The Father of

A STUDY GUIDE by Robert lewis

http://www.metromagazine.com.au

ISBN-13-978-1-74295-051-8 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2 a source of information about early a source society, of a famous an exploration of the role man (and woman) in history, a critical analysis of evidence, into the period, a focus for students’ own further research for exploring the a stimulus resource of history, idea of representations – either their own representation a way of creating on Macquarie’s reporting as a television program setting up the ‘Macquarie in 1921, or through departure Museum’ and modelling a museum site study. » » » » » » Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia for use in History/ resource is an appropriate 8–10. at Years Society and Environment It can be used as: » » » » » » CURRICULUM APPLICABILITY Why was Macquarie praised by some but criticised by others? How is his legacy seen today? What does a study of his period of governorship tell us and about of the individual in history, about the role of the developing colony at the time? the nature » » Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia (Les Wilson, the 2010) is a 60-minute documentary that explores life and governorship of Governor Macquarie. Using expert interviews, diaries and letters written by the characters themselves and contemporary narrative, this film tells the dramatic story of the father of Australia. In 1810, Lachlan Macquarie arrived in New South In 1810, Lachlan Macquarie arrived in New to rule over 10,000 criminals and colonists. Wales after the to normalise the situation He was ordered of caused by the arrest political and social unrest Corps and Governor Bligh by the New South Wales its wealthy supporters such as John Macarthur. New South But what was normal. Was a jail or a colony? Wales policies profoundly Over the next twelve years Macquarie’s Australia’s shaped the nation – not least by nurturing right to ‘a fair egalitarian spirit and national belief in the go’. He was even the first person to use, in an official name – Australia. future document, the colony’s vision – behind And it was not only Lachlan Macquarie’s woman, and this film is her man is a great every great also see Elizabeth Campbell Macquarie’s story too. We untold contribution to the Australian nation. In 1821 the Macquaries left the colony – to the acclaim and praise of many of the inhabitants, but to the criticism of the British government and Bigge. Commissioner J.T. its representative, OVERVIEW

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 3 THE FATHER OF AUSTRALIA. OF THE FATHER A LASTING HONOUR TO HIS NAME. TO A LASTING HONOUR WITH EMINENT ABILITY SUCCESS. AND HAVE JUSTLY ATTACHED ATTACHED JUSTLY HAVE CAPACITY IN THAT HIS SERVICES STATION THAT THE DUTIES OF FULFILLED YEARS TWELVE FOR BENEVOLENCE, AND GENEROSITYBENEVOLENCE, KNEW WHICH NO BOUNDS. RENDERED HIM AT ONCE A MOST BELOVED A MOST BELOVED ONCE HIM AT RENDERED ENDOWED HE WAS THE WELFARE OF ALL CLASSES OF THE ALL CLASSES OF OF THE WELFARE PROMOTE HE SOUGHT TO WITH WHICH WITH WHICH AND AMIABLE DISPOSITION VIRTUES THE PRIVATE AND THE HIGH ESTIMATION IN WHICH BOTH HIS BOTH IN WHICH ESTIMATION AND THE HIGH HIS AUSPICES, THE RAPID IMPROVEMENT OF THE COLONY UNDER UNDER THE COLONY IMPROVEMENT OF THE RAPID COMMUNITY, OF HIS ADMINISTRATION, HIS RESPECT FOR THE ORDINANCES OF OF THE ORDINANCES FOR HIS RESPECT HIS ADMINISTRATION, OF BY ANIMATED ZEAL FOR HIS PROFESSION, ACTIVE ACTIVE HIS PROFESSION, ZEAL FOR ANIMATED CHARACTERIZED BY TO EVERY TO HE GAVE WHICH AND THE READY ASSISTANCE RELIGION HUSBAND, FATHER AND MASTER, FRIEND. AND A MOST ENDEARING FATHER HUSBAND, RENDERED HIM TRULY HIM TRULY WERE HELD RENDERED CHARACTER AND GOVERNMENT AND THROUGHOUT FIFTEEN AND THROUGHOUT THE AGE OF AT HE ENTERED THE ARMY OF ALL THE MEASURES ALL THE OF AND BENEVOLENCE LIBERALITY, THE WISDOM, HE WAS APPOINTED GOVERNOR OF NEW SOUTH WALES A.D. 1809 AND NEW OF SOUTH WALES GOVERNOR APPOINTED HE WAS CHARITABLE INSTITUTION, THE UNWEARIED ASSIDUITY INSTITUTION, WITH WHICH CHARITABLE BY WHICH HE HAS BEEN DISTINGUISHED WHICH BY THE APPELLATION DESERVING LIE THE REMAINS OF LIE THE REMAINS OF RESURRECTION A GLORIOUS OF HERE IN THE HOPE WAS UNIFORMLY UNIFORMLY WAS SERVICE IN THE PUBLIC SPENT 47 YEARS OF THE PERIOD AND DIED AT LONDON ON THE 1ST OF JULY, 1824. JULY, THE 1ST OF ON LONDON AT 1761 AND DIED 31ST JANUARY, BORN WHO WAS WAS WHO JARVISFIELD GENERAL LACHLAN OF MAJOR MACQUARIE THE LATE THE FILM in . you are Imagine that on the an inscription come across You (a special outside wall of a mausoleum a grave or tomb). building containing http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/lmr/tomb.html to and then respond Read the inscription may agree 4. You the statements on page with it, or disagree with each statement, this information. be unable to say from draw a line or disagree, you agree Where the in the statement to the wording from inscription that supports your idea. One example has been done to help you. BEFORE WATCHING WATCHING BEFORE http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/lmr/inscription1.html

