano i h mu se ara in th e Alani from th e Pacific — th e Mare pp (V ) st s p t g t t c ,

— - I ndicu m and Mare Verra ana near Barns a e. A h o o r h fac imile g , t bl p t g ap ic s is given on th e sh eet ofmaps (page

neived to be free- h and s e h ailo u nd r a o 8 Cosa 1 500. Co e C . , c a k tc (by a s r b t, wh o afterwards sh ipped with Cosa) of th e coast along wh ich Joh n Cabot sailed

— n C v Y u l rr L ll. I res v i 1 49 fter h is andfa t e s a o de Te a and Ca o de St. n 7, a p t g a , ’ — J h n — th e u iva ens ofCa e Bre onand St. Joh an onLok ma th e mou h o a , e q l t p t , s p, t

h h ar es wi h its rocks and slands and th e ancien i and now oined oft e C l , t i , t sl s ( j

inland th e erminu nor h w rd of C e Cod denified Rev. D r. to th e ma ) at t s t a ap , i t by

Slafter. 46 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

l lle a u Mr r . I t on in C e Bri on for 9. Linsch ot (a so ca d H kl yt a ty ) c ta s ap tt (

Br on and I S. Joh a. et ) .

n h n P. r mon m ivs 0. Bre on and S Joh nat th e o a d P o oriu m 1 0. Merria e . g t a rt , ( t )

Ar na Coaranes and its not re o nized e u ivalen th e du li a e C. de las e s ( c g ) q t, p c t at th e sou th .

n h h nor h fR Gr n r ve 0. Bre ona d . de S. Jo a at t e o . de th e 1 1 . Joma d gi s t I t a ,

i a ofth e Ch rle earl est nme a s .

r Man I sland 1 2 D ie o Homem 1 558. Bo on Ha or wi h th e Ca e of . g , st b , t p y s

r n C Coh asse e ween Ca de Aren Ca e Cod and C. deS Be toe s e ( t) , b t p as ( p ) ( ap

nal f Breton) and Ribero de S. Joh an [th e Ca o

It is well to pause a moment and dwell on th e significance Ofthese

h o e e o geographical determinations . They hold th e key to t e c mpr h nsi n

T ee of ofall th e ancrent maps Of th e New England coast . his sh t maps

e uni orml and to eth er th e two e C e B e and St . carri s f y g nam s, ap r ton

O ed to th e nd in th e fo - d de ee J han , appli isla rty thir gr .

nd nd d n Bu t on of Lok Th e isla is i icate o many maps . that it is merged in a larger island ; and th e canal and Annisquam River are not 1 indicated.

’ 1 I h ave felt a strong su spicion th at inth e D au ph in map of1 546 (D Avézac and Koh l make

n arlier date bu t it is now ascri ed to D esceliers with th e date Of and th at Of Se asti n a e ; b , b a

Cabot th ere was anefi ort made by th e map- makers to present th e rival claims ofth e two

Th r sovereigns ofFrance and England to th e New England coast . ey we e ch allenged by th e Spanish

of i ero of1 527- 2 map R b 9.

h n a t laid h e fou nd ti nofth e British claim in 49 erra no h t r Jo C bo t a o 1 7; V za , t a ofth e F ench

524 if we e clu de th at a ed on th e re ence in h i latitu d th e Bre n in 1 , x b s p s t s e Of to s air least h alfa centu ry earlier.

’ ’ I n Ca ot s time Colu m u ss time it was as we kno th e revailin notion th at th e wh ole b ( b ) , w, p g

Western World was a clu ster of islands — h e e tension of h ndi h n ve , t x t e East I es; e ce we h a

’ Cabot s Landfall on an island. I t is better sh own on Gastaldi and Ru scelli. Bu t th e real

’ — island wh ich was Ca ot s St . oh an a th e art c u t ff th Annis u am Rive th e canal , b J , w s p o by e q n

’ l din Annis u am r Ann St . Joh an ea to Ba se Bolle o s ma a e 3 nd a u rve OfCa e , g q y ( e p, p g 9, a Co st S y p ,

’ — n ass ci a es 37 Th e h ar or ofGlou ce ter w St. Joh n Joh nRu t h St Joh a o p g b s as th e s of , t e .

ated Allefonsce with Ca e Breton inth e fort - th ird de ree inth e assa e th e Ca e ofBreton by p y g , p g , p

- which is also called S. Joh an and man oth er rts in th e Mer Occane in th e ort third de , y po , f y ” ni i — d gree. Th e co t nu ty ofth e coast th e fact ofa continent seems to h ave beenwh olly accepte

’ by Verrazano in 1 524 . Ribero s m ap appears to h ave rested m ainly on Spanish ch arts. Some D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 47

o Let th e reader look for th e names Cape Breton and St. J han as

’ Next look for Carenas (Cape Cod) on Lok s map as associated with e e o n nd o a th e o . th s c mpa i ns, always at s uth

T e oo for th e e e ee e e o n — e e h n l k riv r b tw n th s two p i ts, arli st known

’ th e Rio G nde on R now th e C e on th e ma as ra uysch s map, as harl s last p

Ofth e e e th e Co S e of e Ba th e s ri s, ast urv y Massachus tts y, on which

ne ofth e th f - n d outli coast in e orty third degree is prese te .

Th e e on of C e o on th e e of t stim y hamplain , tak n in c nnecti with sit th C ofNo be be f f e e de ed e e e . ity rum ga, will urth r consi r h r a t r

Let now e us r turn to Thevet .

of in e h e e orombe u e cou ntr th e First all, his t xt plac s N g as a g in f - d H d e ee e e Allefonsc e th e ofNoru mbe u e. e orty thir gr , wh r e plac s citg g gives for th e latitude of th e mouth of th e Charles River (Nantasket

° Ro d e d ed 42 T few n e a s), as alr a y cit , his can vary but a mi ut s,

e e we e N e Ro d th e o th e E B wh th r tak antask t a s as m uth, or ast oston

e th e C e R e e ene th Ba B o F rry, or harl s iv r wh re it t rs e Back y at ro k

° ne B d fo o 2 — d Bo e 4 th e e ed e of . li ri g , r m ab ut acc pt latitu ston

T e e C e Cod we e een C e Aene ct h v t calls ap , as hav s , ap r s (stri ly

Cdarencs C n ed Ca B n th e C e ) ; hamplai call it p la c ; Dauphin map, ap

S o Cdes on th e t W e Hoe — so abl ns ( sabl s) Du ch, itt ck , all calling it

Ae e d ffe s b ecause ofth e presence or whiteness Of its sand. Cape r n s i r but

t e fom th e C e de Aena C e fth e nd of e o and li tl r ap r s ( ap O Sa s) M rcat r, is very near in sound to th e (Promontorium ) Coaranes (of Merriam th e

e en o on h d e K Olrnes of nearest quival t in pr nunciati to t e Icelan ic nam j , which

K alarnes of T o d th e e e en e e de j h rwal is g nitiv , as giv by nativ Ic lan rs,

th e e ed e ofLok and o Ofth e e of o C . inh rit Car nas , , pr bably , tim J hn abot ofit came dou tless th rou h A llon and th e ilot Miru elo ofa vo a e made in 1 520 ei h t h u n b g y p y g , g

“ ” ma h ave h . ii. I t dre u e n r h Ma D ecades vii. c a d lea s orth wa d ofth e Ba amas. See Pe er rt r g ( t y , , p ) y received material from th e Portu u ese Cortereal 1 504 and th e eo ra h er Ru sch 1 507. See g , , g g p y , ( li Ma s e st of p , pag 1 l ° ' Strict y 42 21 appliesto th e State Hou se. 48 D EFENCES . OF NORUMBEGA;

I submit a table ofsuccessive or alternate names borne onth e maps ofth ee o o th e f - d de ee e e thr m st important p ints in orty thir gr ; nam ly,

CA E ANN RI VER CHARLES. CA E C D P . P O . 1 2 Cape Tragabigzanda Mess- adch u - sec ( Massach u setts) Witte Hoeck 8 Ca des sle Mish au m Bi Eel ndi n Ca e Jam 4 p I s ( g , I a ) p es G l Cape Breton R. du nast ( Ch ampain) CapBlane

G h am lain D R. as ( C p ; also e Laet)

r m u N ru m Cape Brytaine R. No o beg e ( o bega) G m s G m 6 Cape Bryton R. a a o es Cape Bretton Cape Britten Angu ileme (French for Eel) Cape Bretan Rio Grande 7 Cape Britonu m Rio Grado Cape Berton Cape Bertam Cape Berto Cape Brittain 3 Cavo de Y u gla terra Cavo de Brittoni Cape Britain9

h a Island ofSt . Jo n

h an Cape St. Jo n Cape St. Jea

e d eh an. Thev t calls Cape AnnCapSainct Jean ; Allefonsce calle it St . J ’ 1 ° C Ru t 1 52 ed th e H o ofG e e St. Lok apt. John ( 7) call arb r louc st r John s ; 1 1 a e S. o and Co e C o St o . G e e th e lso giv s J han, sa giv s av . J han om z giv s

a St. t o ver t. o . C nal S . Ho e th e Ri S Julian ( J han) ; m m, J han

1 h n i 2 3 4 5 mez Jo Sm th . Basles. Ch am lain h rle I . osnold. Go . p . C a s G

7 3 9 os . C a Joh nCabot.

1 ° ’ t h n — — Ca . o Ru t 1 2 fou nd St h n r J 5 7 Jo s Glou ce ter se Purch vol. iii . 809 a h ar o p ( ) ( s ) e as, p b full offish in - vessels twent - five lea u es so th g , y g u ofCape de Bas and Cape de Bas Harbor (names ’ onVerrazano s ma s and onth e D au h i p p nmap) . I t is also onth e Coast Survey and State maps as Bass Har or Head and B Har or on ass th e sou th east M . b b , coast of t . D esert 1 1 n C ’ m O osa s a we h ave with Cavo St. oh n J a as we h ave seen Cavo de Yu p , , gla term , th e

E EN ES F R MBE A 4 D F C O NO U G . 9

’ ’ Th evet s map (Mercator s of1 569) has Cape Breton where in his text is given Sainct Jean; so that in this — th e association of th e pair of

— names Thevet and Allefonsce agree.

e d ed in e as Allefonsce did e ee h Thev t istinguish his t xt, , b tw n t e more

n o e e north ernC e B e e B o e St . ap r to (ass ciating with it Isl Ois aux, Isl ri n, Isl n d e th e o ofth e e ofC th e St. L en e J an , at m uth riv r a a a ( awr c ) in

° 45 and th e o e C e B e o th e fo - d de ee i s uth rn ap r t n in rty thir gr , hav ng

. T also th e name Sainct Jean (St Johan) . his Cape Breton in th e forty n d de ee ed o St . o thir gr , call als J ha , was

’

HE L ST SLAN ST. HN OF OH AB OT x T O I D OF JO , J N C ON Lo s MAP ,

I have prepared another group of maps designed to present th e e e e e ofth e e ee C e Ann and C e od quival nt nam s on ach points b tw n ap ap C ,

nd o e e e f e o and o Th e ee de o a . C to s m xt nt arth r n rth s uth sh t inclu s sa,

’ Maiollo s e R e o H A ne e Vallard W tfiiet Se V rrazano, ib r , uth , g s , , y , bastian

C o G d C and o S Th ab t astal i, hamplain J hn mith e

th e o de of o th reader will remark e invariabl r r successi n of e names .

