1- Earliest Topographical and Historical Study of Guayas, , including details on Pirates and Indians

Alcedo y Herrera, Dionisio. Compendio historico de la provincia, partidos, ciudades, astilleros, rios, y puerto de Guayaquil en las costas de la Mar del Sur. 1741. Madrid. Manuel Fernandez. 4to, (205 x 145 mm). 16 ff., 99 pp., engraved folding map. Contemporary sheep, spine gilt with raised bands in six compartments, a little rubbed, gilt faded. Excellent copy, with the map perfectly preserved; overall a beautiful copy in its entirely genuine condition. 6,000 $ First edition of this early description of Guayaquil (Ecuador), which includes accounts of piracy in the Pacific ports by Drake and Capt. Morgan. The Compendio is the earliest topographical and historical study of this area; it provides details of the region's products, commerce, flora and fauna, architecture, and shipbuilding.

In the introduction the author discusses the importance of Guayaquil as one of the major ports of the Spanish colonies in America, mentioning the attacks of English pirates such as Drake and Morgan and the measures that had been taken to defend the ports. A later chapter (pp. 82-90) is devoted to accounts of the English and Dutch pirates who had attacked the city. Chapters 10 and 11 refer to the Mangache and Colorado Indians.

The folding map, signed by Paul Minguet as engraver, shows the old and new sections of the city of Guayaquil, locating some 70 points of interest.

Alcedo y Herrera (1690-1777) traveled to America in 1706 with the of ; he later served as Presidente y Capitán General of Quito and as Governador General of Tierra Firme. His bureaucratic experience made him exceptionally well informed on commercial matters in the Spanish colonies.

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Palau 6044 notes a facsimile edition of 100 copies, printed in 1946. Medina, BHA 3260. Sabin 686: giving the date of printing erroneously as 1700. Not in Salvá or Heredia.

2- Treatment of South American Indians in the Century of Discovery, an exceptional decree evidencing the interest in the welfare of the native population

Arias de Saavedra, Hernando (dit Hernandarias). Manuscript collection of 29 decrees concerning the treatment of Indians on encomiendas. 1598. Asuncion [Paraguay]. Folio (size varies somewhat). 7 ff. (15 written sides) in Spanish cursive, signed by Hernandarias and others on final leaf; offered with 7 ff. (13 sides) of additional MS material bound before and after the decrees. Unbound. 28,500 $ Exceptional 16th century manuscript written in Paraguay, including a collection of 29 decrees on the treatment of Indians under the encomienda system, promulgated during the earliest years of Hernandarias’s first tenure as Governor of Rio de la Plata province (Asuncion and Buenos Aires). Common to many 16th century Spanish colonies, the encomienda system effectively forced the indigenous inhabitants into slave labor in exchange for the salvation of their souls. The present decrees are important evidence of an interest in the welfare of the Indians prior to Hernandarias’ outright abolition of the entire encomienda system in 1603.

“The feathered and painted beings the Spaniards encountered in America… confounded the entire Spanish nation, from King to commoner. Who was the Indian? Was he man or beast? Was he a rational being? Could his land be expropriated? Could he be made to work and pay tribute? If he were mere beast, why should he not be enslaved? What type of religious instruction should he be given? Should the converted Indian be tithed? Could he be left to live alone, caring for his own needs, even governing himself as the Spaniards did? Today such questions seem shocking. But in the sixteenth century they were the order of the day” (Maria Paz Haro)

Hernandarias’ proclamations of 1598-9 show a significant advance in attitudes towards these questions. The first few ordinances describe the burden placed on His Majesty’s Royal Conscience regarding the spiritual salvation of his native subjects, and regulate the effective teaching of the Christian religion to Indians (particularly singling out children for instruction). Regulations 5,6, and 8 forbid the forced transfer of Indians from one encomienda to another without permission from the governor; regulations 10, 11, and 12 ban general mistreatment of Indians, interfering with their fishing and hunting, and breaking up their

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families. At the same time, other ordinances – eg 18 – restrict the right of the Indian himself to migrate or travel freely. According to #25, Indians are obliged to provide food and shelter to any passing Spaniards for three days, but need not provide them with chickens or pigs, even if they have them to hand. The travelers must pay for any further hospitality required after those three days. In most cases, specific fines and prison sentences are set forth to punish disobedience – with all proceeds going to the Crown, of course, rather than the Indian victim.

Key to Hernandarias’ legacy is his celebrated abolition of the punitive encomienda system beginning in 1603, which is often viewed as an enlightened response to his own upbringing as a criollo. Yet a recent review of native rights under colonial rule (, 1993) suggests that Hernandarias’ eventual support for the abolition was very much an about-face, at odds with his earlier stance as a ruthless administrator: “Hernandarias was radically opposed to both the suppression of personal service and a tax [rather than forced labor] on the Indians on his lands. As his reputation was very great in Paraguayan society, his opposing position hindered, at first, the implementation of the Ordenances [abolishing encomiendas]. But his close relationship with the Jesuits, his frequent dealings with them, his friendship with Diego de Torres… and his spirit of resilience and Christian sensibilities, made him reconsider his position so far to become an apostle of the new ideas and even renounce the lavish encomienda he held in Paraguay.” (Vaquero, trans., p. 160). The present document, then, provides evidence for Hernandarias’ clement attitude towards his Indian charges, some 5 years before his apparent radical conversion to the cause of emancipation. In it, the inhabitants of Rio de la Plata and Paraguay begin to be treated as subjects rather than slaves.

Published in 1905 as "Derechos de los Indios y su protección" in Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras XXIII, pp 370-381. Cf also Quintín Aldea Vaquero, El

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Indio peruano y la defensa de sus derechos (1596-1630), pp. 160-63; and Maria Paz Haro, "Religious Orders, the Indian, and the Conquest: Fifty Years of Dispute and Contradiction" in Encounters, Issue 9 (1992).

3- First edition in Spanish of Byron´s voyage around the world

Byron, John; Ortega, Casimiro de. Viage del Comandante Byron al rededor del Mundo… en el qual se da noticia de varios paises, de las costumbres de sus habitantes, de las plantas, y animales estranos que se crian en ellos… con una descripcion muy circunstanciada del Estrecho de Magallanes y de cierta nacion de Gigantes llamados Patagones. 1769. Madrid. Casa de Don Francisco Mariano Nipho. 8vo. 1 [blank], 8 ff., 245 pp., frontispiece & large folding map. Contemporary limp vellum, spine lettered in ink, only lightly soiled, else very good. A crisp and clean copy, virtually perfect; ink stamp with monogram to title. 4,500 $First Spanish edition, enlarged and revised by Casimiro Ortega with a considerable section on natural history. The voyage was destined mostly to the East Indies, but the true object was to make discoveries in the South Seas -New Albion on the American North West coast amongst other places. Byron (1723 – 1786) sailed in 1764 in the Dolphin with junior officers Charles Clerke and John Gore. Both Clerke and Gore later sailed with James Cook, with Clerke taking command of the final voyage after Cook's death. Byron visited Brazil and then continued south through severe storms and ice for Patagonia and through the Strait of Magellan, relating one of the best accounts of the Strait to date –from this part of the voyage; he earned the name 'Foul-Weather Jack'. The expedition was searching for rumored islands and in the process identified a few new off the Falklands before being forced back to the Strait by storms.