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 4 CANNOT TELL CANNOT DISAGREE AGREE LEFT NSW BETTER OFF THAN WHEN HE ARRIVED WAS A GREAT SUCCESS IN LIFE A GREAT WAS WAS AN EASY-GOING MAN AN EASY-GOING WAS HAD NO ENEMIES WAS AN HONEST MAN WAS WAS GOOD TO ABORIGINAL PEOPLE WAS WAS AN EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATOR WAS BELIEVED IN SOCIAL EQUALITY SAW NSW AS A PRISON SAW DEVELOPED THE NSW ECONOMY TREATED CONVICTS FAIRLY CONVICTS TREATED CREATED MANY PUBLIC BUILDINGS MANY CREATED WAS HONOURED BY THE WAS BRITISH GOVERNMENT NAMED AUSTRALIA IMPROVED THE COLONY OF NSW WAS A POPULAR GOVERNOR WAS OWNED SLAVES WAS HAPPILY MARRIED HAPPILY WAS IS HONOURED IN AUSTRALIA WAS LOVED BY ALL WAS BELIEVED IN DEMOCRACY FOUGHT IN SEVERAL WARS FOUGHT IN SEVERAL WAS A MILITARY OFFICER A MILITARY WAS HAD SEVERAL CHILDREN LOVED HIS FAMILY STATEMENT – LACHLAN MACQUARIE: – LACHLAN STATEMENT A CHRISTIAN WAS From this evidence we can say that: we can this evidence From

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 5 that it was a prison, and that it was appointed governorthat he was to sort out the place – which saw the militaryafter the ‘’ the settlers of NSW arrest officers and wealthy , who had interfered Governor, previous interests, commercial with the wealthy settler’s small settlers over them. the and had favoured convicts small settlers exclusives military officers. » » » » » » » There are two key features of New South Wales South Wales of New key features two are There of: very aware would have been that Macquarie » » his instructions on arrival: Macquarie announced ‘It is the earnest of our most gracious King wish of this and prosperity the welfare to promote and industrious The honest, sober, rising colony. settler or convict, will free inhabitant, whether ever find in me a friend and protector.’ the What was the focus of his instructions: on prison, or on the development of the colony? complex society Macquarie found a more than just a prison. Explain the place in groups: society of these different » » » » » and Who did Macquarie favour, this justified? why? Was the main people in the ‘unfavoured’ Who were and why? to Macquarie, How did they react group? 7. 8. 9. 10. B. Macquarie the Governor B. Macquarie authority leadership the possibilities that existed for a place as a British colony? » » » What was Macquarie’s social background? social background? What was Macquarie’s How might this have influenced his later people? ordinary attitudes towards of Culloden. The film includes a scene on the Battle This was the battle in 1746 when an English-led wanted that defeated the Scottish-led force force III with the the English King George to replace Stuart. Why did this Scottish King Charles Edward not defeat of the Highland Scots lead to Macquarie, even born until 1761, joining the ? did Macquarie serve as a soldier? Where How might this experience have shaped his attitudes towards: » » » life as a that Macquarie’s The film stresses second governor influenced by his was strongly her qualities? wife, Elizabeth. What were was Macquarie to How well prepared become Governor of New South Wales? understand what the film says about Macquarie, what the film says understand test these claims further, to research as a gathered information you have use all the from departure on Macquarie’s class to report ‘Macquarie Museum’, the NSW OR to create about come to your own judgement place in Australian history. Macquarie’s » » » » 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. . Macquarie the soldier A. Macquarie 1. ISSUES IN THE FILM ISSUES IN EXPLORING IDEAS AND EXPLORING » » » » Your tasks now will be to watch the film and: the film to watch now will be tasks Your

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 6 Would you say that these were great achievements? Justify your views. great you say that these were Would did Elizabeth Macquarie play in these achievements? What role The film lists a number of areas of Macquarie’s achievements. Summarise of Macquarie’s The film lists a number of areas the main ones under each of these headings: PUBLIC BEHAVIOUR GOVERNMENT AND OF ADMINISTRATION THE COLONY DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AGRICULTURE AND EXPANSION AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ‘WELFARE’ OF NEEDY PEOPLE ‘WELFARE’ Building policy 12. 13. 11.