’ a On Cosa s Mp.

v h an a A v Y u l rr and Ca a S Jo C e nn . Ca o de g a te a . ( p ) ’ l u i and Baker s I sland an ns h r I la de la Trinidad C a d a d a ai em Sa em H or. ( ) , g t t l a b

n : was it Lizarte from its sh a 0 de Lizarte. Nah a e . ( t p

R k and I sland at th e mou h ofth e Ch arles oc s s t .

Po au x I sle ofCh am lain Coh a se ofLescarbot Ch am lain Winh ro and ( rt s p ; s t , p , t p,

u rv Coast S ey .)

Flag at th e Gu rnet.

Two sland at th e end ofCa e Cod — one eh ind Provine own th e o h er O o I s p , b c t ; t pp site ; both now continu ou s with th e mainland.

r h e ori inalname ofBritain En — An le land . Th is Briton Britonu m f m Portu gu ese fo t g ( g [ g ] ) ( o Ptole y) ,

h vent or reco nitionofth e resence ofth e Breton- French inth is latitu de ecame with t e later ad g p , b

Breton Terra los Bretones and Terra du s Bretones esides takin on oth er forms. Haklu t s eaks , , , b g y p

Br taine Breton . Th is is made lain onlookin ofth e menofSt. Maloe of y ( ) p g at th e series ofmaps onpage 45. 1 . ence e sor nn r r h ofGulfofSt Lawr tc . Sec. I 1 889. P. 45. See Profes Ga o g, Ca tog ap y . I . D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

’ Maiollo a On s Verr zano.

Ann P r d o Refu io and Flor Sau l u m Pormtori Cape Breton (Cape ) , a a is , g , a, é u z ( Salem and Marbleh ead

il m Ch a le River and ou h Bo on inner h ar or Ba k Ba and Angu e e ( r s m t , st b , c y

flooded marsh ) .

I sth mus (Neck at Barnstable) .

Terra Florida ( Cape Cod) .

’ OnRibero s.

Terra les Bretones ( Cape Ann) .

Areciffe (Nah ant) .

Ar h i e a o ofGome Bo onou er h r or c pl g z ( st t a b ) .

C d. Mu h as Coh e . . c as Isl ( ass t)

C d Aren C e Cod . . . as ( ap )

’ OnAgnese s.

T rr ri e a de los B tones ( Cape Ann) .

Terr ch e D e cobrio S vG N r s e n o e w F n . a , t a m z ( e a ce)

0. d. Mu h a la h c s Is s ( Co asset) .

Mari C St . e . . a ( Cap Cod)

’ OnVallard s.

C. Bre on C e Ann t ( ap ) . R . de G mas Gome Ch rle a ( z, a s) .

Ca l r pe de e C oix (Nantasket) .

Sou h ernCa e d r ix Th G t p e C o ( e u rnet) .

Ar C. de en a a ( C pe Cod) .

’ iet s OnWgtfl .

Rio Gr nde Ch r es a ( a l ) .

C. d la l e s Is as (Coh asset) .

’ OnSebastianCabot s

Pri a vi a M. A m s ( t gamenticu s) .

Prim ierr v Ca e Ann a t a ista ( p ) .

Mu h I C. a m u f h r de s. o h o C e Coh e . c s ( t a l s) , ass t

B de S. M B aya aria ( ostonHarbor) .

D EFEN E C S OF NORUMBEGA. 51

OnGastaldi s.

Bre on C e Annand sl S J h n C. e t o t ( ap I . ) .

’ l k n H r Mar h Sa em Nec a d a bor e ead and Baker s and. See th e le er M , bl , s I l tt . ” Lan f l f h n a i d al o Jo C bot and Ste ofNoru mbega.

OnCh amplains

Ca des sles Ca e Ann p I ( p ) .

f1 61 2 an r l i n Be u or Glou ces er See ma o d e a o . a p t ( t ) . p t

h ou a oet Coh asse Ch am lainwas onfu sed wi h two Ch ou acoets C c ( t) . p c t ,

th th o h er at th e m ou h ofth e Ch rle e mou th ofth e Saco e t t a s .

Rio du Gas th e du i a e Ch arles. , pl c t

r r Port au x I sles ( entrance to BostonHa bo ) .

r Lou is Pl mou h . Po t St. ( y t )

CapBlanc ( Cape Cod) .

’ OnJohnSmith s

Ca Tra a i zanda l o alled Ca e Anna Ca e Ann p g bg ; a s c p ( p ) .

Bris ow Salem t ( ) .

ar sl h a C y I es ( Co sset) .

oin Geor e Th e Gu rne P t g ( t) .

a a C pe J mes ( Cape Cod) .

I have placed on a separate sheet th e various names that have been conferred on

THE RI VER CHARLES.

OnRu ch 1 507 — Rio Grado Rio Grande Ch arle . ys , , ( , s)

’ OnMaiollo s errazano 1 524— 2 An u ileme French Mish au m nd n . V , 7, g ( ) (I ia )

Pe er Mart r 1 534 Leno Li rar Rio S evanGome . t y , ( x b y) t s

Allefonsce 1 542 Nor m , , o bergu e.

h ev 1 n d a s onoth er sh ee . T e 556 Norombe u e. See re a io an t, , g l t m p ts

’ D esceliers 1 546 Anoroba ra or - ea. , , g g

— Fr ere 1 540 Rio de Gama . i , , s

William de Tes e Anora u a. t , g

Merca or 1 569 Rio Grande. t , , 52 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

— nde. W fliet 1 597 R. Gra yt , ,

J D 1 580 R. de G . oh n ee, , amas

J e 1 580 — wi h dded nme R. de G ma . oh nD e , , t a a s , a s

lis 1 598 R. Gr nde. So , , a

Mineau G obe 1 592 Rio Grande. ol x l , ,

Mrriam Ri. de Gome . e , z

am l in 1 61 2 River i h e tlemen and H r or a in Ch ou acoet Ch pa , , w t s t t a b ga st

Also fr h er sou h du li e led R. du Gas wi h l e th e end h . ( Co asset) , a t t , a p cat ca l , t ak at ,

I nth e ex R. Gu ast. InD e L e R. du Gas. and th e name Yrocois. t t a t,

634 h a e Winh ro 1 C . t p, , rl s

Let us now turn to th e mouth ofth e river between th e two great

— — Ann n e C e B e __ St. C e a d C e de Ae e cap s, ap r ton Johan ( ap ) ap r n s

od (Cape C ). Thevet says

“ h Ba S ine Mr e Bo on Har or and th e e h i h n As for t e y a t a i [ st b ] , cap s w c o ’ — - w An r marked St . Jean dou e t o a iens? ou r Ca e n th e sea ch arts a e , bl [ s l t p

i nts and th e Ca e of th e S nd : Ca e de Arenes Carenas Ca e h as two sal e ] , p a s p [ , p

Cod h e are in h ree h u ndred and even de ree lonitu de and h ir ] , t y t s g s g t ty 1 h e ar h ir - five e u es Sai in eigh t degrees oflatitude ; t y e t ty l ag apart. l g

i river and eerin ow rds S a n or Frane ou le ve th e C e ou t of sa d , st g t a p i c , y a ap

f h le Coh e wh ich ou see some ei h lea u e ou t ino th e sea h en o t e Is s [ ass t], y g t g s t ; t

h s a r orm sh ou ld overta e ou ou can nh or in th e river of if a rou g e o st k y , y a c ° ’ ” Norombegu e in 42 1 4 latitu de.

ORTY - TWO EGREES O RTEEN I N TES THE LATI T D E OF F D F U M U , U THE MOUTH OF NO RUMBEGA RI VER '

de for o e Consi r a m m nt what this means .

and o o all d e m ne th e S e On a north s uth c ast, that is necessary to et r i it or d locality is its latitu e.

1 Possi l a lu nder in co in h ich is h o vr entence th e b y b py g, w we e corrected in th e next s by

° mention ofth e o served latitu de ofNantasket Roads — h — 42 It b , t e mou th ofth e Ch arles, ma h ave eenth at Th evet was th inkin Ofth e e I t ma y b g xtensionofth e sandy sh ores sou th ward. y h ave eenth at for th e moment h e recalled th e Ch esa eake Ba — also earin like Boston Har b p y, b g,

E F N 54 D EFENC S O ORUMBEGA.

in i u mferene nh i ed onl ome fi h er en and ird of differen orts c rc c , i ab t y by s s m b s t s , 1 wh ich th ey call Aiayascon [Nanatasket Nantasket] becau se it h as th e form of ’ ” h al s . r s n h i r mans arm wh i h e o e e le s fom Nor to Sou h . a , c t y c l Its g at t gt th t

eed o for d e i e ul r re It n s no apol gy w ll ng on this p c ia promontory, p

d T e e and C . T le i e a e rm serve by h v t hamplain his sa i nt, l k b nt human a ,

’ ’ onCham lains 1 61 2 e Ch ou acoet e Winth ro appears p map ( ) n ar , as w ll as on ps ’ 1 634 e and Cone h asset and on Wood s and th e o map ( ) n ar within y , C ast ’ ve e C e e de Th evet s e and n fo Sur g n ar ohass t, b si s in t xt, on my traci g r m

ofth e e fl o e th e sea h local maps riv r owing thr ugh a lak to . C ou acoet

’ sca bot of 1 6 9 N e d n Bu appears on Le r s map 0 , but antask t is not efi ed. t

“ d th and th e e Cohasset e e th e d besi es e arm, cap , th r is in ication of th e

f d a de La e C e o C u s . d archip lago as ap Many Islan s, p g Islas, C e Muchas

d th e e and e e e th e C e . Islas, an riv r s ttl m nt on harl s

Al e e are e e e e too e e e of de e “ to . tog th r th r not h r many l m nts coinci nc permit any doubt as to th e identity ofth e ancient river Noru mbega with th e Charles ? ’ Let s e th e fu C e ed us pa s on to xplain con sion in hamplain s maps, cl ar up by his text.

