Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl DOI 10.2478/biorc-2019-0002 Submitted 08.08.2018, Accepted 06.02.2019
A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
Kamal C. Semwal1* & Vinod K. Bhatt2
1Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, P. Box 12676, Mai Nefhi, Asmara, Eritrea (East Africa) 2Navdanya Reserach Foundation, 105, Rajpur Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India * corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-8911)
Abstract. We report mycodiversity of the different forest types of the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. The results drawn here are based on the study carried out in the different forest sites of the Garhwal Himalaya during the rainy season from 2013 to 2015. We collected a total of 323 specimens, including 310 specimens belonging to Basidiomycota and 13 to Ascomycota. Furthermore, 212 specimens of Basidiomycota were identified and grouped into 33 families, 75 genera and 198 species, while 13 specimens of Ascomycota were grouped into 7 families, 7 genera and 11 species. 127 species were found in oak dominated temperate broadleaved forest, while 42 were collected from coniferous and 19 from the mixed woodland composed mainly of Quercus, Myrica, Rhododendron and Pinus trees in middle to higher hills, and Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis in the dipterocarp forests of lower hills. In terms of fungal species distribution in these forests, Amanitaceae, Russulaceae and Boletaceae were found most dominant in oak dominated forests, whereas Tricholomataceae and Cantharellaceae were commonly found in Pinus and Cedrus dominated forests and those belonging to family Cortinariaceae – in mixed forests. Species belonging to the families Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae and Tricholomataceae were found dominant in dipterocarp forest in the lower Himalayan region.The majority of species belonging to all families were found near lower to mid range altitude, which may result from the overlapping effect of atmospheric temperature and climate. The members of seven families, i.e., Russulaceae, Amanitaceae, Tricholomataceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Cortinariaceae and Gomphaceae, were found as main ectomycorrhizal forming species from the elevation range of 500-2800 m a.s.l., in all four forest types.
Key words: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, diversity, distribution, forest communities, Garhwal Himalaya, India
1. Introduction (Sharma & Kumar 1991; Suyal et al. 2010; Semwal et al. 2014). These forests provide favorable conditions Uttarakhand is one of the northwestern Himalayan for the growth of various types of macrofungi (Semwal states of India. It borders on Himachal Pradesh in the et al. 2014). Topographically Uttarakhand (28’44” N to north-west, Uttar Pradesh in south, Nepal in south-east 31’28” N latitude and 77’34” E to 81’03” E longitude) and China in north. It has two distinct politico-cultural encompasses an area of 53,485 km2., which accounts for provinces known as Garhwal and Kumaon. The state nearly 15.5% of the total geographical area of western comprises 13 districts, namely: Chamoli, Dehradun, Himalayas. As much as 64.81% (34661.52 km2) of the Haridwar, Pauri, Rudraprayag, Tehri, and Uttarkashi in the total geographical area of this state is covered by dense Garhwal province and Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, broadleaved and scattered coniferous forests (FSI 2003). Nainital, Pithoragarh and Udham Singh Nagar in the These conditions favour the wood rotting fungi, as well Kumaon province. Both provinces relish Shorea robusta fungi that aid wood stump degradation and, at the same tree dominated forests in the lower Himalayan region time, are pathogens of living trees as well. Reports on and oak dominated forests with the admixture of such the occurrence of macrofungi have been limited only species as, among others: Betula, Rhododendron, and to certain groups of the macrofungi found in the state, Myrica, in the higher Himalayan region of temperate i.e., Amanita (Bhatt et al. 2003; Semwal 2003; Semwal zone, or with Cedrus and other coniferous trees, such et al. 2005, 2006, 2007), Russula and Lactarius (Das et as: Pinus, Taxus and Abies, in other altitudinal ranges al. 2002, 2003, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Das CHOROLOGY
©Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Department of Plant Taxonomy. All rights reserved. 8 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
& Sharma 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005) and literature (Else & Hvass 1978; Singer 1986; Lamaison a few scattered reports on other groups of Agaricales & Polese 2005; Binion et al. 2008; Phillips 2010). (Semwal et al. 2018). But taking into account the total All collected specimens are presently kept in forest covered area, tree diversity and forest types, the personal herbarium of the first author (KCS) there is still a big potential for the study of macrofungi. with collection numbers, but ultimately, they will The data presented herein will enhance the available be deposited in the Hemwati Nandan Bahugna information about the wild macrofungal diversity of the Garhwal University Herbarium (GUH), Srinagar Uttarakhand state of India. Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India to obtain regular 2. Material and methods herbarium accession numbers. All the photographs are with the first author (KCS) in his digital photo The diversity and distribution of the macromycetes depository. recorded in the present study is based on the collections The nomenclature of fungi used in this work made during the years 2013 to 2015, in the different follows different sources. forest types of Uttarakhand (Fig. 1). The ecological The nomenclature of tree species was given data and fruit body photographs were recorded in according to Suyal et al. (2010), Negi and Dhyani nature with the aid of Nikon Coolpix P510, and (2012), Bisht and Bhatt (2013) (Table 1). morphological features were described from fresh material. Associated trees were also recorded and 3. Results ectomycorrhizal connections traced after observation 3.1. List and characteristics of species of roots. For microscopic studies, the dried material was revived in 3% aq. KOH or 10% aq. ammonia and Fungal expeditions to the Uttarakhand Himalaya microscopic structures were studied using 2% Congo during the rainy seasons of 2013 to 2015 provided data Red and 2% phloxine. Melzer’s reagent was also used on macrofungal diversity and distribution in this region. to detect the amyloid and dextrinoid reaction of the A total of 323 specimens were collected, out of which spore wall for some specimens, where it was required 310 specimens belonged to Basidiomycota and 13 to to delimit the species in a particular taxonomic section. Ascomycota. The detailed data about the number of The spores were studied from the spore deposits as well specimens in each family and identified species were as from the fresh material. Identification of sporocarps presented in the list below. In a few cases, the varieties was aided with morphological and microscopic features of species found in the studied area are described. For that tallied with field guides and available taxonomic most species, the following information was provided:
A B
Fig. 1. Location of the Uttarakhand state in India (A) and the studied Garhwal Division (B) (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand#/ media/File:IN-UT.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg) Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 9
Table 1. List of major tree species in 4 types of forest communities occurring in the Garhwal Himalaya, with their ranges of altitude
Forest Type Major trees/ Shrubs Local name Elevation (m a.s.l.) Coniferous Cedrus deodara [Roxb.] G. Don. Devdar 2000-3000 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Cheed 1200-2000 P. wallichiana A.B. Jackson Kail 2100-2500 Cupressus torulosa D. Don ex Lamb. Devidiyar 2300-3300 Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Thuner 2000-2600 Pilger
Broadleaved Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus Banj 1850-2300 Oak dominated Q. semecarpifolia Smith Kharsu 2000-2500 Q. dilatata Lindle. ex Royle Moru 2000-2500 Q. floribunda, Lindl. ex A. Camus Tilonz 2000-2400 Rhododendron arboreum Smith Buransh 1800-2600 Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Son pati above 3000 Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don Safed burans above 3000 Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex. D. Don. Kaafal 1850-2500 Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Anyar 1850-2200 Betula utilis D. Don Bhojpatra 2500-3000 Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook. Pangar 2300-2600 Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees & Eberm. Daalchini or Tejpatar 1900-2400 Corylus jacquemontii Decne. Bhotia Badam 2100-2600 Juglans regia L. Akhrot 1750-2300 Dipterocarpus Shorea robusta Gaertn. Sal 400-1000 Tectona grandis Linn. Sagonor Teak 400-1000 Mallotus philippensis Muell. Rohini 400-1000 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Gular or Kachnar 400-1000 Mixed In lower hills, major trees include Shorea robusta Gaertn. (Sal), Tectona grandis Linn. (Teak) , Mallotus philippensis Muell. (Rohini), Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. (Gular) and scattered pines.
In higher hills, major trees included Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.-Ayanr), Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook. (Pangar), Quercus spp., Pinus spp., Cupressus torulosa D. Don ex Lamb. (Devidayar), and Cedrus deodara (Devdar).
morphological description, type of forest community thick, wavy, viscid when wet, yellowish brown to and species of trees or shrubs with which they are ochraceous yellow, stem terete, yellowish, often mealy- associated and the height above sea level. The attention granulated. was drawn to species used for food. The list of species D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in soil, among moss, in was supplemented with original photographs of some coniferous and broadleaved forest, under Cupressus taxa (Appendix 1). torulosa and oak trees, in elevation range from 1900- 2300 m a.s.l.; solitary. Leotia cf. viscosa Fr. (App. 1/2); ascocarp irregular ASCOMYCOTA hemispheric and convoluted head, wavy, viscid when wet, dull olive green, stem terete, grayish green, often Family: Leotiaceae mealy-granulated, hollow. (Number of specimens: 2) D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in soil, among moss, in broadleaved forest under the canopy of Quercus Leotia lubrica Fr. (App. 1/1); ascocarp irregular leucotrichophora, in elevation range from 1900 m a.s.l; – cushion shaped or in the form of convoluted head, in groups. 10 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
Family: Helvellaceae D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows only in coniferous forests, at (Number of specimens: 4) elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l., in humicolous soil associated with the leaf litter of Cedrus deodara Helvella elastica Bull.; ascocarp small, saddle and Cupressus torulosa. This mushroom has the same shaped, appeared depressed, with 2-4 lobes, free to value as M. esculenta. adnexed to stem, yellowish; stipewith ribs, hollow, U s e s : edible and delicious. twisted. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on ground in coniferous and Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae broadleaved forest, under Cedrus deodara and oak trees, (Number of specimens: 1) at elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; among leaf litter, solitary. Ophiocordyceps nutans Pat. (App. 1/4); fruit body Other species from the family Helvellaceae: Helvella (stroma) or fertile head cylindrical, orangish red to lacunosa Afzel. orangish yellow; stem blackish downwards, light orangish red to whitish towards apex. Family: Xylariaceae D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in oak forest on the head (Number of specimens: 2) or mouth of insects of Heteroptera (stink bugs). This mushroom differs from other fungal species in its Xylaria hypoxylon (L. ex Hooker) Grev.; fruit body growth habit, it grows at elevation range from 1900- (stroma) cylindric, then flattened with bifurcate or 2200 m a.s.l. branched at apex, powdered white, lower part blackish hairy. Family: Pezizaceae D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in dipterocarp forest, on dead (Number of specimens: 1) tree stumps of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis (600 m a.s.l.); in cluster or gregarious. Peziza badia Pers. (App. 1/5); ascocarp small, Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. ex Merat) Grev. (App. irregular, saucer- or cup-shaped, attached to the 1/3); fruit body (stroma) club-shaped, ended downwards substrate, inner surface smooth, wine brown to as cylindric stalk, grayish black to blackish, surface browinish yellow, outer surface lighter in colour in granulated or roughened. comparision to inner surface. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on dead tree trunks of tree D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest dominated stumps of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis, in by oak trees, in mid altitude; at elevation range from dipterocarp forests (600 m a.s.l.); solitary or in cluster. 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary or gregarious.