Ashore in Patagonia, he reported on the eight-foot tall Indians he found there (the famous meeting is shown in the frontispiece), and finally sighted the Falklands. He claimed them for England, unaware that Bougainville had recently claimed them for France. Ignoring his instructions to sail for New Albion, he headed for

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Juan Fernandez and the Tuamotus, where he discovered Danger Island and others in the Tokelaus and Gilberts before making for the , Sumatra, Cape of Good Hope and then home to England. Although no significant discoveries were made, thanks to the speed of the voyage, no men were lost to scurvy, the Falklands were secured for England and the Admiralty was stirred to make further exploratory voyages into the South Pacific. Illustrated with a frontispiece “A sailor giving a Patagonian Woman some Biscuit for her Child” and two more plates. Appended are Byron's notes on the Patagonians and earlier first-hand accounts of them by Magellan, Cavendish and others. The work has often been ascribed to midshipman Charles Clerke.

Sabin, 9732. Hill, 313. Borba de Moraes, I 138.

4- From the Luynes library, in an armorial binding; the best work on Guyane of the 18th century

[Cayenne] Barrere, Pierre. Nouvelle relation de la France équinoxale, contenant la description des côtes de la Guiane; de l’isle de Cayenne; le commerce de cette colonie; les divers changemens arrivés dans ce pays; et les moeurs et coûtumes des différens peuples sauvages qui l’habitent. 1743. Paris. Chez Piget. 12mo, (160 x 90 mm). 1 [blank], 2 ff., iv, 250, 1 ff., 1 [blank]. Contemporary calf, boards with Dukes de Luynes arms in gilt, spine flat, tooled in gilt, red morocco lettering piece, hinges starting to head of spine. A fine copy, clean and fresh except for a few scattered foxing spots. 4,000 $ First edition. A finely illustrated work on Cayenne, a city in French Guyane, north of Brazil, east of Surinam; it was one of the last places to be colonized, considered too poor and hot, until the French settled in the region in 1604. The Portuguese, irritated and determined to enforce the , destroyed the settlement, again abandoning the region until the French returned in 1643, only to be thrown out this time by local natives. In 1664 the settlement was finally permanent, although Dutch (1658-64 & 1676) and English (1667) attacks caused it to change hands every now and then. This is possibly one of the best works on Cayenne, and definitely one of the most important from an iconographic point of view.

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It includes 19 -mostly folding- maps and plates of Indian artefacts, costumes, ethnology, and other subjects relating to the daily life, hunting and fishing methods, agriculture, architecture, and cartography. Barrere (1690 – 1755) was a botanist and doctor, appointed by he King of France and sent to Cayenne in 1722 for a period of three years, in this time he familiarized himself with the natives, flora, fauna, the settlement, natural history, ways of the locals and the adaptation of French colonials. It also contains important details on the cultivation of coffee, cassava and sugar. The work was published several years after Barrere’s return, shortly in fast demand for it was widely considered the best work on Guyane. An important provenance: from the recently dispersed library of the ducs de Luynes, Château de Dampierre.

Sabin, 3604. Leclerc, 119. European Americana, 743/19.

5- Including a dictionary of the Galibi language

[Cayenne] Biet, Antoine. Voyage de la France equinoxiale en l’isle de Cayenne. 1664. Paris. Francois Clousier. 4to, (230 x 170 mm). 1 [blank], 12 ff., 432, 1 [blank]. Excellent copy in contemporary calf, raised bands to spine, lettered and tooled in gilt, gently worn. Scattered foxing and light browning, else fine. 4,000 $ First edition. In 1652 Father Biet sailed on an expedition towards Cayenne to visit the French settlement under the command of Royville, as part of the Spiritual mission lead by the Abbe de L’ Isle- Marivault. The later never reached his destination, leaving Biet as head of the Spiritual mission. During his time abroad Biet made trips to Barbados, Martinique and Guadalupe.

The work is divided into three parts: the first deals with the journey to Cayenne and the French settling of the colony; the second with the 15 months of the duration of the expedition, the richest in details on the experiences of the settlers; and the third with the natural history, fertility of the land, and ethnological aspects of the natives, their costumes, language and manners. On pp. 339 – 432 there is a dictionary of the Galibi language. The work is hard to find, and much

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sought after as a fundamental source of information, virtually unparalleled by contemporaneous reports.

Leclerc, 165. Sabin, 5269. Chadenat, 18. JCB, 664/15.

6- The naval engagement between the Spanish fleet of the Carrera de Indias and the Dutch Corsairs off Havana

[Carrera de Indias] [Sandoval, Geronimo de]. Relacion Verdadera de todos los sucesos y encuentros que ha tenido la real armada de la Flota en la Carrera de las Indias, con los Holandeses, desde catorce de enero hasta tres de marzo de mil seisientos y cuarenta y uno. Viniendo por Generales don Geronimo de Sandoual, y don Juan de Vega Bacan. 1641. Con licencia en Madrid por Iuan Sanchez. Folio. 2 ff. Unbound. Foxing spots, contemporary foliation on upper margin, clearly having formed part of a sammelband. 4,000 $ First edition. Exceedingly rare account on the naval engagement occurred off the port of Havana in 1641 between the Dutch pirate fleet and the Spanish fleet commanded by Geronimo de Sandoval and Juan de Vega Bazan. “Having sortied from Havana to Cape Corrientes earlier this month to chase away any Dutch interlopers prowling off ´s shoreline, the battle fleet of Adms. Geronimo Gomez de Sanfoval and Juan de Vega Bazan has circled around the southern coast to within sight… the next day, 17 Dutch vessels appear. They pause to form up into battle formation and then charge into the waiting Spaniards five hours later” (Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict, David Marley).

The imprint begins with a note on the resolution of the Dutch in attacking, and the faux information they had on the amount of Dutch vessels sailing in those waters. The narrator goes into detail about the courage and strength in battle of the Spanish, and ends with the losses suffered.

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Extremely rare, the only copy traceable on AE is the one offered by Maggs in 1927, VI, item 361. Only one copy in the United States, Brown University, the rest are microfilms.

Palau, 258221. Medina, BHA, 1028.

7- First edition of one of the most influential and richest sources of information on the Jesuits in Colombia and Venezuela

Cassani, Joseph. Historia de la provincia de la compañía de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada en la America, descripción, y relación exacta de sus gloriosas missiones en el reyno, llanos, meta, y Rio Orinoco, almas, y terreno. 1741. Madrid. Manuel Fernández. Folio, (292 x 200 mm). 1 [blank], 14 ff., 618, 1 ff., folding map. Contemporary limp vellum, lacking ties, gently soiled, entirely unrestored. A fine, fresh and tall copy, last folios with damp stain on inner lower margin, last folio with paper loss away from text, scattered foxing or browning but overall excellent with the appeal of a genuine copy. 15,000 $ First –and only- edition of this extremely rare and important work on the Jesuit Missions in New Granada (current Colombia and Venezuela), including extensive information on the Orinoco.

The work is rich in information regarding the labor and progresses made by the Societas Iesu, the local costumes, way of life, and the history of the region. It also includes information taken from earlier Jesuit sources, mainly those of father Gumilla, who focuses more on the Orinoco. “…a very important chronicle of a part of America where there exists very little documentation. It is a work that, with that of Piedrahita, forms a complete history of New Granada” (Leclerc). Cassani (1673 -1750) was a Spanish Jesuit professor of mathematics and astronomy, a prolific writer and learned scholar and ultimately one of the founders of the Academia de la Lengua Española (1713); amongst his works we

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count the Tratado de la naturaleza y origen de los cometas (Madrid, 1737) and a part of the famed biography of the Jesuits Varones Ilustres de la Compañia de Jesus. As a Jesuit, he had access to the letters and relations from missionaries to America, which allowed him to compose this chronicle on the Jesuit exploits in Colombia. This work is ostensibly the most important and comprehensive made on the subject to the time of its publication.