THERE I s ANOTHER NANTAs T AND ALSO ANOTHER COHASSET D ESCRI BED

AND FI GURED BY CHAMPLAI N.

At th e of th e S of C e El e e e mouth aco, just south ap izab th, th r is

E o and of A o Ch ou acoit — e an lb w, also a chain rocks (an lg nquin ), corr

e d far Nantasket th e e — th e Aia ascon sp n ing in so with our ( b nt arm, y

of T e e and of ed C e R . Th e h v t) our chain rocks, still call ohass t ocks

’ name Ch ou acoet is given on Champlain s smaller map of th e region of th e S and C e E e e ed Slafter and aco ap lizab th , as r cogniz by Dr , , is

’ e as ed to th e e C e al d e ot giv n appli riv r in hamplain s t xt, though it . o s n n e o th e e of 1 61 2 1 1 3 1 632 . app ar larg maps , 6 , or

1 ” Nanucket is s metime de. t o s writtenon early maps Nanatucket . Na by itselfmeans divi ” Nona Nana Trum ull su ests means oth sides as ofa river or ofa strait - land divided , , b gg , b , . ,

water a feature ofth e sou th sh ore o rall l n . by , fpa e inlets now closed by sa d banks D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 55

e t th e of S Ba th e and th e I ins r map aco y, with arm chain of ‘ nd o e Th e C e e a de e . of rocks, with its long hous s st cka nclosur ap th e Isles of Champlain (our Cape Ann) is b etween th e two Choua

Be ee h Of Ba and th e ofth e C coets. tw n t at Saco y that at mouth harles

“ ” FR Y PLAI N ED I TED BY D R. SLAFTER. OM VO AGES or CHAM ,

R e e e one ca e and e th e Be OfC , iv r th r is but p , that is n ar auport hamplain nf ed la e G e e . C which Dr . S fter recogniz s as louc st r hamplain , co us in his

e o o aco ts ed on of 1 632 m m ry because Of th e tw Ch ou e , plac his map

1 id Th ey are su ch inform and purpose as Th orfinnset u p inVineland in1 007 to protect Gu dr

h er at Strau mfiird as mentioned and h er ch ild Snorre du ring th e absence ofth e h usband and fat j , in h e Sa as t g . 56 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

(twenty - eight years after his first exploration) th e Cape des Isles (Cape

Ann and B o G e of e south Of th e e e e C . ) aup rt ( louc st r), both th m harl s

T e e e to St. Lo e th e his brings th m n ar r Port uis (Plymouth), l aving com

e ed o of C e Ann h o th e e Oa dos sles pr ss c ntour ap wit ut nam p I , which B h f h e has given in his text . u t although e ails to give any name

e C e Ann h e e th e of 1 61 2 to this cap ( ap ) on his maps, giv s on map th e nde o e d A th e and i ntati ns corr spon ing to nnisquam harbor on north,

G o e e Be o ofth e e th e o of th e e o l uc st r (his aup rt t xt) on s uth, cap ; als th e d ed e C e th e one th e e o uplicat riv r harl s, e north rly , with archip lag and N e and th e e of eft n antask t at its mouth, clust r cabins on its l ba k ; and th e e one f m e e e e e e and south rly , issuing ro a lak having s v ral s ttl m nts th e e Yrocois its nam on banks.

h e nd o T explanation of Champlain s confusion is simple a bvious .

T e e e e e e e are now two e Of al e e h r w r th n, as th r , s ts loc iti s, ach having

fe e e u ded a N a e and Ch ou acoet two striking atur s ; ach incl ant sk t a , , “ n o n th m ofth a d e f . O e set e e S an arm a clust r rocks was at outh aco, no t of C Ann th e o e th e ofth e C e south of r h ape ; th r was at mouth harl s,

nn e ed th e one. To see Cap e A . Champlain p rsonally visit only e north rn

e one oo th e o e de ed this cl arly, must l k first at coast utlin on any tail modern map from Cape Cod to Portland ; then at th e maps of Cham l of1 61 2 1 61 3 and 1 632 and th e e one ofCh ou acoet . plain , , , at small r

1 ” h - - Coh asset is an abbreviation. Th e Algonqu inword as a w ole is Quonno h assu net. Th e

a = i e or h i h h o i n in onn ticu Tru m u ll u nn K nKenne c f w c we h ave Ch inC u aco t a d C C ec t . o o Q b , , ( b ) Q ” “ “ inh ro ives ana re ted means long; h asswnmeans stone ; et means at or near. W t p g bb via

rm ritin name h h e r - one h e a h am lain h ard — Ch ou acoet or fo , w g th e as e a d it, C y ass t. Wh t C p e ,

Ch ou acoit was ver nearl wh a e write — Coh asset . I t is as we see like most a ori inal y y t w , , , b g names descri tive I t a li d ch ain frocks nar ich mond sou th ofCa e Eliza eth . I t , p . pp e to th e o e R , p b applied with more force to th e scattered rocky islets near th e coast to th e sou th eastward ofth e nr n h h nat r e t r o e t a ce to Boston Harbor. Th e name migh t be looked for w erever t e u al fa u es f

Ch m lain li i rocks rising from water were nearly th e same as at eith er Ch ou acoet . a p app es t to

th e river Saco.

Th is articu larit an r t i n d and will find th eir ustifi cationinview ofth edu li p y d epe it o are neede , j p

’ cationand confu sionof h in Th e am e tenu ation ma be u r ed for oth er and C ampla s maps. s e x y g multi lied re etitions as f la itu des and essential oints invaried connections. Th e re etitions p p , o t , p p h ave ena l d me b e to omit long and mu ch less satisfactory text.

58 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

1 e e th e fiftee e . Th e e we e e d ee som tim in nth c ntury nam , as hav alr a y s n, fE d Y ’ to th e o e e e o u la Term . See Co runs back P rtugu s nam nglan , g ( sa s

- e 43 44. map, pag s M LOCAL AP or CAPE ANN.

I introduce a fragment ofth e Coast Su rvey th e local chart ofGlou ces

— o e o one two e i ter Harbor to sh w, in this conn cti n, or oth r po nts that con

th e o e of e o n neot themselves with bs rvations V rrazan a d Gomez .

’ On th e local map ofCape Annwe have Norman s Woe Rock and Nor

’ C e o th e N e and th e e N ar man s ov , palpably p inting to orthm n to nam ( ) ’ anbe a e C e B e o e e e o T e e are g n ar ap r t n on J rom V rrazan s map, h s 3 . o associated with th e canal St Julian (St . J han) of Gom ez (confounded in earlier times with th e Gu t of leading through to Squam River

- h d n and An S H t e ofSt. o of C n i quam arbor, making islan J ha abot, so long

th e d ofC e B e o th e o of h e La confounded with islan ap at m uth t St . w [ r t n ’ nd o e ofth e e See Gastaldi s a e e ed. renc . ( many th rs maps h r with submitt )

be ee G o e e H o th e Be o ofC It will s n that l uc st r arb r is aup rt hamplain, as

’ 6 Ru t and th t of o th e Noranbe a of e . well as e S . John s J hn ( ) g V rrazano

1 th re re inth e asinofth e Ch arles wh en oh nSmi h m I ndeed, e F nch we b J t ca e and later

’ rri d See th e u een Re ent s letter to th e Frenh min r h ( 1 630) wh en Winth rop a ve . Q g c iste at t e

’ ” fTh e e 399 edition f1 8 ri anish ou rt afi arels Life o vt . o 78 Pa s Sp c , G , p , , . 9 I h ave fou nd traces offamilies bearing th e name Normanand Noman(a Wampanoag) inth e h r rnM h u e isto y ofEaste assac s tts.

3 Th is discover Gomez near e ar h i rin i name wh ere h e assed mu ch time y by th c pelago bea g h s , p seekin to find th e strait to th e ved in manu scri t onl accordin to Western Ocean is reser p y, g g , p v rri e I i r d u n. We h a e Ha ss . t s eas to see h ow inim erfect ch iro r h Joh an mi h t be ea J lia y , p g ap y, g ’ seenonBollero 3 ma 1 554 th e J n O enin into S u a River from p, CanalofSt . u a (page p g q m th esou th . Th is ch annel with th e n vti n i still wonderfu ll distinct and strai h t, , ba ks ofexca a o , s y g as sh own onth e local ma s and th rou h it ack nd forth th e tide dail swee s to sea, as it p ; g , b a , y p h as for man centu ries Sou th ac n th e ei h teenth centu r . Th e y . oticed and figu red it early in g y transfer of th i Lawrence I s canal and of th e Cape Breton (Island) to th e mou th of th e St.

ointed ou t in m earlier a er 1 8 n o i 1 49 p y p p ( 85) o th e Landfall ofCab t n 7. 4 Cans case o s elled also Canseau nd Cam seau Ch am l i and oth erwise. Canso seems a ; p a p ( pa n) , ofsim le metath esis from a I dian cano . Gu t ossi l p C noas, a plural form inu se for th e n word p b y is from u tt a a trou h or relativel ch ann th l sides. g , g , y, a el wi paralle 5 ” See D iscover y ofAmerica by th e North men.

D EFENCES or NOR MBE A U G . 59

THE O H or CHARLES R VER ARI O SL ND I CATED M UT I V U Y I .

We e be een on th e o e e e of ofth e d ffe n hav , as may s , wh l s ri s maps i re t

ee s e s o te th e o ofth e C e u e f sh t , nam s which a s cia m uth harl s with a cl st r o

nd — o e i e th e en ne to o t to C m ain isla s, s m t m s at tra c its m u h, which ha pl gave th e n e o e and some e t it th e a e a am P rt aux Isl s, tim s wi hin , as rchip l go of

G e T enfo o r l e ens — C e de La u s s a Ca e om z. h ll w vi tua quival t , as ap g I l s, p de C e de a and e et e nd n th e nd las Islas, ap Much s Islas ; th n sk ch s i icati g isla s at th e entrance to th e bay and within it ; then equivalent names ofth e

Th en e of nds th e o is en n river. e occurr c isla at m uth m tio ed by Th orfinn

S de n th e o to ne nd Befo e th o o in his aga scribi g appr ach Vi la , r e m uth f ” n “ th e e are re nd . T a a d th e nd o ed t riv r g at Isla s h t, small la l ck bay, sal at

flood- de and fe ebb th e He th e Bos on Ba Ba — and th e ti r sh at , p( t ck y), “ ” e flo in fo th e and o e to th e sea th e ne and riv r w g r m l thr ugh a lak , in Vi l

S e e th e ef u de to Le f o e See s e 1 agas, w r chi g i s i s h us s. ( map , pag s 5

M RB PLY OUTH HA OR.