Family: Morchellaceae Family: Pyronemataceae (Number of specimens: 2) (Number of specimens: 1)
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.; ascocarp small Aleuria aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel (App. 1/6); ascocarp to medium, apothecia rounded to ovoid, sometimes small, cup or disk shaped, inner surface orangish- elongated to conical, dull yellowish to yellowish brown, yellow, smooth, outer surface scurfy and having whitish outer surface with irregular pits and ridges, ridged hairs, light orangish-yellow. yellowish, grayish brown at maturity; stem creamish, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in an open area, among moss, wrinkled, often granulose. at elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary or D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows only in coniferous forests, gregarious. under the canopy of Cedrus deodara and Cupressus torulosa, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l., in humicolous soil. This mushroom occurrs during the BASIDIOMYCOTA months of March and April, only after lightning and thunder storms. This mushroom is highly prized and Family: Amanitaceae delicious to eat. Locally it is known as Guchhi, and (Number of specimens: 43) villagers collect and consume it, and sell in dry season. U s e s : delicious for eating and highly priced, also Amanita avellaneosquamosa (S. Imai) S. Imai; sold in market basidioma medium; cap convex to plano-convex, Morchella conica (Pers.) Fr.; ascocarp small to slightly depressed in the centre, white to milky white, medium, apothecia spindle-shaped to conical, wine covered with small brownish orange squamules; margin brownish, with dark ridges; stem creamish, twisted or slightly striate, appendiculate; gills free, close; stem wrinkled, often granulose. tapering upwards, white, pruinose to mealy, floccose Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 11
Fig. 2. Number of species in the families of macromycetes (Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) found in the area of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, in the year 2013-2015
scaly at base; ring fugacious; volva saccate, with limbs. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Common in dipterocarp forest, Distribution: Grows under pine and Myrica trees, in dominated by Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis, the elevation ranges from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; solitary particularly at elevations from 600 to 1500 m a.s.l.; to scattered. grows in soil, solitary to gregarious. Amanita ceciliae (Berk. & Br.) Bas (App. 1/7); U s e s : Very commonly collected and eaten by local basidioma medium to large; cap convex to plano- people. convex, finally plane, slightly depressed in the centre, Amanita concentrica T. Oda, C. Tanaka & Tsuda grayish yellow to brownish orange, often covered with (App. 1/9); basidioma medium to large; cap convex brownish gray to grayish brown, thin, floccose-felted to planar with age, white to yellowish white, cream in patches; margin tuberculate-striate; gills free, close; middle, covered with white to yellowish pyramidal to stem densely decorated with gray to brownish gray conic volval warts; margin short-striate, appendiculate; fibrils; volval remnants on stipe base, blackish brown, gills free, white, crowded; stem subcylindric, white to ragged fragments in concentric rings. off white, with large upward pointing, recurved scales D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in pine forest, under Pinus at base; basal bulbfusiform, white; volval remnants on roxburghii, in the elevation ranges from 1800-2100 m the upper part of the bulb as thick, recurved scales or a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. warts, in 2-5 distinct ascending concentric rings; ring Amanita chepangiana Tulloss & Bhandary (App. superior, membranous, whitish. 1/8); basidioma medium to very large; cap convex, plane D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous and mixed with age, white to cream white; margin tuberculate- forest, under oak, Rhododendron arboreum, Pinus striate; gills free; stem white, with whitish appressed, roxburghii and Cupressus torulosa trees, in soil, in zigzag arranged fibrils; ring superior; volva thick, elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to saccate, often with limbs, very large. scattered. 12 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
Amanita flavipes S. Imai (App. 1/10); basidioma Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang & Yoshim. medium to large; cap convex to plano-convex, and Doi; basidioma medium to large; cap plano-convex, finally plane with age, brown, leather brown to light plane with age, white to whitish, concolourous, glabrous, brown over disc, vivid yellow towards margin, covered volval remnants sometimes present in the form of a with yolk yellow to grayish yellow irregular conic warts; single white membranous patch; margin smooth non- gills free, whitish to yellowish; stem with yellowish appendiculate;gills free, white, close to crowded; stem white, finely ornamented appressed zigzag fibrils above slightly tapering upwards, white to whitish, glabrous annulus, pulverulent to mealy below; basal bulb ovate to floccose at below; ring superior, thin, whitish with to sub-globose, covered with yellow to yolk yellow pinkish brown tinge, pendant, membranous or friable; small floccose patches or friable warts; ring superior, bulb subglobose to ovoid; volva limbate, 2-3limbs, membranous, yolk yellow. subglobose to ovate, membranous, white. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous and mixed D i s t r i b u t i o n : Fairly common in mixed broad forests, under pine, Cupressus torulosa, Cedrus leaved forests, under oak, Rhododendron and Myrica deodara, and oak trees, in the elevation range of 1900- trees, elevation range from 1800-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary 2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. to scattered. Amanita fritillaria (Berk.) Sacc. (App. 1/11); Amanita orientigemmata Zhu L. Yang & Yoshim. basidioma medium to large; cap convex to plano-convex Doi (App. 1/13); basidioma medium; cap convex and finally plane, slightly depressed at disc, teak brown, to plano-convex, finally plane, slightly depressed at to brown over disc, brown to brownish orange with centre, grayish yellow to pale yellow or cream, covered radially innate fibrils towards margin, sometimes with with whitish to dirty white or yellowish white, small, small, brown floccose patches; gills free, close, white; randomly arranged floccose-felted to cottony patches stem white to orange white, covered with teak brown volval remnants, margin tuberculate-striate; gills free, appressed ornamented fibrils; basal bulb subglobose close, white to pale cream; stem white to yellowish to ovate, upper part covered with blackish brown, thin, white with very few appressed fine ornamented fibrils floccose patches; ring superior, grayish brown; flesh above the annulus; volva short appressed-limbate, turning pinkish red on cutting. sometimes in the form of floccose or felted patches D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved and mixed or warts near apex of basal bulb, white to pallid; ring forest, under oak and pine trees, in the elevation range whitish to yellowish, with golden yellowish edge. of 1800-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forests, under Amanita griseofarinosa Hongo; basidioma medium Cedrus deodara (2200 m a.s.l.); solitary to gregarious. to large; cap plano-convex to plane, orangish white to Amanita ovalispora Boedijin (App. 1/14); basidioma orangish grey, covered with brown to grayish brown or medium to large; cap plano-convex, plane with age, dark brown, small floccose-felted volval warts, margin smoky brown to mouse grey over disc, grayish brown appendiculate; gills free, whitish; stem grayish, covered outwards, with a striate margin; gills free; stem covered with brownish gray to ash gray squamules; basal bulb with grayish fibrils; volva saccate, often with 2-3 limbs. pyriform, verrucose, white, with yellowish geay to D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest orangish gray volval remnants; ring brownish gray, dominated by oak trees, among the grass, solitary. fugacious. Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo (App. 1/15); D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forests, basidioma medium to large; cap convex, finally plane under Cinnamomum tamala trees, 2200 m a.s.l.; solitary with age, grayish brown to brown, dark brown over disc, to scattered. darker innate fibrils towards margin; margin nonstriate; Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (App. gills free, close, white to whitish; stem white to whitish, 1/12); basidioma medium to large, cap plane with age, base slightly bulbous; volva limbate, with 2-3 limbs, deep orange to orange red, deep yellow to yellowish, with white, dirty white; ring white. a tuberculate-sulcate striate margin; gills free, of various D i s t r i b u t i o n : Common in broadleaved forests lengths, pastel yellow to yellowish; stem yellowish under Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arbo orange to deep yellow, with appressed zigzag arranged reum, Lyonia ovalifolia, and Myrica esculenta, or in the fibrils; ring superior; volva saccate, often with 2-3 limbs. mixed forest dominated by Pinus roxburghii; grows on D i s t r i b u t i o n : Fairly common in broadleaved, the ground, in elevation range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; mixed and coniferous forest, under oak, Lyonia solitary to gregarious. ovalifolia, Rhododendron. arboreum, Myrica esculenta Amanita rubrovolvata S. Imai (App. 1/16); basidioma and Pinus roxburghii trees, in elevation range from 600- small to medium; cap convex, finally plane, dark red to 2200 m a.s.l.; grows solitary to scattered. vivid red to reddish orange over disc, becoming paler U s e s : Edible, commonly eaten by local villagers, towards margin, volval remnants orange-red to yellowish Nepali and Tibetan peoples. red, pulverulent-floccose to mealy; margin distinctly Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 13 striate; gills free, close, yellowish white to cream; stem D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in mixed broadleaved covered with light orange-yellow appressed fibrils, basal forests, under oak, Rhododendron and Myrica trees, bulb pyriform; volval remnants on apex of bulb as reddish in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary orange to yellowish orange to vivid red, pulverulent- to scattered. floccose, felted, small patches, forming 2-3 incomplete • var. subjunquillea S. Imai; basidioma medium to concentric rings; ring superior, yellowish orange. large; cap convex to plano-convex, nearly plane with D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, age, dark yellow, yellowish brown to brownish yellow dominated by oak trees; in soil, in elvation range from or golden brown at disc, yellowish to citrin yellow or 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. vivid yellow towards margin, with fine innate radial Amanita sinensis Zhu L. Yang (App. 1/17); fibrils, viscid when wet, glabrous;margin smooth, or basidioma medium to large; cap plano-convex to plane, sometimes faintly striate, non-appendiculate; cap slightly umbonate at centre, yellowish gray to orangish usually without volval remnants. Gills free, crowded gray, darker in the middle, covered with grayish to close, creamish white; stem tapering upwards, brown sub-conic volval warts, becoming floccose to cylindric, whitish to yellowish with orangish brown pulverulent towards margin, with striate margin; gills fibrils or small scales, base slightly bulbous; ring free, close, whitish to cream; stem grayish to ashy, upper superior, pendant, persistent, thin, membranous, part covered with fine, grayish white scales or thick yellowish white; volva limbate with 3-4 limbs, white, pulverulent remnants; basal bulb pyriform, whitish, membranous. with grayish brown volval remnants; ring grayish white, D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in mixed broadleaved fugacious. forests, under oak, Rhododendron and Myrica trees, D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, under in elvation range from 2100-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary Cinnamomum tamala and oak trees (2200 m a.s.l.); to scattered. solitary to scattered. Amanita umbrinolutea (Secr. ex Gill.) Bataille; Amanita subglobosa Zhu L. Yang (App. 1/18); basidioma medium to large; cap convex, finally plane basidioma medium to large; cap convex to plano- with age, distinctly zonate with brownish orange centre, convex, then plane, leather brown to tan over disc, light brown at mid zone, brownish orange outwards; brown to brownish orange to grayish orange outside, margin sulcate-striate; gills free, close; stem dirty white, covered with white to dirty white small pyramidal to covered with brownish orange fibrillose-squamules; irregularly conic warts, margin tuberculate-striate; gills volva saccate, often with brownish spots, with 2-3 limbs, free, close, white to cream; stem white, more or less membranous. floccose-fibrillose or squamules below annulus; basal D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in mixed forests, under oak bulb whitish, subglobose to pyriform, bearing volval and pine trees, in elevation range from 1800-2200 m remnants as rolled-collar or short limb; ring white to a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. yellowish white with brown to light brown edge. Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam.; basidioma small to D i s t r i b u t i o n : Terrestrial, commonly grows in medium; cap convex to plano-convex, plane with age, coniferous and mixed forests, under Cedrus deodara, slightly umbonate, grayish brown to brown over the Cupressus torulosa, pine and oak trees, in elvation range disc, becoming light grayish brown to brownish grey from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary to gregarious. outwards, with a strongly tuberculate-striate margin; Amanita subjunquillea S. Imai – occurs in two gills free, whitish; stem with whitish to grayish white varieties: appressed, zigzag arranged fibrils, exannulate; volva • var. alba Zhu L. Yang; basidioma medium to large; saccate, membranous with 2-3 lobes. cap convex to plano-convex, plane with age, bright D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous and mixed white to milky white, sometimes pale cream to pale forests, under pine and oak trees, in soil, in elevation yellowish at disc, sub-viscid, glabrous and usually range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. without volval remnant, when present in the form Uses: Edible in some parts of the Garhwal region. of a single, white to whitish membranous patch; Other species from the family Amanitaceae: Amanita margin smooth or sometimes faintly striate, non- pseudovaginata Hongo; A. velatipes G. F. Atk. appendiculate; gills free, white, close to crowded, lamellulae attenuate, of various lengths; stem Family: Hygrophoraceae tapering upwards, with apex slightly expanded, (Number of specimens: 13) white to whitish, glabrous or with white, appressed fibrils or squamules; ring superior, thin, white, Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.; basidioma pendant, membranous or friable; bulb subglobose small; cap conic, umbonate, surface distinctly innately to ovoid; volva limbate, with 2-3limbs, subglobose streaked, reddish orange to yellowish green, bruising to ovate, membranous, white. black, becoming blackish with handling and age; gills 14 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
seceding to adnexed, close, yellowish; stem cylindric orange with yellowish tinge, with faint concentric with twisted or lined striation, fibrous, yellowish orange, rings of colour, often with greenish tinge spots or on blackening on bruising. bruising, margin often incurved; gills adnate, decurrent, D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous and mixed crowded, dark orangish with grrenish tinge on bruising; forests, under pine and oak trees (2200 m a.s.l.); on stem equal, reddish orange, with olivaceous tinge; ltex ground, solitary to scattered. orangish. Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wünsche (App. 1/19); D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forest, under basidioma small; cap convex, later applanate with slight Cedrus deodara and pine trees, in soil, in elevation depression in the middle, surface innately streaked, range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary. viscid, yellowish to lemon yellowish; gills adnate Lactarius deterrimus F. Gröger; basidioma medium to slightly decurrent, fairly distant, yellowish; stem to large; cap convex with a depression in the middle, cylindric, twisted, compressed, smooth, concolorous orangish red to orange buff, staining olive green to with the cap. purplish green; gills adnate to subdecurrent, close, D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in open areas, among moss orangish buff, staining reddish green; stem equal to in mixed forests (2300 m a.s.l.); solitary to scattered. tattered downwards, concolorous with the cap; latex Other species from the family Hygrophoraceae: orangish, quickly changes to purplish green. Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm.; H. psittacina D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forest, under (Schaeff.) Herink. the trees of pine and Cupressus torulosa (2000 m a.sl.); in soil, scattered. Family: Russulaceae Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr. (App. 1/20); basidioma (Number of specimens: 56) small to medium; cap convex when young, becoming plano-convex to plane with depressed center, grayish Lactarius azonites (Bull.) Fr.; basidioma small brown to dark brown; gills adnate to subdecurrent, close, to medium; cap convex, plane with age, often slight forked, white when young, becoming creamish with age; depression in the middle, grayish brown to dark brown, stem central, slightly tapering downwards, concolorous glabrous to thin velvety; gills adnate to subdecurrent, with the cap or slightly paler; latex white. close, yellowish white, reddening on bruising; stem D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows under the trees of Quercus, concolorous with the cap, surface pruinose at the Lyonia, Myrica and Rhododendron; on ground, in base; latex white, milky, qucikly turning reddish upon elevation range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; solitary or bruising. scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, under Lactarius rufus (Fr.) Fr.; basidioma small to medium; oak trees, in elevation range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; cap convex with a depression, often with a small, broad solitary. umbo in the middle, plane with age, reddish brown to U s e s : People collect and eat this mushroom in the brick red; gills adnate to subdecurrent, crowded, whitish Garhwal region. to pale yellowish; stem equal, slender, concolorous with Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr.; basidioma small; the cap; latex milky-white. cap convex to plano-convex with acute umbo in the D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forest, among middle, reddish brown; gills adnate to subdecurrent, moss, under Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from close, orange white to pale orange; stem equal, slender, 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. concolorous with the cap; latex milk-white or whey-like. Lactarius sanguifluus(Paul.) Fr.; basidioma medium D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous & broadleaved to large; cap convex with a slight depression in the forest, under Cedrus deodara and oak trees, in soil, in middle, surface zonate, reddish orange to wine red, elevation range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary to often with greenish dots; gills adnate to subdecurrent, scattered. close, dull orangish; stem equal to tapered at the base, U s e s : Local people collect and eat this mushroom. orangish buff, bruising greenish; latex dark reddish. Lactarius chrysorrheus Fr.; basidioma small to D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forest, under medium; cap convex, plane with age with slight depression Cedrus deodara and pine trees, in elevation range from in the middle, orangish yellow to ochre-buff; gills adnate 1900-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. to subdecurrent, crowded, pale orange; stem equal, often Lactarius scrobiculatus (Fr.) Fr.; basidioma medium concolorous with the cap; latex white, turns yellowish. to large; cap convex when young, shallowly depressed D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in mixed and broadleaved in the center, becoming deeply depressed on maturity, forest, under Cedrus deodara, pine and oak trees, in cuticle peels easily, glutinous to viscid, yellow to elevation range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. yellow ochraceous, margins incurved when young; gills Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray; basidioma medium subdecurrent, crowded to close, yellowish white, darker to large; cap convex with depressed centre, grayish when mature; stem slightly broader at base, hollow, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 15 yellowish white, surface pitted; latex copious, milky, Rhododendron and Pinus, in elevation range from 1900- becoming sulphur yellow on exposure. 2100 m a.s.l.; solitary, scattered, in soil. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Under coniferous trees – Cedrus Lactarius zonarius (Bull.) Fr.; basidioma small deodara and Cupressus torulosa, in elevation range to medium; cap convex when young with shallow from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered, or depression in the center, becoming deeply depressed gregarious in soil. and infundibuliform on maturity, light orange, con Lactarius subdulcis (Pers. ex Fr.) Gray; basidioma centrically zonate with alternate lighter and darker small to medium; cap convex when young, becoming orange coloured zones; gills subdecurrent to decurrent, shallowly funnel shaped, greyish yellow when young, close, broad, light orange, milky latex exudes out when becoming vinaceous buff to wine yellow; gills adnate bruised; stem central, equal, hollow, light orange; latex to subdecurrent, close, yellowish white to buff, darker white, copious, very acrid, unchanging. with age; stem equal, central, slightely tapering towards D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, under the base, concolorous with the cap, slightly paler with Lyonia, oaks and Myrica esculenta, in elevation range age; latex white, unchanging, slightly spotting the gills from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. to vinaceous brownish or burgundy. • var. riparius Hesler & A. H. Sm. (App. 1/22); Distribution: Under the broadleaved forest trees basidioma medium; cap convex at first, becoming of Myrica, Quercus and Rhododendron, in elevation shallow infundibuliform, white to creamish, margin range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary, inrolled; gills subdecurrent, crowded, creamish yellow; scattered. stem equal, concolourous with the cap, sometimes Lactarius subindigo Verbeken & E. Horak (App. scrobiculate; latex creamish. 1/21); basidioma small to medium; cap convex, with D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous and broad depressed centre, plane with age, yellowish in the leaved forest, under Cedrus deodara, oaks and Myrica middle, fading outwards with indigo blue concentric esculenta, in soil, solitary to scattered to gregarious. bands; gills adnate to subdecurrent, crowded, bluish, Lactifluus corrugis (Pk.) Kuntze; basidioma small greenish blue on bruising; stem equal to tapered to large; cap convex with depressed disc, dark reddish downwards, concolorous with the cap, with spotted dark brown; gills subdecurrent, close to subdistant, pale at times; latex bluish, becoming dark green on exposure yellowish; stem equal to tapering downwards, grayish to air. brown; latex white. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, under D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous, mixed and oak, Rhododendrum arboreum, Myrica esculenta, and broadleaved forest, under oaks, Myrica esculenta and Cinnamomum tamala trees, in elevation range from Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1800-2000 m 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to gregarious. a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. Lactarius subpurpureus Peck.; basidioma medium; Lactifluus hygrophoroides (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) cap convex, plane with age with a deep depression in Kuntze; basidioma small to medium; cap convex, the middle, light grayish red to grayish orange, viscid becoming applanate with age with depressed centre, when wet; gills adnate to subdecurrent, crowded, yellowish brown; gills adnate, subdecurrent, distant, purplish green, darker on bruising; stem equal, white to creamish; stem equal, pale orangish brown; concolorous with the cap, somewhat scrobiculate; latex latex white. greenish blue. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, under D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forest, under oak trees, in soil (2000 m a.s.l); solitary. pine, Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1800- U s e s : Edible in some areas of Garhwal Himalaya. 2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. Lactifluus hygrophoroidesoccurs in three varieties: Lactarius yazooensis Hesler & A. H. Smith; • var. lavandulaceous Hesler & Smith; basidioma basidioma small to medium; cap convex when young small to medium; cap convex when young, becoming with depression in the center, becoming deeply plano-convex to plane with depressed centre, corrugated depressed to infundibuliform, surface viscid, glabrous, with age; light orange to sub ferruginous, finally zonate, orange to dark orange alternating with light ochraceous; gills subdecurrent to decurrent distant, pale orange to paler zones; gills adnate to subdecurrent, yellow to highly ochraceous, staining pink to greyish crowded, thin, forked, pale yellow becoming wine brown when bruised; stem central, cylindrical or slightly yellow to vinaceous brown or burgundy with age; stem tapering towards the base, concolorous with the cap or central, cylindrical or slightly tapering downwards, slightly pale; latex milky white. concolorous with the cap, hollowing with age; latex D i s t r i b u t i o n : Found in broadleaved forests white, milky, copious, unchanging, very acrid. mostly under the trees of Quercus, also found under D i s t r i b u t i o n : Found in broadleaved and Lyonia and Rhododendron (2000 m a.s.l.); solitary to mixed forests under the trees of Myrica, Quercus, scattered, in humicolous soil. 16 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