Illustrated with a folding map of Colombia and Venezuela, by Minguet after the map by Gumilla -published in his “El Orinoco Ilustrado”, 1741-, which shows the locations of the full network of Jesuit missions in the region; includes the mouth of the Orinoco River, the North of Brazil and “La Cayana” in the Dutch settlements.

Sabin, 11361. Palau, 47380. Backer - Sommervogel II, 815, 12.

8- The best history of colonial Venezuela; a beautiful large paper copy

Caulin, Antonio. Historia Corografica, natural y evangelica de la Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumana, Guayana y vertientes del Rio Orinoco. 1779. [Madrid]. Juan de San Martin. Folio, (345 x 230 mm). 8 ff., 482, 7 ff., & 3 plates &

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large folding map. Contemporary Spanish calf, raised bands to spine, tooled in gilt, red morocco lettering piece, slightly rubbed, else perfect. A fine copy in large paper, scattered foxing, a fine copy overall. 16,000 $ An exceptionally fine and large-paper copy of the first edition of Caulin’s seminal work; the first general history and a fundamental source of information of Venezuela and its Provinces. Caulin (1719 – 1802) was a Franciscan Missionary, at a young age he travelled to Venezuela, where he dedicated his efforts to evangelizing the Caribes and Tomuza tribes -amongst others-, living with them, learning their languages and costumes. He participated in the expedition led by Jose de Iturriaga sent to settle the limits between the Portuguese and Spanish colonies around the Orinoco River, including Brazil. The considerable time spent in the region and positions he was appointed to, endorse him as a reliable source, “his descriptions are the most truthful which are extant” (Maggs, Bibliotheca Americana, 4730, 1926). Furthermore, his participation with Iturriaga’s expedition provided him a considerable working knowledge of the territory, its geography and hydrographical reality.

The work begins by situating the reader in the geographical and ethnic context; bear in mind information on Venezuela was scarce; follows with his achievements, the evangelizing of the tribes’ -both historical and contemporary to his missionary activity-, the missions, foundations and expeditions of colleagues to the jungle and finishes with an exhortation to Priests to predicate amongst the Indians. It is filled with details on the natives, their habits, natural history, missionary activities, precious stones, and the history of the colony and discovery up to the time of publishing. Caulin’s work is illustrated with an engraved frontispiece, three full-page plates mainly picturing natives and a large folding map; the map is a very fine one, executed by Louis Surville by order of Jose de Galvez, according to our research, only included in this work. This copy is one of the few in large paper, remarkably appealing, “There are copies of the edition of 1779 on large paper.” (Sabin).

Palau, 50407. Sabin, 11570. JCB (I), p.144. Medina, Biblioteca Hispano-Americana, 4893.

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9- The best history on the Abipones, later used by Southey for his Tale of Paraguay, discussing their language, costumes, and natural history, with the most accurate map of the region at that date

Dobrizhoffer, Martin. Historia de Abiponibus equestri bellicosaque Paraguariæ Natione locupletata Copiosis Barbararum Gentium, Urbium, fluminum, ferarum, amphibiorum, insectorum. 1784. Vienna. Joseph Nob. de Kurzbek. Three volumes, 8vo, (190 x 115 mm). Engraved frontispiece, 7 ff., 476, 5 ff. (index), 2 engraved plates and one engraved map; 499, 3 ff., 2 engraved plates and one folding map; double-page engraved frontispiece, 424, 3 ff., folding map and folding chart. Contemporary half calf, raised bands to spine, with lettering pieces, spine worn and wormed, small pieces of leather missing, edges tinted red. Overall a very genuine copy, in its entirely original condition, browned.

8,000 $ First edition; extremely rare work on the equestrian tribe of Paraguay, source of Southey’s Take of Paraguay (1825), marvelously illustrated with folding maps of the region and plates illustrating the native population and fauna: praised by Sabin, Southey, Furlong and Mitre, still of interest to anthropologist and

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ethnographers. Dobrizhoffer (1717-1791) was an Austrian Priest and missionary, sent to in 1749 where he spent 18 years among the Guaranis and the Abipones (now an extinct tribe) following the expulsion of the Jesuits he returned to Vienna where he secured the protection of Maria Theresa and published his book. “Almost the only work relating to this almost unknown tribe of Indians, and is a memorial of a nearly 18 years of suffering and toil amongst a most savage race” (Sabin). This was one of the books in Robert Southey’s remarkable collection of books in Spanish and Portuguese. He had hoped to write a history of Portugal but completed only his History of Brazil (1810–19). Writing to his friend John Rickman on 18 February 1809, he said of Dobrizhoffer’s book, “I have just spent the best part of three weeks in getting at it, & it is one of the best books I have met with.” At Southey’s suggestion, Sara Coleridge translated it into English in 1822.

The first volume is illustrated with a frontispiece, an engraved plate of fishes – including the palometa-, a folding plate of natives going hunting, and a folding map of the region “Mappa regionis Taruma & Mbaevera”; the second volume with a peculiar folding plate with medallion portraits of native women in different ages, a plate portraying a snake, and namely the large folding map of Paraguay, giving the location of the tribes, the hydrography of the region, etc.; the third volume with a double-page frontispiece depicting three natives fully armed, likely going to war, a folding plan “Colonia Abiponum a Rosario & S Carolo dicta a Barbaris Mocobiis, Tobis & Oaekakalotis Equitibus”, and a folding plate with a census of the tribe by regions.

“’De Abiponum lingua’, v. 2, chapter XVI is a discussion of the Abipon language, its grammar, and some short glossaries of vocabulary in Abipon and Latin on p. 161-182. ‘De aliis Abiponum linguae proprietatibus’, v. 2, chapter XVII is a discussion of the grammar and inflection of the Abipon language on p. 183-201. ‘Variarum Ameicae linguarum specimina’, v. 2, chapter XVIII is a discussion of various other languages, with some specimens, of the Americas from Mexico to Paraguay on p. 201-211; also includes references to the Guarani ́ language. ‘De

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Apibonum armis’, v. 2, chapter XXXVI includes a small section on indigenous names for weapons on p. 407-409” (John Carter Brown Library).

“The most complete, faithful, and interesting detail of the life, habits, and character of a savage tribe which was ever written” (Field, 431).

The complete work is extremely rare the last time a complete set –as here- of this first edition appeared in the market was 1980; incomplete copies often deprived of maps appeared only seldom.

Provenance: two small book tickets on the front pastedown of each volume, “Praed Prov. Franc Sigill.,”; the other “Olim Ex Bibl. Coll. Paris. S. J. Sanctae- Genovefae”, title pages with red stamp of the same school.

Palau, 74702. Leclerc (1878), 461. Borba de Moraes, 267. Medina, BHA 5070. Sabin, 20412.