1 of e e s be o e ved o d th e Ba ofSt. C Many th s chart , it will bs r , h l y hris 3 tO h er o Ha o SanAnono Ba and R e one R e th e p (Plym uth rb r), t i y iv r (J s iv r) ,

B e H l ofMi to ont n e de o one o nns Te No lu il s l n (M a a v r ; als M t s J ha i ), rra va, “ ” Ne n nd a en to o n th e w fou nde de ofHenr VI I . see e o la , y ( s c p t t J h 3 n C o o e or o e of e o n e . T e are ab t), m r th m in vari us la guag s h y all in or

1 fth e ma ar l i 1 h ave seen All are Some o s e ine ressi l u ni u an valu a le th e so e co es . p xp b y q e d b , p

v ~ h to ra h ic co ies Th e ro various sources inclu din th e collections ofMr. Bre oort Gen p o g p p . y are f m , g , ' . nsor s America and ofvarious u lic eralBarlow Rev. D r D e mar K nn e Wi , Costa, Jo d, unstma , D rak , , p b and rivate li raries a om n road — h ich h avadded somewh at from th e works of p b t h e a d ab , to w I e

n neer n r o th e cit ofCam rid h i Wo ks f e. t e e a d drau h tsman Mr. Geor e D avis ofth e Water g g , g , y b g 3 I h ave elsewh ere (See D iscovery ofAmerica by North men pointed ou t th at th e originofth e name mi h t be ascri ed to th e h urch th e lon narrow h arbor ofPl mou th and th e alternate rise g b C , g, y and fallofth e tide su ggesting th e story ofSaint Ch ristoph er. “ ” and islands. oh n Ca ot inh is Th e Henry VI I . ch arter speaks of New fou nde lands J b , ” — m vo accou nt ofh is first vo a e mentions discoverin two islands onh is ri h t ou th e h o e y g , g g y ’ - h narro straits and th e fla s onCosa s ma ma h ave een age besides th at ofh is landfall. T e w g p y b ’ ion h ad een taken. On Rotz s ma a ainst intended to indicate th e islands of wh ich possess b p, g 6 ‘ 0 D EFENCES OF NORIJMBEGA.

e th e of th e St . Lo of C a th n ar port uis hampl in, e Plymouth of th e of 62 Pilgrims 1 0.

T th e e e e th e An rob r aking maps tog th r, th y show that o ag a ofJerome ’ e o th e An u ileme of Mai llo s e th e Norom e u V rrazan , g ( o ) V rrazano, b g e of

Th e e and th e Noromber u e ofAllefonsce th e Mish au m of h d v t g , t e In ians,

th e Rio du Gas and d e ofC th e e - ob - its uplicat hamplain , M ss ad u sett ofRasles

e and th e C e of S are all one and th e e (Massachus tts), harl s John mith sam , and th e f - d de ee — e ee e Ann and in orty thir gr , b tw n Cap Cape Cod;

CAPE BRETON THE CAvo D E YNGLA TERRA or COSA AND THE , H CAPE ANN OF PRI NCE C ARLES.

“ th e Ge e der E de A e 1 5 m In schicht nt ckung m ricas, 8 9, Kunst ann points

Ou t e n d e e five e this r latio ship , to which I r w att ntion y ars ago, in my letter to th e President of th e American Geographical Society on th e

nd th e L df of o C o 1 49 a e ofN e . an all J hn ab t in 7, on sit orumb ga This

d . relationship was also early recognize by Dr Slafter.

’ lafter ofC e Cod e C e Dr . S says ap , in a not to hamplain s Voyag s , “ ' ’ 9 : I t is well d ned on Ju an ale la Cosa s ma o 1 500 vol . xi . p . 7 efi p f , ” e o of th d on alth ough no name is givn t it. One e two islan s was that which Leif made h is Landfall five hundred years before ; one was still ‘ t e ofGosnold 1 602 e be ed Baccalau ru s existing at h e tim , , wh n translat ’

h n of th e C e Cod. See R and called t e e d promontory ap ( uysch s map , pages 49

of th e e of th e e d s th e On this map Cosa, to northw st cap or islan s, i ' ” a e es efe th e following inscription : Mar deseubzertu p r yngls . It r rs to

’ - u h ar men oeth Massach usetts Bay (see Winsor s America we h ave Th e Newfonde Londe. Q g a fisching. 1 b c h . Bacalao Bacalaos was lon su osed to be Baccc bay; loo food accaloo odfis , g pp vet to th e th ame of n and is fou nd with variou s s ellin from Point Ju d Ju nido ofTh e e n a cou try, p g y ( ) . fi h t dre Eu ro eanenter rise to ou r sh ores Straits ofBelle I sle. I t was th e name ofth e sh t a w p p ,

i nd its rovinces Cabelau in th e D utch ossessions and Kabel au in called Bacalaos in.Spa na p , j p , y

th e German. I t was th e earlier stockfish .

62 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

fth t. L 4 t. th e o e S e e e e in1 97. Th e Island S Johan at mouth awr nc , b cam

’ l th e e of e Ed d nd. ater, and is still known by nam , Princ war s Isla

o d Allefo sce — e B n e e C e a d t. Th e two nam s c upl by n , ap r ton S

e e of e e PAI RS de Johan, significant b caus th ir app aring in in latitu s

d ee a e dded to e n th e f three egr s ap rt, hav a th ir companio ship in orty t d de ee th e R e C e and C e C e Cod two names hir gr iv r harl s ar nas ( ap ),

Th e dded altogeth er wanting ut the north . a cartographical relationship of

ne e we e ee e e ed o n sense this w coupl , as hav s n, is pr s rv thr ugh a lo g of d e n th e en th e ee e maps . Besi es app ari g on maps giv on sh ts at pag

44 e en ned B n d T o H d and e e , there may b m tio vaz o ar o, h mas oo , g n rally

h f E d ofth e ee e t e maps o th e New nglan coast sixt nth c ntury .

a e o Slafter th e o e ofMassach u Th e Cp C d seen by Dr. in coast utlin

’ ’ Lo o e nd a e s Co d renas. s tt , on sa s map, fin s on k s map its c rr spo ing C

e o e of e ofth e R e C e This r c gnition carri s with it, cours , that iv r harl s,

th e o nd d and al o e Ann with r cks a islan s at its mouth, s Cap with its e e e quival nt nam s. f I t l be e ed . Sla ter e o th e e e wil r mark that Dr , in r c gnizing tru charact r

’ of C e e n e Lok Ste h aniu s osa s map in an ss ntial particular, u it s with , p ,

Ku ntsmann and e f th e e e of one o e e of , mys l in int rpr tation imp rtant pi c

e e e e on th e e ofth e L df ofLe f and g ographical lit ratur , b aring sit an alls i n C a d th e e of e . abot, on sit Norumb ga

NARRATI VES OF PERSONS WHO HAVE VI SI TED THE COUNTRY OR CI TY

or NORUMBEGA.

We now come to a branch ofevidence which will appeal more directly

th e e e e de . th e e o d er e e and to g n ral r a r It is r c r ofp ersonal Cxp i nc , may be subj ected to a kind ofcritical analysis in which individual consciousness

e e e d can play its l gitimat part . Whether one feels in its full forc or oes not appreciate th e conclusiveness ofth e evidence touching th e latitude of

N ru e and ofth e e in e o mb ga, that plac a seri s, always at th e same point, in th e order ofsuccession ; whether h e is moved by th e constancy ofth e

o d ed e e d ffe e e p sition in icat by g ographical nam s, though in i r nt languag s, D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 63

ll fe th e e de e si nification - e sti having o t n sam scriptiv g , wh ther either or all of e e e and e e th e e o to e are en ed th s will crav s cur att nti n which th y titl , one e n e d t e of its own may not know ; but p rso al narrativ has a van ag s ,

e e th e e l e to e ofth e e to be e d wh r p rsona quation , so sp ak, r la r may stimate .

ERRAZA O I SI TED THE BO STO B V N V N ACK BAY .

Th e e e de fe th e e d S ofB o H n arli st scription, a t r Vin lan agas, ost n arbor a d

’ B Ba f d e no e e to th e e ack y is oun in V rraza s l tt r King . V rrazano made his

df th e e of1 524 C e Cod and for lan all in arly spring on ap , several months

d n e and do e far coaste alter at ly up wn , at l ast as southward as to th e e n e e e Ba . one o h e ed d ntra c to D lawar y On occasi n as coast northwar , h e says

At th e end ofone h u ndred leagu es we discovered a very deligh tfu l place among some mallh ills eminence e weenwh i h ran ver rea river to th e ocean1 i h s , s b t c a y g t , wh c was deep with into its mou th ; and from th e sea to th e enlargement ofth e bay th e ” n h r u h it an h eav h i an ide was ei h t eet a d o c ass. Th i t g f , t g y y s p p [ e t de fixes th e

oin as north ofCa e God. Th e ide rises inBos on Har or from ei h to tenfee p t p t t b g t t,

’ id th sou h ofCa e Cod — as in Gardiner Ba ar r or more. T es to e t p s y e abou t th ee f H oninu es As in ood du t we did not wish to ru nth e ris of n rat eet . e c t g y k pe et in th e coas wi h ou knowled e ofth e m ou th ofth e river we oo th e oa and g t t t g , t k b t enered th e river wi h in th e cou nr wh ere we fou nd it to be thickl inh abited and t t t y , y , th e eo le re emblin th e oth ers we h ad seen more or e s fair h a is ofli h com p p s g [ l s ; t t , g t

’ le ion adorned w h irds feath er of differen o ors comin oward u s wi h p x ] , it b s t c l , g t t evden deli h u t erin ver ou d ries ofadmira ion indi a in ifwe h ad to land i t g t, t g y l c t , c t g,

s safe We ner d th i rivr i h in h nr i th oa wh ere it was mo . e e e a d e w t e cou w th e b t, t t s t t y

ou h alf lea u e wh ere we saw it formed a m o eau ifu lake B s n B k ab t a g , st b t l [ o to ac

Ba ou h ree lea u e in com a s u on wh i h we saw oa s h ir in nu m er y] ab t t g s p s , p c b t , t ty b , m vin from one ar to ano h er wi h nnu mer e eo l wh fr m sh o g p t t t i abl p pe, o passed o ore ” to sh ore to see u s.