U s e s : Edible in some areas of Garhwal Himalaya. D i s t r i b u t i o n : In mixed and broadleaved forests, • var. odoratus Hesler & A.H. Sm.; basidioma under the trees of Quercus, Cedrus and Rhododendron, medium; cap convex, with depressed centre, apricot buff in elevation range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; solitary, to light brownish; gills adnate to subdistant, whitish, scattered to gregarious, in soil. staining the gills pinkish grey; stem equal, concolorous • var. flavus Hesler & Smith; basidioma small; cap with the cap; latex white, unchanging. convex when young, becoming plano-convex with D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved, mixed or slightly depressed center, greyish yellow; gills coniferous forests, under the trees of Lyonia ovalifolia, subdecurrent to decurrent, close, yellowish white, Myrica, Rhododendron, pine and Cedrus deodara, changing to reddish brown on bruising; stem central, in elevation range from 1900-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, cylindrical or slightly tapering downwards, concolorous scattered. with the cap or slightly paler, glabrous, staining U s e s : Edible in some areas of Garhwal Himalaya. ochraceous or tan at places; latex white, copious, sticky, • var. rugatus Hesler & Smith; basidioma small to unchanging, staining tissues brown. medium; cap convex at first, becoming plano-convex D i s t r i b u t i o n : In mixed and broadleaved to plane with age, with slight depression in the center, forests, under the trees of Quercus, Rhododendron and rusty to brownish organge; gills subdecurrent, distant, Cedrus, in elevation range from 1900-2100 m a.s.l.; thick and rigid, cream to ochraceous, finally golden solitary to scattered on the ground. yellow, changing to brownish on bruising; stem equal U s e s : Edible and good, consumed in Garhwal. slightly tapering towards the base, concolorous with Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr.; basidioma medium to the cap or slightly paler; latex mild, copious white but large; cap convex to applanate, depressed in the middle, opaque. dirty white to light brownish; gills creamish, densely Distribution: Grows in broadleaved or crowded, brownish on handling; stem equal, whitish, mixed forests, under the trees of Cedrus deodara, dark on bruising. Cupressus torulosa, Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks and D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in coniferous forests, under Rhododendron trees, in soil, in elevation range from Cedrus, Cupressus and pine trees, in elevation range 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. from 1900-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. U s e s : Edible in some areas of Garhwal Hima Russula aeruginea Lindble ex Fr.; basidioma small laya. to medium; cap convex when young, becoming plano- Lactifluus glaucescens(Crossl.) Verbeken; basidioma convex to plane with a shallow depression in the center, medium; cap convex, with depressed centre, plane with sometimes infundibuliform, olive green or grass green age, margin incurved with age, off whitish, darker as on maturity; gills adnexed to adnate or subdecurrent, yellowish brown in the middle; gills subdecurrent, close, yellowish white; stem equal or slightly tapering crowded, creamish; stem equal to tapered downwards, towards the base, yellowish white. concolourous with the cap; latex creamish. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in rich humus, broadleaved D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in broadleaved forest, and mixed forests, under the trees of Cedrus, Cupressus, among moss, under oak trees, in soil, solitary. Myrica, Pinus, Quercus and Rhododendron, in elevation Lactifluus piperatus (L.) Roussel (App. 1/23); range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary and scattered. basidioma medium to large; cap convex, with broadly U s e s : Edible in literature, not eaten by local people. infundibuliform, centre, plane with age, whitish to Russula amoenolens Romagnesi (App. 1/24); yellowish white; gills subdecurrent, crowded, white; basidioma small to medium; cap convex to plane with stem equal to tapered downwards, whitish; latex white, depressed centre, grayish brown, centre darker, margin turning yellowish white. tuberculate, sulcate-striate; stem whitish, equal, brittle. D i s t r i b u t i o n : Grows in soil, in coniferous and D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous, broadleaved broadleaved forest, under Cedrus deodara and oak trees, and mixed forests, under pine, Cedrus deodara, Myrica, in elevation range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; solitary to Lyonia and oak trees, in elevation range from 1800-2200 scattered. m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. Lactifluus volemus (Fr.) Fr.; basidioma small to Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britz. (App. medium; cap convex when young, becoming plane to 1/25); basidioma small to medium; cap convex when infundibuliform with age, brownish orange, margins young, becoming plano-convex to plane, with a shallow sometimes splitting with age; gills subdecurrent, close, depression in the center, violet brown in the middle, moderately broad, yellowish white, staining brown or light burgundy towards outside; gills adnexed to adnate, brownish on bruising, lamellulae present in 2-3 tiers; subdistant, whitish; stem equal or slightly tapering stem central, cylindrical, slightly tapering ,downwards, towards the base, white. solid, concolorous with stipe; latex copious, white, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in rich humus, in broadleaved unchanging, staining the tissue brown. and mixed forests, among Seleginella plants., under Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 17 the trees of Quercus, Myrica and Rhododendron, in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, under pine, elevation range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary and Cedrus deodara, and oak trees, in elevation range from scattered. 2000-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. Russula brevipes Pk. (App. 1/26); basidioma medium U s e s : edible in literature, not eaten by local people. to large; cap convex with depressed centre and incurved Russula delica Fr.; basidioma small to medium, cap margin, whitish, often covered with soil particles due convex when young, becoming plano-convex to plane to the growth habit; gills adnate, sub-distant, close, with depressed center, white to dull white at first, at creamish; stem equal, whitish, brittle. places staining ochraceous to tan on maturity; gills D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved or mixed adnate, subdistant to distant, white at first, yellowish forests, under Cedrus, pine and oak trees, in elevation white on maturity; stem central, cylindrical, slightly range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; widely distributed, in tapering downwards, concolorous with the cap, soil, solitary to scattered. unchanging on bruising. U s e s : edible, good, eaten by the local people in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved Garhwal forests under the trees of Cedrus, Cupressus, Pine, • var. acrior Shaffer; basidioma medium to slightly Quercus and Rhododendron, in elevation range from large; cap convex when young becoming plano-convex 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered in soil. to plane, depressed in center, cracking into aerolate U s e s : edible, eaten by local people. patches with age, white to light buff when young, Russula densifolia Fr.; basidioma small to medium; staining ochraceous to tan at places on maturity; gills cap convex finally funnel shaped, whitish to brownish narrow to moderately broad, adnate to subdecurrent or or even blackish grey with age; gills subdecurrent, subdecurrent, close, forked near the stem, pale yellow, crowded, dull white to creamish, becoming blackish flushed with pale yellow tinge on the edge; stem brown on maturity; stem central, cylindric, white, concolorous with the cap. becoming brownish white or reddish grey with age. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed coniferous and D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous or mixed deciduous forests, under the trees of Alnus, Cedrus, forests, under Cedrus deodara, Pine and oak trees, in Cupressus, Lyonia, Myrica, Pinus, Quercus and elevation range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary Rhododendron, in elevation range from 1900-2100 m to scattered. a.s.l.; solitary, scattered, in soil. Russula dissimulans Shaffer; basidioma small to Russula compacta Frost & Peck.; basidioma medium medium; cap convex when young, depressed center, to large; cap convex, flattened with age, whitish to dark subinfundibuliform with age, slightly viscid when brownish yellow, turned rusty brown on bruising; gills young, white to dull brown to black with age; gills crowded, adnate, creamish yellow, stained on bruising; adnexed to adnate or decurrent to subdecurrent, close stem cylindrical, whitish. to subdistant, whitish to yellowish white becoming D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forests, under pine, dark with age, turning brick red to brown and finally to Cupressus torulosa, and oak trees, in elevation range black on cutting and bruising; stem central, cylindrical from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. or slightly tapering above, white changing to black on Russula crusotosa Peck; basidioma small to medium; cutting and bruising, similar to the cap. cap convex at first, becoming plano-convex to plane D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous or mixed with a shallow depression in the center, cuticle thin, forests, under Cedrus deodara, Pinus and Quercus breaking with age, yellowish brown to olive brown trees, in soil, in elevation range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; or greyish yellow; gills adnate to adnexed, close to solitary to scattered. subdistant, seperable, yellowish white, unchanging Russula emetica (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Gray; basidioma on bruising; stem central, cylindrical, equal to slightly medium; cap convex, applanate with age, often tapering downwards, white to yellowish white. depressed centre, reddish to cherry red; gills adnexed, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed coniferous and creamish, subdistant; stem equal, brittle, white. broadleaved forests, under Cedrus, Myrica, Quercus D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forests, and Rhododendron trees, in elevation range from 1800- among moss, under the trees of Alnus, Lyonia, Myrica, 2100 m a.s.l.; solitary – scattered, in soil. Quercus and Rhododendron, in elevation range from U s e s : edible, eaten by few people in the Garhwal 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. district only. Russula flavidaFrost & Pk. (App. 1/27); basidioma Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.; basidioma medium; cap small to medium, convex to plane with medium to large; cap convex with slightly depressed age, yellowish to lemon yellow, orange yellow in the disc; light olive green with purple hue in the middle; middle, margin tuberculate-striate; gills sub-distant gills close to crowded, whitish; stem cylindrical, firm, to close, whitish; stem equal with clavate base, and whitish. yellowish. 18 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
D i s t r i b u t i o n : found in broadleaved forests, under U s e s : edible in some villages in Garhwal Himalaya. oak, and Rhododendron trees, in elevation range from Russula lutea (Huds. ex Fr.) Gray; basidioma small; 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. cap convex when young becoming plane with age, Russula foetens Pers. (App. 1/28); basidioma center slightly depressed, glabrous, viscid when moist, medium to large; cap convex, applanate with age, deep yellow to golden yellow; gills adnexed to free, often depressed centre, orangish brown, glutinous with thin, close to subdistant, yellow to orange, unchanging; honey brown centre; margin striate with bumps; gills stem cylindrical, tapering upwards, white, solid when creamish, having brownish spots with age, subdistant; young, hollowing with age. stem irregular club shaped at below, brittle, hollowing D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forests under with age, yellowish white, unchanging. the trees of Lyonia ovalifolia, Myrica esculenta, Quercus D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and leucotrichophora and Rhododendron arboretum, in coniferous forest, under Pine, Cedrus deodara, Juglans, elevation range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; solitary to Lyonia, Myrica and oak trees, in elevation range from scattered. 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. U s e s : edible in literature, not eaten by local people. Russula fragilis (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.; basidioma small Russula mariae Peck; basidioma medium; cap to medium; cap convex, with slight depressed centre, convex to flattened, purplish to vine red, margin clearly applanate with age, purplish to light violet; gills pale broken, striate; gills crowded, forked, whitish; stem creamish, subdistant stem club-shaped at base, fragile, cylindrical, pinkish, yellowish to lemon yellow. white. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forests, under oak, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forests, under Pine Pine and Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1800- and oak trees, in elevation range from 1800-2000 m 2100 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. Russula nigricans Fr. (App. 1/30); basidioma Russula krombholzii Shaffer; basidioma small to medium to large; cap convex to applanate, with slightly medium; cap becoming plano-convex to plane, center depressed center, dirty white, changing brownish to depressed with age, viscid when moist, greyish red or black with age, turn reddish on handling and bruising; deep purplish red or greyish magenta; gills adnexed gills distant, adnate, creamish, staining blackish with to adnate, close to subdistant, yellowish white when age and on bruising; stem equal, dirty white, stained young, becoming pale yellow with age; stem equal or similar to the cap. slightly tapering downwards, white often flushed with D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and mixed purplish tint, unchanging on bruising. forest, under Cedrus deodara, Pine and oak trees, in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and mixed elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary forests under the trees of Quercus, Rhododendron, to scattered. Cedrus and Pinus, in elevation range from 1800-2100 Russula ochroleuca Fr.; basidioma small to m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. medium; cap convex at first, becoming plano-convex U s e s : edible in literature, not eaten by local people. to plane, peels completely, yellowish orange to orange; Russula laurocerasi Melzer; basidioma small to gills adnate to subdecurrent, close, yellowish white, medium; cap convex to applanate, shallowly depressed unchanging on bruising; stem central tapering both in center, cuticle slimy and shiny when wet, peels upwards and downwards, white, becoming greyish completely, light yellow to yellowish brown or yellowish white with age. orange, margin tuberculate striate; gills adnexed to D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and mixed adnate close to subdistant, yellowish white to pale orange forest, under Quercus, Myrica, Lyonia, Rhododendron or greyish orange with age; stem central, equal, slightly and pine trees, in elevation range from 1800-2100 m tapering downwards, concolorous with the cap. a.s.l.; in soil, solitary and scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and coni Russula vesca Fr.; basidioma medium to large; ferousforests under the trees of Quercus, Rhododendron, cap convex to flattened with age, light pinkish red Myrica, Cedrus and Pinus, in elevation range from to light wine, margin faintly tuberculate striate; gills 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; scattered to solitary. crowded, whitish; stem equal to tapered downwards, Russula lepida Fr. (App. 1/29); basidioma small; dirty white. cap convex to plane with age, pinkish red, discolor or D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forests, under light in color with age, margin striate; gills adnate, close oak trees (1900 m a.sl.); in soil, solitary. to sub-distant, whitish to creamish; stem cylindrical, Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. (App. 1/31); attenuate at the base, whitish. basidioma medium to large; cap convex, applanate with D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, under oak, age, greenish to olive with small patchy cracks; gills Pine and Cedrus deodara trees, in soil, in elevation creamish white, distant; stem cylindrical with attenuate range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. base, whitish. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 19
D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and mixed brown with maturity; stem equal, white, smooth; ring forest, under oak, Cedrus deodara and pine trees, in superior, large, white. elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broad U s e s : edible in literature, not eaten by local people. leaved forest among moss (1800 m a.s.l.); solitary to Russula xerampelina Fr.; basidioma medium to scattered. large; cap convex, flattened with age, dark vinaceous Chlorophyllum rachodes (Vittad.) Vellinga (App. to dark reddish; gills creamish; close to distant; stem 1/33); basidioma medium to large; cap spherical in cylindrical, slightly tapering upwards, whitish. early stage, convex, finally plane, reddish brown in the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, under middle, breaks up as fibrillose-scales due to expansion Cedrus deodara, pine and oak trees, in elevation range of the cap, whitish outside, slightly depressed in the from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.;in soil, among moss, solitary middle; gills free, close, whitish cream; stem equal, with to scattered. clavate to subspherical bulb, white, discolouring reddish U s e s : edible in literature, not eaten by local people. brownish on handling, smooth to slightly fibrillose; ring Other species from the family Russulaceae: Lactarius superior, whitish, thick, double, movable. deceptivus (Peck) Kuntze; Russula alachuana Murrill; D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows among the grass, under trees R. decolorans Fr.; R. earlei Peck; R. gracilis Burl.; R. and shrubs (800 m a.s.l.); in soil, solitary. heterophylla (Fr.) Fr.; R. minutula Vel. var. minutula Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga; Vel.; R. ochroleucoides Kauffman; R. rosea Pers.; R. basidioma small to medium, cap convex with distinctly variata Banning; R. versicolor Schaeff; R. vesca Fr. umbo in the middle, white to cream-colored, covered with small patches of yellowish brown squamules; Family: Agaricaceae margin faintly straight; gills free, crowded, whitish, (Number of specimens: 41) becoming dirty white, turn olive green on drying; stem subcylindrical, fibrillose, white to whitish, base not Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.; basidioma medium to enlarged; ring persistent. large; convex to plano-covex, finally plane, whitish, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows among the grass and leaf with small scales; gills free, crowded, pinkish at first, litter, and under trees and shrubs, (1900 m a.s.l.); solitary becoming chocolate-brown with maturity; stem equal, to caespitose, in soil. whitish; ring superior, double. Cystolepiota seminuda (Lasch) Bon (App. 1/34); Distribution: grows in open area in meadows, and basidioma small; cap obtuse conic-campanulate, plano- in forest outskirts, among the grass (2000 m a.s.l.); solitary. convex to plane, with a flat disc in the middle, surface Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach; basidioma small off whitish in the disc, with densely floccose velar to medium; cap convex to plano-covex, finally plane, remnants in the middle, expended outwards as milky whitish, with small brownish scales; gills free, crowded, white-powdered covering, margin appendiculate; gills pinkish at first, becoming dark brown with maturity; free, white, crowded; stem equal, with slightly expanded stem equal, whitish; ring superior. base, fistulose at base, pale lemon yellow, covered with D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in open area in meadows, white-powdered to pruinose remnants; ring superior, among the grass, in elevation range from 600-1200 m whitish, detached on handling. a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows among leaf litter and cow U s e s : Local people identify this mushroom on the dung, solitary to caespitose. basis of its size and gill colour and then eat it. Coprinus comatus (O. F. Müll.) Pers. (App. Agaricus campestris L. (App. 1/32); basidioma small 1/35); basidioma small to medium, tall; cap conico- to medium; convex, plano-convex with age, white to campanulate, covered with white, recurved scales; faded brownish, appressed fibrilose, grayish brown over gills free, crowded, white, to pinkish brown, becoming disc; gills free, pinkish at first, becoming chocolate- black and inky; stem terate to slightly swollen at base, brown with maturity; stem white to grayish white, smooth tall, white, smooth, sometimes fistulose; ring median, to slightly fibrillose; stipe and flesh turned pinkish brown movable, disappears quickly. on bruising; ring superior, disappears quickly. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in lawns, at roadsides, in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in open area among the grass gardens and open areas, in Pine forests, in elevation and in mixed forest with moss,in elevation range from range from 1800-2000 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. 600-1200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. Coprinus plicatilis (Curtis) Fr. (App. 1/36); U s e s : local people identify this mushroom on the basidioma tiny, small; cap campanulate, plano-convex basis of its fennel odor and eat. with age, grayish brown, distinctly grooved as sulcate- Agaricus silvicola (Vittad.) Peck; basidioma small to striate, with a flat, yellowish brown disc; gills free, medium; cap convex to plano-convex, plane with age, distant, grayish to blackish; stem terate, brittle, smooth, whitish; gills free, pinkish at first, becoming chocolate- translucent. 20 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in lawn, open areas, flowers grayish brownish; gills free, remote, densely crowded, pots, roadsides and garden, in elevation range from white; stem cylindrical with broadened base, covered with 600-1500 m a.s.l.; solitary to gregarious. whitish to brownish squamules; ring superior, whitish, with Cyathus stercoreus (Schw.) de Toni. (App. 1/37); a brownish dorsal side, movable on the stipe. basidioma tiny, nest-shaped, generally inverted conical D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in open pine woodland, in shape, outer surface blackish brown, to brownish, among the grass, in elevation range from 1800-2300 m inner surface grayish black, periodioles flattened, dark a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. grayish to black, egg-like. U s e s : local people identify this mushroom on the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on dung, in soil containing basis of its white, large and stout fruitbody and eat. dung and wood chips, in elevation range from 1800- Other species from the family Agaricaceae: Agaricus 2100 m a.s.l.; gregarious, scattered. placomyces Peck; A. trisulphurcatus Ber. (App. 1/42); Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. (App. A. xanthodermus Genev.; Leucocoprinus birnbaumii 1/38); basidioma small to medium; cap convex to (Corda) Singer; L. fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat. plano-convex, grayish pink, with a smooth reddish brown disc in the middle, breaks up into paler reddish Family: Psathyrellaceae brown fibrillose scales due to the cap expansion (Number of specimens: 5) towards outside; gills free, close, whitish; stem equal, with slightly expanded base, whitish, surface orangish Coprinellus disseminates (Pers.) J. E. Lange; yellow, darker on handling; ring superior, whitish. basidioma tiny, small; cap ovoid at first, broad campa D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed woodland, among nulate with age, pale buff to brownish, grooved towards the grass, (800-1800 m a.s.l.); solitary to scattered. margin as sulcate-striate, with a flat disc, surface Lepiota cristata (Fr.) Kummer (App. 1/39); sometimes scurfy; gills adnate, subdistant, grayish then basidioma small; cap campanulate, plano-convex, with blackish; stem terete, fragile, pallid, smooth to fairly hairy. a broad umbo in the middle, wine brown in the middle, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in woody debris, in elevation whitish outwards, breaks up into wine brown fibrillose range from 600-2100 m a.s.l.; gregarious or in large scales due to the cap expansion towards outside; gills groups. free, close, creamish; stem equal, with slightly expanded Other species from the family Psathyrellaceae: base, whitish, smooth to slightly fibrillose; ring superior, Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. whitish, disappears quickly. Johnson; Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows under trees, among moss, & Nannf. (2000 m a.s.l.); solitary or in cluster. Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Singer (App. Family: Strophariaceae 1/40); basidioma small; cap conic-campanulate to broad (Number of specimens: 16) bell shaped, then plane, with a flat disc in the middle, surface lemon yellow, covered with lemon yellowish Gymnopilus spectabilis Hesler; basidioma medium; warts or scales, disc darker than cap, margin distinctly cap convex to applanate with an umbo in the middle, lined with dark and light lemon yellow colour; gills corn to light chrome, to golden yellowish, surface free, crowded, yellow; stem tapering upwards, with covered with thin fibrillose scales; gills adnate, golden slightly expanded base, sometimes fistulose at base, pale yellowish, crowded, grayish brown; stem terete, slightly lemon yellow, covered with finely yellowish-powdery bulbous at the base, yellowish brown, covered with thin remnants; ring superior, yellowish. fibrillose-scales; ring superior, membranous. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in gardens, open areas, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in wood stumps, in outskirts of forest, among leaf litter, in elevation range broadleaved and coniferous forest (2000 m a.s.l.). from 800-1800 m a.s.l.; solitary or in cluster. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kummer; Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.; basidioma small, pear basidioma small; cap convex plano-convex, then shaped to subglobose with stem, whitish, brownish with applanate, lemon yellow with ochre green hue, age, covered with conical spines. yellowish brown in the centre, smooth; gills adnexed, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on the ground, in open land, close to crowded, lemon yellowish, purplish brown in coniferous and oak forest, in elevation range from with age due to spores; stem central, yellow to greenish 1800-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. yellow, brownish at the base. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (App. 1/41); D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on fallen tree trunks, in basidioma medium to large; cap convex to plano-convex coniferous forest and broadleaved forest, in dense with age, with flat umbo in the middle, white, often covered cluster (800 m 1800 m a.s.l.). with light brown to brownish small squamules, split and Pholiota squamulosa (Murr.) Kauffman; basidioma scattered due to the development of fruit body, disc pale small; cap convex to plano-convex, surface covered Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 21 with thin squamules, orangish brown to tawny, sticky D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous forests, under when wet; gills adnate, crowded, pale yellowish to Cedrus deodara and Cupressus torulosa, in elevation brownish; stem tapering downwards, yellowish brown, range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to fibrillose, ring superior, disappears quickly. scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forest, on Pulveroboletus auriflammeus(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) dead wood, (2000 m a.s.l.), solitary or in cluster. Singer (App. 1/44); basidioma medium; cap convex, Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlow ex Murr. (App. then applanate with age, dark yellow, surface floccose 1/43); basidioma medium to large; cap convex to plano- to felty; hymenophore adnexed, lemon yellow, in the convex, than flattened with uplifted and appendiculate form of pores, light yellowish, bruising brown; stem margin, surface reddish brown to purplish red, pallid equal to tapering downwards, concolouros with the cap, outwards, subviscid, margin crenate with warty- surface pruinose overall. scale velar remnants; gills adnate, crowded, grayish, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in oak forest, under Quercus becoming black; stem tapering upwards, with slightly leucotrichophora, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m expanded base, whitish, base with white rhizomorphs; a.s.l.; in soil, solitary to scattered. ring superior, white. Strobilomyces floccopus(Fr.) Karsten; basidioma medium D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in forest open areas, on fallen to large; cap convex, then applanate with age, ash grey to decomposing leaves, elevation range from 1800-2200 m blackish, surface with large fllocose-scaley warts, margin a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. appears appendiculate due to scaly warts; hymenophore Other species from the family Strophariaceae: Pholiota whitish, brick reddish on bruising; stem equal, concolouros squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm.; Gymnopilus zenkeri (Henn.) with the cap, surface covered with large floocose-scaly warts; Singer; Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini; Agrocybe ring in the form of covering wooly scales. badia (Petch) Pegler; Hebeloma vinosophyllum Hongo; D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in oak and coniferous forests, Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. under oak, Cedrus deodara, and Cupressus torulosa trees, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; Family: Boletaceae solitary to scattered. (Number of specimens: 20) Strobilomyces mirandus Corner (App. 1/45); basi dioma small to medium; cap convex, vivid yellow to Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr.; basidioma medium sunflower yellow, surface densely squamulose with flat to large, stout; cap convex, nearly plane with age, to bluntly pyramidal or wart-like squamules; margin dark yellowish brown, viscid when wet, surface with wavy with cottony veiler remnant; pore surface covered wrinkles; hymenophore in the form of pores, small, by partial veil when young, smoky white; brownish yellowish green; stem stout, equal, clavate at the base, initially then blackish on bruising; pore angular; tube pale brown to brownish, often with white reticulation adnate–sinuate, chalky to smoky white, then greyish at the apex. brown; stem concolorous with pileus, with cotton-like D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, under annular region, surface with reticulations on the upper Cedrus deodara and oak trees, elevation range from portion of annular region; tissues turning greyish orange 2000-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered, sometimes and then brownish grey or brownish black on exposure. caespitose. Distribution: grows under Quercus glauca Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray; basidioma Thunb. and Cinnamomum tamala, (2300 m a.s.l.); medium to large, stout; cap convex, nearly plane with solitary to scattered. age, reddish brown to dark orangish brown, surface with Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze; basidioma medium to thin fibrils; hymenophore in the form of pores, small, large, stout; cap convex, nearly plane with age, reddish pallid to yellowish green; stem stout, equal to clavate at brown, faded towards margin, surface viscid when wet; the base, palid with wooly-fibrilose scales; flesh staining hymenophore in the form of pores, small, light wine grayish to bluish at the base. brown; stem stout, equal, light yellowish. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, mostly with D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in conifer forest, under conifer trees, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m Cedrus deodara, in soil, in elevation range from 1900- a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. 2300 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres.; Suillus pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers (App. 1/46); basidioma medium; cap convex, than applanate basidioma medium to large; cap convex, then nearly flat with age, reddish brown, fibrillose tomentose; with age, reddish brown, with brick red warty scales, hymenophore in the form of gills, decurrent, margin appendiculate; hymenophore in the form of subdistant, golden yellow, bruising blue; stem equal pores, light yellowish, brown on bruising; stem stout, to tapering downwards, with longitudinal ridges at equal, pinkish brown to wine brown at the apex, grayish the apex, yellowish. brown at the base; ring superior, whitish, fibrous. 22 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous forest, under innate fibrils, surface translucent-striate; gills adnate, Cedrus deodara, in soil, in elevation range from 1900- lamellulae of various lengths, close, light pinkish; stem 2300 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. terete, whitish, faintly covered with thin fibrillls. Other species from the family Boletaceae: Boletus D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forest, under erythropus (Fr.) Krombh.; Suillus cavipes (Opat.) the canopy of oaks, among the grass, in elevation range A.H. Sm. & Thiers; Pulveroboletus viridis Heinem. & from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary to scattered. Gooss.-Font.; Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk.; Entoloma serrulatum (Fr.) Hesler; basidioma small; Boletellus russellii (Frost) E.-J.Gilbert cap convex to applanate with age, purplish to purplish brown, with faintly striate margin; gills adnate, close, Family: Cortinariaceae bluish grey; stem terete, bluish grey, smooth. (Number of specimens: 8) D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forest, among the grass, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; Cortinarius archeri Berk.; basidioma medium; cap solitary to scattered. convex to plano-convex, with a conic umbo in the Other species from the family Entolomataceae: middle, surface glutinous to viscid, purple, to purplish Entoloma vernum S. Lundell; E. vulsum E. Horak; brown; gills adnexed, purplish brown; stem lilac at Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) P. Kumm. the apex, rusty brownish at cortina, purplish brown downwards, base covered with white rhizomorphs; ring Family: Gomphaceae in the form of cortina, rusty brown. (Number of specimens: 5) D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forest, among decomposing oak and Cinnamomum tamala leaves Gomphus floccosus (Schwein.) Singer (App. 1/47); (2200 m a.s.l.); solitary. basidioma medium to large; cap funnel-shaped, orange Cortinarius purpurascens (Fr.) Fr; basidioma to orangish yellow, in the middle, darker outwards as medium; cap convex to plano-convex, finally applanate, orangish red, surface with viscid scales, margin wavy, with a conic umbo in the middle, brownish with purple uplifted; hymenophore consisting of veins or wrinkled, deep tinge; gills adnexed close, lamellulae of various length, decurrent, orangish yellow pale cream; stem stout, tapering purplish brown; stem terete with a slightly bulbous downwards, color similar to hymenophore, smooth. expanded base, light violaceous, tinge. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved, mixed and D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forest, under coniferous forest, under oak, and Cedrus deodara trees, oak trees, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary. solitary to scattered. Other species from the family Cortinariaceae: Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quél. (App. 1/48); Cortinarius bolaris (Pers.) Fr. basidioma robust, branched, bright yellowish to yellowish orange, terminal branches lemon yellowish; Family: Inocybaceae stem short, thick with many branches, branches (Number of specimens: 6) repeatedly dichotomous, rhizomorph whitish. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, under pine, Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Quél.; basidioma and oak, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l. small; cap conical, then flat with an umbo, grayish U s e s : very common to eat by local villagers in the yellow to yellow-ochre, with a distinct radial craks, Garhwal region. coverd with small fibrils; gills adnexed close, creamish, Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken; basidioma robust, then grayish yellow; stem terete, light grayish yellow. branched, bright pinkish orange, terminal branches D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved & mixed fading to pale yellowish; stem short, thick with many forest, under oak and Cedrus deodara trees, in elevation branches, branches repeatedly dichotomous, rhizomorph range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; in soil, solitary, scattered. whitish. Other species from the family Inocybaceae: Inocybe D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in mixed forest, in soil, under violaceocaulis Matheny & Bougher; I. relicina (Fr.) pine, Cedrus deodara, and oak trees, in elevation range Quél. from 1900-2200 m a.s.l. U s e s : very commonly eaten by local villagers in the Family: Entolomataceae Garhwal region. (Number of specimens: 9) Ramaria stricta (Fr.) Quél.; basidioma robust, branched, orangish to pinkish buff, terminal branches Entoloma lividoalbum (Kühner& Romagn.) Ku creamish yellow; stem short, thick with many branches. bička; basidioma small to medium; cap convex to D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved applanate with age, yellowish brown to brown, with forest, on unidentified dead wooddebris under Cedrus Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 23 deodara, Cupressus torulosa and oak trees, in elevation U s e s : collected and eaten by local people of lower range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l. Shiwalik region, in elevation range from 600-800 m a.s.l. Family: Tricholomataceae Termitomyces heimii Natarajan; basidioma medium (Number of specimens: 23) to large; cap plano-convex with a distinct conic umbo in the middle, whitish, umbo darker – grayish brown, Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm. (App. 1/49); surface wrinkled; gills adnexed, crowded, white, basidioma small to medium; cap infundibuliformis, with then pinkish, stem tapering downwards, whitish, wavy and uplifted margin, grayish pink to grayish pseudorrhiza long; ring superior. yellow; gills decurrent, grayish yellow, crowded, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in soil, on ant mounds, often forked; stem terete, concolorous with the cap, often under the canopy of Shorea robusta and Pinus smooth. roxburghii, in elevation range from 600-800 m a.s.l.; D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved solitary. forest, in soil, under oak, Shorea robusta, and Cedrus U s e s : collected and eaten by local villagers in lower deodara trees, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m Shiwalik region. a.s.l.; gregarious to scattered. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) Collybia butyracea (Bull.) P. Kumm. (App. 1/50); R. Heim (App. 1/51); basidioma tiny to small; cap basidioma medium; cap broadly convex with a broad first campanulate than applanate, often with a small low umbo in the middle, wine brown to reddish brown, umbo in the middle, grayish orange, radial streaks viscid when wet; gills adnexed, crowded, whitish towards the margin; gills free, close; stem terete, to palid, lamellulae of various length; stem tapering cream white. downwards, whitish, sometimes covered with whitish D i s t r i b u t i o n : very common in dipterocarp forest, zigzag fibrils. dominated by Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis, near D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous forest, under termite mounds, in the lower Shiwalik Hills of Garhwal Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m Himalaya, in elevation range from 600-800 m a.s.l.; a.s.l.; in soil, scattered to gregarious. gregarious to scattered. Collybia dryophilla (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.; U s e s : people in the villages of lower Shiwalik region basidioma medium; cap convex, finally applanate, ochre eat this mushroom. brown to tan; gills adnexed, crowded, whitish; stem Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Kummer (App. 1/52); terete, light reddish brown, smooth. Grows in coniferous and broadleaved forests, solitary D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous forest, under to gregarious; basidioma small to medium; cap convex, Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m then plane, often with a sub-conic umbo in the middle, a.s.l.; in soil, scattered to gregarious. smooth, olivaceous grey to olive brown, dark in the Lepista nuda (Bull. ex Fr.) Cooke; basidioma small middle, surface cracked on maturity; gills adnexed, to medium; cap convex than applanate with depressed subdistant, whitish, lamelluale of various length; stem centre, margin often wavy, uplifted, bluish purple, equal to tapering downwards, whitish. fading away with age to grayish brown; gills adnexed, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved crowded, often forked, lilac, tan with age; stem terete, forests, under oak and pine trees, in elevation range from concolorous with the cap. 600-900 m a.s.l.; solitary to gregarious. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer (App. forest open areas, under Cedrus deodara, pine and oak 1/53); basidioma medium; cap convex, then plane, trees, among the grass, in soil, sometimes near to planted pinkish grey, densely covered with dark pinkish red lemon trees, in elevation range from 1800-2200 m a.s.l.; to reddish brown tufts or warts; gills adnate, close, gregarious or caespitose. pinkish grey, lamelluale of various length; stem equal, Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim; basidioma concolourus with the cap, with white rhizomorphs at medium to large; cap conico-campanulate, then plane, the base, whitish. with large umbo in the middle, light brownish to grayish D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forests, often brown, tuberculate to bumpy surface; gills free, white, under the trees of oak, in elevation range from 1800- crowded, edges serrate; stem cylindrical with clavate 2000 m a.s.l.; solitary to gregarious. downwards, pseudorrhiza long, grayish white to dirty Other species from the family Tricholomataceae: white. Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. (App. 1/54), D i s t r i b u t i o n : fairly common, grows in soil on ant Lepista sordida (Sowerby) Pat., Clitocybe geotropa mounds, in mixed dipterocarp forests under the canopy (Bull.) Fr., Clitocybe dealbata (Sowerby) Gillet, of Shorea robusta and Pinus roxburghii in the Shiwalik Collybia fusipes (Bull.) Quél, Omphalina pyxidata Range Hiamalaya, solitary. (Bull.) Quél. and Clitocybe trogioides Corner. 24 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
Family: Hydnangiaceae D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved (Number of specimens: 7) forests, under Cedrus deodara and oak trees, in open areas, among the grass, in elevation range from 1900- Laccaria amethystina (Bull. ex Mérat) Murr.; 2200 m a.s.l.; gregarious to scattered. basidioma small to medium; cap convex, plano- U s e s : not as commonly eaten as Cantharellus convex, finally applanate with wavy margin, deep cibarius, but in some places this species is also collected purplish, quickly changing to pale purplish grey, even and consumed. more fading with age, surface rough, radially striate Craterellus cornucopioides (L. ex Fr.) Pers.; throughout; gills adnexed,purplish, distant; stem terete, basidioma small to medium; cap funnel-shaped concolorous with the cap. to tubular, margin flared, wavy, split, blackish D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broad brown, covered with blackish scales; hymenophore leaved forest, often under Cedrus deodara and oak smooth, wrinkled with age, ash gray; stipe ash gray trees, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; to grayish. gregarious. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved forests, under Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke (App. 1/55); Cinnamomum tamala and oak trees, in soil, among basidioma small to medium; cap convex, plano-convex, leaf litter, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; finally applanate with wavy and uplifted margin, centre gregarious to scattered. often depressed, grayish brown, tawny, faded towards Other species from the family Cantharellaceae: margin, radially striate throughout; gills adnexed,grayish Cantharellus appalachiensis R.H. Petersen; C. friesii brown, distant; stem terete, concolorous with the cap, Quél; C. infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr. twisted. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved Family: Polyporaceae forest, in open grassy area, in elevation range from (Number of specimens: 5) 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; gregarious to scattered. Other species from the family Hydnangiaceae: Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx.; basidioma Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton; L. lateritia hoof-shaped, grayish brown to grayish black, often with Malençon. concentric zones, surface faintly velvety; hymenophore in the form of pores, brownish. Family: Cantharellaceae Distribution: grows on dead or living tree trunks (Number of specimens: 10) of Juglans regia, Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. and many other unidentified tree trunks with various elevation Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (App. 1/56); basidioma ranges. small to medium; cap shallowly convex, then plane, Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr. (App. 1/57); disc shallowly depressed, yellow, lemon yellow to basidioma plane with deep depression in the middle, deep yellow with age, glabrous to minutely tomentose; grayish orange, with grayish brown scales, often cracked hymenophore without true gills, reduced to ridges, due to expansion of the cap; tubes decurrent, creamish subdecurrent, subdistant, forked, sometimes intervened then light brown, angular; stem small, grayish brown, at the margin, concolorous with the cap; stem later reddish brown. compressed, concolorous with the cap. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on living wood trunks, in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous, mixed and moist conditions, on trunk surface covered with moss; broadleaf forests but primarily grows under Cedrus, 2200 m a.s.l.; scattered to gregarious. Pinus, Quercus, Rhododendron and Myrica, in open Other species from the family Polyporaceae: areas, among the grass, even moss, in elevation Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr.; Polyporus alveolaris (DC.) range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; gregarious to scatte Bondartsev & Singer. red. U s e s : one of the common species to eat in Family: Pleurotaceae the Garhwal region. However, in some places (Number of specimens: 2) researchers encouraged local people to eat Cantharellus cibarius. Pleurotus cornucopiae (Paulet) Rolland; basidioma Cantharellus minor Peck; basidioma small to very small; cap fan-shaped, applanate, whitish with light small; cap convex with recurved or enrolled margin, then pinkish hue, glabrous to thin velvety in the center; gills flat with a depressed center, appearing funnel-shaped, decurrent, whitish; stem lateral, concolorous with the yellow to pale yellow, smooth; hymenophoredecurrent, cap. bifurcate, yellowish; stipe terete, concolorous with the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on dead wood, especially cap, smooth. Euphorbia sp., tree trunks, solitary (800 m a.s.l.). Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 25
U s e s : this species is commonly eaten in the lower Family: Physalacriaceae valleys of Garhwal Himalaya. (Number of specimens: 7) Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.; basidioma medium to large; cap shell or fan shaped, grayish brown Armillaria gallica Marmx. & Romagn.; basidioma to creamish, margin wavy; gills decurrent, crowded, medium to large; cap convex to plano-convex, creamish; stem eccentric to lateral, small, creamish. with incurved margin, often with depressed centre, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on dead wood, or living tree yellowish to golden yellow, honey yellow in the middle trunks of Juglans regia and Cedrus deodara, caespitose when wet, covered with darker squamules in the to solitary, with various elevation ranges. middle; gills decurrent, grayish yellow to yellowish; U s e s : people in some places of Garhwal Himalaya stem terete, creamish at apex, yolk yellow below ring, collect and eat this mushroom. often covered with small floccose scales; ring superior, yellowish. Family: Pluteaceae D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on living and dead tree (Number of specimens: 4) trunks, generally at the bottom of a tree, mostly on Cedrus deodara (2000 m a.s.l.); gregarious or in Pluteus plautus (Weinmann) Gillet; basidioma cluster. small; cap convex then expanded at maturity, centre Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad.) Höhn. (App. 1/59); slightly depressed, light brown in the middle, dirty basidioma medium; cap convex, plano-convex, finally white outwards, margin striate; gills free, moderately applanate grayish brown, whitish with age, surface crowded, buff; stem cylindrical, creamish white. wrinkled, viscid when wet, margin faintly striate; gills D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on tree trunks in broadleaved adnexed, notched, close, creamish white; stem equal, forests, on oak trees (2000 m a.s.l.); solitary. reddish brown; ring whitish. Other species from the family Pluteaceae: Volva D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on living tree trunks, in riella bombycina (Schaeff.) Singer; V. volvacea (Bul.) broadleaved forest, on oak trees, among moss (2000 m Singer. a.s.l.); solitary to caespitose. Xerula radicata (Relhn) Dörfelt (App. 1/60); Family: Marasmiaceae basidioma large; cap convex, plano-convex, finally (Number of specimens: 7) applanate, grayish brown, often with brown fibrils; gills adnexed,white, distant; stem tapering upwards, with deep, Marasmius oreades (Bolton ex Fr.) Fr. (App. 1/58); long root base, brownish fibrillosy towards the base. basidioma small; cap convex with a small umbo in the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous and broadleaved middle, grayish brown to buff brown, creamish white forest, under Cedrus deodara and oak trees, deep rooted, with age, margin striate; gills adnexed, subdistant, attached with buried wood, in elevation range from creamish; stem equal, tough, concolorous with the cap. 2000-2200 m a.s.l.; solitary. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in broadleaved and coniferous forests, among leaf litter, gregarious. Family: Lyophyllaceae Marasmius rotula (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr.; basidioma (Number of specimens: 2) small; cap convex, with depressed centre, distinct radial grooves overall, yellowish brown, darker in the middle; Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull. ex Mérat) gills adnexed, distant, creamish; stem equal, yellowish Gray (App. 1/61); basidioma small; cap globose to white, reddish brown downwards. subglobose, then convex, distinctly covered with clay- D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in coniferous forest, on leaf buff mealy coating, surface off-whitish in colour; gills litter, under pine and Cedrus deodara trees, in elevation adnate,whitish, translucent, close; stem whitish. range from 1800-2100 m a.s.l.; scattered. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on other fungi, especially on Russula nigricans, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m Family: Mycenaceae a.s.l.; caespitose. (Number of specimens: 7) Lyophyllum turcicum Sesli, Vizzini & Contu.; basidioma medium; cap broadly convex to applanate, Mycena galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm.; basidioma tiny; depressed or umbilicate in the middle, grayish yellow cap campanulate, grayish brown margin radially lined to grayish orange with dark brown centre, smooth; overall; gills adnate, distant, creamish white; stem equal, gills close, adnate but easily separable from the stipe grayish brown. junction, white; stem equal but with the broadened base, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on leaf litter and woody whitish. debris in broadleaved and coniferous forests, in D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows in clusters, caespitose, under elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l. Quercus leucotrichophora, at elevation 2280 m a.s.l. 26 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
Family: Auriculariaceae Family: Geastraceae (Number of specimens: 2) (Number of specimens: 1)
Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.; basidioma Geastrum saccatum Fr. (App. 1/63); basidioma small, irregularly fan-shaped, upper surface soft and bulbous, splits and bends back into 4-6 lobs, appears fluffy, light brown to wine brown, lower surface as star-shaped, grayish yellow to buff, spore sac round, smooth to hairy in the middle, wrinkled, pale brownish, with disc-like opening. gelatinous; stem sessile or sometimes attached to the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on decaying leaf litter, in substrate by a short stalk. broadleaved forest, under oak and Myrica esculenta Distribution: grows on dead or living tree trunks, trees, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; especially on Grievillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br., solitary or in groups. Delonix regia, Bauhinia malabarica and oak trees, at various elevation ranges. Family: Phallaceae U s e s : This species is eaten by the Tibetan refugees, (Number of specimens: 1) who consume it both fresh and dried. Dried fruiting bodies are revived with water and then fried with onions. Mutinus caninus (Pers.) Fr. (App. 1/64); basidioma small, In Tibetan language it is known as “Muro”. Local people egg shpaped in initial stage, later emerges as cylindrical are not aware of edibility of this mushroom (Semwal stem, with conical apex, with small opening, stem pinkish et al., 2014). gray, apical part covered with orangish brownish slime, Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc.; basidioma having unpleasant smell, which soon liquefies. small, irregularly fan-shaped, brownish to dark brown, D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows among leaf litter, outskirts of upper surface glutinous, dorsal side grayish black, hairy; forest, in ground, in elevation range from 1700-2000 m stem sessile or sometimes attached to the substrate by a.s.l.; solitary to gregarious. a short stalk. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on dead and living wood, Family: Clavariaceae at various elevation ranges, solitary to gregarious, (Number of specimens: 1) sometimes caespitose. The habitat is very similar to that of A. auricula-judae. Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. (=C. vermicularis Sw.) U s e s : this ‘wood ear’ mushroom is also eaten by the (App. 1/65); basidioma tall, thin-cylindrical, white, Tibetan people only (Semwal et al., 2014). yellowish towards apex, sometimes forked. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows among the grass and moss, Family: Ganodermataceae in coniferous forest with the canopy of Cedrus deodara (Number of specimens: 1) and Cupressus torulosa, in elevation range from 1900- 2300 m a.s.l.; in clusters or gregarious. Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst.; basidioma medium to large; cap fan shaped to kidney shaped, reddish brown Family: Hydnaceae with zones of yellowish and white colours outwards; (Number of specimens: 1) hymenophore in the form of small pores, whitish; stipe cylindrical, glossy, smooth, dark reddish brown. Hydnum repandum (L. ex Fr.) Gray (App. 1/66); D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on oak tree trunks, at various basidioma small; cap convex, then applanate, depressed elevation ranges, solitary or in clusters. in the middle, buff-orange, hymenophore in the form of teeth or spines, dull orangish; stipe central to eccentric, Family: Sparassidaceae terete, concolorous with the cap. (Number of specimens: 1) D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on ground, in coniferous forest, under Cedrus deodara and Cupressus torulosa, Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (App. 1/62); basidioma in elevation range from 1900-2200 m a.s.l.; scattered medium to large; cap made up of curly and folded to gregarious. fronds, giving appearance of lettuce leaf or cauliflower, cream to cream-yellow to egg yellow with age; stipe Family: Diplocystaceae thick, stout, short and yellowish white. (Number of specimens: 1) D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows at the base of tree trunks of Cedrus deodara, in elevation range from 1900-2200 m Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan; basidioma a.s.l. small, globose to subglobose, on maturity outer peri U s e s : local people love to eat this mushroom due to dium ruptures to form triangular-shaped lobes, exposing its good taste. the inner peridium with a conspicuous ostiole. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 27
D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on ground in soil, always elevation ranges; grows in clusters or scattered. associated with Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis trees, solitary, scattered. 3.2. Comments on the list of species U s e s : frequently used as food in the lower Shiwalik Hills (600 m a.s.l.) by local populace. During rainy Out of 323 specimens collected, 310 were identified season, people go to forest alone or in groups for and further grouped into 33 families, 75 genera and mushroom forays and also sell them in the local market 198 species under Basidiomycota, while 13 specimens (Semwal et al. 2014). were grouped in 7 families, 7 genera and 11 species under Ascomycota. 127 species were observed in Family: Dacrymycetaceae oak dominated temperate broadleaved forest, while (Number of specimens: 1) 42 were found in coniferous forests and 19 in the mixed woodlands composed mainly of oak, Myrica, Dacrymyces spathularia (Schwein.) G. W. Martin; Rhododendron and pine trees growing in middle basidioma spathula-shaped, bright yellow, margin wavy, to higher hills, while in lower hills – dominated by surface glabrous. Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis in dipterocarp D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on fallen tree clumps, in forest. In terms of fungal species distribution, mixed forests, in elevation range from 1900-2300 m Amanitaceae, Russulaceae, and Boletaceae were a.s.l.; in clusters or in groups. found to be the most dominant in the oak dominated forest, Tricholomataceae and Cantharellaceae in pine Family: Hericiaceae and Cedrus dominated forests, Cortinariaceae in (Number of specimens: 1) mixed forest, while Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae and Tricholomataceae were found dominant in dipterocarp Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers.; basidioma stout, forest of the lower Himalaya. The highest total number forming the cluster of rounded, elongated and pointed of species including all families was found near low spines, white to yellowish, arises from a short, stout to mid altitudes and it may be due to overlapping of rooted stalk. different climatic conditions. D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on living tree stems, most The highest number of specimens was recorded of the times grows in cracks or on fallen wood stumps, for the Basidiomycota families: Russulaceae (56), at elevation range from 1900-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary. Amanitaceae (43) and Agaricaceae (41). The detailed U s e s : few people collect and eat this mushroom in data on the number of species representing individual the Garhwal Himalaya. families reported from the study area were presented in Figure 2. The most numerous species are represented in Family: Sclerodermataceae three genera: Russula (35), Amanita (20) and Lactarius (Number of specimens: 2) (15). Scleroderma cepa (Vaill.) Pers.; basidioma The members of seven families, i.e., Russulaceae, subglobose, often without stem, surface grayish brown Amanitaceae, Tricholomataceae, Boletaceae, Cantha to leather brown, smooth, soon cracked, inside white at rellaceae, Cortinariaceae and Gomphaceae were first, choco-brown soon. found as main ectomycorrhizal forming species at the D i s t r i b u t i o n : grows on ground in conifer elevation range of 500-2800 m a.s.l. in all four forest and broadleaved forest, under Cedrus deodara and types. Cupressus torulosa and oak trees, in elevation range Among collected 323 wild mushrooms most from 1800-2300 m a.s.l.; solitary, scattered. significant edible species were:Amanita chepangiana, A. hemibapha, Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia Family: Schizophyllaceae spp., Cantharellus spp., Lactarius camphoratus (Number of specimens: 1) (App. 1/68), Macrolepiota procera, Morchella spp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Ramaria spp., Sparassis crispa, Schizophyllum communae Fr. (App. 1/67); basidioma and Termitomyces spp. The knowledge on edibility of distinctly fan-shaped with wavy or lobed margin, some wild mushrooms, like Cantharellus cibarius, has orangish brown to grayish brown, later whitish, surface been passed to local people by researchers, whereas hairy; hymenophore with thick gills, distant, grayish the knowledge on edibility of some of wild species orange to grayish; stem absent. In rainy season, a fruit was already known by local inhabitants (Semwal et body reaches its optimal size, while in other seasons, it al. 2014). However, the species eaten by local people is smaller or tiny. in the study area have already been described in the Distribution: grows on dead and living tree trunks European or American mushroom field guides as or on decomposing logs, round the year, at various edible mushrooms. Thus, the question arises – how 28 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
local peoples got the knowledge on edibility of those collect several poisonous wild mushrooms, i.e., Amanita wild mushrooms? It is an anthropogenic question oberwinklerana, Amanita subglobosa, Hygrocybe and belongs to human tribe evolution within its conica, and Hypholoma fasciculare. natural resources. We also collected several medicinal mushrooms i.e., Ganoderma lucidum, Hydnum 5. Conclusion rependum, Schizophyllum communae, Ophiocordyceps nutans, and Fomes fomentarius, but there is no available The investigation revealed a huge treasure of wild record about the uses of wild mushrooms as a medicine mushrooms from the Uttarakhand Himalaya.There by the locals. The Uttarakhand state is bestowed with is a big scope to find out new species of wild edible a high percentage of forest area covered with various and medicinal fungi which can be further investigated types of woody plant communities throughout the for new drug discovery, medicinal uses, and edible different altitudinal gradients and wild mushrooms purposes. Furthermore, this study will serve as a play a vital role in the degradation of fallen leaf litter baseline database of wild mushrooms for the state of and wood logs and maintainance of a proper living Uttarakhand. forest ecosystems. There is a need to investigate the Acknowledgements. Authors are thankful to the Uttarkhand impact of wild mushrooms on the forest health in the State Council for Science & Technology (UCoST), Dehradun Uttarakhand Himalaya, because many pathogenic and for financial support for the project (UCS&T/R&D/LS-1/12- decomposer mushrooms were also collected in the 13/ 4912) namely “Collection, identification, documentation present study that have been already described above of wild edible and medicinal Mushrooms of Garhwal as edible and medicinal mushrooms. However, most Himalaya of Uttarakhand”. Thanks also given to several significant decomposer species found were:Armillaria peoples who have helped us during forest forays in different gallica, Auricularia spp., Xylaria hypoxylon, Pleurotus forest areas in the study area. ostreatus, Polyporus arcularis and Fomes fomentarius. During the present investigation, we have seen Author Contributions Research concept and design: K. C. Semwal & V. K. Bhatt several reports in local newspapers about mushroom Acquisition and/or assembly of data: K. C. Semwal poisoning from the remote villeage areas of the state Data analysis and interpretation: K. C. Semwal of Uttarakhand. However, we could not manage to get Drafting the article: K. C. Semwal & V. K. Bhatt there to collect the first hand information due to bad Critical revision: K. C. Semwal weather and heavy monsoon rain. Still, we managed to Final approval: K. C. Semwal
References
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Appendix 1. Macrofungal diversity in the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
Explanations: 1. Leotia lubrica, 2. Leotia cf. viscosa, 3. Xylaria polymorpha, 4. Ophiocordyceps nutans, 5. Pezziza badia, 6. Aleuria aurantia, 7. Amanita ceciliae, 8. Amanita chepangiana, 9. Amanita concentrica, 10. Amanita flavipes, 11. Amanita fritillaria, 12. Amanita hemibapha, 13. Amanita orientigemmata, 14. Amanita ovalispora, 15. Amanita pseudoporphyria, 16. Amanita rubrovolvata, 17. Amanita sinensis, 18. Amanita subglobosa, 19. Hygrocybe chlorophana, 20. Lactarius fuliginosus, 21. Lactarius subindigo, 22. Lactarius zonarius var. riparius, 23. Lactifluus piperatus, 24. Russula amoenolens, 25. Russula atropurpurea, 26. Russula brevipes, 27. Russula flavida, 28. Russula foetens, Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 53: 7-32, 2019 31
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44
29. Russula lepida, 30. Russula nigricans, 31. Russula virescens, 32. Agaricus campestris, 33. Chlorophyllum rachodes, 34. Cystolepiota seminuda, 35. Coprinus comatus, 36. Coprinus plicatilis, 37. Cyathus stercoreus, 38. Lepiota clypeolaria, 39. Lepiota cristata, 40. Leucoco prinus birnbaumii, 41. Macrolepiota procera, 42. Agaricus trisulfuratus, 43. Stropharia rugosoannulata, 44. Pulveroboletus auriflammeus, 32 Kamal C. Semwal & Vinod K. Bhatt A report on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Garhwal Himalaya...
45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52
53 54 55 56
57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64
65 66 67 68
45. Strobilomyces mirandus, 46. Suillus pictus, 47. Gomphus floccosus, 48. Ramaria aurea, 49. Clitocybe gibba, 50. Collybia butyracea, 51. Termitomyces microcarpus, 52. Tricholoma saponaceum, 53. Tricholomopsis rutilans, 54. Tricholoma virgatum, 55. Laccaria laccata, 56. Cantharellus cibarius, 57. Polyporus arcularius, 58. Marasmius oreades, 59. Oudemansiella mucida, 60. Xerula radicata, 61. Aste rophora lycoperdoides, 62. Sparassis crispa, 63. Geastrum saccatum, 64. Mutinus caninus, 65. Clavaria fragilis, 66. Hydnum repandum, 67. Schizophyllum communae, 68. Lactarius camphoratus