Marulan – Stage 1

Archaeological investigation

Prepared for

Rinker Australia Pty Ltd and Umwelt (Australia) Pty Limited by

Banksia Heritage + Archaeology March 2007 Summary

Rinker Australia Pty Ltd [Readymix] has approval to develop a major quarrying operation to the west of the current town of Marulan [Old Marulan] on the Hume Highway. The development will require an impact on the State Heritage Register-listed site of the old Marulan township. The required impact on the old Marulan Township is subject to conditions contained in consents issued by the Heritage Office under Section 60 of the NSW Heritage Act 1977.

The Old Marulan township site is of high archaeological significance. The Section 60 consent issued to Readymix requires that the impact on the township is minimised as much as possible through design and, where impacts are unavoidable, through archaeological investigation to retrieve the information potential of the site. Following initial surveys that identified potential site elements within and near the impact area [Banksia Heritage + Archaeology 2006] Readymix submitted an archaeological compliance plan to the Heritage Office in support of its Section 60 application. The resulting Section 60 consent endorsed a staged approach to investigation. Stage 1 would test the identified elements to determine more accurately what archaeological information could be retrieved, and be used to design a Stage 2 investigation that correctly reflected the archaeological potential and significance of the site.

The Stage 1 fieldwork investigations were completed in January 2007 and focussed on 11 separate sites [referred to as elements in this report], which were representative of the different elements within and near the impact area. These were sampled with mechanical and hand excavation to provide an indication of their stratigraphy, whether they contained deposits with securely stratified artefacts and environmental data and whether they could be usefully examined with more controlled techniques.

The Stage 1 work confirmed that there was an abundant archaeological resource beneath the ground cover on the levelled areas and in some other parts of the impact area. The levelled areas were particularly dense in artefact material, which rested in a shallow topsoil layer that was quite distinct to the underlying natural soil.

The major recommendation arising from Stage 1 is that the archaeological resource requires further investigation and that this should be carried out in such a way as to maximise its research and information contribution to our understanding of the site. The research design proposed during Stage 1 has been shown to be largely viable and only minor changes to it are considered to be required.

Other recommendations about excavation approach, research methods and analysis arise from this key recommendation. These are set out fully in Section 5.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007

Where to find out more about:

History of Old Marulan Section 2.1.3

Results of the Stage 1 excavations Section 3.1

Interpretation of the results of excavation Section 4.1

Re-evaluation of stratigraphy Section 4.2

Recommendations for Stage 2 archaeological work Section 5

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 Contents

Summary Figures

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of Stage 1 1 1.2 Requirements of Section 60 application 1 1.3 Project summary information 3 1.3.1 Project team 3 1.3.2 Work dates 3 1.3.3 Methods 3 1.3.4 Datums and spatial control 3 1.4 Development impacts 4

2. Approach to Stage 1 6 2.1 Description of the site 6 2.1.1 Physical setting 6 2.1.2 Historical development 8 2.1.3 The area under investigation 15 2.1.4 Description of lots within the impact area 16 2.2 Stage 1 objectives 27 2.3 Selection of sites 27 2.4 Analysis of aerial photographs 27

3. Results of excavation 30 3.1 Excavation of results 30 3.1.1 OM 19 – Levelled area 30 3.1.2 OM 20 – Dam 33 3.1.3 OM 23 – Possible structure 33 3.1.4 OM 24 – Pit / depression 35 3.1.5 OM 25 – Possible structure 37 3.1.6 OM 29 – Levelled area 37 3.1.7 OM 30 – Levelled area 39 3.1.8 OM 31 – Levelled area 40 3.1.9 OM 32 - Linear drainage feature 44 3.1.10 OM 34 – Linear drainage feature 46 3.1.11 OM 38 – Dam / depression 51 3.2 Artefacts 53 3.3 Environmental information 54

4. Synthesis and evaluation of results 55 4.1 Revised archaeological interpretation 55 4.1.1 Natural stratigraphy 55 4.1.2 Cultural stratigraphy 55 4.1.3 Artefacts 56 4.1.4 Occupation history 56

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 4.2 Assessment of archaeological significance 57 4.3 Re-evaluation of research design for Stage 2 58

5. Recommendations for Stage 2 investigations 59 5.1 Changes as a result of significance 59 5.2 Changes to research design 60 5.3 Recommended approach to excavation 62 5.4 Recommended post-excavation analysis 65 5.5 Recommended site management during construction 67

6. Bibliography 69 6.1 Periodicals 69 6.2 Archival and unpublished sources 69 6.2.1 State Records of NSW [SRNSW] 69 6.2.2 Mitchell Library [ML] / State Library of NSW 69 6.2.3 NSW Land Titles Office 69 6.2.4 National Library of Australia 70 6.3 Published sources 70

Footnotes 72 Figures – larger versions of Figures 10, 15, 25

Appendices

1. Photo record log 2. Aerial photo analysis report 3. Section 60 consent issued 28.11.2006 4. Appendix 7 to DA 128-5-2005

Figures

1. Impact area and identified elements – Old Marulan – west side 5 2. Initial survey plan of Marulan 7 3. Layout of the town of Marulan in County Argyle 12 4. Marulan parish map 9th edition [undated] 15 5. Section 5 Lots 5-10 and reserve – archaeological elements 17 6. Crown Reserve -general view 19 7. Section 1 Lots 1-5 – archaeological elements 20 8. Section 1 Lots 5-10 – archaeological elements 23 9. Section 7 showing locations of identified heritage items 26 10. OM 19, showing the location of visible features and trenches 31 11. OM 19, facing south 31 12. OM 19 – Test pit 2, showing probable compacted clay surface 32 13. OM 20, facing west, prior to excavation 34 14. OM 20, facing west, showing backhoe trench 34

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 15. Plan of OM 23, OM 24, OM 25 35 16. OM 23, showing clusters of surface stone 35 17. OM 24 prior to trenching 36 18. OM 25 – surface scatter of stones 37 19. OM 29 facing south, showing contrast between topsoil and subsoil 38 20. OM 30 after removal of Spit 2 41 21. OM 30 – structure exposed during excavation 42 22. OM 31 facing north during excavation of Spit 2 44 23. Sections through linear features 45 24. OM 32 prior to excavation 45 25. OM 34A, facing north, showing Unit 3 48 26. OM 34B – detail of base of cross-section showing V-shaped cut 49 27. OM 34C western section, showing cut for drainage line 51 28. OM 38 prior to excavation 52 29. OM 38 western section through base of dam 52

Tables

1.1 Compliance with the conditions of the s.60 excavation permit 3 1.2. Datums and spatial control for the Stage 1 works 4 2.1. Prices and sale dates for town lots 9 2.2. Marulan landowners in 1839 10 2.3. Men qualified to vote in the electorate of Argyle in 1863-64 11 2.4. Probable town occupants from 1863-64 electoral roll 11 2.5. Elements located in Section 5 Lots 5-10 18 2.6. Elements located in former Crown Reserve 19 2.7. Elements located in Section 1 Lots 1-4 22 2.8. Elements located in Section 1 Lots 5-6 22 2.9. Elements located in Section 1 Lot 8 24 2.10. Elements located in Section 7 25 2.11. Elements sampled in Stage 1 investigations 27 2.12. Actions undertaken on investigated elements 30 3.1. Artefacts recovered from OM 31 43 3.2. Artefacts recovered from OM 34A Unit 2 47 3.3. Artefacts recovered from OM 34A Unit 3 47 4.1. Correlation of archaeological elements with occupation history 56 5.1. Research questions proposed in archaeological assessment 62 5.2. Additional research questions 62 5.3 Proposed further action on specific sites 63

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 1. Introduction

1.1 Scope of Stage 1 In 2005 Rinker Australia Pty Ltd (Readymix) sought and received approval under Part 4 of the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 to construct and operate a large quarry at Marulan, in the NSW Southern Highlands. A condition of the consent was the requirement to seek a Section 60 application under the NSW Heritage Act, as part of the construction was to directly affect the remains of the old Marulan township site, which is entered on the NSW State Heritage Register. The Section 60 application proposed that a staged investigation program be undertaken to identify and retrieve archaeological information from the township site.

On behalf of Readymix [the applicant] and Umwelt (Australia) Pty Limited [the environmental head consultants] Banksia Heritage + Archaeology prepared an archaeological management plan for the development, including the requirements for Stage 1 of the investigation program in September 2006. Within this framework Stage 1 consisted of targeted investigation of a number of sites within the impact area. These were to be sampled to demonstrate the nature of the archaeological resource.

A Section 60 permit was issued by the Heritage Office [HO] of the Department of Planning on 28 November 2006 [included as Appendix 3]. This supported a staged approach to investigating Old Marulan’s archaeological resource.

This report describes the results of Stage 1 and makes recommendations on how the methods proposed for Stage 2 in the Archaeological Management Plan should be adjusted. A total of 11 discrete sites or elements were examined by either mechanical or manual investigation in late January 2007.

1.2 Requirements of Section 60 application

The Section 60 permit required that a number of specific conditions be met before or while Stage 1 was in progress. These conditions are, in summary:

Requirement Compliance statement 1. Stage 1 to be undertaken in The work was carried out in accordance with the accordance with approved research research design. Aims of this were to: design [BH+A September 2006] · clear and record sites identified in initial survey · complete testpits in selected features · complete sectioning of linear features to reveal original profiles · complete mechanical clearing of selected levelled areas to expose postholes, structures and artefact density · re-evaluate significance of all elements 2. Before Stage 1 commences: · nomination of site director and Denis Gojak was nominated as excavation director, team assisted by qualified archaeologist Julian Travaglia

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 1 March 2007 [Umwelt] and John Barton, experienced archaeological excavator on Aboriginal sites and machinery operator. · analysis of aerial photos to identify Four images spanning from the first available in 1953 to further archaeological remains 1975, when road widening was effectively complete, were studied. A report was prepared and provided to HO. No changes to research design were required from information available from this analysis. See Appendix 2 for report. · survey and set-out borders of town This was undertaken by surveyors on behalf of lots on the ground Readymix. Completion of survey work was reported to HO.

The approval also set out conditions for the conduct and reporting of the work. These are summarised here.

Requirement Compliance statement 3. Work to be carried out within Work carried out on 11 elements within the impact area. impact area only to clarify nature, Design of work for each element [Section 2] aimed to extent and significance of relics identify archaeological potential and to clarify only significance. 3. Results of Stage 1 to be used to See recommendations [Section 5] for variations to determine how Stage 2 of process planned Stage 2 works based on results of Stage 1. will proceed. 4. At completion of Stage 1 submit: · assessment of significance of Assessment of significance – see Section 4.2 resource to be impacted · revised research design and Revised research design – see Section 4.3 research questions Revised research questions – see Section 5.2 · final design of interchange Final interchange design – not included in this report Concept plans for the interchange construction are · plans and details of location provided separately and depth of excavation works · details of proposed on-site On site excavation methods – see Section 5.3 excavation methods · details of proposed post- Post-excavation methods – see Section 5.4 excavation methods · draft interpretation plan for This will be provided separately entire Old Marulan Township precinct 5. No impact on: · archaeological remains in Lot The former Lot 1 DP210885 has now been resumed into 1 DP 210885 the Hume Highway road reserve. The area of this former lot has been surveyed by a qualified archaeologist and no in situ arch remains were found. · items MRNH1, MRNH2, No impact proposed on these items MRNH3 · Old Marulan township on No impact proposed in this area [excluding MRNH8 eastern side of Highway which is in the road reserve] · Salvage of MRNH 8 Planned for Stage 2 subject to engineering and safety feasibility · Impact of machinery To be subject to strict control movement is minimised. 6. Compliance with detailed The work carried out to date conformed with the requirements of Appendix 7 of DA requirements of Appendix 7 [included as Appendix 4 of 128-5-2005 this report] 7. Approval void if not commenced Approval granted in November 2006, works commenced

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 2 March 2007 within 5 years in January 2007. Table 1.1. Compliance with the conditions of the s.60 excavation permit.

1.3 Project summary information

1.3.1 Project team Denis Gojak was the principal investigator for the Stage 1 work, and nominated holder of the excavation permit.

Julian Travaglia of Umwelt was assistant archaeologist during the fieldwork.

John Barton was machine-operator and is also an experienced archaeological excavator on archaeological sites.

1.3.2 Work dates Excavation work took place over the period 22-25 January 2007. Sites selected for investigation were re-surveyed to confirm their extent, recorded if necessary and excavation trenches laid out. All survey levels have been tied back to three datum points.

As required by the conditions of the development consent, including Appendix 7, the Heritage Office was advised on 15 January 2007 of the start of archaeological fieldwork and then a short results summary was provided at the completion of fieldwork on 5 February 2007.

1.3.3 Methods Consistent with the research works design for Stage 1, the methods of excavation varied between different sites from hand to mechanical excavation, and extent from small testpits to extensive areas. All mechanical excavation was monitored by the principal investigator who stopped the machine where necessary to prevent damage to structural evidence.

All excavation was recorded following completion. Artefacts collected during excavation were bagged for cleaning and description and are discussed under specific elements in the following section.

Artefact analysis for Stage 1 was restricted to basic description, item counts and minimum number of individuals [MNI] counts for glass and ceramics].

1.3.4 Datums and spatial control Three survey datums were established to act as control datums for the Stage 1 excavations. These have not been tied back to either the Map Grid of Australia or Australian Height Datum as yet.

Datum Location MGA Coordinates Relative [taken with GPS] heights 1 Concrete post at base of fence E 0772790 100 post on road reserve near OM 19 N 6152780 2 Survey peg in flat immediately E 0772844 96.837

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 3 March 2007 downslope of OM 20 N 6152825 3 On NE corner of Telstra pit cover E 0772905 97.439 at southern end of fence line to N 6152856 the west of the main open area Table 1.2. Datums and spatial control for the Stage 1 works.

1.4 Development impacts Readymix has modified the intersection design to create the minimum possible impact footprint within the SHR area. Due to the shallowness of the archaeological resource all evidence within the impact area will be lost during construction. Stage 1 and following stages have been designed on the basis that there will be a total loss of the archaeological resource within the impact area.

The impact footprint upon which the Stage 1 works was based is shown in Figure 1. This is the same as submitted for the original development application and has not changed significantly in further redesign work. This is the outline of the interchange and roadways [generally toe of batter], and a buffer of 10 metres beyond this edge has been used to define those elements that are near and at potential risk during construction.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 4 March 2007

Figure 1. Impact area for construction work on western side of township, showing identified elements [base image – courtesy of Umwelt].

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 5 March 2007 2. Approach to Stage 1

2.1 Description of the site Old Marulan’s historical development and physical setting has been comprehensively described in Old Marulan, County Argyle: a research design and archaeological compliance program for work by Readymix [BH+A, September 2006]. Further historical information on the town and New Marulan can also be found in Eddy [2006]. This section therefore summarises only the key points about the town and the diligent reader is referred to the other works.