10- A rare description of the Moxos

Eder, Franciscus Xavier; Mako, Paul. Descriptio provinciae Moxitarum in regno Peruano, quam e scriptis posthumis ... expolivit, & adnotatiunculis illustravit (P.) Mako (de Kerek Gede). 1791. Budapest. Typis universitatis. 8vo, (204 x 117 mm). xviii, 383, 7 folding plates & 1 folding map. Contemporary half calf, spine flat, ruled in gilt with lettering piece, foot of spine with minor loss, gently rubbed but generally fine, in entirely unrestored condition. Title with erased stamp, else a very fresh and clean copy. 6,000 $ First edition. Eder (1727 – 1773) was a Jesuit Priest from Germany; he arrived in Peru in 1750 and would live with the Moxos for 15 years. The prolonged stay provides a true testimony to the costumes, every-day life, ceremonies and manners of the Indians. The book, published almost 20 years after his death -and long after the Jesuits had been expelled from Spanish dominions- is revised by Mako, who has sometimes been referred to as the author (Sabin, making a separate entry with

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Mako as author). The folding plates are quite attractive, showing native weapons, fauna, physiognomy, music instruments, etc.; the folding map is drawn by Eder and shows the Moxos region, which extends through Bolivia and Peru. Rare, not seen in auction for 50 years, a copy sold at Sotheby’s in 1948 (source, AE).

Sabin, 21830. Palau, 78352.

11- Early caricature of Colombia´s post-colonial life-style; by a famous Colombian artist of the 19th century

Espinosa Prieto, Jose Maria. Ba la Bola Señores [Colombian post-revolutionary caricature]. N.d. [before 1829]. Santa Fe de Bogota. 257 x 153 mm. Watercolor on paper. 6,000 $ Espinosa Prieto (1796 - 1883) was a Colombian artist, engraver and caricaturist; his careful observation of the daily life during his youth, artistic skill, keen sense of humour and irony, facilitated his renderings of the social and political reality of Colombia during the years of the Independence and formation of the new republic. His reputation swiftly grew, mainly for his caricatures portraying the most relevant and influent men of the republican elite, as well as the local costumes and way of life of the inhabitants of Bogota. Amongst his most famous

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portraits are those of Simon Bolivar (1828, which gained him recognition from Bolivar himself), Archbishop Mosquera, and Francisco de Santander. South American artists saw most of their production go into portraits, for the simple reason that it was the most sought-after sort of painting –and immediately paid by the people commissioning them-, this caricature, representing a curious aspect of the Bogota way of life is extremely rare. The Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia holds a considerable number of portraits, caricatures and miscellaneous works by him, none –to our knowledge- like this one.

The drawing represents a game being played at a tavern or brothel; it is accomplished in striking colours, and shows men of civil stature, an army officer, and women.

Provenance: ”Ce dessin m’a eté donne à Bogota, par M le Duc de Montebello, le 13 aout 1829”; the Duke of Montebello was Louis Napoleon Lannes (1801 – 1874), sent to Bogota in 1829 by King Charles X of France on a diplomatic mission attempting to convert the Liberator Simon Bolivar into King Simon I, through marriage to a French Princess.

12- Journey overland in colonial Peru by a Chilean Jesuit to placate the indigenous revolt of Juan Santos Atahualpa Huayna Capac

[Eysaguirre, Miguel de; Pastoriza, Carlos de] [Jesuits]. Informe que hacen los PP. Miguel de Eysaguirre y Carlos de Pastoriza de la Compañia de Jesus de todo lo sucedido en la expedicion que han hecho a la montaña por orden e intruccion del Exmo Sr. D. Jospeh Manso de Velasco Teniente General de los exercitos del S.M. Virrey y Capitan gneral de estos Reinos. 13 October, 1745. Lima. Folio (304 x 208 mm). 6 ff. Manuscript in brown ink; overall very good, water staining into text. 8,000 $ A rare, unpublished, and contemporary first-hand description of Juan Santos Atahualpa, the leader of one of the earliest and most serious indigenous revolts against Spanish rule in Peru. Juan Santos declared himself successor of the Inca emperors and took over the jungle zones bordering the central Andean provinces of Tarma and Jauja from 1742 to 1756. He expelled all resident Spaniards making a special point of ridding the area of the Franciscans who had been attempting to establish missions in this region from the 1720s, and vowing that he would eventually be crowned emperor in Lima. The Spanish colonial authorities, recognising the threat that Juan Santos posed, made a series of military and diplomatic efforts to subdue the rebellion including, in 1745, sending these two Jesuits, Miguel de Eysaguirre and Carlos de Pastoriza, to negotiate a truce with

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Juan Santos. In contrast to other such attempts, Juan Santos showed himself well disposed to the Jesuits (it is thought that he might have had a Jesuit upbringing) and even granted Eysaguirre, an indigenous Peruvian who spoke Quechua, a long one-to-one audience. This autograph report given by Eysaguirre and Pastoriza a few days after their return to Lima and describing their experience, therefore, provides one of the very few first-hand accounts of their embassy and of Juan Santos himself.

As historians Michael F. Brown and Eduardo Fernández have argued, studies on the subject ‘have been frustrated by the small number of documents containing first hand information about him [Juan Santos] and the social movement he engendered’ (Michael F. Brown and Eduardo Fernández, War of Shadows: The struggle for utopia in the Peruvian Andes, Berkeley and London: University of Press, 1991, pp. 42–3). This point has been reiterated by Alberto Flores Galindo who notes that the ‘primary and secondary sources [available on the subject] are limited’ and that this ‘lack of sources partially explains the many unknowns about Juan Santos’ (Alberto Flores Galindo, In Search of an Inca: Identity and Utopia in the Andes, CUP, 2010, pp. 68–79). While it is known that a Jesuit mission was sent to come to an understanding with Santos in 1745, ‘the details of the negotiations are shrouded in mystery’ (Brown and Fernández p. 41) suggesting that historians are unfamiliar with this report. There are also no other copies known to exist.

In the report, Eysaguirre and Pastoriza provide a detailed description of the country and of the people they encountered as they travelled through Santos’ rebel territory. Setting off from Quimiri (present day Kimiri) on 17 September 1745, they travelled via Nijandares (today Nijandaris) and the Pueblo de la Sal to Metraro. At Metraro, they were met by Santos’ Maestre de Campo, Antonio Gatica, and a hundred of his soldiers as well as by a fellow Jesuit, Father Yrusta, whom they had sent ahead to request a meeting with Juan Santos and who now advised them to carry out the negotiations as if on behalf of the Pope alone since Juan Santos would not negotiate with envoys of the king of . Under Gatica’s escort, Eysaguirre and Pastoriza travelled the final three leagues of the journey to Santos’ headquarters at Eneno arriving on 20 September. Formal greetings were then exchanged in the same manner as between the authorities of two separate nations and the negotiations took place the following afternoon on 21 September 1745. These were carried out in a private anteroom by Miguel de Eysaguirre since he was the only one of the two who could speak Quechua. Eysaguirre reported the import of his conversation with Juan Santos which, keeping to Yrusta’s advice and himself also thinking it pertinent, he maintained to be having on behalf of the Pope. He asked the reason why Juan Santos had been leading a rebellion for the last three years to which Santos said that it was

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his God-given duty as he was the rightful ruler of the country. When Eysaguirre reminded him that the king of Spain’s claim to rule was sanctioned by two hundred years of dominion, Santos replied that that had only been because there had not been a legitimate ruler in the past but that now things were different and, therefore, the king of Spain should hand over the territory. When Eysaguirre pointed out that the king of Spain was very powerful and that he had recently sent a very warrior-like viceroy to Peru who had immediately dispatched the Comandante General de Armas with a large force to Tarma with instructions to embark on a bloody war if necessary, Juan Santos said that he knew the king of Spain was very powerful but that he should only exert his power in his own kingdoms and, were he to wage war against Santos, then Santos would retaliate in kind until the very last drop of blood had been shed. Juan Santos said he would be obliged to do so on account not only of his honour but also because it was his responsibility to protect his children (the term he used to describe his followers) and save them from the to which they had been reduced to by the Spaniards.