1 Th e only river inth e forty- th ird degree flowing th rou gh a lake to th e sea and h aving islands

’ i mou th is th e Ch arles. Followin u from th is river s mou th one enters anarch i ela o — h e at ts g p , p g , t ar h i ela o of Gomez — sometimes called th e Arch i ela o Tramontana Tremont e ond th c p g , p g ( ) ; b y is, with a roach in anks is a strait with h ills oneith er side — Co s Tremont Breeds Bu nker pp g b , , , pp, , , ,

— - vr w and Winter h ills au d th en a land locked ba th rou h wh ich a ri e flo s. , y g D EN M 64 EF CES OF NORU BEGA.

ARRA I VES OF ERSO S H I I N T P N W O V S TED NORUMBEGA.

Ne fe ERRAZANO we e STEPHE GOMEZ 1 525 xt a t r V hav N , in , capturing

No e and e o to natives at rumb ga bringing th m h me Spain . In manuscript h e ef e d of th e d e of th e t n S . has l t a r cor iscov ry canal Joha (Julian),

ill e of e e ee ne n which is st a monum nt arly ngin ring, con cti g Gloucester 1 n e A B Harbor (N)Ora b ga with nnisquam River . oston Harbor long bore th e name ofth e Archipelago ofGomez .

T e C . OHN RUT 1 52 t. o G o e e H . h n apt J , 7, was at S J hn ( l uc st r) arbor

e and Se Kohl Purchas.

ARME TI ER f d 1 539 N e im diatel th e e P N oun , in , orumb ga me y at southw st, f e e o C e B e o Ann. a quart r w st, ap r t n (Cape )

E h - h In 1 542 ALL FONSCE was in t e forty third degree. He it was w o

ee th e two C o He ee distinguished betw n ape Bret ns. was s king a strait th o th e and e t e de ofC e Annand r ugh to Pacific, giv s h latitu ap , with it th e place of th e river and city of Noru mbegu e ; h e mentions th e fine

nd th e e nd d e e e a a e f . peopl th r , vari ty abun anc o peltry

THE ET 1 56 and de ri e o o V was on our coast in 5 , sc b s in his C sm graphy (my copy is of in much detail th e geography ofCape BretOn and

C e C e Ann and ofCa de Ae e C e Cod — ed ap Johan ( ap ), p r n s ( ap ), call also,

’ h e en Franco s Allefonsce s e Ca de Franciscane as m tions, y ( nam was p la ) ; determines by observation th e latitude of Nantasket Roads at th e mouth

e R e and e I n nd h e t f o of Charl s iv r, giv s his text th e river a t ci y o N rum

e n and o N e th e of B o b ga on its ba ks, F rt orumb ga at junction Stony r ok

th e C e . All are e ened in e or with harl s pr s t on his map or his t xt, in

and f de d h 1 8 both ; rom his scription I went irectly to t e Fort in 8 5.

” 1 Ma not th is narrow strai h t canalh ave venrise to th e Gutta Canoas canoe u tter y , g gi , g , later transformed and elli is and metath esis ecome th e Gu t o Canso wh ich se arates th e , by ps b f , p north ernCape Bretonfrom th e mainland? Th is su ggestionI ventu red to make inmyAddress on

See D iscover ofAmerica th e occasionofth e Unveiling ofth e Statu e to LeifEricssonin1 887. ( y by th e “ ” “ 9 e L df fJ h nCa ot 1 497 and si ofNoru m e a Also Th e D iscover ofth e Se an all o o b , , te b g . , y

Nor Site ofth e Ancient City of u mbega.

N R M D EFENCES OF O U BEGA.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert himselfundertook his voyage for th e discovery B t B n th e ofC e o e in 1 58 . ofNorumbega lying to e southw st ap ri n ( r to ), 3

(Clarke ; Hakluyt .)

E and e SMI THE of th e To in Captain JENY NG S, his mat ship by, formed Hakluyt of Spaniards wh o h ad been driven on th e coast of “ ’ and ed on w e on e de e Norumbega, light a to n a ryv r s si which th y ” aflirmed to be above a quarter ofa mile in length e. “ R ofRo e f f e d ofH STEPHEN BELLI NGE , u n , a amiliar ri n akluyt, was at

th e e 1 583 and ed e e of e n Noru mbega in y ar , purchas a gr at vari ty m rcha

e H e h e f d and dise, mainly p ltry, which akluyt p rsonally saw ; oun a city,

H : estimated th e number ofhouses at eighty . akluyt says

f Noru mbe a from Ca e Bre on th e nor h ern CC 200 Th is coaste o g , p t [ t ] [ ]

to th e ou h wes was a ain di overed at th e ch ard es of th e Cardina leagu es s t t, g sc g l

m friend S e h en Bellin er ofRoan Rou en th e l s ere 1 583 ofBu rbonby y t p g , [ ] , a t y , ,

owne of fou r- s ore h o ses overed with th e ar e of ree wh oe fou nde a t c u , c b k s t s, ’ 1 a river de ou C ea u e from th e afores d Ca e Bre on. He re u pon s si , ab t l g s ai p t ported th at th e cou ntrie is of th e temperature of th e coaste of Gascoigne and

Gu an He rou h h ome kinde of minerall ma er u o ed to h olde lver y . b g t a tt s pp s si ,

h r ofh e ave me ome nd ofmu ske alled caster divers h e e knnes w e e g s ; a ki c ; ast s s i ,

vers o er marternes u ernes seales u ffs dere- sk nnes all dre ed and as be , tt s , , l c , , b , y , ss ,

ained on th e inner ide wi h diver e e len olou r redd tawn e e low p t s t s xc l t c s , as , y , y l 2 and vermill on — all which thin es I Haklu saw and d ver o h er mer h an y , g [ yt] ; i s t c

Bu h dize h e h ath wh ich I saw not. t e told me th at h e h ad 0000 and x1

rownes for h in Roan wh i h in trifles e owed u on th e Sava e s ood c t at , c , b st p g s , t

r i r n Th e n r li f h h r him not in fo t e c ow es. atu e and qu a tie o t ot e parte of

Am ri from Ca e Bri on th e nor h ern ein in 46 de ree u no th e lati u de e ca p t [ t ] , b g g s t t of52 for ii C lea u es wi h inth e lande even to Ho h is no a de ri ed j g t , c elaga, t bly sc b ” d f r 3 in th e twoo voya ges o Iecqu es Ca tier.

1 Th e one h u ndred leagu es is nearer th e actu al distance from our I sland ofCape Bretonto th e

h h Th e two h u ndre lea u s mou th oft e C arles. d g e dou btless refers to th e wh ole extent ofh is sail in and discover . It was at th e est an estimate inth e li h t oflittle e erience onou r coast in g y b , g xp ,

h i r w ch st ong tides and th e arctic cu rrent prevail. 2 Bu ffalo ro es incommerce fift ears a o from th e Wes were ained with th ese colors. b y y g , t, p t ’ 8 See Haklu rnP a i yt s Weste l nt ng. ’ D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 67

In another connection Hakluyt says

M friend Ste h enBellin er ofRoan wh oe de r ed from New Havi y p g , pa t en n

Janu ar was welve m onh s arrived at Ca e Br on th e nor h rn y t t , p it [ t e ] in XX daiss s ace and from h ence discovered ver dili enl CC lea u e towardes Noru mbe a p , t y g t y , g s g , and h ad traficqu e with th e people intenne or twelve places ; fou nde a towne con

nin fou rescore h ou ses and retu rned h om e wi h a dili en de ri i tey ge , , t g t sc pt on ofth e

oas e inth e s a e offou re moneth es wi h man ommodities ofth e ou nr e wh i h c t , pc , t y c c t i c ” h e sh ewed me.

’ R e e d ed 25 1 584. U de an al igh s pat nt was at March , n r this, but tr s fe ed e to new e S de e e e e d r rr lat r parti s, mith ma a s ttl m nt at Jam stown, u

h e h e o on th e oo fr ing which was, says, c nstantly l kout o Norumb ega.

e fmi th e de e d Th e nam was a liar, but locality was un t rmine .

THE TESTI MONY OF CHAMPLAI N TO THE EXI STENCE OF THE CI TY or

NOR BE A O THE HARLE UM G N C S.

Th e true story of Champlain h as been misunderstood or altogeth er

e oo ed o e e for ee d ed e . He not ov rl k , as I c nc iv , almost thr hun r y ars has

en e ed e f th e e en e ofNoru mbe a th e C e i b e exp ct to t sti y to pr s c g on harl s . H s story is especially interesting th erefore as th e authority accepted and nd ft r a . defe ded . Sla e n by Dr Dr Parkman .

f1 61 3 . 628 : RCHAS ed. o PU ( , p ) says

Th e inh a i ans of h ese ar s re ion of Por Ro a New Bru nwick b t t t p t [ g t y l, s ]

From h em wes ward are th e eo e called Etsch emins were termed Sou riqu ois. t t p pl

now fou nd at Passama u odd wh ere th e ne or afer ou are as th e river [ q y] , xt p t, t y p t

J n is Sain Croi wh ere h e erected for and winered. Th reescore ofSt . oh , t x , t y a t t

t h n is th e river Kinibeki and from h ence th e land u rne h leagu es wes from t e ce , t t t north and sou th to Malabarre [part ofth e east face ofCape Cod] . Au th ors place in th at form er extension ofland betwixt east and west a great ” vr called Norombe a b th e sava es called A ancia. townandfaire ri e g , y g gg

on n e This is almost th e language ofTh evet . Purchas c ti u s

“ ’ verer D e Mon s h is orio ra h ers Ch am lain Lescarbot Th ese French disco s [ t t g p , p , ,

P rin u rt u erl den h is h is or affi rmin h a h ere are bu t ca an ca ins ot co ] tt y y t t y , g t t t b s [ b ] D EFENCES F N R MB A 68 O O U EG . h ere and h ere m de w h er e po e and overed wi h r e of rees or wi h t , a it p k s [ l s]v c t ba k s t t kin and h e fo ow wi h and both ri er and inh abited lace is called Pemta oet s s [ t y ll t ] p g ,

r canbe no rea river h e affirmed e u e th e re River f and th e e g t (as t y ) , b ca s g at o Canada

L wrene h a h like an ina ia le mer h nt en ro sed all h ese w [St. a c ] t ( s t b c a ) g s t ater com ” n anner u 1 m iti so h a o h er s e m are i m b t edl rs. od es, t t t tr a s p a

di a and e e al e e e between It was, accor ng to Purch s g n r g ographical lit ratur ,

Ca e od th e e t of o th e K ennebec and p G that gr a town N rumbega lay .

d of ee e fo From this recor Purchas it s ms, as w ll as r m th e text and th e of Lescarbot of 1 609 and of C of 1 61 2 map , that hamplain , that

’ e ofD e e e h ad ee d ed fe ei f som Mont s xploring parti s b n a vis , a t r th r ailure

th e e o e ofth e o ed- for on th e Penobscot in pr vi us y ar, lo k locality on th e

’ C e and h ad ed th e e ofNo e . D e o of e and harl s, visit sit rumb ga M nt s fic rs m en found relatively few dwellings at th e place to which they were

d ed th e e e e o e e ef e e e th e e o con uct , s ttl m nt s m tim b or having, xc pt at s as n

of e ed be of e e . h ad d d ed th e d fishing, c as to sp cial r sort It win l with ilu

fth e N e d tion o ors bloo .