2.1.1 Physical setting Marulan lies at the boundary of the Wollondilly and Shoalhaven catchments, and the Hume Highway generally follows this line, avoiding rough country on either side. Marulan is in the centre of an area known as the Marulan Ramp which is a stretch of relatively level land grading from the Southern Highlands to the Goulburn Plains between the two watersheds.

Geologically, Marulan lies immediately outside the Sydney Basin, with an igneous rock substrate, with occasional outcroppings of stone at the surface, particularly at the break of slope. In formal terms it is at the eastern edge of the Lachlan Fold Belt, a feature that contains much older Ordovician and Silurian sediments than the Permian-Triassic age sediments that form the Sydney Basin.

The first survey of the town site [Figure 2] shows the creek to the north and west of the site. It is distinctly marked as a series of ponds connected by a thin waterway. This is a characteristic chain of ponds formation which was present throughout southeastern Australia. It would have remained in this form probably throughout the life of the town, and only after extensive clearing and grazing had been undertaken within its catchment in the later nineteenth and twentieth century, would it have eroded to its present form of a wide scour channel more than 20 metres wide and 5 metres deep in places. There is a level flood plain extending about 20-40 metres from the current edge of the creek within the vicinity of the Marulan Village.

A number of soil landscapes occur with in the Marulan village area. The main two are the Jaqua and Marulan soil landscapes1.

Jaqua Soil Landscape Found along Jaorimin and Marulan Creeks. Elevated areas are characterised by yellow podsols, with foot slopes of yellow and brown sodosols. They generally contain A1, A2 and B2 horizons. The A1 and A2 horizons are usually poorly structured loamy sand to sandy clay loam, with a bleached silty clay loam. It is very weakly pedal, with a very variable pH range of 4.5-10.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 6 March 2007 These topsoils lie over well structured medium clay subsoil with pH range of 6- 9.

Figure 2. Initial survey plan of Marulan [SRNSW Map 3087 – SC Map M.833b].

Marulan Soil Landscape This soil landscape only occurs around the village site within the Lynwood Quarry project area. Upper slopes contain lithosols [stone-derived soils] with shallow red earths. Mid slopes contain red podsolic soils, grading to brown sodosols in the lower areas.

Typically an A1 horizon contains brown coarse sandy loam – sandy clay loam. This varies from weakly to massively pedal. The A2 horizon is a reddish-brown

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 7 March 2007 Massive sandy clay loam with a bleached sandy loam / clay loam. The A2 has a restricted pH range of 5-6.5. B and B2 horizon subsoils are typically present. The B1 is an earthy sandy loam and the B2 is red or yellow blocky sub-angular clay. The red clay has a pH range of 4-6.5 and the yellow clay pH range of 5.5-7.

These soil characteristics mean that there is a reasonable to strong differentiation between upper and lower soil levels, which assists interpretation of stratigraphy and makes subsoil disturbance easier to identify. The soil chemistry is reasonably acidic, and may have resulted in the relatively rapid loss of organic material.

2.1.2 Historical development Establishment of the town Like most 19th century settlements there is no written record of indigenous occupation of the town site either prior to or during the town’s operation. Aboriginal archaeological survey work within the vicinity of the impact area has, however, identified a number of Aboriginal archaeological sites which are concentrations of stone artefact material, as well as isolated artefacts, scarred trees and stone arrangements. When Throsby and Meehan became the first European explorers to pass through the area they were led by Aboriginal guides, probably Bundell and Broughton. These guides knew the name of the area, which was recorded by Throsby:

Through a very rotten, stony, poor country, over a small stream of water to a beautiful piece of fine forest called Moorooaulin the country here changed in the most sudden manner from considerably barren to as picturesque and good forest as can be wished for well watered and abundant in herbage ... This country abounds in very fine granite, apparently fit for mill stones.2

The first land grants were taken up before comprehensive survey of the land. These grants were taken up where good land seemed to be abundant, and soon rough tracks connected the straggling string of properties that were established by the mid 1830s. The best line for travelling through the country towards Goulburn, however, lay on the watershed line between the Wollondilly and Shoalhaven River catchments, away from these early properties. As a result local properties were served by roads to the west and east of the eventual Hume Highway line, eventually rejoining near Goulburn. Barber’s land grant of Glenrock to the east of the town site remained the only significant holding in the area until the town site was proclaimed.

Surveyor-General Mitchell resurveyed the road southwards as part of his overall scheme of using roads to develop the colony’s hinterland. He chose the watershed line for the Southern Road, and identified Marulan as a suitable site for a township due to the nearby creek and the junction of a road to Bungonia.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 8 March 2007 The township was set out by Surveyor Hoddle in 1833 [Figure 2] and the process of proclaiming the town and selling town lots began. The final town plan was approved on 15.11.1834, and then eventually gazetted on 10.3.1835, allowing lots to be sold to private buyers. The design of the town appears to conform to general town-founding regulations proclaimed in 1829 that provided for regular town lot layouts, a consistent building line and a requirement that lots be developed. In the case of Marulan almost all of the lots were of a regular half acre size and one chain wide by five chains deep in shape.

Town lots were sold sporadically from July 1834 onwards. The first purchaser was Joseph Peters, a publican, who became the dominant landowner in the town and the most prominent businessman. The gradual purchase of town lots is shown in the following table. Following purchase the grant of land had to be approved, and as can be seen this took several months in the beginning, dragging out to nearly a year later in the decade.

Date of Lots bought In section Average Number of Date of auction price+ buyers grant 8.7.1834 2 1 ₤7.10.0 1 26.11.1834 1.9.1834 1 2 ₤13.0.0 1 14.2.1835 29.4.1835 1 7 ₤1.9.10* 1 8.11.1835 8.12.1835 2 2 ₤1.3.4 2 25.2.1836 4.5.1836 5.4.1836 2 1 ₤4.0.0 1 5.3.1838 4.7.1836 2 3, 5 ₤1.10.0 2 3.3.1838 13.11.1838 22.3.1836 10 1, 3 ₤6.6.0 5 3.3.1838 10.4.1837 7 2, 5 ₤1.2.8 3 29.5.1838 15.11.1838 19.6.1837 3 2 ₤1.4.0 2 7.5.1838 29.5.1838 31.8.1839 8 4, 5 ₤10.1.0 2 23.12.1839 7.1.1842 2 3 ₤4.0.0 1 9.5.1842 Table 2.1. Prices and sale dates for town lots. Data from Colonial Secretary’s Records. + Price per half acre lot * This block was about 2 acres. Price has been averaged to cost per half acre block.

The known purchasers were an eclectic mix of New South Wales citizens. These included large land-owners and recent immigrants, free immigrants and ex-convicts. The representation of big money from outside the region is small. Most identifiable large landowners, or possible members of family dynasties, were based in the Southern Highlands and County Argyle. Only some owners were resident, the majority probably being absentees.

Occupants of the town Information on the actual town population is sparse and selective. The 1839 edition of the Post Office Directory lists 33 household heads who received post via Marulan. Most of these were landowners in the surrounding district, leaving six probable town occupants.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 9 March 2007 Name Listed trade Drover, John Blacksmith Dwyer, Edward Settler Ellis, William Settler Peters, Joseph Innkeeper Powning, William Schoolteacher Vine, Ernest - Table 2.2. Marulan landowners in 1839 [NSW Post Office Directory 1839].

The 1841 census contains three records for Marulan, but gives greater detail on household composition, reminding us that household heads is a deceptive measure of population.

Joseph Peters’ household lists 15 people total, with 5 men and 10 women3. The trades of the people are one shopkeeper, presumably Peters himself as innkeeper, seven domestic servants, which would be his wife, his older daughters and one or both of the unidentified women, and possibly some of the males.

Much simpler was the household of William Drovers4. It contained him, aged between 45 and 60, and a boy between 7-14 years old, which we can presume was his son. Drovers had a ticket of leave and the boy arrived free. Both were Church of Scotland members, and Drovers was listed as ‘mechanic and artificer’. Their house was made of timber. In land purchase records and the Post Office Directory, both produced in 1839, John Drover is mentioned as a blacksmith, so it is assumed here they are the same person.

James Strachan lived in a household of three males and three females. The males were all aged 21-45, while there was one female in this range, and two under 7 years. Two of the men were single and one couple were married, presumably with two female children. The men were all artificers, and they listed one timber house for the household.

Our next systematic source is the 1863-64 electoral roll. This listed only those men who met elector criteria, including those absentees with a right to vote as landowners.

No. Name Residence Electoral Where qualification situated 40 Barber, George Hume Long Reach residence Marulan 75 Berrisford, Obediah Jaorimin freehold Marulan 319 Collins, Joseph Goulburn freehold Marulan 409 Daly, William Marulan leasehold Marulan 411 Davis, David Yass freehold Marulan 452 Drennan, William Tangyrang freehold Marulan 469 Edmonds, Edward Jaorimin Creek leasehold Marulan 485 Elworth, Michael Marulan residence Marulan 493 Eustace, William Lambing Flat freehold Marulan 512 Ferguson, John Jaorimin Creek freehold Marulan 559 Fulljames, John Goulburn freehold Marulan 651 Halpin, Daniel Marulan freehold Marulan

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 10 March 2007 671 Hatter, James Jaorimin Creek freehold Marulan 822 Kildea, John Marulan Creek freehold Marulan 823 Kildea, Patrick Marulan Creek freehold Marulan 930 McCarthy, Francis Marulan leasehold Marulan 1127 Moroney, James Lachlan freehold Marulan 1164 Newcombe, Charles Edwin Queanbeyan freehold Marulan 1175 Nolan, Thomas Marulan leasehold Marulan 1219 O’Neil, John Woolpack Inn freehold Marulan 1221 O’Neil, John Marulan freehold Marulan 1230 Oslington, John Tangyrang residence Marulan 1237 Pallier, Joseph Marulan residence Marulan 1431 Shepherd, James Jaorimin Creek freehold Marulan 1558 Tindall, William Marulan leasehold Marulan 1587 Wade, John Golden Fleece Inn leasehold Marulan 1603 Waterworth, James Berrima freehold Marulan 1655 Willock, Matthew Marulan leasehold Marulan Table 2.3. Men qualified to vote in the electorate of Argyle in 1863-64, who were listed at Marulan5.

Those who probably lived in the town comprised the following individuals:

Name Electoral qualification Daly, William leasehold Elworth, Michael residence Halpin, Daniel freehold McCarthy, Francis leasehold Nolan, Thomas leasehold O’Neil, John Woolpack Inn freehold O’Neil, John freehold Pallier, Joseph residence Tindall, William leasehold Wade, John Golden Fleece Inn leasehold Willock, Matthew leasehold Table 2.4. Probable town occupants from 1863-64 electoral rolls.

By the 1871 Census individual householders are not listed. The population of 54 males and 58 females may include both occupants of the old and the new town.

Town structure Marulan was only a secondary town within County Argyle, with Goulburn remaining the county centre. Nevertheless it was necessary for civic order for administrative and civic functions to be based in the town. It needed to maintain certain functions for administration and civic order, as well as having a commercial role.

In 1848 William Wells described Marulan as ‘the second town of Argyle’6. Baker’s County Atlas of NSW of about the same date depicted Goulburn as the largest, then Bungonia and finally Marulan as the three towns of Argyle. The town layout of Marulan is shown in Figures 4 and 5. Its surveyed town plan was smaller than Bungonia’s but, because it was bypassed early on, Bungonia never grew to fill its surveyed limits.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 11 March 2007

Figure 3. . Layout of the town of Marulan in County Argyle [from Baker’s County Atlas of NSW, c. 1848].

In the hierarchy of rural settlement Marulan was only one step above the isolated traveller’s inn. It had the benefit of a town layout and the promise that came from important regional landowners investing in it, but it was hampered in growing by a number of factors. Firstly, there was the presence of Goulburn as the regional town one or two days’ travel to the south. Then there was the limited trade that came along the road. There may have been seasonal peaks, and even short-lived booms when gold was found in the southern goldfields, but these were not sustained. It was surrounded by large rural properties that had small workforces and their own supply networks that could completely avoid the town. Economically it remained marginal through its entire existence, and the population figures discussed above reinforce that it remained a small town reliant on traffic moving along the road, and only providing limited local services.

The administrative infrastructure of post office, churches, schools, pubs and other civic functions is detailed in BH+A [2006].

The layout of buildings may have conformed to the 1829 regulations which required that houses were set back 14 feet from the road reserve boundary. Evidence on the western side of the Hume Highway has been obliterated by road widening but from the evidence of archaeologist Helen Temple’s survey

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 12 March 2007 and the moderately visible material on the other side of the road it is likely that most houses kept at or reasonably close to this line7.

Of the three buildings described in the 1841 census two are of timber and the other [Peters’ inn] is of brick or stone. Other incidental references refer to both timber and brick buildings in the town.

Death of Marulan That Marulan died because of the railways is not in doubt, the only question is how much the railway was a cause in its own right or simply finishing a process of other impacts. As Louisa Atkinson observed8, the railway’s main effect was on the smaller new farmers who had begun to move in to Argyle following the Robertson Land Acts. When the railway came the smallholders had already been heavily affected by rust which destroyed their wheat crops and drought. Can this process or its effects be charted at Marulan?

A public meeting was held in Sydney in January 1846 to call for the development of railways within the colony. Specifically they were looking at connecting Sydney to Windsor, Bathurst and Goulburn. At the meeting Thomas Woore, a pastoralist near Goulburn and a former naval officer, proposed a line to Goulburn. The meeting launched the Great Southern and Western Railway Company, led by a provisional committee. Woore undertook a detailed examination of the alternative possible routes at his own expense, provided that he was properly remunerated should any company build the line. From the start of the private enterprise there were problems with the conditions imposed by government, the ability to raise capital and also the flight of workers to the gold rushes.

In 1861 the government, having taken over railway construction from private capital, approved the construction of a line from Sydney to Goulburn. Woore’s survey was used, and he applied for his remuneration. In 1858 this was rejected outright, then in 1871 he was voted ₤1500, but this was reduced to ₤1 in the budget estimates9. The decision about the route of the Southern Railway was made in 1862. Its progress was slow, and only by late 1867 was a design for the Marulan Station was being developed with an expected completion date of 4 March 186810

At the time John Morrice was the owner of the Glenrock station. He was responsible for creating a subdivision centred on where the railway crossed the main road. The naming of the town as ‘Mooroowoolen’ was supposedly his choice11.