The two Jesuits concluded that a conflagration had broken out in the Peruvian mountains which would require a much greater force to extinguish than was available. They noted that Juan Santos, who titled himself Juan Santos Atahualpa Huayna Capac Apu Ynga, was between 24 and 26 years old, intelligent and capable and that he was worshipped as a God by his followers. His ambition was great and he intended to take over the entire kingdom. They finished their account with a description of Juan Santos’ lands in the Peruvian highlands, its mountains, rivers, forests, agriculture, farming and fishing. Though we lack specific details, it is thought that the rebellion evaporated with Juan Santos’ death most probably in 1756 but the region, nevertheless, remained off bound for Spaniards until the 1780s.

Extremely rare, we couldn’t trace any other copies of this text anywhere.

13- Fundamental Americana Chronicle of the earliest days of colonization and discovery

Fernández de Piedrahita, Lucas. Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. [1688]. Antwerp. Folio (300 x 202 mm). Complete with the necessary 3 engraved title pages, [18], 599, [7] pp., plus final blank leaf, containing the half title. Contemporary vellum, minor wear. A beautiful copy, only minor foxing, minor worming, faint dampstaining. 11,000 $ First edition of this fundamental chronicle of New Granada (current Colombia and ), based on a manuscript by the Gonzalo Jiménez de

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Quesada and written by Fernandez de Piedrahita, related to the Inca family from his mother’s side, and at some point taken prisoner by famed corsair Capt. Morgan; this is a particularly nice copy, housed in the contemporary limp vellum and preserving the 3 engraved title pages, which are illustrated with 32 inset portraits of indigenous chiefs, and 4 battle scenes. It is an account of the earliest days of the Spanish conquest and the process of colonization of the region, up to the year 1563.

The author originally intended the work to be 3 volumes long, however only this was ever published; it was printed from the manuscript of Gonzalez Jimenez de Quesada. Although

"A work of the highest importance for the early History of New Granada" (Sabin).

"Book I. is almost entirely devoted to a description of the peculiar rites and ceremonies of the Indians in New Grenada. The remainder of the work is largely occupied with the narration of battles with the natives, their work in the mines, their revolts, subjugation, and their conversion. The work was composed during the residence of the author at Madrid, from the manuscript of Gonzalez Ximenez de Quesada, the conqueror of the country, and the first European to penetrate its interior. This first volume is the only one ever printed, which is the more to be regretted, as it relates to a portion of America of which we possess the fewest documents. The work in any condition is very rare" (Field).

Quite rare in good condition as this copy; the market sees the occasional copy but rarely in genuine condition as here (Christie’s 2012, a copy in 19th century quarter sheep, 12,500 u$s, Sotheby’s 2016 a copy described as “Binding with small accidents and partially detached, wormholes not affecting the text, light dampstaining on lower right corner” unsold from 15,000-20,000 u$s, the same copy appeared since then twice more.

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“In respect to his style, Piedrahita represents a considerable advance over the prose writers of South America, who preceded him. He wrote clearly in what might not improperly be called modern Spanish.” (Dr. Moses---Spanish Colonial Literature in South America).

European Americana 688/91; Field 1215 ("very rare"); Medina BHA 1816; Palau 89568; Sabin 62704.

14- First edition of the Statutes of the first University established in America; only one copy in the United States

[First University established in America; Education, Mexico] [Solis y Haro, Marcelino de]. Estatutos y constituciones reales de la imperial y regia Universidad de Mexico. 1668. Mexico. Viuda de Bernardo Calderon. Folio. [21], 84, [11] ff. Contemporary vellum, ties as fragments, moderate wear; endpapers renewed. Minor dampstaining, final leaf perhaps supplied from another copy. 4,500 $ First edition, and the first printing of the constitutions and regulations of the first University of the Americas, the University of Mexico, founded in 1551; the book is prefaced by a short history.

Its creation has origin in the Real Cedula of Emperor Charles V of 1551, following the incentive of Fray Juan de Zumarraga, first Bishop of Mexico snd eventually the introducer of the printing press to Mexico (the first ever brought to America) and , first Viceroy of Mexico, although its inauguration was not until 1553, and shortly presided by Francisco de Cervantes Salazar, a significant Spanish humanist. Although no longer in existence today, both the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and the Universidad Pontificia de Mexico considered themselves their successors.

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As can be understood, the erection of such a relevant institution, first of its kind in America was a significant event, and this first printing of their statutes an important source of information on it.

Extremely rare, according to Worldcat we can only trace institutional copies at: Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, UC Berkeley (only copy in the United States), Bibliotecas del Tecnologico de Monterrey; we also located copies at the Real Academia de la Historia (Spain), Universidad Complutense (Spain). We couldn’t find a copy at John Carter Brown.

Also rare at auction, no copy traced other than this in nearly 30 years.

Provenance: early inscription on half-title, partial marca de fuego on bottom edge; bookplate of collector Federico Gómez de Orozco (1891-1962) on front free endpaper.

Medina, Mexico 1011.

15- One of the very few and earliest sources of information on the Caribes and the Provinces of Caracas and Cumana

Gonzalez de Quiroga, Diego. El Nuevo Apostol de Galicia, religioso Capuchino, y Misionario Apostolico en la America, y Europa. 1698. Madrid. Oficina de la viuda de Melchor Alvarez. 8vo, (200 x 152 mm). 12 ff., 507, 12 ff. & portrait of Carabantes. Contemporary limp vellum, remnants of ties, spine lettered in ink, slightly soiled, else fine, a most attractive binding. Worm holes to several leaves at the beginning, some affecting a little text, a few foxing spots and damp staining, else a fresh and clean copy. 6,000 $ First edition. Carabantes (1628 – 1694) was one of the first Capuchin missionaries in America; although his name was Velazquez, he changed it for that of his hometown, in 1645, when entering the order.

In 1657, he arrived in the Island of Margarita (Venezuela), from there he went on to Caracas and Cumana, where he was able to evangelize the Caribes, a tribe notorious for their cruelty and ferocity; he learned the native’s tongue and subsequently wrote a vocabulary for the missionaries. His stay in the region lasted for 9 years, after which he had to travel back to Spain to defend his fellow missionaries; he planned on returning to the Indies, however his superiors decided to keep him in Spain, where death found him short after. It is attributed to him the conversion of five “”.

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The frontispiece shows Carabantes evangelizing amongst mostly children natives, it’s signed “Gregorio Fosman delineauit et sculpsit Matriti 1696”.

It is one of the few sources of information extant on several Provinces of Venezuela and local tribes, amongst them: the Caribes, Cuacas, Tapies, etc. A copy of the “Copia de Carta escrita al Excelentissimo Señor Marques de Aytona” published in 1666 and written by Carabantes, is only registered as having appeared for sale by Maggs in the 20´s; no auction record is found for this work.

Sabin, 67345. Palau, 105767.