Th e ee e of e 1 569 S e en city thr quart rs a mil long to Ingram in , to t ph Bellinger in 1 583 was found to have b ecome a town of only fourscore ” “ ” e e ed e h e wit ba o trees t ofC h rkes . hous s, cov r , lik cabans hamplain , f

Th e e e e of e a e e and e e fe e th e e of hous s w r p rish bl mat rial, w r w r at tim

’ o e ed - ef D e M nt s xp ition than they were twenty one years b ore. They were so few that they did not fulfil th e n eeds ofth e inflamed imaginations of th e en e T e h a th e th e e o th e Pemta Fr chm n. h y d sought city on P n bscot (

oet d C must be th e e No e h ad g ), which accor ing to hamplain riv r rumb ga, but

f ed find . T e e not n d e e e e ed e d o e . ail to it h y w r o ly isapp int , but th y w r v x

To be u e th e h ad not been romised on th e Pemta oet h ad th e s r , city p g , nor r e e ofd e h e N e e ee ed t e e . iv r or r mains w llings th r b n call , by nativ s, orumb ga

Ne e e e C h ad o that ust be v rth l ss, hamplain c me to th e conclusion that m th h e e river on which t city ofth e same name would be found. It was

1 Onmany early maps th e cou ntry betweenLake Ch amplainand th e coast ofMassach u setts is r ented as ver narrow and on ome th e e nCa e Annand epres y , s Lake is connected with th e oceanbetw e p

Cape Cod.

MBE A D EFENCES OF NORU G . 69 th e only one having an adequ ate drainage basin to furnish water for a n B t e did not find t o . large river . u th y a ci y its banks Still inquiring

n d d e e o e e e o e th e C . for an anci nt t w , th y w r c n uct by nativ s up harles Somewhere b elow th e inflow ofa branch from th e south (th e Cheesecake ?)

' and another from th e north (Beaver Brook and above th e head of th e Ba d to th e e fo d e of e ed y, accor ing map , th y un a r gion scatt r cabans

o ned ou t to e n (wigwams), which was p i t th m (so o e reads b etween th e ” e th e e for e e e oo n T e lin s) as sit which th y w r l ki g . h se cabans figured

’ ’ on both Champlain s and Lescarbot s maps are th e imperishable record of 1 W e o n th e O e n ofth e e e n what was at at rt w at p ni g s v ntee th century.

Could men with pictures of Paris and Parisian civilization in their brains have been more astounded ?

I t one e i e Ro e C en - e is c c ivabl that l k g r lapp , tw ty six y ars later, they h ad

e ed th e en ofth e e o oftoo dee d o att mpt asc t riv r with a b at p raught, r at ebb

T e e ef e th e d d de. an ed th e f ti h y th r or took to lan , approach site o th e dam and W e f th e no T e f d th e e e o e walls at at rtown rom rth . h y oun sit larg ly v r

ow d and e o ofth e e e e e ofth gr n with woo , r mains nly p rishabl archit ctur e

! Be n n - n efo h ad d n . e e o e e e ed In ia s It was too much lli g r, tw ty y ars b r , count f h eighty houses . Some o them ad doubtless fallen to decay ; but all of

d few to th e n nd e e f e d e ee e e e a e e e . th m woul hav s m Fr nchm , w r , r lativ ly, w

T ee e e e n e n th e e o e e e o hirt n y ars arli r , I gram , stimati g l ngth s m wh r pr ba

fo th e o de dam down on th e ed e th e e e bly r m b wl r , al g wall riv r , with t rrac s

o e n th e en H nne e de fo d e n of ab v (agai st anci t u w ll gar ns), un r mai s what n h ed ee e of e on . Th e u of e call a city, thr quart rs a mil l g Da phi map 1 546 bore th e figu re of a fortified gateway to a city above th e arm ofth e sea and an ed e e e to nd e th e e of th , arm n my n ar i icat charact r e

de ee h e e en of h locality and in some gr t xt t t e city.

1 read eendrawn to th e two e lorin arties and to th e e h i itionof Attentionh as al y b xp g p , x b Wm rivers none issu in from a lake th e be a a ainst th e mou th ofSton Brook th e nam e Yrocois . O , g ( g ) , g y ,

. At th e mou th h h r i h e el ofNant ket an h name R. da as oft e ot e s t ow as d occu rs. Th is bears t e g b

e th e name Ch ou acoet (Coh ass t) .

ou rse h ave eentwo ver u nlike ch arts different mem ers ofone art th us Th ere mayofc b y by b p y , contribu ting to th e confu sionwh ich led to th e obscu rity at th is point onth e mapof1 632. 70 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

th e e and e and o Was this gr at city, with walls gat s t wers ? What

th e e e f nd to en e wh o e of were all r mains th y ou , Fr chm n kn w cities of th e Old World ? Th e story must be a myth ! Th e city h ad never been ! ” de ed e e e ee d C n Those wh o scrib hav n v r s n it, sai hamplai ; and in mingled vexation and forgetfulness h e struck ou t all mention of th e

e fo city and country ofNorumb ga r m his map of1 632 .

h e ee of hi f o e ed T o T e d in. rd sh t maps w ch oll ws, ntitl ransition p ri rega

u e th e e e ee e a e e f to Nor mb ga in s v nt nth c ntury, att ch s its l naturally to ” that entitled Was there a city ofNorumb ega ? It shows th e confusion

’

e e ou t of C e . e that gr w, in part at l ast, hamplain s r port It p rhaps also

h ow lf th e e ofth e e o ofN e h ad ee shows ski ully sit s ap rt orumb ga b n chosen .

e d and e e fo th e sea d It was quit inlan , acc ssibl r m only at high ti e. At th e mouth of th e Charles we have on one of th e maps a river

a e n f ed e o of Pemta oet and d of G et (b trayi g a con us m m ry g ), a crow

e e d Th e den other names with littl r gar to actual geography. stu t will recognize th e effort of th e cartographers to adjust th e statements of

h ad e o ee d th e Champlain with what pr vi usly b n accepte as true. In

’ to do e to C we e o struggle homag hamplain s authority, hav p sitions

nd e e e e T e e are o o e e reversed a nam s giv n as alt rnat s. h r als th r phas s

nf on o . e e e w C ofth e co usi int which cartograph rs w r thro n by hamplain .

’ de ed ofiicers ifnot e e e th e Champlain (through tail , p rsonally pr s nt) was at

e ofW e o n and th e e e th e e ofth e sit at rt w , saw what nativ s kn w as r mains

And we e on e C and ancient city of Norumbega . hav oth r maps arinas

n fe osnold h ad e C e Cod one and ne Cape Breton lo g a t r G giv n ap to , Pri c

Charles Cape Ann to th e other.

E ARD TO OR B A SE E TEENTH TRANSI TI ON PERI OD I N R G N UMEG , V N CENTURY

e e Lescarbot with a collection This series ofmaps pr s nts, first, of

site o Watertown on th e e C e th e m cabins on or near the f , riv r ( harl s), at outh ofwhich is an archipelago and a cape called Ch ou acoet (Cohasset) .

D EFENCES OF NOR E 72 UMB GA.

Next is a map (anonymous) for which I am indebted to my friend

o e e e ofth e Professor Marc u, on which is a r markably corr ct outlin coast,

’ ’ n and e o e afe C n e b etter than Champlai s than som th rs t r hamplai s tim ,

f de A n but retaining th e earlier name o Cape las re as .

W — th e e dam i of On th e next map, inthrop is ston , bu lt

de ex and efo e th e d e ofth e E rounded bowl rs, as isting at b r a v nt nglish, ” nd ed in h th e Site ofwhich Winthrop has i icat t e name rip . It was

f de e and ebb de ed th e then as now at th e h ead o ti wat r, at ti mark com

— H f e a e e f . e e e e e e e m encement o rippl s, g ntl all r w r fish ri s, with a w ir,

d nt o 1 631 — 1 632 and nd n e o ed f authorize by Wi hr p , i icati g a r c gniz all which

n e n d th e fish could not easily pass o th ir way to spaw ing groun .

’ nt o Cone h asset C e N e th e e On Wi hr p s map is y ( ohass t), antask t ( lbow), th e B Ba — o on So 1 598 and de ed th e e d ack y, sh wn lis, , scrib in Vin lan

and e o — and th e C e d th e e ofth e Sagas, by V rrazan , harl s, inclu ing sit

of No e th e e e er f fe city rumb ga, at lin s parating salt wat rom r sh .

What has gone b efore may be regarded as having established that

fN r mb e e o o u e a. 1 . Th r was a city g

° de o 42 2 . That its latitu was ab ut

th e e on oo 3. That riv r which it st d bore a name with numerous

u e one of e e th e f - d de ee alwa s eq ival nts, which was a s ri s in orty thir gr , y appearing at th e same point in th e order ofsuccession ; and its name was

th e CHARLES.

We have thus transferred to th e support ofth e discovery ofNorum

th e e on ofC and Les b ega t stim y hamplain carbot.

’ HAKLUY T S I SCO RSE E D U ON W STERN PLANTI NG .

Re e ed o on e ee de f Le e p at qu tati s hav b n ma rom this volume. t u s glanc

th e o d n and th e e ofth at surr un i gs tim s e authority. In 1 582 Michael Lok dedicated to his friend Sir Philip Sidney his map

’ ofNo A e e d th e e of o d o e of rth m rica, mbo ying arly chart J hn Cabot s isc v ry R MBE D EFENCES OF NO U GA. 73

“ 1 49 and on th e e No e 7, having it nam rumb ga against a point not far C from th e mouth ofth e river harles .