An advertisement in the Sydney Morning Herald in 1867 promoted 36 building allotments in the new railway town of Mooroowoollen. There were already temporary buildings on some of the lots, plus evidence of an already thriving small town servicing the railway construction workers. Hatfield’s Store and Wade’s Accommodation House, Bakery and oven are mentioned12.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 13 March 2007 Rural Marulan One trend that is evident from the history of land ownership is the gradual consolidation of the lots into larger units. This took place when town allotments were placed on sale, with purchasers trying to buy contiguous blocks. Although data is missing from the lots held by the Barber estate, there was a major purchase of blocks by J Hogg in the 1870s, comprising at least 12 blocks in town sections 1 and 5. Following that the majority of blocks come into the ownership of Feltham, Wells and members of the Riley family. Most of the land in the development area was owned by the Felthams immediately before its purchase by Readymix.

This gradual consolidation of land ownership suggests the use of the land for grazing. There are archaeological elements relating to this later use. The physical evidence shows that following the abandonment of the town there were no other significant uses. Some of the elements, such as the exotic trees, drainage line and dam and others may be best explained at present as relating to the grazing period.

The only significant other activities that took place on the site were the widening of the highway [discussed below] and the installation of two PMG / Telecom [now Telstra] coaxial cable lines through the site immediately north of the road reserve. A concrete repeater station is located in section 8 for the coaxial cable.

Mitchell’s Great South Road turned into the Hume Highway in 1928 with the declaration by the NSW and Victorian Governments that the name of the highway would commemorate the explorer. With most travel between Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne happening by rail due to low car ownership the naming did not herald a major change in the road’s layout. Road widening and straightening took place in the 1960s, as chronicled in a series of air photos showing the town site [see Appendix 2]. This resulted in the loss of street frontage on the western side of the highway, the Woolpack Inn site being the most heavily affected location.

It was in 1966 that funding became available to widen the road pavement south of new Marulan. The works record in the available files only list ‘widening and improvement to alignment 1965-66’, without any details of the transactions that would have been needed to carry this out, such as purchase or resumption of the blocks on the western side of the road13. As can be seen from the parish map [Figure 4] the widening sliced off a substantial portion of the western blocks bordering the road reserve.

In 1981, too late to prevent the impact of the road widening, a Permanent Conservation Order [PCO] was placed on Marulan, in recognition of its potential archaeological significance. A commission of enquiry held on the PCO declaration confirmed the archaeological importance of the township site14. Following the establishment of the NSW State Heritage Register the township site was entered on the register.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 14 March 2007

Figure 4. Marulan parish map 9th edition [undated], showing the provisions made for widening the Hume Highway [NSW Dept of Lands image 13618001].

2.1.3 The area under investigation The majority of the impact area was at one stage owned by Joseph Peters, who was licensee of the Woolpack Inn. Peters was the first land purchaser in the town and the Woolpack seems to have remained as the main business, and the most prominent of the three pubs that operated in the town, the others being the Freemasons Tavern and the Golden Fleece. The front section of the site of the Woolpack Inn, including the location of the inn itself, has been built over as part of the Hume Highway widening, the rear portion of the lot being within the impact area.

The account and ledger book of the Woolpack Inn for the period 1837-1841 survives. It records the transactions of more than 300 people who were trusted enough to be given drink, food, lodgings or stabling on credit. Many of the names are recognisable from other sources as being local to the town, while others are names that appear in the early history of pastoral settlement of Maneroo, the Goulburn Plains and the Murrumbidgee.

The account book shows clearly the importance of pubs and inns in helping travel in the rural colony. They provided credit in an economy that was still dealing with a lack of ready currency, and where payment was largely in the form of orders or personal IOUs. They also served as contact points so that

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 15 March 2007 travellers could exchange news about the road ahead, local gossip and colonial doings.

The records of the publicans can be traced through the issue of Publican Licenses15. The first record for the Woolpack Inn is a license issued to Joseph Peters on 24.7.1833. The inn is listed as at Durreagh Forest Wollondilly, a name that is otherwise not used to describe the location. Peters is listed every 6-12 months until his last entry on 19.6.1840. In the 1835 and 1836 General Post Office Directories he is listed as at ‘Divarrow Forest’.

Lhotsy, in his journey to Maneroo, on his entry for Sunday 19th January 1834 mentions the Patrick River, the original name of Paddy’s River, with ‘I arrived under some exhaustion at the Pack Inn, and took my noon’s rest on the banks of the Wollondilly in a small valley, a short distance to the right hand side of the inn.’16. From the date and context it is tempting to see this as the first mention of an illicit inn at Marulan, but the mention of the Wollondilly makes this unlikely. It most likely refers to Peter’s first inn at Divarrow / Durreagh, and it was this license that Peters transferred to Marulan.

By mid 1835 Peters was writing to the Colonial Secretary that he purchased ‘at an exorbitant rate’ 1.5 acres of land and almost finished a large brick house at a cost of ₤40017. About six months later there is an advertisement in the Australian that there was a new inn operating at Marulan18. This is presumably Peters’ Woolpack Inn.

The next dated entry for the Woolpack is George Wakeley [or Weakly] who has its license from 28.6.1842 to 3.6.1844, and is then followed by Goodman Hart with two licenses issued in 27.6.1845 and 16.6.1846. Following this there is a considerable gap in the publican license records.

In the 1863 list of electors John O’Neil’s residence is listed as the Woolpack Inn.

The Woolpack was located on the western side of the road in the Lots 1 and 2 of Section 1, which were granted to Peters in 1834. The location of the Inn was impacted by the widening of the Hume Highway with the site of the main building being now within the road reserve.

2.1.4 Description of lots within the impact area The impact area takes in two town sections [section 5 and section 1] each of 10 lots, plus a crown reserve between them. These are described below.

Section 5 Lots 5-10 [Current title – Lots 1-6 DP 797340]

These lots are well-wooded with both young and older eucalypt regrowth. The land steps in tiers from the road reserve northwards towards the river, with a large outcrop of bedrock about half way down the length of the lots. By now

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 16 March 2007 the creek is a substantial eroded channel. As can be seen from Figure 3 about 20 metres maximum at the eastern side of these lots was lost through the widening of the Hume Highway.

The land was granted to Joseph Peters in 183819. He retained ownership only until 1842, when it was transferred to Joseph Walford20. Walford transferred it ten years later to James Kirwan21. There is a gap in the records at this point and the next record held by the Land Titles Office relate to its transfer from the deceased estate of James Hogg, who died on 31.8.1886, meaning that he had gained possession from Kirwan [possibly via other intermediate owners] in the period 1852-188622.

Figure 5. Section 5 Lots 5-10 and reserve – archaeological elements.

Hogg’s estate transferred it to James Wells in 193523. Wells transferred it to Walter Riley in 1951 who then transferred it to Christopher Riley in 195424. John and Shirley Feltham held ownership from 198925 and it was bought in 2003 by Readymix26.

The elements identified as being within the impact area are shown in the following table.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area OM 019 M022, 23 Levelled area Inside OM 020 M024 Dam / waterhole Inside OM 008 M025 Ground disturbance Outside OM 021 M026 Pit / depression Outside OM 022 M027 Isolated find Outside

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 17 March 2007 OM 023 M028 Possible structure Inside OM 024 M029 Pit / depression Inside OM 025 M030 Possible structure Inside OM 026 M031 Ground disturbance Inside OM 027 M032 Alleged grave Outside OM 028 M033 Quarrying Outside Table 2.5. Elements located in Section 5 Lots 5-10. Those unshaded are not included further in this report.

The archaeological remains within this section of lots is extensive and diverse. The main archaeological remains are a levelled area [OM 19] and two possible structures [OM 23, OM 25]. The levelled area is extensive, being greater than 8 x 6 metres, and possibly containing a retaining wall on its lower side. The possible structures are similar to those elsewhere within the study area – they are clusters of field stones in a roughly elliptical spread covering about 2 metres length and width. OM 19, OM 23 and OM 25 were investigated as part of Stage 1.

There are several depressions which may be quarrying pits or may have acted as dams. OM 21 is a depression in a largely level area on the river flat. It is about 3 metres in diameter. OM 24 is smaller, at about 2 metres diameter. More convincing as a dam is OM 20, 6 metres in diameter, and about half a metre deep in the centre. This dam may be associated with the culvert running under the current road, which discharges at the edge of the road reserve. It appears to periodically fill with water. Also probably related to the road widening is a depression adjoining the road reserve fence [OM 26]. This includes a rough scatter of stones cast up from a small excavation. Ground disturbance related to the laying of the Telstra line runs through the site [OM 8]. This has not been able to be fully mapped, although there are occasional concrete route marker pillars. In some areas it appears that there are multiple excavations which were trenched. OM 20 and OM 24 were investigated for Stage 1.

During Singleton’s survey of the site she was shown three piles of stones and rough depressions which were asserted to be ‘convict graves’27. Singleton remained equivocal about their status but noted that there was some circumstantial evidence that would support such identification, such as relatively easy digging in that location, availability of stone, proximity to the road and known practice. Considerations that would point against these being graves are the location of piles of stone immediately next to large stone quarrying pits, the location of the convict stockades [Wingello until 1839, then Towrang], the town reserve being established before the road was built, the availability of a gazetted cemetery from 1839 and so on. As they will not be disturbed by the development they will not be disturbed.

One isolated find [OM 22] was noted, being a piece of cast iron buried and barely visible on the surface.

Crown reserve

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 18 March 2007 [Current title – Lot 7002 DP 1025604]

This is Crown Reserve R65894 [Figure 6], which was gazetted as a resting place in 193628. The reserve was established as part of the original layout of the town and appears to have always been intended to serve as a public use place. It lost about half its surface area as a result of road widening. Only one element was identified during the survey as being present in the Crown reserve, although there is no clear dividing line between OM 29 and OM 30, which extends into the adjoining Lot 1 of Section 1, and is discussed there.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area OM 029 M034, 35 Levelled area Inside Table 2.6. Elements located in former Crown Reserve.

The reserve contains a large levelled area, now partly buried in slope wash and later erosion or digging. In several locations where there is thin grass coverage there is evidence of stone laid to form a level surface. It is not known if this covers the entire 10 by 10 metre area or is purely local. There is a scatter of artefacts associated with the levelled area. Items noted include blue transfer printed ware, tobacco pipe stem, black bottle glass and fresh small mammal bone, possibly rabbit.

OM 29 was investigated during Stage 1.

SECTION 1

SECTION 5

Figure 6. Crown Reserve [shaded]– showing relationship to occupied blocks. The date of map is not known but was withdrawn in 1902 [SRNSW – Map 3806A].

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 19 March 2007

Figure 7. Section 1 Lots 1-5 – archaeological elements.

Section 1 Lots 1-4 [Current title Lots 7-10, DP 797340] These blocks are in open ground, sloping gently towards a well-defined creek flat that is about 30 metres wide. The slope is even with occasional exposed field stone.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 20 March 2007 These lots were owned by Joseph Peters and form the rear of the Woolpack Inn site [Figure 8]. They were bought in two sets – Lots 1 and 2 in 1834, and Lots 3 and 4 in 183829. Together they created a lot of 2 acres in size immediately north of the road junction and adjoining the public reserve.

Peters owned the land until he sold all the lots to James Kirwan in 185230, along with blocks that he held in Section 5. Kirwan retained ownership until 1871 when it was transferred to Philip Dignam31 and then James Hogg in 187732. Hogg also owned lots in Section 5 which were purchased from Kirwan or others before Hogg’s death in 1886. After that the block is owned by James Wells from 193533, Walter Riley in 195134, Christopher Riley in 198435 and John and Shirley Feltham in 198936. The 20th century pattern thus follows a process of gradual consolidation of ownership among the lots and sections. Readymix bought the lots from Feltham in 2003.

We know little about the Woolpack Inn’s set up. Peters wrote to the Colonial Secretary in mid 1835 claiming to have built a ‘large brick house’ costing ₤400. This is assumed to be the new inn. Peters is listed as the Woolpack’s publican in until 1840, and then George Wakely [or Weakley] is publican from 1842. This may mark a change of residence for Peters. Some clues are found in the 1841 Census which gives details of the people who lived there [see Section 2.5.2 above]. Peters is listed as the head of a household that contained 15 people. He had seven daughters by that stage and the remainder may have been workers at the inn.

The Woolpack Inn register does not provide any clues about how the inn operated beyond confirming that it supplied food and lodgings and drink, as well as providing credit. A loose note dated 1843 slipped into it however states ‘Took carpenter to my house [the Woolpack] to measure and plan for additions to be made to the House. I asked Wakeley the tenant if he had any objections who replied I might do it when he had done with it…’37. This implies that Peters had moved out by 1843 and that Wakely was occupying the house. We do not know when the transition as publican took place between Peters and Wakely so the household shown in the 1841 census may or may not be a record of inn residents.

The functions of an inn are well understood, and as well as providing drink and lodging for travellers they required stabling for traveller’s and their own horses [often hired, exchanged or left as collateral by travellers], stores for goods and stock feed and possibly accommodation for staff.

The four elements identified by survey as being within the impact area are listed below.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area OM 030 M036, 37 Levelled area Inside OM 031 M038, 39 Structure / levelled area Inside

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 21 March 2007 OM 032 M040, 41 Linear drain feature Inside OM 033 M042 Levelled area Inside Table 2.7. Elements located in Section 1 Lots 1-4.

The archaeological evidence on the site supports the indication that the site was a substantial property. There are three levelled areas [OM 30, OM 31, OM 33]. OM 30 is about 10 by 10 metres, and OM 33 is about 5 by 10 metres. OM 30 merges into the levelled area separately defined as OM 29 in the adjoining lot to the south. OM 31 is at least 20 by 12 metres, making it the largest levelled area noted in the survey. It is also the only one where there are definite buildings on the site. Adjacent to the road reserve fence there are ground level remains of a rectangular building defined by at least two courses of brick held with a soft lime mortar. Artefacts are visible near the structure, including some pulled out by previous visitors. These include black and blue transfer printed ware ceramic and black bottle glass. The brick remains appear to be footings for a building, possibly with a joist step built in.

OM 32 is a linear drainage feature that runs almost parallel to the road. It starts at the edge of the levelled area OM 31 and runs towards another drainage line [OM 34] but does not appear to connect with it.

OM 30, OM 31 and OM 32 were investigated during Stage 1.

Section 1 Lots 5-6 [Current title Lots 11 and 12 DP 797340]

These two lots were granted to Isaac Titterton in 183838. Titterton came to the colony as a convict in 1820 and by the late 1830s he was a reasonably successful publican and was beginning to invest in property. He transferred the lots to Ann Barber [Lot 11] and Mary Romaine Barber [Lot 12], who were probably daughters of George Barber, in 184239. No further information is available on these lots until mention is made that they were sold from the estate of John Hogg, who died in 1886, to James Wells in 193540. Once in Wells’s ownership the pattern that is followed is the same as for most of the lots – to Walter Riley in 195141, Christopher Riley in 198442, John and Shirley Feltham in 198943 and then Readymix in 2003.