16- Fine illustrate fete-book printed in Guatemala, one of the most beautiful printed books up to the early 19th century in the country

[Guatemala] [Fete book]. Guatemala por Fernando Septimo el dia 12 de Diciembre de 1808. [1809]. Guatemala. 8vo. 166 pp., 19, [3], 21 plates, of which one folding. Contemporary Spanish sheep, spine flat, tooled in gilt, red morocco lettering piece, scratched, else fine. A superb example of this famous rarity, the plates in strong, beautiful impressions; scattered foxing spots, else perfect. 12,500 $

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The first edition, one of the rarest and most beautiful books printed in Guatemala in the 19th century, and one of the best publications made in the country from the beginning of the printing press up to that point; this copy is a superb example, with all the plates in pristine condition and preserved in the original binding. The reason for the making and publication of this work was none less than the accession to the throne of Spain of Ferdinand VII, following his father’s abdication, in a moment of political unrest in most of the Spanish colonies, and following the liberation of Spain from the French Napoleonic troops. It is a political statement by the subjects loyal to the Spanish King: a commission of one of the most impressive works to have been printed so far in Guatemala, truly a magnum opus of the colonial Guatemaltecan printing houses.

The illustration is composed of 21 allegorical plates in praise of King Ferdinand VII’s accession, representing both American and European figures in amicable interplay, one of particular interest shows a large winged coat of arms of the Bourbon King underneath the sun and an all-seeing eye within a triangle, with Amerindians and Europen women; all the plates are of striking craftsmanship, one of them considerably large.

“This rare volume relates to the fetes at the City of Guatemala on the accession of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. The plates are well executed.” (Sabin).

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“Las convulsas circunstancias que rodearon el advenimiento de Fernando VII al trono espanol̃ propiciaron una proliferacioń de festejos en la que los subditoś americanos se esforzaban por demostrar su amor y lealtad. El estudio de las relaciones de los fastos del reino de Guatemala permite un acercamiento a las estrategias de representacioń de la celebracioń en una audiencia marginal del imperio hispanicó y a la reformulacioń de las formulaś retoricaś barrocas a inicios del siglo XIX.” (Sanchez Mora, Las fiestas de proclamacion de Fernando VII en el reino de Guatemala”).

Sabin, 29081. Palau, 109493. Medina, Guatemala, 1588.

17- Regulating the relation between the clergy and the Native American Population in Guatemala

[Guatemala printing] Perez Calama, Joseph (1740-1793). Politica christiana para toda clase de personas. 1782. Guatemala, en la nueva ciudad de la Asunción. Oficina de Don Antonio Sanchez Cubillas. 4to. 12 ff., 17, 283, 1 ff. Contemporary vellum. An excellent copy overall. 4,000 $ First and only edition of this fine Guatemalan printing, of considerable rarity in the market. The work regulates, to a certain extent, the relation between the clergy and the Native American population in Central America. A beautiful Guatemalan printing which features borders to every page, and a small woodcut of a ship.

Only two copies are found in Spanish public libraries, and two – one incomplete- at auction in the last 100 years.

Palau, 219920; Medina, Guatemala, 477.

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18- Important Mexican manuscript on the Mexican Real , covering Mexican states for the years 1740 to 1744

[Mexico] Barroeta, Juan Crisóstomo de. Zertificacion de los Ramos de Real Hacienda, sus productos, pagas, y gastos de las Reales Caxas de este Reyno en un quinquenio, comprehensibo desde 1 de Enero de 1740, hasta fin de Diciembre de 1744, formada en cumplimento de superior decreto del excmo. Virrey de este Reyno a 28 de julio e 1746. 1747. Mexico. folio. 47 ff. Unbound. Manuscript in ink on paper, title page with ornamental border, in a clear and legible calligraphy, contemporary stitching, uncut, some light finger soiling but overall fine. 8,000 $ Remarkable Mexican manuscript, containing economic and tax information for the years 1740 to 1744, amongst other subjects; the Real Hacienda (or royal treasury) was the colonial body of administration that regulated the “collection of taxes, disbursement of funds to meet colonial needs, remission of surplus revenues to Castile, accounting and auditing (Contaduría), and all other functions involved in the oversight, protection, and promotion of royal fiscal interests” (Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture). Signed at the end by the Regent of the Tribunal de Cuentas, Juan Crisostomo de Barroeta.

The manuscript starts with Viceroy Guemes y Hocarsitas decree, and follows with a list of the entries and their imports arranged by regions and items:

Real Caxa de México y producto de sus ramos (fabrics, Armadas of Barlovento, cards, wine, Pulque, etc); Real Caxa de , sus productos (“represalia de ingleses”, sealed paper, wine taxes, hard licor, vinager, oficios vendibles, etc.); Real Caxa de Guadalaxara. Producto de sus ramos (mercedes y vacantes eclesiasticas, salinas, etc.); Real Caxa de Durango, producto de sus ramos en el quinquenio (several); Real Caxa de Guanaxato (several); Real Caxa de Zacatecas, sus productos (mercury, mezcal wine, etc.); Real Caxa de San Luís Potosí, sus productos (varios, etc); Real Caxa de Sombrerete. Producto de sus ramos (several); Real Caxa de Pachuca. Sus productos (varios, etc); Real Caxa de Zimapan, producto de sus ramos (several); Real Caxa de (commerce with the Philippines, ); Real Caxa de Mérida, Sus productos (encomenderos, tributos de mantas, maíz y gallinas taken from the don Francisco de Montejo); Real Casa de Campeche, producto de sus ramos (several); Real Caxa de la Provincia de Tabasco, sus productos (several); Real Caxa de Moneda de esta ciudad y sus productos (several).

Follows with more information regarding the state of the military: internos del Reyno y sus Dotaziones; en el de Sinaloa, cavo caudillo, sargento y veinte y nueve soldados. [….] En el Antiguo de Islas de California […] y su

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Gente de mar. El Nuevo creado en las mismas islas, con un capitan y treynta soldados […] Al puerto de Terrenatte, con advertencia que lo es de los Presidios. Nombrado Felipe Guebabi, por otro nombre es Bernardo de Gracia Real, y el de San Pedro de la Conquista, son de nueva creación y mandado establecer por el Sr. Duque de la Conquista, con el destino de mantener en paz las Naciones de Indios Guerreros, Yaquies, y Maix, sitas en la Provincia de Sonora. Follows: Data de lo pagado en esta de Guerra, a los Misioneros deste Reyno y expresión de los Parajes donde están establecidos: Franciscanos en las Provincias de Coaguila, Sierra Gorda, Rio Verde, Zacatecas, Pachuca, Santiago Xalisco; Religiosos Misoneros de la sagrada Compañía de Jesús, establecidos en las Islas , Provincia de Sinaloa en la Nueva Vizcaya, y la Sierra Madre; Misioneros Agustinos en la Sierra Gorda; Misiones de Philipinas, Islas Marianas. Follows: Compañias de Infanteria y cavalleria deste Real Palacio. Follows: Lo entregado por oficiales reales al factor su compañero para conpra de víveres, y otras cosas remitidas a la plaza de Veracruz y Puerto de Acapulco. Follows: Gastos Ministrados por oficiales de Mexico a los Proveedores de . Follows: Devolucion hecha al Comercio de Philipinas; Salarios y ayudas de costa que se pagan en esta data de Guerra; Juros y Capellanias, impuestas en la Real Caxa de México; Data de Estipendios Expirituales; Data de Armada; Data de Reales Azogues.

Jáuregui, Luis. La real hacienda de Nueva España: Su administración en la época de los intendentes, 1786–1821. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía, 1999.