T th e e od of S dne ofWl e R e f his was p ri Philip y y, a t r al igh , o Hu m

h re G e t ofLe e e ofW n of e C . p y ilb r , ic st r, alsi gham, cil

I t in th e e ofth e o e n eenofEn n was r ign Pr t sta t Qu gla d. It was in th e

u of ots. life ofMary Q een Sc Philip II . h ad assumed th e championship of

S ns eon e e th e Catholic faith . pa i h gall s w r filling his coffers with gold and

A e n o e on His silver from his m rica p ss ssi s . purpose to suppress Protes d h d n d vn Th tantism in Englan a bee i i ed. e loyal m en about th e throne of

E e led R e on e ed th e de of lizab th , by al igh, c c iv i a establishing in th e New

Wo d an ea e Be m d — a o on o n rl rli r r u a, c l y ste sibly for th e usual ends of

e e e e n d n f ed e o fo ves comm rcial nt rpris , but i clu i g a ortifi s ap rt, r m which sels might issue under th e English flag to prey uponth e Spanish treasure

T o d de e e . ed o e o e la n v ss ls his w ul , it was urg , c mp l Philip t k ep a strong naval force in American waters to convoy th e ships freighted with th e f i of h er e d e and and e en h ru t conqu sts, in ustri s, spoliations, so pr v t t e vn A d e e ed a ofth e n e . To f e end n thr at n att ck I i cibl rma a urth r this , mai ly

’ R e n e R d H n o of e o se at al igh s insta c ichar akluyt, a you g sch lar gr at pr mi ,

e o ed e e f e en ow th e advan was mpl y to pr par a skil ully writt n argum t, sh ing

e to E nd ofth e ed e o on onofNo e — a o n tag s ngla imm iat c l izati rumb ga, c u try of nde e ned nda e e e d far th e o and ou t and u t rmi bou ri s, xt n ing to n rth s h, h d n f and e o on t e e e ofth e A n . Th e havi g a chie city s ap rt, w st si tla tic “ ” e e en ed We e n n h e e ed e e ed in l tt r, titl st rn Pla ti g, which pr par , was pr s rv ’ “ H klu t s e o ona nn n d e 1 585. a e ma uscript. Its at was y Div rs V yag s, c t i i g

’ Lo m a h ad e eded ee e . k s p, pr c it by thr y ars “ Within relatively a few years th e Western Planting h as beenbrought

ffo s ofth e e Rev. . Leon d Woods ofBow to light through th e e rt lat Dr ar , n Wood nd th e e . C r e e Ed ed . a e doin College. it by Dr s lat Dr ha l s D a , it

h ne H o So e 1 877. was published by t e Mai ist rical ci ty, From this volume I have drawn accounts ofp ersonal visits to Noru m

4 to row th e eo a r en es n n b ega before 1 58 , c n g gr phical a gum t r ti g mai ly on t th e o e de on r n affo ded th e de and e a char s, abs lut m st atio r by latitu s r l 74 D EFENCES or NORUMBEGA.

ofAllefonsce and T e e and ee ed th tions h v t, , as has b n point out, e unin

L o tended confirmation ofChamplain and escarb t. Elizab eth h ad not seen h er way clear to aiding from th e royal treasury th e ofR e and f e d e o on e e t plan al igh his ri n s to stablish a c l y arli r, by almos

’ f e W . Sir H e G e h ad ee fi ty y ars , than inthrop s umphr y ilb rt b n lost in his attempt to reach Norumb ega. There was provided no place ofsecurity for a British fleet in American

te f e ed e e th e S h wa rs, rom which corsairs might hav issu to p st r panis gal

n f flee En eo and e e th e o and. l ns, so pr v nt saili g a war t to attack gl

dee ed e fe th e of e . e It was m wis r, a t r birth Jam s VI , to xtinguish all rivalry between th e crowns ofScotland and England by th e tragedy of

F 1 8 e n C e. eb. 8 5 , 7, at Foth ri gay astl d In 1 588 th e Armada appeare . It was happily scattered.

It is not without its interest to students ofMassachusetts history that th e n e ofNo e W e th e C e e e a ci nt city rumb ga, at at rtown on harl s , might arli r,

ee d ed e e ee e ed th e Ame by thr hun r y ars, hav b n r cogniz as first city in rica

of h north t e Spanish possessions .

’

WI NTHROP S MAP or 1 634.

Whoever h as followed this discussion will look with interest upon 1 th e d ed Wn 1 634 fo d o e ed e of map pro uc by i throp in r m ata c ll ct , som f e 1 630. n it, soon a t r his arrival in O this map th e shaded salt water is

d ed th e C e th e e d of de- and e e wee in icat on harl s up to h a ti water, th r s t

e e doe - da Th e o e e wat r b gins on his map as it s to y. p int which s parat s

th e sea e f th e fe ed h . wat r rom r sh, is mark by two bars across t e river .

On th e e W o th e f and e M rrimack inthr p marks alls, writ s Falls against ” th e H . e ee on th e I f h e e ed mark marks a W r Saugus . witn ss or

e of th e d of dam th e C e W e kn w buil ing a across harl s at at rtown , his

1 nnt I h ave in ced art of th is ma di vered Mr. Hen Waters th e emi e trodu a p p sco by ry ,

enealo ist am n h e manu scri ts ofth e Sloan collecti nin h ri i h Mu s u m . g g , o g t p o t e B t s e

D EFEN ES OF N R 76 C O UMBEGA.

W fo d th e fo - d de ee th e f th e de dam l. inthrop un in rty thir gr alls at bowl r

of th e o ofN e e across th e Charles, which vari us walls orumb ga, as a comm r ” are th e e e e . See e ofNo e cialseaport, but s qu nc s ( Discov ry rumb ga,

T e - efo e th e e de C 2 . w nty six years b r in sam latitu , hamplain was condu cted to th e scattered remains (cabins covered with bark oftrees and skins) ofwhat was recognized by th e natives ofth e neighborhood as

e C and e are e ded in 1 61 3 Norumb ga. hamplain his associat s r cor (Purchas,

628 de e e e ed d e e e th e e of p . ) as nying that th s scatt r w llings w r r mains

de ed th e e e of e th e Norumbega scrib in lit ratur g ography, as lying between th e Kenneb ec and Cape Cod.

’ n - one e e e 1 583 Be e Haklu t s f e d i ed 3. Twe ty y ars arli r ( ) lling r ( y ri n ) v sit

e fo nd to e th e city ofNorumb ga, u it still contain ighty houses covered

nd n e e e nd bark o trees a a ed e e. with f , carryi g on an xt nsiv vari comm rc

T ee e e e 1 580 W e e Sir H 4. hr y ars arli r ( ) John alk r, s nt by umphrey

ed th e o de ofth e e th e d Gilb ert, visit n rth si riv r, on which city was situate ,

' f o wh ere h e f d one o nine leagues rom its m uth, oun in h use three hundred

de e ofe ee e fee ff hi s, ach ight n squar t (bu alo skins

C en n es and e S o d H of 5. aptain J y g his mat , mith, t l akluyt Spaniards “ d een d e th e o of N e and who h a b riv n on c ast orumb ga, lighted on a

' ” n n e S de e ffi ed be e tow e o a ryv rs i , which th y a rm to abov a quarter of a mile in length .

d n N e 1 569 e e e e “ 6. Davi I gram was at orumb ga in , l v n y ars before Sir

’ ” H e G e m an and fo nd ee e of e o umphr y ilb rt s , u a city thr quart rs a mil l ng.

Ramu sio 1 556 de e No e e e n 7. ( ) scrib s rumb ga with gr at pr cisio , as a city

and o e of e e and od and country, wr t its p opl pr ucts.

T e e 1 556 de e ed th e 8. h v t was on our coast in , t rmin latitude ofth e

° mouth ofth e Charles River to be 42 and wrote ofth e city and fort ofNo e on th e e ofth e e e e e h e d rumb ga riv r sam nam , arli r, sai , called on some charts th e Rio Grande

Allefonsce e e 1 542— 43 and de e 9. ed th was h r in , t rmin e latitude of

e Ann and th e e of th e ofNo e t Cap sit city rumb ga, on h e river of th e same name . ES r NOR EGA D EFENC o UMB . 77

1 0 e e 1 539 e ded th e o o ofth e . Parm nti r in r cor p siti n city, or country,

B e C e Ann and ed th e fe with regard to Cape r ton ( ap ), not atures of n th e cou try .

Go e 1 2 dn ed e e ofN e and ed 1 1 . m z in 5 5 ki app p opl orumb ga, carri th em home to Spain.

24 vi ed th e n and e 1 2. o 1 ded on Verrazan ( 5 ) sit cou try, r cor his map

’ No e e o e of are e e ed — N rs nam s, s m which still pr s rv on our maps, orman s

Oe and Naumkeag .

A 1 23 de e of e e 1 . 5 3 yllon , in , was ma gov rnor s v ral provinces in th e

e o ofth e Baccalaos e e d fo th e ofth e L e r gi n , xt n ing r m mouth St . awr nce

h ood ofth e de ofBe d one of to t e neighborh latitu rmu a, which was Arambe

Arembi e e e e th e G — th e C e (P t r Martyr), whos sit was on amas, harl s, o B h identical wi th that ofN rumb ega . ack to this point t e charts indi cate th e presence ofa city on th e Charles by a significant typographical

Th e d o e m de b Miru elo 1 520. character . isc v ry was a y in

1 fo d e th e Rio G nde — th e 4. R 50 e e e 1 uysch ( 7) un h r ra , arli st name of

h C a e I nth e ee en — nd o and t e h rl s sixt nth c tury, with isla s at its m uth,

e Cod e d e r n th e e en e of ne B Cap , th n an islan (b a i g quival t nam I s l acca

th e B de Rockas Ba ofRo ed on e en laurus) ; also aya ( y cks), figur subs qu t

and th e e e of th e m e e e d ed th e maps, quival nt nu rous br ak rs in icat on

n of S e th e o e e Ba . Coast urv y charts, in n rth r part Massachus tts y

nd ef th 1 5. Cortereal e e 1 500 a e e e io of was h r in , l t his nam to r g n

ee n n . th e river Norumbega . (S Ku stma n )

’

o ofth e e d e do ed . Slafter th e o e 1 6. C sa s map sam at , in rs by Dr ( pr babl

o h o h ad een o C o e e ed for work ofa sail r w b with J hn ab t), has pr s rv u s

e Ann C e Britain= Ca e B e o C o de Y Te — th e Cap ( ap p r t n) in av ugla rra,

o h e C e and o th e nd e th e ofC e mouth f t harl s, als isla s, th n at summit ap nd th n d d now e ed dr f e . Co , but conn ct by i ting sa s with mai lan

’ 1 C of 1 497 ndo ed e Lok re 7. abot s chart , i rs by Micha l p

e Of e Ba its o e and o e e sents th e outlin Massachus tts y, n rth rn s uth rn cap s,

h o ofth e C e and th e e and th e archipelago at t e m uth harl s, on it nam

NORUMBEGA. 78 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

A OTHER OI NT OF I EW I NCL D I HORI E . A RESUME FROMAN P V , U NG UT TI S

of A e ed N T e e e e . 1 . h r was a r gion country in m rica call orumb ga

C H k Sir H e G e o e . Charl voix, Purchas, hamplain, a luyt, umphr y ilb rt, Dr J hn