Three elements were identified during survey as being within or near the impact area in this group of town lots. These are shown in the table below.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area OM 034 M043, 44 Linear drain feature Inside OM 035 M045 Pit / depression Inside OM 036 M046 Levelled area Inside Table 2.8. Elements located in Section 1 Lots 5-6.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 22 March 2007 The archaeological evidence consists of three features. A small levelled area [OM 36] about 5 by 5 metres is located near the road reserve edge, with some associated field stone.

OM 34 is a linear drainage feature, running east-west, perpendicular to the road. It may connect with another drain [OM 32] but the physical connection was not seen during the survey. It runs towards the creek but does not join with it. It is defined as a drain in the upper section, while the lower is a rough line of rocks.

OM 35 is an oval-shaped depression about 8 by 4 metres and almost a metre deep. It could be a dam or pond or a quarrying pit. Several stones are visible in the base of the pit.

OM 34 was investigated in Stage 1. It was shown to be a drainage line but either ran through or passed close to a structure, currently designated OM 34A, at the break of slope. This was only revealed during sectioning of the drainage line.

Figure 8. Section 1 Lots 5-10 – archaeological elements.

Section 1 Lot 7 [Current title - Part Lot 7 Section 1 DP 758653]

This lot was granted to Charles Nicholson in 183844. Nicholson only held the block for 20 months and then sold to James Tegg at the end of 183945. Nicholson would later rise to prominence as a landowner, merchant and

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 23 March 2007 politician but his association with the block was very brief. Tegg transferred the block to Francis Fahey in 188046, who passed it to James Harris in 188247. Harris sold to John Cousins in 1885. At some stage after this it is bought by John Hogg, and then by Henry Marcus Clark. Henry was a draper who migrated from Liverpool to Victoria in 1880. His son Reginald became a prominent merchant and store owner48. These transactions are not registered and only appear in the later conveyance information of James Wells, purchaser in 193549. Walter Riley owned the site in 195150 and Christopher Riley received title in 198451. The site was owned by the RTA but was purchased by Readymix in January 200752.

There are no cultural remains identified in this lot.

Section 1 Lot 8 [Current title - Part Lot 8 Section 1 DP 758653]

This lot was granted to Thomas Horton in 183853. He held ownership for only half a year before the new owner became Henry Rotton54. Another half year later it was transferred to Thomas Smart55. Then ownership remained constant until 1882 with ownership then transferred to Francis Artlett56. The land was then transferred to Elizabeth Feltham in 1915, the earliest ownership by a member of the Feltham family in the study area57. It remained in the Feltham family’s ownership until purchased by Readymix in March 2007.

Two elements were identified in the survey as being present in or near the impact area.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area OM 037 M047, 48 Linear drain feature Partially inside OM 038 M049 Pit / depression Inside Table 2.9. Elements located in Section 1 Lot 8.

The archaeological evidence is limited. OM 37 is a drain feature perpendicular to the road. This is offset about 5 metres from the portion boundary but it is possible that it did delineate a property boundary at some stage. It runs from the edge of the road reserve into the creek. Beside the drain is a circular depression about 2 metres across which forms a dam [OM 38].

OM 38 was investigated as part of Stage 1.

Section 1 Lots 9 and 10 [Current title – Lots 13 and 14 DP 797340, Lot 2 DP 214304]

Two blocks were granted to George Barber, the owner of neighbouring Glenrock Station in 183858. Barber died in a presumed riding accident shortly after this. No record of conveyancing is available for the property until a reference is made to the estate of James Hogg. Hogg died in 1886 and this

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 24 March 2007 property was eventually sold to James Wells59. The ownership track from Hogg to Wells and then onwards is consistent across most of the study area. Following Wells it is owned by Walter Riley in 195160, then Christopher Riley in 198461 and John and Mary Feltham in 198962. Readymix bought the property in 2003.

A section adjoining the road was acquired by the Commonwealth of Australia in the 1950s, and a repeater station for the Sydney-Canberra coaxial cable built. The repeater station is still present63.

The RTA Heritage and Conservation Register provides some additional information. ‘[A]fter 1901 [Lot 10] was purchased by the Postmaster- General’s Department to build a trunk cable repeater station. The part of this land containing the original street frontage, Lot 1 DP 214304, was purchased by the DMR in 1962.’

No archaeological remains were observed in the two lots. The impact of road widening at this point is negligible.

Road reserve [Current title – Lot 11 DP 111641]

The section of Zamia Street west of the main road, which was defined in the original town plan. The southernmost half was closed and issued as private property to Walter Riley in 196764. It was transferred to Michael Galland in 1979 and then to Christopher Riley in 198565. It was then transferred to the Felthams and eventually Readymix66.

Section 7 This section was included in the survey area but is outside the impact area, although the southern extremity of the features comes close to the road reserve. The layout of the lots is slightly different from the rest of the town as the initial grant was of a two acre lot to Mary Ann Hawthorn for a school.

Element Survey Element type Proximity to impact markers area M050, 51, 53, OM 39 Linear drain feature Partially inside 54, 55 OM 40 M052 Artefact scatter Outside OM 41 M056 Artefact scatter Outside M057, 58, 59, OM 42 60, 61, 62, 63, Exotic plantings Partially inside 64, 65 OM 43 M066, 68, 69 Linear drain feature Outside OM 44 M067 Building material scatter Outside Table 2.10. Elements located in Section 7. Those shaded are not discussed further in this report.

The archaeology reflects the low lying nature of the site. Part of the ground is spongy and forms a natural drainage point off the road reserve. OM 39 and

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 25 March 2007 OM 43 are drainage lines that run perpendicular to the road and also parallel to the road. These are close [<5 metres] to the lot boundaries and are likely to represent property lines, possibly originally with fences.

An extensive cluster of exotic trees [OM 42], some sitting beside the main drainage lines mark the area. Apart from one small hawthorn at the other end of the survey area these are the only exotic trees noted. The trees are to be examined and identified by a qualified heritage landscape specialist.

There are two small artefact scatters adjacent to the creek line [OM 40, OM 41]. These consist of a few small pieces of earthenware ceramic. It is likely that these are the remains of systematic dumping of refuse into the creek line. It should be noted that the first map of the area shows the creek as a chain of ponds and is now an extensive erosion channel that would have removed at least 10 metres of creek-side deposit.

Another artefact scatter consists of building materials between two drainage lines [OM 44]. This consists of sandstone blocks, which must have been brought in to the site, modern and late 19th century bricks. It is not possible to be certain whether this represents demolition rubble from a structure on the site or dumping of refuse such as is sometimes used to secure boggy ground.

Figure 9. Section 7 showing locations of identified heritage items.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 26 March 2007 2.2 Stage 1 objectives The intention of Stage 1 was to provide sampling information, both on the likely nature of the archaeological resource and on the features to be investigated. Elements for investigation were therefore chosen to represent the different types of archaeological evidence identified as occurring on the site. The types of preservation likely to have occurred differed between the features and this needed to be understood in order to develop appropriate assessments for a more comprehensive Stage 2 investigation. As well as sampling different types of elements, the method of testing was designed to sample within each element so that, if further information was required, sufficient archaeological deposit remained for controlled manual excavation to take place in Stage 2.

2.3 Selection of sites All element types identified within the impact area, apart from exotic plantings and the large well on the eastern side of the road, were sampled. Examples of each element type were chosen for investigation, with an emphasis on covering the range of variation likely to be present.

Element type Sampled – Stage 1 Not sampled Dam / waterhole OM 020 - Exotic planting - OM 042 Ground disturbance / OM 019 OM 026 Levelled area OM 029 OM 033 OM 030 OM 036 Linear drain feature OM 032 OM 037 OM 034 OM 039 Pit / depression OM 024 OM 035 OM 038 Possible structure OM 023 OM 016 OM 025 OM 017 OM 045 Structure / levelled area OM 031 - Well - MRHN 8 Table 2.11. Elements sampled in Stage 1 investigations.

2.4 Analysis of aerial photographs A condition of the Section 60 permit was that further research was undertaken on aerial photographs of the township site. The intent of the research was that these photographs may have revealed additional site locations or evidence of otherwise unknown activities that have affected the potential archaeological resource.

Four photographs covering the period from 1953 to 1975 were examined. The 1953 air photo was the earliest available, and 1975 marks the effective completion of the highway widening works. The full report is included as Appendix 2 but, in summary it concluded that site activities could be more closely dated.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 27 March 2007

Telecommunications line / kiosk installed between 1953-1963

Last town structures [on east side of highway outside study area] demolished between 1953-1963

Wider road reserve taken up between 1963-1967

Dual carriageway constructed between 1967-1975

Known and possible structure locations were examined.

Possible Woolpack Inn Visible 1967 Original location – Section 1, Lots 1-4 Lies within road reserve and is likely to have been at least partly destroyed in construction of dual carriageway. The depth of disturbance in the road reserve is not clear. Adjoins OM30, 31 – levelled area and structure. Possible discolouration of grass visible in 1975 within the impact area.

Structure west of clump of trees Visible 1953, 1963, 1967, 1975 Original location – Section 5, Lots 8-9 Appears to be a depression or dam. Roughly corresponds to either OM 20 or OM 21. Close to or outside the impact area.

Line of exotic trees [OM42] Visible 1953, 1963, 1967, 1975 Outside the impact area.

Light coloured feature west of large clump of trees Visible 1975 Original location – Section 5, Lot 10 or Crown reserve Corresponds to OM23 – Possible structure. It immediately adjoins the telecommunications trench line. Lies within the impact area

Paddock Visible 1953, 1963, 1967, 1975 Original location – Section 7 Defined by linear drain features OM39. Extreme southern end is close to but outside the impact area.

Telecommunications trench Runs roughly parallel to road reserve, past kiosk. Appears to be a single line. On-ground evidence shows more than one line in some places, meaning post-1975 work has also been undertaken.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 28 March 2007 Lies partly within the impact area.

The two features west of the large cluster of trees probably correspond to OM 0, and OM 21 or less possibly OM 23. An exact correspondence between the photos and features visible currently was not possible but there is little error in their placement.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 29 March 2007 3. Results of excavation

3.1 Excavation results Stage 1 fieldwork took place on 22-25 January 2007. The following elements were investigated. Each element is discussed separately below.

No. Element Action undertaken OM 19 Levelled area Element recorded. Two 0.5 x 0.5 m test-pits excavated in the two levelled areas that make up the element. OM 20 Dam Element recorded. Sectioned with excavator. OM 23 Possible structure Element cleared and recorded. Determined to be unlikely to be a structure – not further investigated. OM 24 Pit / depression Element recorded. Sectioned with excavator. OM 25 Possible structure Element cleared and recorded. Lies just outside impact area and not further investigated. OM 29 Levelled area Element surveyed and recorded. 12.5 x 2 metre trench laid out and scraped to base of topsoil with excavator. OM 30 Levelled area Element surveyed and recorded. 11 x 2 metre trench laid out and scraped to base of topsoil with excavator. OM 31 Structure / Levelled Element surveyed and recorded. area 14 x 2 metre trench laid out and scraped to base of topsoil with excavator. OM 32 Linear drain feature Sectioned with excavator. Profile recorded. OM 34 Linear drain feature Sectioned with excavator in three locations. OM 34A encountered a probable structure and trench expanded to 1 x 1 metre test pit. Profiles and plan recorded. OM 38 Dam / depression Element recorded. Sectioned with excavator. Profile recorded. Table 2.12. Actions undertaken on investigated elements.

3.1.1 OM 19 - Levelled area Original town lot – Section 5 Lot 5. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

OM 19 is a levelled area with at least two distinct levels, partly formed by cutting back into the slope and levelling out with spoil. A number of stones that may be parts of a structure are also visible in the down-slope area.

Excavation consisted of the placement of two 0.5 x 0.5 metre test pits, one on each level. Test pit 1 was placed in the higher level and Test pit 2 in the lower level [Figure 10].

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 30 March 2007 Figure 10. Plan of OM 19, showing the location of visible features and trenches. [A larger version of this figure is included following the footnotes].

Figure 11. OM 19, facing south, prior to excavation.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 31 March 2007

Figure 12. OM 19 – Test pit 1, north section, showing probable compacted clay surface [arrowed].

Test pit 1 The uppermost deposit is a thin mid-brown-grey loam with vegetation material and shallow roots. It rapidly came down on to a light grey granular unstructured gravels in silty soil. No artefacts found in Spit 1.

Spit 2 was a light grey silty and gravely soil. This was excavated to a depth of about 50 mm. No artefacts were found.

Spit 3 was unstructured light coloured clay that contains small gravels similar to Spit 2. No artefacts were found [Figure 12]. It is a thin layer, max 30 mm deep, of material that appears to have been deliberately placed there rather than inwash.

Spit 4 was a mid-grey soil. It underlay the clay level [Spit 3]. The mid-grey soil is similar to natural soil from elsewhere in the site. No artefacts were found.

Test pit 2 – lower level Spit 1 was natural vegetation and root material, as for upper level. This overlay Spit 2 which mainly consisted of compacted gravel, which is probably introduced to create a terrace. It most probably derived from material cut from the upper slope. No further excavation was undertaken below Spit 2 into possible natural soil levels. No artefacts were found.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 32 March 2007 Interpretation The interpretation of Test pit 1 is that Spit 4 represents a truncated natural soil profile, with the upper natural slope being cut back to form a level platform. This was overlain by a deliberately placed clay packing to form a probable level floor surface [Spit 3]. This unfortunately contains no artefacts. Above this are sediments representing inwashed soil. Test pit 2 has deposit consistent with material from the cutting of the upper level being deposited, possibly with a retaining wall, to form a lower terrace.

There is no artefact or contextual evidence to suggest a date for the structure.

Further investigation of the structure is recommended.

3.1.2 OM 20 - Dam Original town lot – Section 5 Lots 8, 9. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

OM 20 is a dam located about 20 metres from the road reserve boundary, in a very shallow drainage line that leads from a modern road culvert. The dam itself is circular, with a slightly raised embankment on all sides. The dam interior is very dry with a formerly muddy surface heavily trampled by stock. The date of the dam is not clear, but it may have been present on a 1953 aerial photo [see Appendix 2].

A 20 metre transect was dug using a 600 mm wide mechanical bucket. This revealed a simple stratigraphy of a heavily disturbed mud-clay layer [now solidified] with a sharp junction to the natural red-orange clay. Biological activity was present throughout the profile above the clay, making it not suitable for preservation of organic samples of any integrity.

No further investigation is recommended.