19- Mexico’s official instructions to engage in privateering activities against the United States

[Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano]. Reglamento para el corso de particulares contra los enemigos de la Nacion. July, 26, 1848. Mexico. Folio, (315 x 218 mm). 48 pp. Manuscript on stationery paper of the Ministerio de Guerra y Marina of Mexico, stitched as issued, with contemporary ribbon. Recent calf-backed cloth clamshell- case. Very good, minor browning and soiling as expected, else fine. 5,000 $ Rare Mexican manuscript, with the privateering regulations signed at the outbreak of the Mexican-American War by Mexican President Mariano Paredes y Arillaga.

The document is directed to Jose Maria Tornel, Secretary of War and Marine. Paredes took power at the beginning of 1846 and resigned just two days after signing the present document. With the outbreak of the war, the United States

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instituted a blockade of Mexican ports. Since the Mexican fleet was negligible, its best hope was to enlist the aid of privateers to capture American vessels and run the blockade. The Mexican Congress authorized the issuance of privateer commissions on June 15, 1846.

The manuscript records the regulations and guide-lines for the recent authorization of piracy, including 109 articles governing privateering operations against the United States, issued by the Secretary of War and Marine, Jose Maria Tornel y Mendivil. The privateers were to operate against the U.S. Gulf Coast, U.S. naval forces off California, and American commercial shipping. Foreigners who secured commissions were to be considered Mexican nationals. While the threat of foreigners accepting commissions was worrisome, only two Spanish vessels were actually outfitted.

The manuscript is rare; we have been unable to trace any other copies of it. A printed version of it appeared in 1846 (Cf. Sabin, 68869).

20- How to Confess in

Saavedra, Marcos de. Confessonario breve activo, y passivo, en lengua Mexicana. 1746. Mexico. Imprenta Real del Superior Gobierno, Maria de Ribera. In small 8vo. 15 pp. Unbound, stitched. Minor spotting, unevenly trimmed, overall fine. 6,000 $ First edition. According to the title page, this is being “re-printed”, however a previous edition doesn´t seem to exist bibliographically, and neither can any other editions be traced.

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The work is a manual for confessors in parallel Spanish and Nahuatl, with specific and clear instructions to the most common sins (i.e. taking someone else´s wife, stealing corn or money, suspecting another, desiring another men´s wife or goods, eating meet on certain days, excess in drinking, and others), and the most used formula´s said by confessors to the penitent, translated into Nahuatl. “I have seen no mention of the first edition, which was probably printed soon after the author's arrival in Mexico in 1623. According to Beristain he died in 1631 at the Philippine Islands” (Sabin).

Handsome title page, framed in a woodcut border, the text seems to be a rather naïve printing, prepared spearing every expense, for the use of Priests only.

Medina, Mexico, 3798. Palau, 283406. Sabin, 74650.

21- Raleigh’s voyage for El Dorado, the first illustrated edition

Raleigh, Walter. Kurtze wunderbare Beschreibung, deß goldreichen Königreichs Guianae in America oder newen Welt, under der linea Aequinoctiali gelegen: So neulich Anno 1594, 1595 und 1596 von dem Wolgebornen Hern Walthero Ralegh einem englischen Ritter. 1601. Nuremberg. Hulsius. 8vo, (181 x 147 mm). 2 [blank], 2 ff., 17 pp., 1 ff., folding map and 6 plates, 3 [blank]. Contemporary vellum, slightly soiled, but an entirely genuine example, likely in its first binding -normally not the case. Plates show outer margin wear as often, as they were larger than the rest of the book, people often opted for cropping them, or fold them inside, some spotting but overall fine. 11,500 $ Second German edition, describing the voyage of Raleigh to South America in 1595, sought after for the map that illustrates it and the attractive plates. The

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expedition left England in 1595 towards the Orinoco River, in search of El Dorado, legendary city made of gold, hidden according to tradition in the jungle. Although obviously of unsuccessful in the finding of El Dorado, the expeditionaries explored the Orinoco.

Upon his return to England, Raleigh published his account of the voyage “The discovery of the large, rich and beautiful Empire of Guiana” (1596), a German translation appeared later in 1599, Hulsius’ was the first to be illustrated. The map shows the northern part of South America and the Antilles; the plates are very creative, and of little iconographical value, except for understanding European imagination and understanding of the Americas, amongst them, a person with his head in the chest, the Amazons, etc.

“In this work Raleigh gives an account of his second voyage (1595) and seems to confirm the marvellous tales concerning the Spanish city of El Dorado, which he calls by the Indian name “Manoa.” Camus says he described the country with the exactness of a person who had been born there, but that when he speaks of the richness of Guiana he seems to have been seduced by false appearances and the accounts of the natives and Spaniards, as he did when describing the Amazons and the people whose faces seemed placed on thier breasts.” (Church, 254, for the English editions).

The title translates into roughly “Wonderful description, of the gold-rich kingdom of Guianae in America or , located under the linea Aequinoctiali: So recently Anno 1594, 1595 and 1596 by Hern Walthero Ralegh an English knight.

Alden-L. 601/81; Church 276; JCB I, 455-456; Sabin 67563.

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22- One of the most significant early histories of Colombia and Venezuela

Simon, Pedro (Fr.). Primera Parte De las Noticias historiales de las Conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales. 1627. Cuenca. Domingo de la Iglesia. Folio, (260 x 180 mm). 9 ff., 671, 20 ff. Elegant 20th century mottled calf with arms on sides, in excellent condition. First quires uniformly browned and likely supplied, two leaves washed, else a nice copy of this rare book. 12,000 $ First edition, including the beautiful engraved title, which is not always present. Important history of the Provinces of current Colombia and Venezuela, one of the earliest ever published focused on that region. Although it says “first part” nothing else was published in the 17th or 18th century, although manuscripts of continuations do exist. Simon was well-informed on the region and the modern expeditions and events, having arrived there in 1604 to teach, he accompanied Juan de Borja y Armendia, President of the de Santa Fe de Bogota amongst other official positions, in a campaign of pacification of the Pijao people between 1605 and 1615.

The book, quite large in it’s contents, contains the most varied subjects (native population, history, local customs, natural history, etc.), and to-date is one of our most genuine and primitive sources of information of Colombia and Venezuela.

“J’ai vu la deuxième et la troisième partie de cet ouvrage en manuscrit de la main de l’auteur, au couvent des franciscains de Santa Fé de Bogota. Il en existe aussi quelques copies en Europe, et elles mériteraient bien d’ètre publiées. Cette première partie traite des provinces de Cumana et Venezuela; la seconde, de la Nouvelle Grenade, et la troisième, de la province de Carthagène. Pedro Simon était franciscain et natif de Cuença.”---TERNAUX.

Sabin, 81286. Salva, 3404.

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23- The Portulano de la America, or West Indies Neptune, very rare Spanish atlas of America

[Spanish Atlas of the North American colonies & Antilles] [Direccion de trabajos Hidrograficos]. Portulano de la America Setentrional Dividido en quarto partes Aumentado y corregido. 1818. Madrid. Direccion de Trabajos Hidrogaficos. Oblong folio (275 x 355 mm). Engraved title page, 4 letterpress indexes, 121 engraved maps. Contemporary Spanish mottled goatskin, flat spine gilt decorated in four compartments, citron lettering-piece in one; extremities a bit scuffed. Engraved title a little creased and lightly stained, some inconsequential damp or foxing here and there but overall a pristine, clean and fresh example. 24,000 $ Second, enlarged edition, of the first Spanish navigational atlas of the Gulf of Mexico, the Antilles, parts of the United States and the Caribbean, overall an atlas of the ports in the American colonies (Central America, United States, and the Antilles; it was first published by the Spanish Admiralty in Madrid in 1809 with less maps.

