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EARTHQUAKE 2015 IN : RESPONSE AND RECOVERY (CULTUREAL HERITAGE)

Dr. Suresh Suras SHRESTHA, Head, World Heritage Conservation Section Department of Archaeology , Nepal

“Implementation of the cultural heritage-related elements of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)” 9 - 11 March 2016, Washington DC, USA

Nepal Nepal is a small land-locked country situated in the heart of Asia. North of it lies the People’s Republic of and Republic of to the east, west and south.

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World Heritage Properties

Natural World Heritage Site

KATHMANDU VALLEY SAGARMATHA

CHITWAN

Cultural World Heritage Sites

Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property

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Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property Consists 7 Protected Monument Zones 1. Hanumandhoka Durbar Protected Monument Zone 2. Patan Durbar Protected Monument Zone 3. Durbar Protected Monument Zone 4. Pashupati Protected Monument Zone 5. Changu Narayan Protected Monument Zone 6. Bouddha Area Protected Monument Zone 7. Swayambhu Protected Monument Zone

Earthquake on 25th April 2015

 Kathmandu Valley has been in the Earthquake prone area since several hundreds of years  Several activities has carried out for Earthquake Preparedness in Nepal, some of the preparedness – awareness programs were also held for cultural heritage  All of sudden, the Earthquake was happened for about a minute and several monuments were turned into ruins on 25th April 2015 and later.

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Earthquake …

 Cultural Heritage affected by the earthquake:  Monuments affected:  In total (all over the country) - 750  Completely Collapsed - 133  Partially/Partly Collapsed - 95  Partially damaged – 522

 Within the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property  Completely Collapsed - 37  Partially/Partly Collapsed - 162  In total – 199

Hanumandhoka durbar Protected monument zone

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CHYASIN DEGA: Before Earthquake After Earthquake

DEGU TALEJU TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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GADDI BAITHAK

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

KASTHAMANDAP

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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MAJU DEGA: Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

NARAYAN TEMPLE Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

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NAUTALE DURBAR

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

PANCHAMUKHI HANUMAN After Earthquake

Before Earthquake

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OVER VIEW OF TALEJU AND DEGU TALEJU TEMPLE

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

Bhaktapur Durbar Protected Monument Zone

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BATSALA TEMPLE Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

OVERVIEW OF

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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ENTRANCE GATE – SOUTH OF DURBAR SQUARE

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

FASI DEGA:

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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NARAYAN TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

KEDARNATH TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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SIDDHILAXMI TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

BHAIRAV TEMPLE– not affected

Before Earthquake After Earthquake – not affected

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NYATAPOL TEMPLE – not affected

Before Earthquake After Earthquake – not affected

ChanguNarayan Protected Monument Zone

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KILESHWPR MAHADEV TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

CHANGU NARAYAN TEMPLE Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

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LAXMI NARAYAN TEMPL

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

MAIN ENTRANCE GATE – COMPLEX

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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AMATYA SATTAL – MUSEUM BUILDING

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

CHAUGHERA SATTAL

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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Patan Durbar Protected Monument Zone

OVERVIEW OF

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

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CHAR NARAYAN TEMPLE

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

STONE PILLAR – STATUE OF YOGNARENDRA MALLA

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TALEJU TEMPLE - PATAN

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

CHYASIN DEGA - PATAN After Earthquake

Before Earthquake

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HARI SHANKAR TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

DEGU TALEJU TEMPLE After Earthquake – not affected

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake – not affected Krishna Temple

Narsimha Temple

Bouddha Protected Monument Zone

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BOUDDHA STUPA

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

Swayambhu Protected Monument Zone

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ANANTAPUR

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

PRATAPPUR TEMPLE Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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DEVADHARMA MAHAVIHAR

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

SHANTIPUR TEMPLE

Before Earthquake After Earthquake

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SWAYAMBHU MAHACHAITYA Before Earthquake After Earthquake

KARMARAJ MAHAVIHARA

After Earthquake Before Earthquake ruined surrounding area

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DHARAHARA – beyond KVWHP boundary Before Earthquake After Earthquake

RESPONSE TO THE EARTHQUAKE

EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES

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Post Earthquake Emergency Response Activities

 Earthquake and Emergency Rescue Operation for Cultural Heritage

 Immediate Response - Data Collection and Preliminary Assessment - Mobilization of Rescue Team

 Evacuation, Salvaging and Immediate Protection of the Sites  Discussion and Interaction with Experts and Contractors  Documentation of the Sites

 Stabilization and Temporary Protection of the Sites - Rainy Season  Formation of Experts Groups  Detail Damage Assessment

 Preparation of drawings, designs and cost estimation

 Long Term Conservation, Renovation and Reconstruction Planning

Post Earthquake Activities …

Detail Assessment

on the basis of preliminary assessment – Site wise detail assessments were carried out through the National Experts of DoA

The Detail Assessment has been carrying out through the International Assistance Emergency Fund provided by UNESCO World Heritage Center and also through the international collaboration with other government

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Post Earthquake Activities …

Improvement on existing organizational structures appointment of 105 additional human resources: Architects and Engineers (65), Sub-Engineers (10), Archaeological officers (5), Computer Operators (3) and other supporting staffs

The Earthquake Response Coordination Office (ERCO) has established in coordination with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu from the beginning of the Post Earthquake Activities – ERCO has been supporting as a supplement for documentation and coordination among the numerous stakeholders