3.1.3 OM 23 - Possible structure Original town lot – Section 5 Lot 10. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

Covering soil and leaf litter cleared by hand down to a compacted surface. Despite earlier impressions during the survey there was no consistency to the placement or orientation of stones visible. They do not appear to form either a collapsed structure or a cache of stones ready for other uses.

It was determined not likely to have been a structure. The visible stone may have been placed there during the excavation of the adjoining pit OM 24. No further investigation is recommended.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 33 March 2007

Figure 13. OM 20, facing west, prior to excavation.

Figure 14. OM 20, facing west, showing backhoe trench.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 34 March 2007

Figure 15. Plan of OM 23, OM 24, OM 25. [A larger version of this figure is included following the footnotes].

Figure 16. OM 23, showing clusters of surface stone.

3.1.4 OM 24 - Pit / depression Original town lot – Section 5 Lot 10. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

The pit is within a lightly treed area, adjoining OM 23 and OM 25. The pit is about 2 metres across and 1 metre deep prior to excavation.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 35 March 2007 A trench was dug through the pit, on a grid N-S alignment. The trench was dug about 600-750 mm wide, and about 2.5 metres long. The fill of the pit that was exposed consisted entirely of loose leaf litter and decayed natural organic material, overlying a stony natural deposit in a light grey matrix.

The excavation revealed that the pit was not substantially larger when originally dug and that there was no apparent long-term accumulation and decay of material in its base, as all of the humic material still contained well- formed leaves and twigs identical to ground mulch elsewhere in the immediate vicinity.

Interpretation of the feature is:

[a] It is a relatively recently dug pit, possibly to extract stone, which has then been abandoned and gradually filled up with leaf litter. A maximum date of 50 years seems reasonable given the state of the infill deposit.

[b] Alternatively the pit was originally dug for an unknown purpose, possibly to extract stone, some considerable time ago. More recently it has been re-dug and all older accumulation of material has been taken out. This scenario is less likely but still stands as no contradictory evidence was found.

No artefactual material found in association with the pit. The contents of the pit may have contributed to the illusion of OM 23 and OM 25 being structures. No further investigation is recommended.

Figure 17. OM 24 prior to trenching.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 36 March 2007 3.1.5 OM 25 - Possible structure Original town lot – Section 5 Lot 10. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

As with OM 23 the initial survey of the site identified that this was a possible structure, based on the appearance of regularity in the placement of stones visible among the leaf litter.

Upon removing leaf litter it became clear that the visible stone was part of a more extensive outcrop of naturally occurring stone. Being immediately adjacent to the pit OM 24 it is likely that excavation disturbed and added to the stone on the surface.

As no clear or reasonable evidence of deliberate placement of stone could be demonstrated it was deemed to have not been a structure. No further investigation is recommended.

Figure 18. OM 25 – surface scatter of stones.

3.1.6 OM 29 - Levelled area Original town lot – Crown reserve. Never granted. Current title Lot 7002 DP 1025604

OM 29 was the first of three levelled areas that were investigated. It immediately adjoins the break of slope that exposes rock outcrops, and is bordered on the southern and western margins by disturbed ground which possibly includes pits to retrieve stone.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 37 March 2007 A 12.5 x 2 metre wide trench was laid out, oriented parallel to the road reserve boundary. Mechanical excavation removed a layer of topsoil and root material, revealing topsoil material interspersed with underlying soft silty light-coloured soil. Artefacts were collected from the spoil during excavation and afterwards.

Spit 1 – Vegetation and surface material removed down to root level. At the northern end there was a thin scatter of road gravel material underlying the surface vegetation. This spit was about 50 mm deep. Reddish and brown nodules represent boulders of natural rock decaying in situ. Small field stones occur throughout the deposit.

Spit 2 – Lower topsoil overlying a light grey silty soil. On the western margin of the trench a denser scatter of artefact material began to appear, in a looser matrix, although this may have been a result of mechanical excavation.

At the base of Spit 2 there were a number of decaying nodules of stone in the subsoil matrix.

Figure 19. OM 29 facing south, showing the contrast between topsoil and subsoil colour.

Artefacts – OM 29 Spit 1 A small quantity of artefacts was recovered from both spits. Compared to the adjacent levelled areas [OM 30, OM 31] the quantity is small. Although none of these deposits were sieved the relative densities are likely to reasonably reflect what was in the ground.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 38 March 2007 7 pieces black bottle glass 1 piece case bottle 1 piece clear bottle glass

4 pieces blue Transfer printed ware [TPW] 7 pieces white bodied ceramic

Artefacts – OM 29 Spit 2 20 pieces black bottle glass 1 piece clear flat sided bottle glass 18 pieces blue TPW 15 pieces white earthenware

Interpretation The levelled area does appear to have been formed by the removal of some of the topsoil although this is not as apparent as in adjoining parts of the site. The surviving topsoil is thin. The density of artefacts indicates that it was less heavily occupied than the adjoining lots, which makes sense of its status as a Crown reserve. It is not clear whether the artefacts are part of the overflow of discard from adjoining lots or from camping on the reserve. All of the artefacts are consistent with activity during the town’s effective occupation [1835-1870].

Further controlled archaeological investigation is recommended.

3.1.7 OM 30 - Levelled area Original town lot – Section 1 Lot 1. Original purchaser – Peters 1834. Extends into Crown reserve.

OM 29 and OM 30 are adjacent levelled areas with no clear boundary line. The distinction made during survey probably reflects surface conditions reflecting drought which are no longer apparent. A trench measuring 2 metres x 11 metres was laid out, running parallel to the road and set back about 10 metres from it. The majority of the trench is laid out within the Crown reserve, partly to see if there is a significant drop-off in artefact density across the lot boundary. No visible surface features were noted prior to excavation. The trench was dug with a mechanical excavator.

Spit 1 was a thin layer of topsoil and root material, revealing an underlying layer of soft light coloured silty soil. The contrast between the topsoil and the silty soil is very clear and sharp. The silty soil is unconsolidated and very dusty, which may be a drought-related condition.

At the completion of removal of topsoil the base of Spit 1 revealed a probable structure in the southeast corner. This was not exposed further, but appears to be a hearth built of angular field stone, measuring about 1 x 1 metre. Adjoining it is remnant topsoil, probably filling in a depression. Elsewhere in

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 39 March 2007 the trench fragments of brick were exposed impressed in the surface of the subsoil.

Artefacts – OM 30 Spit 1 1 light coloured hand-made brick. 134 pieces black bottle glass [Minimum number of individuals (MNI) 1] 40 pieces green tint bottle glass [MNI 2] 1 square shafted nail – heavily corroded – no dimensional or manufacture detail available. 9 pieces Blue TPW 2 pieces white body ceramic 2 pieces salt glaze stoneware [MNI 2] 4 pieces white porcelain – overglaze blue and gilt [MNI 1]

1 fine grained siliceous flake – Aboriginal artefact

Interpretation The trench represents a probable open area, with a structure being intercepted on its eastern margin. It is probable that the structure projects closer to the road, with fireplace to the rear. No evidence of postholes or other structural evidence was found.

The artefacts are all consistent with the township occupation period [1835- 1870] and reflect a predominance of ‘black’ alcohol bottles, a lesser amount of lighter coloured alcohol and soft drink bottles and a small quantity of ceramic. As the artefacts were hand-collected from the soil smaller items such as clay tobacco pipe fragments are probably under-represented.

The presence of the structure in the southeastern corner strongly suggests the regular use of the Crown reserve part of OM 30 for extended camping or even occupancy.

A single Aboriginal artefact was found in the spoil. It is likely to have been an isolated find. No further work was undertaken in the vicinity of this artefact once identified. Management of this find will be addressed separately as part of the consent process currently underway under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1979.

Further investigation of the levelled area is recommended.

3.1.8 OM 31 - Structure / Levelled area Original town lot – Section 1 Lot 2, 3. Original purchaser – Peters 1834, 1838

Trench measuring 2 metres x 14 metres laid out, roughly parallel to the road reserve and set back 7 metres from it. No visible surface features apart from the brick structure located near the road boundary.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 40 March 2007 Two spits were excavated. As with OM 29 and OM 30 these consisted of Spit 1 being topsoil and root material, with Spit 2 being the lower part of the topsoil profile where it contacts the silty soil. No structural evidence was revealed by the excavation.

Figure 20. OM 30 after removal of Spit 2.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 41 March 2007

Figure 21. OM 30 - structure exposed during excavation.

Artefacts

Fabric Type SPIT 1 SPIT 2 Comment No No MNI Glass Black bottle 157 179 10 Black case 77 47 7 bottle < 25 mm 98 70 unsorted Olive - green 71 64 8 tint Clear vessel 8 2 Clear – 2 2 pressed dec Clear flat 3 2 Clear – 1 modern plate Blue - dark 2 1 1 Blue tint 1 1 Amber 2 1 Burnt 2 Ceramic Blue TPW 67 72 10+ Brown TPW 1 1 1 Black TPW 1 Green TPW 7 1 1 Red TPW 2 6 4 Grey TPW 4 3 4 Moulded 1 1 Grey glaze 1 1 White bodied 30 32 10+

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 42 March 2007 ceramic Blue glazed 1 1 appliqué Handpainted 1 clay tobacco 1 5 4+ Impressed pipe manufacturers’ marks ‘…RDAM.’ ‘JACKSO…’ / ‘COGHILL’ Stoneware 9 2 7 Red glazed 2 red body Yellow glaze 2 cream body Metal Ferrous - nail 4 12 Nails or spikes – square shafted Ferrous – 1 plate Copper 1 Small hasp Lead Bone / Oyster shell 1 shell Tortoise shell 1 – worked 2 1 sheep long bone 1 cattle long bone Stone slate 1 Table 3.1. Artefacts recovered from OM 31.

Interpretation The artefact evidence from OM 31 matches that from OM 29 and OM 30. The main contrast is the greater quantity of black case bottles for spirits. This is reasonably expected as a result of the association of the location with the Woolpack Inn. All of the artefacts, apart from two pieces of beer bottle and one piece of modern plate glass, are consistent with the town occupation dates.

No structural evidence was revealed in the trench.

Further investigation of OM 31 is recommended.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 43 March 2007

Figure 22. OM 31 facing north during excavation of Spit 2.

3.1.9 OM 32 - Linear drain feature Original town lot – Section 1 Lots 3, 4. Original purchaser – Peters 1838

This linear drainage feature runs roughly parallel to the road reserve. It is diffuse and less readily apparent than when first identified in 2006 [Figures 23, 24].

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 44 March 2007

Figure 23. Section through linear features OM 32 and OM 34 and Dam OM 38. [A larger version of this figure is provided following the footnotes].

Figure 24. OM 32 prior to excavation. Centre of linear feature dotted.

A 400 mm wide trench was cut perpendicular to the line of the drainage feature. This was effectively a shallow scrape as natural soil – the silty soil – was found no deeper than 200 mm. In section the base of the topsoil raises

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 45 March 2007 and dips slightly but there is no evidence of any digging into the soil to form a drain.

Artefacts Artefacts were all recovered from the thin topsoil layer.

3 pieces black bottle glass 1 piece Dark blue TPW

Interpretation The feature can potentially be interpreted as either a very shallow spoon drain, although there is not sufficient evidence of digging having taken place, or possibly vehicle tracks. Compaction analysis along the line of the feature may allow this to be determined. If it is a vehicular track it may date the feature to the township phase, as it appears to head towards the rear of the Woolpack Inn, whereas modern tracks and gates lead lower down on the creek-side fence and flat. There is no indication from aerial photos that it is or is not a vehicle track. It is distinct from the buried Telstra lines.

Further investigation of OM 32 is recommended.

3.1.10 OM 34 - Linear drain feature Original town lot – Section 1 Lot 5. Original purchaser – Titterton 1838

This linear drainage feature runs roughly perpendicular to the current highway and roughly parallel to the lot boundaries. It was sectioned in three places with a mechanical excavator and the sections recorded, designated OM 34A-C. Trench OM 34A encountered a possible structure, so mechanical excavation ceased and a 1 x1 metre trench was laid out to examine the archaeological evidence. Trenches OM 34B and 34C intercepted drainage cuts and were recorded archaeologically.

OM 34A Initial bladed bucket scraping revealed a high density of artefact material and possible in situ stone. Mechanical excavation was suspended and a 1 x 1 metre trench was laid out to examine the deposit. Removal of topsoil [Unit 1] revealed scattered stone set in a dark humic matrix, different to normal sub- soil with further artefact material exposed. The artefacts are of mid-19th century date and consistent with Marulan township occupation.

The strata examined were:

Unit 1 Grass and topsoil, removed down to base of root mat. Sparse artefact material – three pieces glass fragment, clay tobacco pipe fragment and nail head.

Unit 2

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 46 March 2007 Init 2 is a lighter soil on western side of test pit that overlies a dense layer of stones. Contains sparse artefact material. Unit 2 was excavated.

Fabric Type No MNI Comment Glass Black bottle 12 1 Clear vessel 9 2 Clear flat 1 very thin 19th century style Ceramic Blue TPW 1 1 clay tobacco 4 2 one fluted and wreathed bowls pipe with spurs 1 frag. plain bowl 2 stems Table 3.2. Artefacts recovered from OM 34A Unit 2.

Unit 3 Slightly darker soil in western side of test pit than Unit 2. This contains closely packed small stone pieces. This can be traced across the backhoe cut to the eastern side of the trench.

As interpreted the closely packed dense stonework is likely to be flooring, with artefacts being in situ or largely undisturbed discard.

Artefacts Artefacts removed with initial blade scrape. This deposit was sieved once it was realised it may have dug into occupation deposit.

Fabric Type No MNI Comment Glass Black bottle 25 1 Green tint 4 1 Clear vessel 22 2 Clear flat 10 all very thin 19th century style Ceramic Blue TPW 2 2 Brown TPW 2 1 Black TPW 1 1 White 1 earthenware Clay tobacco 26 3 two fluted and wreathed bowls pipe with spurs 1 frag. plain bowl No manufacturers marks Metal Ferrous 1 3 mm diameter x 150 mm Lead 1 Melted piece Stone Limestone [?] 1 Partly smoothed unshaped piece Table 3.3. Artefacts recovered from OM 34A Unit 3.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 47 March 2007 Figure 25. OM 34A, facing north, showing top of Unit 3, to left of initial backhoe scrape.

Interpretation The limited exposure hinders possible interpretation, but the evidence strongly suggests a structure with a packed stone floor, or possibly a fire place. Most of the artefact material is consistent with the town’s occupation period, but there is a higher proportion of clear glass than is usual for mid-nineteenth century sites, which may suggest a later occupation. The contrast between the artefacts found here and the general assemblage found in the levelled areas strongly suggests that it was a different form of activity taking place.