The contents include maps of the West Indies and coastal South America in four parts showing harbor soundings, coastal elevations and names of capes, points,

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islands and other geographical points of interest: “Puertos de las Islas Antilla, “Costas de Tierra Firme, y Seno Mejicano”, “Isla de Cuba”, “de las Islas de Santo Domingo y Jamaica”. In all, the atlas contains maps of Florida, Texas, Virgin Islands, Tampa, Pensacola, the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas, Jamaica, , etc.

Streeter 1043B and 1044B cites the maps of Texas as the first separately engraved maps of Galverston Bay and St. Bernardo Bay (Bahia de Galvez Town and Bahia de S. Bernardo [Matagorda]).

The publication of the Portulano was a significant event in the history of Spanish map-making, the Direccion de Hidrografia was established in 1797 as a single governmental organism in charge of coordinating hydrographical works and cartographic production, it lasted until the 20th century; Spain, forever weary of enemy states getting a hold of their navigational charts and cartographic discoveries, was not keen on issuing maps of their colonies. This Portulano is one of the first publications of its kind by the Spanish government, prior to this, navigational maps from the Malaspina expedition had been issued –after Galiano y Valdes, Churruca, Langara, amongst others-, but that was about it. This was the first time a significant corpus of maps was issued on the North American colonies. It was prepared under the supervision of Ferrer y Cafranga.

We can trace copies at (according to OCLC): Central Connecticut State University, Complutense de Madrid, Yale, University of Michigan, Boston Public Library, NYPL, LoC, Stanford, Berkeley, Harvard, University of Virginia, University of Houston.

Philips, Atlases, 1224; Streeter, Texas, 1043; Palau 233679; Sabin 64441.

24- Taxes in colonial Mexico, an important manuscript, heavily concerned with the tax on pulque, and the treatment of the Indians in fiscal law

[Taxes] Arce y Echeagaray, Joseph Maxiano de. Instruccion de Administradores de Aduanas del Reyno de N. Espana para el lexitimo cobro de los derechos de Alcabalas y Pulques. mandada observar por la Junta Superior de Real Hacienda en Acuerdo de 25 de Sep[tiem]bre de 1792. 1794. Mexico. Folio, (300 x 210 mm). 1 [blank], 2 ff. [half title and title], 82 ff., 2 [blank]. Contemporary vellum over stiff boards, minor wear. Aside from inconsequential foxing here or there, in excellent condition. 6,500 $

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Important Mexican manuscript, essential for the study of the Spanish economic policy from the point of view of taxation, it is a roughly complete record of the excise (sales) tax regulations in effect as of this date, including references in the form of shoulder notes, citing the pertinent articles with their dates of issue: the earliest laws referenced go back to the 1730s.

The compiler is listed as Licenciado Joseph Maxiano de Arce y Echeagaray, oficial mayor de la Direccion General de Aduanas in Mexico City, and the document is perhaps in his hand. The final few leaves are in a different hand(s) and record newly passed tax regulations, bringing the code down to 1810. The text is introduced by a comprehensive index of each regulation. The regulations are numbered from 1 to 154, of which the last 24 are concerned with the taxes on pulque; in the articles the author gives instructions on the manner in which taxes are to be collected. A general tax of 6 percent was imposed on everything that was not specifically excluded, and much of the text is a definition of what these excluded items were.

The Indian population was excluded from all taxes except that imposed on pulque (the reason why so much emphasis is given to it in the instructions). The production and consumption of pulque was an important aspect of the culture, especially the lower classes, in Mexico throughout its history and apparently - judging from the detailed regulations contained herein- presented complicated taxation problems for the tax gatherers. Contents include an index of tax collection offices, by city and province.

The first 7 articles provide a brief history of the imposition of the alcabala; 24 articles are concerned with pulque; article 44 concerns , mulattoes and negroes; as stated before, Amerindians were exempt from the alcabala, though not from the tribute

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Extremely rare, a similar document was offered at Sothebys (N07956-30, 2003, sold for 1920 u$s), titled “Ynstrucc[io]n para q[u]e los Administradores de Aduanas del Reyno de Nueva España hagan la legitima exaccion de los dros. de Alcabalas y Pulques”.

Elegant manuscript on paper written in a neat and perfectly legible secretarial hand, illustrated with a drawing accompanying the first articles.

Dirección General de la Estadistica, Bibliografia Mexicana de Estadistica (1942) II, 220; Archivo General de la Nacion, Los Precursores Ideologicos della Guerra de Independencia (1929) pp. 137-139.

25- Official document recognising the Estate of Venezuela by Spain

[Venezuela] [Treaty between Spain and Venezuela]. Tratado de reconocimiento, paz y amistad entre España y la República de Venezuela. [1846]. N.p. [Caracas or Spain]. Folio, (255 x 197 mm). 4 pp. Unbound. Perfect condition. 3200 $ This is the official treaty in which Spain recognises the creation and Independence of the newly formed Republic of Venezuela, following the revolutionary war. Its articles include the Queen’s renunciation of any rights over the American country, and recognises it as a free and independent nation. On its part, Venezuela assumes all the contracted debt by the Capitania de Venezuela during the colony.

Exceptionally rare, we can only find one other copy of this significant treaty in a public institution (Yale). According the bibliographical note on Yale’s copy, the document was printed in Caracas, although could have been printed in Spain as well, in small numbers.

The treaty was signed by Fermin Toro (Minister Plenipotentiary for Venezuela to Spain) who signes in name of Carlos Soublette, President of Venezuela, and Francisco Martinez de la Rosa, (member of the Consejo de Estado of Spain, representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Spain); it was ratified in all its parts by the Congress of Venezuela in 27 May 1845, and by the Queen of Spain on 19 June 1845.

Transcription: 1. [La Reina] renuncia por si, sus herederos y sucesores, la soberanía, derechos y acciones que les corresponden sobre el territorio americano conocido bajo el antiguo nombre de Capitanía General de Venezuela. 2. Reconoce como nación

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libre, soberana e independiente a la República de Venezuela compuesta de las Provincias y territorios expresados en su Constitución y demás leyes posteriores, a saber: Margarita, Guayana, Cumaná, Barcelona, Caracas, Carabobo, Barquisimeto, Barinas, Apure, Mérida, Trujillo, Coro y Maracaibo y otro cualquier territorios o islas que puedan corresponderle. Se establece total olvido de lo pasado y una amnistía general y completa para todos los ciudadanos de la República de Venezuela y los españoles, sin excepción alguna. 3. Todos los bienes muebles o inmuebles, alhajas, dinero u otros efectos de cualquier especie que hubieren sido secuestrados o confiscados a ciudadanos de la República de Venezuela o a súbditos de S. M. C. y se hallaren todavía en poder o a disposición del gobierno en cuyo nombre se hizo el secuestro o la confiscación, serán inmediatamente restituidos a sus antiguos dueños, a sus herederos o legítimos representantes sin que ninguno de ellos tenga nunca acción para reclamar cosa alguna por razón de los productos que dichos bienes hayan rendido o podido y debido rendir desde el secuestro o confiscación. La República de Venezuela y S.M.C. gozarán de la facultad de nombrar agentes diplomáticos y consulares el uno en los dominios del otro; y acreditados y reconocidos que sean, disfrutarán de las franquicias, privilegios e inmunidades de que gocen los de las naciones más favorecidas.

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