Post Earthquake Activities …

Recovery Master Plan

6 years Action Plan has already declared by the government of Nepal, Department of Archaeology as a way to go, amendment would be done as per the necessity

Site wise Master Plan has also been preparing, however its on the discussion and some of them are in progress

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Post Earthquake Activities …

Policy and Amendment of Conservation Guidelines

Post Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy has approved and implemented by the government through Nepal Reconstruction Authority

Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Guidelines has also approved by the Government of Nepal

Post Earthquake Activities …

Preparation of drawings, designs and cost estimation

As DoA has been strengthening its organizational capacity, preparation of drawing, designs and cost estimation has also been preparing very smoothly in the process of detail documentation after Earthquake

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International Cooperation for Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

International Cooperation for Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation Assistance from UNESCO WHC/ Office in Kathmandu Government of Nepal has received International Assistance Fund for Emergency Situation, through which the emergency activities for post earthquakes are going on

Besides that, DoA and UNESCO Office in Kathmandu have signed in three different MoU for Emergency Activities as well as for protection and overall further way out

DoA and Heritage and Environment Conservation Foundaiton Nepal has also singed in a MoU for Emergency Protection, Comprehensive Master Plan and Research work, which is for Changu Narayan Protected Monument Zone, one of the component of KVWHP

Government of Nepal and China also singed in a MoU for conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation of monuments within Hanumandhoka Durbar Protected Monument Zone (Nautale Durbar) and Nuwakot Durbar Complex

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International Cooperation …

GIZ has assisted providing construction material for emergency protection as well as for the conservation of some monuments in Bhaktapur Durbar Protected Monument Zone, one of the component of KVWHP

A short Project on Sorting and Storing the wooden elements (collected) from the collapsed monuments within Hanumandhoka Durbar PMZ is being implementation in close coordination with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu and national Experts thevery soon (within one or two weeks)

Rescue of Mural Painting of Shantipur at Swyambhu is also going to start very soon (from November 20) in collaboration with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu

Archaeological Exploration and Excavation activities has been going on in close coordination with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu and Durham University, UK

International Cooperation …

 ARCHES, one of the Documentation System is going to be adopt and implement in the documentation over all in the cultural heritage of Nepal, which is also in close collaboration with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu through Earthquake Response Coordination Office (ERCO)

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National Cooperation For Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

National Cooperation for Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation KATHMANDU METROPOLITAN CITY AND BHAKTAPUR MUNICIPALITY has been initiating for post earthquake conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation allocating budget for conservation and rehabilitation of monuments

Bhaktapur Municipality has been conducting series of trainings for traditional masons. Crafts-persons, carpenters and so on

Kathmandu Metropolitan City has also been conducting trainings for Documentation of heritage buildings and initiating for other technical trainings

National Planning Commission, Ministry of Urban Development , Ministry of Local Development and other related Ministries has also been initiating for the best of post earthquake conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation

Coordinative Working Committee has been also actively working in this regard (CWC – IMF/KVWHP)

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During Post Earthquake Response and Recovery Situation

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Full inventory and detail documentation of the elements

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CHALLENGES & LESSON LEARNT

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CHALLENGES COORDINATION Within National Agencies - Army, Police, Armed Police Force, volunteer organizations/individuals With International Agencies With Humanitarian Volunteers/Agency With Heritage professionals & Volunteers Government and Bureaucracy

CHALLENGES …

EMERGENCY RESPONSE Identification of Heritage Preliminary Assessment Detail Assessment Salvaging and Documentation Emergency Protection Short Term and Long Term Planning

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CHALLENGES …

EXISTING LEGISLATIONS Lacking Provisions in the Existing Legislative system Quick arrangement for Special Legislative Provisions during Quick Response to the Earthquake Special Planning and Legislative and Functional Provisions for reconstruction, rehabilitation, conservation, resettlement of towns and villages

LESSON LEARNT

PREPAREDNESS – must always be updated/ready to implement Complete study on the cultural heritage; at least the World Heritage Sites and other national designated heritage Publish and disseminate the reports, inventories of studied heritage to make aware the people Clear indication of evacuation planning or lay out within the area

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LESSON …

PREPAREDNESS – must always be updated/ready to implement Clear identification of the heritage – which is which monument

Well equipped with necessary tools to work quickly and correctly

MAKE AWARE TO THE HERITAGE PROFESSIONALS TO MOBILISE WITH SELF MOTIVATION IN THE DISASTER SITUATION

LESSON …

EMERGENCY RESPONSE Identification of Heritage – well prepared documentations Preliminary Assessment – trained staffs Detail Assessment – trained expertise / staffs Salvaging and Documentation – trained human resources – Army, Police and other collective potential groups

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LESSON …

Emergency Protection - trained professionals : staffs, consultants Short term and long term planning - Patience work by government and community Community Awareness – full support for reconstruction and rehabilitation process

LESSON …

COORDINATION – should be an identified coordination mechanism as now ERCO Within National Agencies - Army, Police, Armed Police Force, volunteer organizations/individuals With International Agencies – integral coordination for heritage With Humanitarian Volunteers/Agency With Heritage professionals & Volunteers Government and Bureaucracy

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Conclusion

The earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the aftershocks have caused the damage to the World Heritage property; however it has been a coordinated response and planning for stepwise rehabilitation is underway. The Department of Archaeology, government of Nepal has been working together with National and International communities including UNESCO in a coordinative way in the post-earthquake situation.

The Department of Archaeology has been doing its best for better conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation of the monuments and revive the OUV of Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property as well as of other national heritages

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