More extensive excavation of OM 34A is recommended.

OM 34B A 4 metre long trench cut across the linear drainage feature. This cut was located about 10 metres from the road reserve boundary, near the easternmost visible end of the feature.

At this point the drainage line is a narrow V cut through the silty subsoil and basal clay, with the channel filled in by overlying topsoil. At least some of this is likely to be inwash from the road reserve.

The stratigraphy found the following stratigraphic units [Figure 23, 26].

Topsoil and roots – 50-75 mm

Mixed topsoil – c.150 mm deep

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 48 March 2007 This layer is notably lighter than the topsoil, being a mid-grey with gravel. It is distinctively different from the subsoil, being darker. It is likely to be a sedimentary layer formed from inwash. Very little gravel, and mainly this is <5mm diameter. Munsell colour 7.5YR 6/1.

Drainage channel cut – V profile cut 300 mm wide, by 200 mm deep. Infilled with topsoil.

Silty soil – very thin layer visible on southern side of channel only Almost colourless, nearest to 8/1 in all Munsell sheets tested against. Light coloured structureless soil containing a high proportion of pebbles and gravel of sub-rounded reddish nodules ranging from 1-20 mm diameter.

Charcoal lens – visible at interface between mixed topsoil and basal clay. From appearance a piece of tree-root burned in situ, but largely destroyed during soil removal.

Basal clay. Munsell colour 10YR4/6 with mottles of 5YR 5/6. Orange-brown very friable light to medium clay, which breaks into small angular peds.

Artefacts Bone – 2 pieces bone, probably cattle Iron – 1 piece ferrous strap 24 mm wide x 67 mm; 4 ferrous blobs

Figure 26. OM 34B - detail of base of cross-section showing V shaped drainage trench cut into basal clay.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 49 March 2007 OM 34C A 2.4 metre long trench was cut perpendicularly through the centre-line of the drainage feature [Figure 23, 27].

Soil layers in succession are:

Topsoil and roots – average 120 mm.

Drainage trench fill I – max depth 350 mm. Loose rocks and soil. Contains metal strap and rust visible in section.

Drainage trench fill II – max depth 30 mm. Dark thin band along base of drainage trench. Probably a remnant sediment deposit.

Drainage trench cut – squarish deep cut, measuring 1.3 metres across, with the main cut measuring about 650 mm across, and about 400 mm deep below probable ground surface line.

Silty soil – 400 mm deep, cut through by drain line.

Basal clay – underlies silty soil.

Artefacts These were recovered from Drainage trench fill I.

5 pieces bone. Modern sheep or goat. Three pieces small fragments. 1 piece splintered as in green weathered bone. 4 piece black bottle glass, 1 piece thin walled blow-moulded clear bottle glass, 1 piece clear glass with moulded facets. Metal – 1 piece iron strap 24 mm wide x 120 mm long 1 piece green Chinese container jar – base fragment Lime – 5 small lumps of lime, probably mortar.

Interpretation of OM 34B and OM 34C This drainage cut runs down the slope from near the crest of the ridge to the edge of the creek terrace. It is not clear yet whether it is contemporary with OM 34A or cuts through it. From its profile, being a narrow V near the top and broader and rounder towards the bottom it was designed to remove large quantities of surface water. As it does not correspond to a lot boundary it is probably later than the township site. The artefacts contained within the fill are consistent mainly with rural use and the addition of material from earlier surface discard.

Further sectioning of the alignment of OM 34 is recommended to try to determine its original age.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 50 March 2007

Figure 27. OM 34C western section, showing cut for drainage line.

3.1.11 OM 38 - Dam / depression Original town lot – Section 1 Lot 6 Original owner Titterton

Large dam with a raised wall on the downslope side, located near a prominent break in slope above the floodplain of the creek. The dam is dry but with a prominent dip in the centre [Figure 28].

A four metre long and 600 mm wide trench was cut across diameter of the dam to basal clay. This revealed a simple stratigraphy [Figure 23].

Topsoil and root material – 100 – 200 mm

Loose rocks and sediment – 200-400 mm deep

Cut for dam - This is a distinct cut surface into the clay, with the loose rocks sitting disconformably on top of the clay. The base of the cut is not level at any point.

Basal clay.

Artefacts 7 pieces ferrous iron strap – 23 mm x 1200 mm total length 1 piece ferrous iron strap – 26 mm x 570 mm total length 2 pieces black bottle glass 2 pieces flow blue TPW on blue tint body, from same vessel.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 51 March 2007

Figure 28. OM 38 prior to excavation, facing east.

Figure 29. OM 38, western section through base of dam

Interpretation This was a substantial dam, and may have had some connection to OM 34 although this is no longer visible. It is likely to be of later date than the township but this cannot be demonstrated based on information available at

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 52 March 2007 this stage. The deposits are not conducive to the survival of biological evidence.

Further trenching is recommended.

3.2 Artefacts The artefacts recovered from the excavations are catalogued under the specific element entries in Section 3.1.

The main observation to be made about the assemblage is that it is remarkably free of later admixture for an open site that has lain beside a road for about 140 years. A few obviously modern inclusions of beer bottle and window glass are present, but otherwise the assemblage is all entirely consistent with the township occupation range of 1835-1870 or general rural discard. There is some indication that OM 34A may contain slightly later material but this requires further investigation and may be a statistical quirk from a small sample. The rural discard is the usual strap iron and livestock bone material found in paddocks.

Detailed analysis of the assemblage was not undertaken due to the method of recovery and the expectation of total excavation under controlled conditions. Some general observations are offered. The rough proportions of black bottle glass / olive and green bottle glass / ceramics is consistent across the site. There are few personal or architectural items recovered.

The variability in assemblages across the site between OM 29, OM 30, OM 31 and OM 34A is consistent with what is known from their histories. OM 29 was a reserve and although probably used quite a bit this would have been less intense than the adjacent sites. The proportion of cylindrical and case bottles also corresponds with the presence of the inn near OM 31. The clear difference between OM 34A and all of the other sites also requires explanation.

The ceramics represented are predominantly blue transfer printed ware, with smaller numbers of other colours represented. The range of shapes includes plates, cups and typical tableware. No non-utilitarian shapes, figurines or high quality or cost items were identified. Other ceramics consist of single pieces of a range of common decorative types.

At least two pipe bowls are represented in OM 34C, both being fluted with wreathed seams, as well as at least one plain bowl. The presence of two bowls with the same design is unusual in more eclectic urban assemblages. This may represent a ‘job lot’ of pipes having been imported for sale at one of the inns.

One fragment with fine text reading ‘…RDAM.’ is probably from Rotterdam. Dutch pipes were imported to Australia, particularly in the period before the 1850s gold-rushes [Wilson and Kelly 1987].

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 53 March 2007 Another marked stem reads ‘COGHILL’ on one side and ‘JACKSO…’ on the other. It is undoubtedly one of the Glasgow Coghill family of pipe-makers [Walker 1977: 1008-1011]. None are listed as working from a ‘Jackson’ address, but the main family address on Ropewalk Lane adjoins Jackson Street.

The acidity of the soil may have been responsible for the loss of food items such as bone. One piece of oyster shell is notable; the logistics of getting this in an edible state, if it is a food item, to Marulan would be complex.

The one Aboriginal flaked artefact found in OM 30 probably represents an isolated find. After its identification careful examination did not identify any other artefacts or flaked pieces. No further disturbance was undertaken to the trench following identification.

3.3 Environmental information The environmental information that could potentially be recovered from the site was expected to include sealed deposits in the pits or depressions. Excavation of OM 20, OM 24 and OM 38 were all sectioned, as were two drainage lines. No well-sealed deposits were identified. This may be a result of drought having desiccated the soil. Movement within the deposits, particularly in stony fill, would allow for contamination, as in OM 20 where a snake and frogs were observed at about 0.3 metres below the surface.

Similar problems may occur with finding in situ and undisturbed samples for OCR and palaeomagnetism dating. The thin topsoil is unlikely to have protected possible samples from later disturbance by livestock.

Other potential environmental analyses still remain viable. Trace element analysis of soil samples should provide an indication of the addition of organic wastes in different parts of the site. Detailed stratigraphy of the flood plain of the creek should confirm the proposed sequence of evolution from a chain of ponds to the present deeply eroded channel.

The timbers in the well are likely to reflect the presence of different tree types available locally at the time of its construction. These and the present exotics on the site can be speciated by expert analysts.

While diminished, the potential for recovery of environmental data is still present and should be pursued as part of the data recovery program.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 54 March 2007 4. Synthesis and evaluation of results

4.1 Revised archaeological interpretation

4.1.1 Natural stratigraphy The prevailing natural soil stratigraphy was revealed and shown to be generally consistent, although there was considerable local variation. No definite complete natural topsoils were encountered in the excavation. Where probable anthropogenic topsoils were found they were generally thin [<75mm]. They are soft and unstructured, with a rapid transition in colour with depth, although this may be a drought effect.

There is a sharp transition to a very light grey silty soil. This is unstructured and consists of small gravels [1-20 mm diameter], increasing in diameter with depth, in a silty matrix. Localised patches of gravel are common and seem to have been size sorted, suggesting previous water activity. This layer is quite thin, being about 100-200 mm on average, with a sharp transition to light- medium reddish-orange clay.

Boulders of parent rock are found throughout the sequence, in all stages of decomposition. Where decomposing in the silt and topsoil these appear as large reddish patches, breaking down into small gravels before disintegrating.

This tripartite sequence is present on the northern and most elevated part of the site. It is bordered on the south by a rocky outcrop under the trees, which consists of a 50-150 mm thick layer of leaf litter and humic material. This directly overlies large angular pieces of shattered bedrock, with many voids and a light-mid grey silty soil matrix.

The flats at either end of the impact area were not tested to any extent, apart from confirming the presence of clay at the base of OM 20. The thickness of the deposited floodplain material beside the creek is not known.

4.1.2 Cultural stratigraphy Generally the depth of the archaeological component of the different features investigated was very shallow. The topsoil of the two levelled areas investigated was about 50-75 mm, including later soil development following site abandonment. This shallow depth contained probably all of the artefact material found in these locations, with a few pieces impressed into the top of the silty natural soil.

OM 34A shows that there is some development of structural platform above the lie of the land. This may be associated with a possible retaining wall that can be interpreted from the presence of some stones immediately to the west.

Excavation for drains and to build features provide additional depth of deposit. The contrast between cultural and natural deposits appears to be clear in the

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 55 March 2007 excavations undertaken, although the softness of the silty subsoil makes excavation to separate deposits potentially difficult.

There is no evidence of either systematic or incidental disturbance of the deposits to any significant extent. No evidence of ploughing was found in the deposits.

4.1.3 Artefacts The bulk of the artefact material from the main occupation sites [OM 29, OM 30, OM 31] is consistent with the known occupation dates for the village, with material that dates from c.1835-1870 only being present. It is however possible that later material that is not distinguishable from this date range could be present.

The material found away from the levelled areas is either more modern, representing farm discard or has been redeposited from further up the slope.

As recovered from the mechanical scrapes the artefacts are not necessarily representative of what is actually in the deposit. As can be expected black glass predominates in absolute quantity and minimum numbers of vessel [MNI] counts. A limited variety of blue and other colour transfer printed ware is also present.

The stratigraphy indicates that there has been minimal disturbance to the deposits following the abandonment of the township. No ploughing or other large-scale disturbance has taken place. Horizontal displacement is apparent in visible surface finds and in material recovered from the linear drains. This does not appear to be extensive, judging from edge damage to artefacts.

4.1.4 Occupation history Following Stage 1 the elements can be divided into those of township date and those of probable later construction during pastoral use of the land.

No. Element Phasing and interpretation OM 19 Levelled area Probably township period – living area OM 20 Dam Probably pastoral occupation OM 23 Possible structure Not a structure OM 24 Pit / depression Probably pastoral occupation OM 25 Possible structure Not a structure OM 29 Levelled area Township period – exterior activity area OM 30 Levelled area Township period – contains part of a structure OM 31 Structure / Township period – exterior activity area Levelled area OM 32 Linear drain Probably pastoral occupation, not confirmed it is for drainage feature OM 34 Linear drain Structure identified as OM 34A – township period or slightly feature later Pastoral occupation OM 38 Dam / depression Probably pastoral occupation Table 4.1. Correlation of archaeological elements with occupation history.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 56 March 2007

Further work is required to determine whether any of the pastoral features are reused site infrastructure from the township period.

4.2 Assessment of archaeological significance Old Marulan was identified as a place of state heritage significance for its archaeological potential from the 1970s onwards, and this was tested judicially in 1981. When re-assessed again in September 2006 this was confirmed but the significance of the impact area was considered to be less because of the loss of the frontages of the blocks, with the resulting loss of occupation evidence, and an important part of their possible archaeological resource.

Following from the Stage 1 investigations this general statement can be confirmed. However, the integrity and abundance of the archaeological resource of the rear of the lots has been confirmed, at least for Joseph Peters’ holdings. This means that archaeological investigations of the rear of these lots still has a high archaeological potential due to the demonstrated abundance of artefacts and the likely preservation of evidence.

The results of Stage 1 indicate that two possible structures [OM 23, OM 25] were confirmed not be such, while two new ones were discovered [OM 31, OM 34A]. It is likely that other structures will be found. The trenching of the levelled areas also demonstrated that even open areas contain extensive and abundant artefact scatters. The contrast between the darker topsoil and lighter natural soil also allows for normally difficult to see small features cut into the soil to be identified.

The significance of the archaeological resource within the impact area therefore can be summarised as being of high archaeological potential for revealing information about the history and development of Marulan as a township in the period from c. 1835 to 1870 and its subsequent decline. It has high potential to record archaeological evidence through artefact and structural evidence activities that took place in the rear of Lots in Sections 1 and 5 of the town plan and the Crown Reserve. It is unlikely to tell us much about the main buildings in these areas but it is also likely that much of the site’s activity took place at the rear of the lots.

Within the SHR area of the township the impact area is likely to be the most compromised by modern activity due to the road widening. It has resulted in the irretrievable loss of key parts of the archaeological record for those lots. These lots were used for the main town inn and all its associated constellation of activities, possible residential occupation and farming. The Crown reserve was probably used for temporary camping. All of these activities are also represented elsewhere in the township. The archaeological resource of the impact area is therefore likely to be representative of aspects of the town’s activities.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 57 March 2007 Because Marulan is both typical of other towns of the mid-nineteenth century and because there have been few examinations of this period in rural NSW there is a high potential for the archaeological resource to inform our knowledge of other sites and colonial history generally.