Ramu io T e e Allefonsce e e G e e e e D ee, s , h v t, , Parm nti r, om z, V rrazano, P t r

N e ofth e ee ofN e . 2 . There was a city orumb ga um rous maps sixt nth

“ and th e early part ofth e seventeenth centuries show it .

de ed Allefonsce T e e Ramu sio d 3. It was scrib by , h v t, , Davi Ingram,

e Be e H t W tfliet C Lescarbot and ur . Steph n lling r, akluy , y , hamplain , , P chas

ed n f d ee e of e 4. It was visit by I gram, who oun it thr quart rs a mil

e S e e Be e wh o o ed e e e e b long ; lat r by t ph n lling r, c unt th r ighty hous s ; y

W e T e e Allefonsce th e ee e and alk r, h v t, , in sixt nth c ntury ; by a party

th d e ofC 1 6 4. under e ir ction hamplain in, 0

S ed e th f - 5 e d de ee. Allefonsce . It was ituat on a riv r in orty thir gr ,

’ e e a E n Clu veri u s. Th v t, Purch s, Ogilby, u o s n 6. th e o New e. e ll fn Mer It was in rigi al Franc V rrazano, A e o sce, nd f o W tfliet a e e o th e ee e . cat r, y , maps g n rally sixt nth c ntury

At th e o of th e e — e . Th 7. m uth riv r was an archip lago e Vineland

S C R e G e R e Allefonsce T e e k agas, osa, uysch, V rrazano, om z, ib ro, , h v t, Lo , nd th C a e C S e . hamplain, oast urv y

At th e e n e th e 8. ntra c to archipelago was a salient ofth e Shape ofth e

ed Aia ascon th e I o th e and Nan human arm, call y by r quois human taslret W and th e Co S e Th e de ed T e e by inthrop ast urv y. arm is scrib by h v t

ed C Lescarbot Wn and th e Co S e . figur by hamplain, , i throp, ast urv y

° Th e de of 9. latitu this arm was determined by Thevet as 42 Th e

° Coast Survey gives it 42

1 0. Th e e was lled Rio G de b R e o riv r ca ran y uysch M rcat r,

W tfliet and o e and Noru m e u ll ns nd T e e b e A efo ce a . y , th rs, g by h v t Kohl . ” and Thevet say th e names Grande and Noru mbegu e applied to , th e e e sam riv r.

F N MB A 80 D EFENCES O ORU EG .

” - de e e e e to da . We th e ebb. As a scriptiv nam it appli s w ll y call it ' f T o d Th orfinn and Fre dis ed a . Le Boston B ach B g i , h rwal , , y , all pass ’ 1 through this Hop on their way to th e site ofLeifs houses . “ finn e d inth e S efo e th e o ofth e r1 ver e 1 6. Th or r cor s agas b r m uth gr at

“ llefonsce e e and T e e de e he islands . A m ntions th m, h v t scrib s t m in his ” th e e e o le relation . Champlain calls ntranc P rt aux Is s. On many maps .

' La u t Th e e e C e de La u s s e c. we have, h r , ap g , Muchas Islas, g Islas, h A f o B Harbor was called on earlier maps t e rchip elago o G mez . oston

H we n e o i d . arbor, as k ow, contains num r us slan s

C ed th e B Ba 1 630 e 1 7. Roger lapp pass through ack y in , to within l ss

th e e of th e of N e and e ed for fish than a mile of sit city orumb ga, bart r ) d caught by Indians at th e falls on th e river above. Th e falls were escribed

Wo d oscel n and e e e nd by o , J y , Dunton, as a plac wh r a fish i ustry was

d h e . Th e d r de n maintaine in t e spawning s ason in ustry, at fi st un r perso al

ed f o charter from Winthrop, was continu rom that time till s me thirty years ago .

e d h f 1 8. Winthrop obs rve t e all (an abrupt break from still water to

d . ed dam e o o ed o rapi s) It was occasion by a , an artificial structur c mp s f

fi ld- de e e e h . h ad ee massive e bowl rs . It was th r wh n e came It b n built by

o e wh o h ad e and o e. Be de th e dam e e e e do a pe pl com g n si s , th r w r cks,

e fish wa and e e e of o e- e e de ofth wharv s, a y, a gr at xt nt st n wall on ith r si e

e e w — fo n oo f e onth er d n riv r b lo , which, r m its striki gly sm th ac e riv si e a d its ded e and e nd e o u e gra h ight conn ctions above a b l w, Obvio sly s rved to d increase at high ti e th e depth ofwater immediately below th e dam.

A AR E A SUMM Y OF TH RGUMENT I N ANO THER FORM.

“ Th e detached sheet at page 32 presents a series ofmaps ofth e New

E d n of th e een en e h nglan coast mai ly sixt th c tury, on which app ars t e

’7 me N e e ed ed e e to c na orumb ga, variously sp ll , appli som tim s a ountry,

“ ” 1 See Pro lem of h N b t e orth men.

D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA. 81

e fo and o ed sometimes to a riv r, but uni rmly to a city, acc mpani by a

n on th e eft of th e e T cypher indicati g its place l bank riv r . his river d finds its mouth between Cape Breton an Cape Arenas . Th e river and th e capes have each several names . Th e detached sheet at page 55 has at its head th e sketches ofAlle fons e o n d o e e e e e two Ca e Bretons of c , sh wi g his isc v ry that th r w r p , which

n in - th e o o e n o d n h is e th e fo t d de ee. m re s uth r , acc r i g to r latio , was rty hir gr

These sketches and th e photographic fac- simil es — from th e manuscript o th e B o e e N on e — fo o and th e e riginals in ibli th qu ati al which ll w, r lation

o ne e onne C e B e o th e No e that acc mpa i s th m, c ct this ap r t n with rumb ga

R e and th e ofth e e e th e f - d iv r city sam nam on its banks, all in orty thir

e degre .

Th e e of T e e f th e e th e ef de r lation h v t, rom which sk tch at l t is ma ,

th e d of th e of e of Noru mbe u e — gives latitu e mouth this riv r g which ,

th e o e of th e e e and e o e e r th e as c urs riv r is ast w st, is als v ry n a ly

° latitude ofth e city on its banks — as 42 His observationwas made

th e e o ofN e and H l — th e e o ofth e C r e at lb w antask t u l , out r m uth ha l s,

° o d th e Co u e 42 and n th e which, acc r ing to ast S rv y map , is in withi

C e ofth e e de ed e f Allefonsce C n Th orfinn ap Isl s, scrib by hims l , , hamplai , , n and ma y others .

To e C e on 1 61 2 o e this cap hamplain giv s his map, (it is als a riv r

th e ee e h d — L s t e me h e fo nd Ch ou acoet . e on sh t on pag In ian na u , s

’

arbot s of 1 60 h . h c map 9 gives t e same name It is t e modern Cohasset . Champlain also gives on his map th e striking figure ofth e elbow at Nan

s n T e e de en and e th e o ta ket a d H . e o ull h v t scrib s it at l gth, giv s it Ir qu is

e Aia ascon . nam y , a human arm

’ Be nd B Ba th e e d of de C n m a as yo oston y at h a ti water, on hamplai s p n h we see o e o ed e in t e C e . A o e th e can ab v , is a n t a gl harl s b v this, at

e of th e e en W e o C ai e e of o e sit pr s t at rt wn, hampl n giv s a clust r h us s, th e indication ofa settlement . Th e maps that follow show th e confusion in cartography that attended th e nno e en ofC n and o on o o e nde a unc m t hamplai his c mpani hist ri graph rs, u r 82 D EFENCES OF NORUMBEGA.

N e not on th e C e if e e on D e Monts, that orumb ga was harl s, but anywh r , th e Penobscot . ’ ed be ore C e e d T e e Th e idea that prevail f hamplain s tim , as h l by h v t,

n — e een th e. e e e a d C e Cod or was that Norumbega was b tw K nn b c ap ,

Mll r and Lescarbot and e es o ed th e a eba . Champlain , th ir associat , sc ut . idea that th e place to which they were conducted as th e site of th e

o d be th e e one an t e d ancient city of Norumbega c ul tru , d stou ly h l 1 th e on th e e . that city , was P nobscot

- e we e een ee th e e e One of th e map mak rs, as hav s , to m t xig ncy , conceived th e name ofKennebec and th e Pemtagoet (th e Penobscot) to

An e ed th e be duplicate names of th e same river. oth r plac e K nnebec

h o o — d e Pemta oet — th e e ofth e north oft e Pen bsc t, which woul giv g , plac

— Mallebar e Noru mbe u e e ee th e e e e and C e Cod . riv r g , b tw n K nn b c ( ap )

n 1 6 2 n e to e e e t h e h ad Champlai in 3 , u abl r concil his t x with what

fo d No e and o n f o e e . un , struck rumb ga , city c u try, rom his map alt g th r

’ of1 6 4 Cone h asset — th e Ch ou acoet ofC Winthrop s map 3 gives y , ham

and Lescarbot — and N e th e el ofC plain , within it antask t, bow hamplain n and th and T e e . i d e e d h v t He g ves th e outer a inn r harbor, at e h a o d fti e water th e dam and fall .

Th e o ne fo th e e e o C S e o e e e ed utli r m sk l t n oast urv y chart, with s m s l ct and o e dd n h e of d e e th s m a ed names indicati g t e r sults iscov ry, clos s e series . This map embraces th e region of th e original New France ofVer

T h e o of h razano. his New France appears on th e maps at t b ttom t e first

e e e 38 on e ro n e of No and s ri s, pag , in which was c a P vi c rway, in that n h Provi ce t e city ofNorumbega .

I am not only keenly alive to th e fact that there are those wh o doubt th e e e e e e of o on ofNo e New E d pr s nc in arly tim s a c l y rthm n in nglan ,

e e o e e oof be e e ed e e but I am w ll awar als , that, what v r pr may pr s nt , th r

1 r. P. Biard r n or h cit ee Letters. Mine wrote efo e 1 61 6 th at h e h d sou h t invai f t e . S a F , b , a g y (

HistoricalSociety . )

EFEN E NOR MBEGA 84 D C S OF U .

e ef an aeo o e in one e ed th y l t y arch l gical trac s , such as ston pil upon

-

n n of h l .ofth e ed o e or o ed a o o t e U S e . an th r, col iz , y p rti n soi nit tat s My next paper will serve to connect th e foregoing paper with th e ” L df ofLe fand th e S e of H e old th e ine d an all i it his ous s, as t in V lan

Sagas .

e I am v ry truly yours,

EBEN NORTON HORSFORD .

CAMB RI D GE A ril 1 89 , p , 1 .