4.3 Re-evaluation of research design for Stage 2 This re-evaluation refers only to the elements of the Archaeological Compliance Plan covered by the Section 60 approval, ie within the limits of the township and SHR boundary. The proposed work to be carried out for the remaining rural hinterland sites within the project area outside the SHR area remains unchanged.

The results of Stage 1, when considered in the context of a development that will result in total destruction of the impact area and the high representative significance of the resource, confirm that total recovery of the archaeological potential of the site is warranted as an objective. Any proportional sampling is likely to result in the loss of some information. Sampling structured by the presence of visible remains is unlikely to identify those structures that are hidden, and also misread the evidence for non-sites. Artefact material appears to be extensively spread around the site, probably reflecting a large amount of outdoor activity.

The archaeological salvage should make provision for the recovery of all concentrations of artefacts in identified elements. On present evidence this includes much of the impact area, with the possible exception of the heavily treed area near the southern end and the land southwards from there. It should also require the identification and recovery of any environmental evidence that is of reasonable quality. As discussed above the site conditions are unlikely to be optimal, and therefore only some specific types of information should be considered if they are found to occur on the site.

The initially proposed program of a multi-stage investigation, where Stage 2 would be a comprehensive archaeological excavation, and Stage 3 would be a ‘clearance’ of the remainder of the impact area footprint is still an appropriate means of approaching total recovery. Any features identified in Stage 3 need to be recovered to a standard comparable to those in Stage 2, suggesting that the two stages should be sequential as part of a single dig season.

The specific research questions are considered in Section 5.2 below. Almost all remain valid, although a few require modification or cannot be sustained. What cannot be investigated with any certainty are questions based on the main buildings, which were destroyed, or do not appear to be present in the impact area. Two additional structures were identified [OM 30, OM 34A] that may be associated with more substantial buildings. The extent and quality of these buildings requires further investigation but neither has left a substantial surface trace. The impact area excludes the structures identified at the southern end of the site, placed on lots which were never taken up. These

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 58 March 2007 represent a presumably hidden part of the town’s population, either drovers or even a fringe camp. They are excluded further from this investigation.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 59 March 2007 5. Recommendations for Stage 2 investigations

5.1 Changes as a result of significance

1. The assessment of significance indicates that the potential archaeological resource in the impact area is of high archaeological significance. As the impact cannot be relocated a high level of good quality archaeological information recovery should be attempted to realise the research potential of the site.

2. As the impact area is representative of the remainder of old Marulan, albeit without standing buildings and of the unexplored resource of rural towns in colonial NSW its archaeology has the potential to inform us about the remainder of the town. Therefore the archaeological program should aim to address matters of more general relevance to Marulan than just the history of the impact area.

3. The presence of an Aboriginal artefact will be reported to the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation in accordance with legislative requirements. Consideration must be given to what procedures would be appropriate to manage the possible recovery of further artefacts from within the town site and a process should be put in place before Stage 2 commences. This will be incorporated into the permits being obtained under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.

5.2 Changes to research design

1. The overall research design for Marulan as presented in the Archaeological Compliance Plan [BH+A Sept. 2006] remains valid and should remain as the framework for investigation.

2. Some specific research questions require modification as a result of Stage 1 investigations. These are shown in the following table using numbering from the Archaeological Compliance Plan [those no longer relevant are shaded].

Research questions Response following Stage 1 1 How closely does the planning and layout of the Front of blocks lost. May be able to town follow the 1829 regulations? reconstruct some lot boundaries from fencing and drainage lines. 2 How closely does the evolution of the town The probable informal structures in remain within the bounds of the 1829 the western part of the town are regulations? What was the nature of the outside the impact area. Survey changes made in the town’s life time? outside the town limits on other side of the creek to the west of the impact area indicates some remains present. Question remains valid. 3 Can we see evidence of the broader impress of May not be possible to measure this authority or the encouragement of town growth directly through archaeology.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 60 March 2007 in the town’s evolution or was it essentially left Historical information is equivocal on to its own devices following establishment? this. 4 Do the structures that exist outside the confines Not resolved through excavations of the occupied blocks, which appear to undertaken. The sites that address represent camping, reflect temporary use or do this question are outside the impact they reflect a more permanent presence of an area and therefore not able to be underclass or fringe camp. excavated under the permit as issued. 5 What was the range of material that the Excavation revealed wide range of occupants of Marulan were able to buy or bring cheap and popular ceramics, as well with them? as glass. Evidence appears likely to survive where not disturbed. 6 Did this differ among different residents and Superficial differences in material can these differences be attributed to social excavated in OM 34A and levelled status, income, background or other known areas indicates that this may be factors from the individuals? testable. 7 How does the range of material culture Detailed comparison not undertaken. compare to exactly contemporary assemblages Superficially similar, but possibly elsewhere in Australia? restricted range of patterns. Larger sample required. 8 Is there evidence of lag or conservatism relating Not from sample. Larger sample to purchase and use of material goods because would provide valid test population. of the distance from the centre? 9 Was living in rural Australia comfortable or Only likely to pick up residential different to life in urban Australia? information for servants, itinerants, so question can only be partially answered. 10 Is there evidence of recycling, extended use or No evidence from excavated sample. conservation of goods because of the distance and cost of transport of these items? 11 Do records such as the Woolpack Inn accounts Not examined for Stage 1. ledger duplicate information from archaeology or, if not, what insight does it reveal about town life and material culture? 12 Role of within-class, status and other social Unlikely to be able to be clearly tested groupings, particularly specific religious from an expanded sample. ideologies. This has not been investigated in Australia but Quirk has begun to examine the role of Victorian moral reformism at Paradise. 13 Control of landscape and declaration of status Due to loss of lot frontages unlikely to as expressed in the placement of buildings and be able to test this. items. The best Australian example of this was produced by Burke for Armidale, NSW, but for a later period in the 19th century. 14 What was the pre-European environment within Question remains valid. the town site? 15 Does environmental impact and change coincide Question remains valid. with town establishment or does it precede European arrival? 16 What vegetation succession took place within Examined pits / depressions were not the town limits? conducive to retention of pollen and biological information. Reliable biological evidence unlikely to survive. 17 Did the pattern of use of lots result in Question remains valid. sedimentary erosion or is this mainly attributable to later grazing? 18 How was surface drainage and stormwater Investigated drainage lines appear to

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 61 March 2007 controlled, and was it harnessed at all? post-date town so question remains open for 19th century. 19 Was the creek the main water supply for lots Not investigated for Stage 1. No backing onto it or did they also have other additional cisterns or wells identified. tanks and cisterns? 20 How did the cistern / well MRNH 8 operate, and Not investigated for Stage 1. when was it built? 21 What building materials were accessed or made Plenty of building fabric samples locally? Can the bricks from the clamps known available for comparison. elsewhere on the Readymix site be used for dating or interpretation? 22 Does the town have an ecological footprint Not investigated for Stage 1. within which it exploited local resources and is this a useful model for interpreting past environmental information? 23 What use was made of local food resources Bone and plant evidence appears to such as native animals or plants? have reasonable survival in buried soil conditions, but not systematically tested. 24 Did environmental management result in This type of evidence may not be proliferation of weed species or pest animals recoverable. such as rats and rabbits? 25 What evidence is there of back-yard farming, This question remains valid and may soil improvement and deliberate agriculture? be answerable. 26 What does the evidence for grazing and Not investigated for Stage 1. pastoralism [sheep dips, farm house, fencing reveal about changes in land management in the later 19th and 20th centuries? 27 Can palaeomagnetism and OCR dating provide Not investigated for Stage 1. a relative dating tool for structures and soil formation processes on the site? Table 5.1. Research questions proposed in Old Marulan archaeological assessment [from BH+A Sept. 2006].

Additional questions prompted by the Stage 1 excavations.

Research questions Rationale 28 Is the restricted range of material goods, Picks up on identification of identical especially short-term consumables, real, and if clay tobacco pipes in OM 34A. so does it suggest importation in bulk? 29 Can the difference between ad hoc site This refers to OM 29 and whether the occupancy and discard from adjoining sites be artefact material is from its use or distinguished archaeologically? spill over from adjoining sites. 30 Does the placement of OM 34A reflect a general site limit within the town, ie a ‘back street’ line of ad hoc buildings along the rear of the blocks 31 Do the ratios of different glass and ceramic type reflect other factors of site occupancy? Table 5.2. Additional research questions prompted by results of Stage 1 excavation.

5.3 Recommended approach to excavation

1. As discussed above [Section 4.3] the approach to the excavation will be to aim for comprehensive recovery of archaeological information from good quality contexts within the impact area so that the loss of

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 62 March 2007 archaeological significance is mitigated by artefact recovery and an analysis that adds to our knowledge of Marulan’s historical development and place in 19th century society.

2. For Stage 2 all identified elements within the impact area will be further investigated unless excluded as a result of Stage 1 work [see table].

Element type Element No. Work in Stage 2 Dam / waterhole OM 20 No further action Exotic planting OM 42 Species identification Ground disturbance / OM 19 Full excavation Levelled area OM 26 Full excavation OM 29 Full excavation OM 30 Full excavation OM 33 Full excavation OM 36 Full excavation Linear drain feature OM 32 Section the alignment OM 34 Full excavation of OM 34A Section the alignment OM 37 Section the alignment OM 39 Section the alignment Pit / depression OM 24 No further action OM 35 Test trench OM 38 Test trench Possible structure OM 16 Test excavation OM 17 Test excavation OM 23 No further action OM 25 No further action OM 45 Test excavation Structure / levelled area OM 31 Full excavation Well MRHN 8 Full salvage Table 5.3. Proposed further action on specific sites.

3. The approach to documentation will be as follows:

i. Elements will be fully documented prior to any ground disturbance by removal of leaf litter, photography and survey using dumpy level. ii. Where test excavation is required this will be undertaken by hand in stratigraphic units. iii. Where sectioning is required this will be undertaken using mechanical excavator placing trenches of suitable length and width across the element. iv. Where full excavation is required this will be undertaken in the site trench framework, excavating 2 x 2 metre or 5 x 5 metre squares stratigraphically by hand. v. Works will be recorded during progress with high and low resolution digital photography, video recording and ‘happy snap’ photos for general use.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 63 March 2007 vi. All excavation will be recorded using field notebooks and pre- printed pro-forma archaeological unit recording sheets. These will be based on the Port Arthur Procedures Manual [Davies and Buckley 1987] format. vii. Following completion of works all stratigraphic evidence will be recorded, including photographs and drawings of continuous and standing sections, as is and interpretative plans of evidence and features located. viii. All artefacts recovered during excavation will be bagged by context [trench / area / stratigraphic unit] and then processed.

4. Site establishment will consist of:

i. The establishment of a Cartesian grid framework over the impact area for accurate spatial control of all evidence. Major interval points will be marked with survey pegs and the accurate MGA location of the grid will be established by surveyors. Excavation trenches will use this Cartesian grid as will survey data. ii. Further datums for vertical control will be established to allow all trenches to be surveyed in to a nearby point. These will be tied back to AHD. iii. All Stage 1 trenches will be tied back to the Cartesian grid framework. iv. Vehicle access routes will be identified to avoid known archaeological features. v. The location of Telstra lines will be confirmed by specialists and demarcated prior to ground disturbance.

5. Remote sensing may provide additional information about the site. Metal detector survey will be tried for selected areas that are to be fully excavated. The University of Sydney will be approached to conduct a joint survey of the site using ground penetrating radar and flux-gate magnetometry machines to determine its potential in places with igneous geology.

6. Excavation will aim to recover the full extent of sites and open areas, rather than just structural remains. The logic of this is that much activity and resulting evidence would have taken place in the open. The levelled areas and possible structures will be investigated with 2 x 2 metre square test pits, with larger trenches [up to 5 x 5 metres] being used for areas where no structural or activity remains are present.

7. Stage 3 will consist of the controlled mechanical grading of that part of the impact area not investigated archaeologically in Stage 2. The aim is to identify and pick up archaeological evidence that is otherwise not visible on the surface. This would include postholes, trees, possible drainage lines and ground disturbance. Based on Stage 1 it is also likely

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 64 March 2007 that much of topsoil in the impact may contain a reasonable quantity of artefact material.

8. Stage 3 work will require that removal of topsoil and revealing the underlying cultural and natural deposits is done in a controlled manner, so that features can be identified in optimal conditions, and that artefact material can be provenanced to within 10 x 10 metre quadrats.

9. Because of the dustiness of the soil it is recommended that dust suppression and control measures are established before Stage 2 gets underway.

10. Any features identified during Stage 3 [or by later monitoring] should be excavated to comparable archaeological standards as those undertaken in Stage 2.

5.4 Recommended post-excavation analysis

1. The Port Arthur Historic Site computerised archaeological database will be used as the cataloguing and inventory software for Old Marulan.

2. Stage 1 artefacts are to be entered in as a test assemblage and any necessary modifications are to be undertaken by a programmer prior to the commencement of Stage 2 fieldwork. All changes to the database are to backwards compatible with the primary Port Arthur system to ensure comparability.

3. Primary artefact processing [sort into fabric / wash, brush or other cleaning / raw counts / labelled bagging / data entry] is to be undertaken as part of the Stage 2 field program. This will require that an artefact processing ‘lab’ is set up in the field residence to be used for accommodation of the excavation team.

4. Specific artefact processing routines are to be developed for all artefact types. As an example glass will be primarily sorted by colour into black cylindrical / black case / olive – green tint / clear / etc. The next stage of sorting will be minimum number of individual [MNI] counts for defined aggregates of stratigraphic units. Specialist analyses will then be undertaken on classes of material [fabric type or artefact function], with all data being added to the database.

5. A type series will be created for all ceramics and glassware for comparative analysis and consistency in identification.

6. Authoritative and experienced analysts will be sought to undertake typological and descriptive work if available, or to peer review the analysis. Provision will also be made for students and researchers to catalogue parts of the collection under supervision.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 65 March 2007

7. Assemblages from each element will be described in terms of their quantity, representation of different fabric and forms and other broad descriptive characteristics. More importantly the assemblages will be interpreted according to possible functional evidence of how people lived and interacted with each other. This form of analysis is qualitative rather than quantitative, relying upon interpreting how artefacts are used in their social context. Specific topics raised by the research questions that need to be examined are:

· evidence of women and children living on the sites · presence of itinerant and marginal town occupants · how is material coming into the town – as personal possessions, as merchants bulk stores or mixed lots of low-grade and cheaper goods · the use of material possessions to differentiate class or social status · functional differences in assemblages between those associated with the inn and residences · evidence of consumption of non-European food, such as native animals and foods

8. The Woolpack Inn ledger will be indexed to supplement the other historical information about the town and to structure the interpretation of artefacts from OM 31. Key information to be indexed will be the identification of people, the types of goods and services that were issued and the prices paid.

9. Specific issues raised by the research questions require the following specialist analyses.

i. Identification of exotic tree planting species in OM 42. ii. Identification of timber species in Well MRNH 8. iii. Retrieval of any in situ fire samples for palaeomagnetism testing in fireplaces, brick kilns etc. iv. Recovery of pollens and plant macrofossil remains from any intact deposits. Stage 1 testing indicates optimum conditions for their survival are unlikely. v. Trace element analysis of soils to determine whether they have been improved or modified. vi. Analysis of soil column samples to determine relative loss of topsoil in different locations. vi. Recovery of carbon for OCR dating of structures and landscape works [if possible]. vii. Comparison of bricks and lime from sites around the entire town to identify if any chronological differences exist.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 66 March 2007 10. A materials conservator will be engaged to assist in preparing artefact processing and storage protocols and for advice on recovery of delicate remains.

11. A culling schedule will be submitted to the Heritage Office at the completion of excavation and artefact processing identifying what materials are to be discarded, retained only as samples, retained for long-term storage and retained for possible display. Following confirmation of the schedule the collection will be culled and the remainder prepared for long-term storage.

12. Readymix will negotiate with the Marulan and District Historical Society as the preferred recipient of the permanent artefact collection regarding storage, conservation, curation and display of the collection.

5.5 Recommended site management during construction

1. All archaeological remains within the impact area will be removed as a controlled process supervised by archaeologists either during Stage 2 archaeological investigation or as part of Stage 3 site clearance. No impact to archaeological remains outside the impact area and within the SHR is allowed by the Section 60 permit, and any access or other works are to be designed to avoid impact.

2. Readymix will provide the Heritage Office with a works method statement for construction works to be carried out within the SHR boundary, to be approved prior to the commencement of construction works on site. This will specify how work will take place within the SHR, including the management of any heritage, archaeological or other environmental impacts of the work. This may involve monitoring.

3. Readymix will induct all workers involved on the project on heritage and archaeological issues related to work within the SHR area, as well as in other specific locations where heritage items are to be affected. The induction will include: · background to the history of Old Marulan and its heritage significance · results of archaeological investigations to date · the protection regime that applies to SHR items under the Heritage Act 1977 · the protection regime that applies to relics under the Heritage Act 1977 · what provisions have been made to minimise impacts on archaeological resources in the SHR, including exclusion zones, designated access and vehicle routes, stockpile areas and so on · what relics may be encountered on the site and the process for advising when potential relics may have been uncovered.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 67 March 2007

4. Subject to the ability to salvage the contents and structure of MRNH 8 [the well] on the eastern side of the road during Stage 2, it is expected that no further site protection works will be required in the vicinity of the item. If all remains cannot be removed the structure remaining in situ is to be protected from impacts during construction and operation of the interchange where this can be achieved.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 68 March 2007 6. Bibliography

6.1 Periodicals

The Australian 19.1.1836

Australian Dictionary of Biography Thomas Woore Vol. 6, pp. 439-440 R. Marcus Clark Vol. 8, pp. 11-12

NSW Government Gazette 20.3.1936

NSW Legislative Assembly, Votes and Proceedings 1866 questions on notice – Main Southern Railway

Sydney Morning Herald 4.12.1867

6.2 Archival and unpublished sources

6.2.1 State Records of NSW [SRNSW]

Fiche 774 Electoral roll 1863/64 electoral district of Argyle

Reel 1355 NSW Hotel licenses 1830-1847 Reel 2222 1841 census abstracts

Item 13 / 9809 Dept Main Roads 2/75.1102 Part 1 Illawarra and Southern Division. Councils Camden, Wollondilly, Mittagong, Wingecarribee and Mulwaree. SH2 – Hume Highway.

6.2.2 Mitchell Library [ML] / State Library of NSW

FM4 / 5366 Woolpack Inn account book and associated loose items

6.2.3 NSW Land Titles Office

Land title records for the following properties:

Parish Marulan, County Argyle Section 1 – lots 1-10 Section 5 – lots 1-10 Section 7 – lots 1-9 Section 8 – lots 1-15

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 69 March 2007 Section 10 – lot 10 Section 12 – lots 1-5 Portion 294 - Special Lease 1934 / 1

6.2.4 National Library of Australia J. and C. Walker 1837 This map of the colony of New South Wales … exhibiting the situation and extent of the appropriated land … dedicated to Sir John Barrow … by … Robert Dixon, NLA Map G 8971.G46.1837.

6.3 Published sources

Atkinson, Louisa 1980 Excursions from Berrima and a trip to Manaro and Molonglo in the 1870's, Mulini Press, Canberra.

Banksia Heritage + Archaeology [BH+A] 2006 Old Marulan, County Argyle: a research design and archaeological compliance plan for work by Readymix, report prepared for Rinker [Australia] Pty Ltd and Umwelt [Australia] Pty Ltd.

Barnett, Pam 1981 Report for the Inquiry into the making of a permanent conservation order – the history of Marulan, unpublished report, NSW Department of Planning – Heritage Office.

Cambage, R.H. 1921 ‘Exploration between the Wingecarribee, Shoalhaven, Macquarie and Murrumbidgee rivers’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 7 [5], pp. 217-287.

Eddy, Maureen 1985 Marulan: ‘a unique heritage’, Marulan 150, Canberra Publishing and Printing Company.

Gilpin, Alan 1981 An inquiry pursuant to section 41c of the Heritage Act 1977 into objections to the making of a conservation order in respect of the place known as Old Marulan town together with its site as shown edged heavy black on plan catalogued H.C. 384 held in the offices of the Heritage Council of New South Wales, NSW Department of Planning, Sydney.

Lhotsky, J. 1979 A Journey from Sydney to the Australian Alps undertaken in the months of January, February and March, 1834 by Dr. John Lhotsky, Blubberhead Press, Hobart, facsimile of 1839 edition,, Andrews, A.E. J. [editor].

Temple, Helen 1981

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 70 March 2007 Old Marulan town, Hume Highway, New South Wales. Archaeological evaluation, report to NSW Department of Environment and Planning.

Umwelt [Australia] Pty Ltd 2005 Environmental impact statement – Readymix Holdings Pty Ltd – proposed Lynwood Quarry, Marulan.

Wells, W.H. 1848 A geographical dictionary or gazetteer of the Australian colonies, Library of Australian History, Milsons Point.

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 71 March 2007 Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation 72 March 2007 Appendix 1

Photo record log

All photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 400D Digital Camera, using a 28-80 mm lens. Images were saved in RAW format with a minimum file size of 10MB which are to be retained as reference images, and as JPG images that may be further manipulated. Proof printouts of all images are attached.

Date Image File Element Facing Comment 22.1.7 1 IMG_0011 OM 20 W 2 IMG_0012 OM 20 S 3 IMG_0013 OM 20 NE 4 IMG_0014 OM 19 S 5 IMG_0015 OM 19 SE 6 IMG_0016 OM 19 NE 7 IMG_0017 OM 19 NW 8 IMG_0018 OM 19 N 9 IMG_0019 OM 20 W 10 IMG_0020 OM 20 W 11 IMG_0021 OM 20 NW 12 IMG_0022 OM 23 - 13 IMG_0023 OM 23 - 14 IMG_0024 OM 23, 24 - 15 IMG_0025 OM 24 N 16 IMG_0026 - - 17 IMG_0027 - - 18 IMG_0028 OM 24 NW 19 IMG_0029 OM 25 N 20 IMG_0030 OM 25 N 23.1.7 21 IMG_0031 OM 19 SW 22 IMG_0032 OM 19 N 23 IMG_0033 OM 19 N 24 IMG_0034 - W 25 IMG_0035 - SE 26 IMG_0036 OM 19 N 27 IMG_0037 OM 19 N 28 IMG_0038 OM 19 N 29 IMG_0039 OM 19 N 30 IMG_0040 OM 19 E Base spit 1 31 IMG_0041 OM 19 E Base spit 2 32 IMG_0042 - Wildlife 33 IMG_0043 - Wildlife 34 IMG_0044 - Wildlife 35 IMG_0045 OM 31 NE General 36 IMG_0046 OM 31 E General 37 IMG_0047 OM 31 E General 38 IMG_0048 OM 30 N 39 IMG_0049 OM 31 N 40 IMG_0050 OM 31 S 41 IMG_0051 OM 31 Vertical Artefacts 42 IMG_0052 OM 31 Vertical Structure 43 IMG_0053 OM 31 SE Structure

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 44 IMG_0054 OM 31 SE 45 IMG_0055 Telstra N Bunker 46 IMG_0056 General S PMG lines 47 IMG_0057 General NE PMG lines 48 IMG_0058 OM 19 E TP 2 – Spit 3 49 IMG_0059 OM 19 E TP 1 – Spit 2 50 IMG_0060 OM 19 W TP 2 West section 51 IMG_0061 OM 29 S 52 IMG_0062 OM 29 E 24.1.7 53 IMG_0063 OM 29 E 54 IMG_0064 OM 29 E 55 IMG_0065 OM 29 E 56 MarulanSt1_60 OM 29 S 57 MarulanSt1_61 OM 29 E 58 MarulanSt1_62 OM 30 E 59 MarulanSt1_63 OM 30 E 60 MarulanSt1_64 OM 29 N 61 MarulanSt1_65 OM 29 E 62 MarulanSt1_66 OM 29 W 63 MarulanSt1_67 OM 32 SE 64 MarulanSt1_68 OM 32 S 65 MarulanSt1_69 OM 34A E 66 MarulanSt1_70 OM 34A E 67 MarulanSt1_71 OM 34B E 68 MarulanSt1_72 OM 34B E 69 MarulanSt1_73 OM 34C E 70 MarulanSt1_74 OM 34C E 71 MarulanSt1_75 OM 34C E 72 MarulanSt1_76 OM 34C N 73 MarulanSt1_77 OM 34C S 74 MarulanSt1_78 General E 75 MarulanSt1_79 General N 76 MarulanSt1_80 General E 77 MarulanSt1_81 General E 78 MarulanSt1_82 OM 34C N 79 MarulanSt1_83 OM 34C N 80 MarulanSt1_84 OM 34A W 81 MarulanSt1_85 OM 34A W 82 MarulanSt1_86 OM 34C W 83 MarulanSt1_87 OM 34C S 84 MarulanSt1_88 OM 38 E 85 MarulanSt1_89 OM 38 E 86 MarulanSt1_90 OM 38 E 87 MarulanSt1_91 OM 34C N 88 MarulanSt1_92 OM 34C N 89 MarulanSt1_93 OM 34B W 90 MarulanSt1_94 OM 34B W 91 MarulanSt1_95 OM 34B W 92 MarulanSt1_96 OM 34B W 93 MarulanSt1_97 OM 38 W 94 MarulanSt1_98 OM 38 W

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 APPENDIX 2

Air photo report

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 APPENDIX 3

Section 60 Approval – Stage 1 archaeology

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007 APPENDIX 4

Appendix 7 to DA 128-5-2005

Footnotes

1 EIS Appendix 4pp. 4, App. 4B 2 Cambage 1921: 219-221 3 SRNSW Reel 2222 p. 147 ref. 55 4 SRNSW Reel 2222 p. 145 ref. 19 5 SRNSW fiche 774 6 Wells 1848 p. 15 7 Temple 1981 8 Atkinson 1980 9 ADB 6: 439-40 10 NSWLCV+P 1866 11 Barnett 1981 12 SMH 4.12.1867 13 DMR 13/9809 File 2/75.1102 Pt 1 14 Temple 1981; Gilpin 1981 15 SRNSW Reel 1355 16 Lhotsky 24-25 17 Peters to Col Sec – date 20.6.1835 18 Australian 19.1.1836 19 LTO Serial 203 pages 195-200 20 LTO Book 1 No 638 – 2.8.1842 21 LTO Book 22 No. 570 – 17.3.1852 22 Steve Mansour – S&L Searching Services, pers. comm.. 23 LTO Book 1729 No. 802 – 12.9.1935 24 LTO Book 3611 No. 430 – 20.12.1984 25 LTO Title 13-14/797340 – 20.1.1989 26 LTO Book 2177 No. 857 – 23.6.1951 27 Umwelt, EIS, Appendix 12, p. 2.9 28 NSW Government Gazette 20.3.1936 29 LTO Serial 37 pages 77-78 – 2.1.1834, Serial 202 pages 227-228 – 3.3.1838 30 LTO Book 22 no. 831 – 21.4.1852 31 LTO Book 124 No. 230 – 24.3.1871 32 LTO Book 174 no. 971 – 19.11.1877 33 LTO 1729 No. 802 – 12.9.1935 34 LTO 2177 No. 857 – 23.6.1951 35 LTO Book 3611 No 430 – 20.12.1984 36 LTO Titles 7-10 / 797340 – 20.1.1989 37 Mitchell Library – Woolpack Inn account book - FM4 / 5366, p. 431 38 LTO Serial 202 pages 196-197 – 3.3.1838 39 LTO Book 2 nos 705, 706 40 Title searching of different sources failed to find any evidence of property transactions between 1842 and 1935 [Steve Mansour S&L Searching Services pers. comm.]. LTO Book 1729 No. 803 – 11.9.1935 41 LTO Book 2177 No 857 – 30.6.1951 42 LTO Book 3611 No 430 – 20.12.1984 43 LTO Titles 11-12 / 797340 44 LTO Serial 202, page 209 – 3.3.1838 45 LTO Book 6 No. 555 – 31.12.1839

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007

46 LTO Book 208 No. 967 – 5.10.1880 47 LTO Book 252 No. 991 – 21.8.1882 48 ADB 8 pp. 11-12 49 LTO Book 1729 No. 803 – 11.9.1935 50 LTO Book 2177 No. 857 – 23.6.1951 51 LTO Book 3611 No. 430 – 20.12.1984 52 Richard Savage – Readymix, pers. comm.. 53 LTO Serial 202 Page 70 – 5.3.1838 54 LTO Book N No. 704 – 15-16.10.1838 55 LTO Book O No. 788 – 11.5.1839 56 LTO Book 260 No. 983 – 21.12.1882 57 LTO Book 1056, No. 939 – 11.5.1915 58 LTO Serial 202 Pages 117, 118 – 5.3.1838 59 LTO Book 1729 No 802 – 12.9.1935 60 LTO Book 2177 No. 857 – 23.6.1951 61 LTO Book 3611 No. 430 – 20.12.1984 62 LTO Titles 13-14 / 797340 – 20.1.1989 63 LTO Volume 9278 folio 180 64 LTO Vol. 10664 Folio 182 – 3.11.1967 65 LTO Vol. 10664 Folio 182 – 7.8.1979; Lot 11 / 111641 – 4.3.1985 66 See certificate of title 11/111641;

Marulan - Stage 1 archaeological investigation March 2007