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 7 Look at these two maps, showing the extent of NSW in 1788–1815, and 1815–1828. http://k6.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/go/hsie/visual-texts

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 8 Because I think we need to I think the Macquarie I think the Macquarie A gentleman of his Macquarie; he’s Macquarie; he’s N: : ASHIR He really did found Modern did He really O YNARD: B OR NS: KE ARS A VINE: E M D O NT BRU AUL N M OH of his vision, an ability to give hope and an ability to give of his vision, turned to people, he encouragement the nationhood. on a course for colony around the Laird of New South Wales - improving - improving of New South Wales the Laird what he is. his estate. That’s understand Lachlan Macquarie and Elizabeth understand Lachlan Macquarie and Elizabeth beings Macquarie on their own terms as human what makes this story gripping because that’s and astounding and - and tragic and interesting turned I hate to see them into paragons really. cut outs. The real of virtue and cardboard story is one of enormous ambition and huge because in the end he was vilified tragedy, for all the things that he actually did achieve legacy. as his great that we now recognise mausoleum plaque describes Macquarie’s agree him as the ‘Father of Australia’. Do you with this assessment? Explain your views. times, who didn’t do much for his people – the do times, who didn’t up with. been brought people he’d ordinary Australia. It’s possible for Australians to look back possible for Australians to look Australia. It’s and say he was a good guy. at him and his efforts era for Aboriginal people, it’s the missed it’s era for Aboriginal people, look back on. opportunities that you T J MEG DOUGLASS: P GRACE K N GOVER Macquarie the person (his qualities and character) The family man (how this influenced his life) » » D. Film as a representation a representation D. Film as history of Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia is a of history – that is, it is one person’s representation view of what happened. That person has chosen what facts and evidence to include and exclude, what the how to present and what to underplay, to stress to what images and music and sound effects story, to be are what words use to influence the viewer, to be presented. spoken and what messages are The Is it a fair and accurate representation? the topic only way to test this is by researching and comparing your findings with the further, that information. way the film has presented using that you might research the areas are Here to develop an expert knowledge, small groups back to the whole class and then reporting as the expert on that particular aspect: » » 24. I think that marriage N: I just find that so intriguing ALSH: TKINSO BIN W convict punishment and deterrence of convicts as emancipists to the freeing engage in individual economic activities and to benefit the development of NSW as a colony rather than as a prison the allocation of convicts to exclusives as cheap labour for their pastoral expansion extensive the cost of Macquarie’s public building program? » » » » What problem would this sudden increase would this sudden increase What problem for Macquarie? in convicts create Why might the British government want these convicts Wales, punishment in New South severe to suffer for good behaviour? rather than be rewarded Why was Bigge now sent to NSW? What was he expected to recommend? way of running the colony not fit How did Macquarie’s in with what the government wanted in these areas: » » » » policies? What did Bigge decide about Macquarie’s several opinions or are At the start there assessments. Look at these and decide which is closest to what the film presents. Describe the area that was opened to settlement to settlement opened that was the area Describe under Macquarie. and development this expansion? from would be likely What benefits to whom? might it cause, and What harm was fundamental to understanding er what He couldn’t Macquarie did in New South Wales. and she couldn’t have done it without her, a partnership have done it without him. It’s one. creative which was a tremendously ALAN A RO and so fascinating that 200 years later, people and so fascinating that 200 years later, this Scottish couple can identify with, you know, this amazing myth. and created who came here C. Macquarie and Bigge C. Macquarie a change in attitude in Britain was After 1815 there to the NSW . to what was happening France ended, there against Wars When the Napoleonic of former soldiers and sailors who many thousands were sacked. needed – and who were suddenly no longer were to find jobs and look after themselves These men now had of them turnedand their families. Many to crime to to New South Wales. survive, and were 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Macquarie ended his time as governor Bigge’s before published published. But they were were reports of when he was back in Scotland. He spent the rest his life fighting their negative assessment of him. 23. 14. 15. 16.

SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 9 Critically evaluate the film – is it accurate? Is it fair? Critically evaluate the film – is it accurate? Does it cover those aspects that it should? of Macquarie’s your own representation Create his farewell time in Australia – by reading and (see the document provided), address on it. a television news report creating – the ‘Macquarie your own representation Create below. information on this is more museum’. There -20091225-lf05.html Hearn%20Macquarie,pdf.pdf Governor_Lachlan_Macquarie.html nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie governor/docs/the_governor_guide.pdf html » » » You can use this information to can use this information You can: things. You do three » » » http://www.macquarie2010.nsw.gov.au http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie http://www.smh.com.au/national/the-father-of-australia http://www.modhist.mq.edu.au/documents/ http://www.historyofaustraliaonline.com/ http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common. http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020162b.htm http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/lmr/biography.html http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2010/ Sources for gathering this information include: information this for gathering Sources 2010 Press, Governor, Woodslane Macquarie Parker, Derek From Colony Macquarie, and Peter Butler, Harry Dillon to Country 2010 Australia, , William Heinemann http://www.hawkesburyhistory.org.au/articles/macquarie. Creating your news coverage your Creating farewell Macquarie’s of They do this you need to allocate teams of reporters. To aspects of on different to report will use their research and comment on below, address farewell Macquarie’s them. For example, one team might look at Macquarie’s statement that ‘my constant maxim and principle being, I found them, merit and punish vice, wherever to reward to rank, class, or description of persons’, without regard and might interview some emancipists or some exclusives to comment and make a judgement about this claim. The soldier (what he did, where, and how and where, he did, (what The soldier him as a governor)it influenced policy (what, building Macquarie’s and the costs) how why, where, people of and the ‘welfare’ Macquarie and how) (who he tried to help, and actions (how he His economic policies of the society) influenced the economy and pastoralism impacts on agriculture Macquarie’s up new areas) (how expansion opened (his of Aboriginal people treatment Macquarie’s them) to help, and to harm attempts to live amicably, (who social groups with different His relations and why) and opposed, he favoured behaviour (what His policies about public changes he made, and why) of Macquarie as a rule-maker and enforcer The nature power with (how he managed to balance his autocratic did he?) developing civic institutions in NSW – or His supporters (who and why) His opponents (who and why) instructions and conclusions) The Bigge inquiry (Bigge’s His life after being Governor (how he tried to himself and defend himself). re-establish » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 10 ACQUARIE LACHLAN M New South Wales, , Dec. 1821. 1st Saturday, But, buoyed above the fear of base calumny, vindictive fear of base calumny, But, buoyed above the by the consciousness and malicious reproach, slander, of forty years’ service spent of a long life of upwards and stained with no action in honorable pursuits, I confidently anticipate which can give me remorse, but also of my Sovereign, not only the approbation motives for the purity of my the applause of Posterity, of my actions during my long, and the rectitude and laborious Administration of this Colony; arduous, of which, I shall and prosperity welfare in the future and lively solicitude. ever feel a deep interest, the The length of time I have governed this Colony, during; my it has made in improvement progress especially the fond recollection Administration, and more of my only surviving Child being born in it- all combine in to it. I shall not fail to cherish attaching me most strongly son – who, the same sentiments of attachment in my expresses, although yet so young, feels, and already Land. for his Native Australian affection the strongest for the be offered My most fervent prayers will accordingly and for the happiness of this Country, and prosperity welfare and confidently anticipating, that, of its Inhabitants; fondly, one of the most in less than half a century hence, it will be I Empire: valuable appendages belonging to the British recommend, shall not fail, on my return to England, to and manner I am able, to my Sovereign, in the strongest Government, their early attention to the to His Majesty’s and to extend amelioration of this valuable rising Colony, to it their paternal protection, support and fostering to better than by offering I cannot conclude this Address, congratulations the Inhabitants of this Colony my sincere of such on their good fortune, in having an Officer, distinguished Reputation and highly established Character, as Sir Thomas , appointed to be their Governor; and, although I will not allow that He can surpass his inclination, I trust and hope, in zeal and Predecessor, the prosperity He will, in ability and talents, in promoting and the happiness and of the Country, and improvement unanimity of its Inhabitants. In these sentiments and wishes, deeply engraved on my heart, I now bid you all-Farewell! I am well aware that every man in public life must I am well aware have enemies, and perhaps it would be unreasonable, the in me, to expect to be totally exempted from virulent attacks of party and disaffection. To have been instrumental in bringing about so favorable To delight; of sincere a change, will ever be, to me, a source to myself any questionable merit and it is not arrogating that I have used every exertion of body and mind, to say, I was capable of, to attain this desirable and important that I have not object; and I think all persons will allow, much consulted my own personal ease, or convenience, duties in the execution of the various and arduous I feel that my attached to my Office; on the contrary, by the constant and unremitting impaired health is greatly attention I have bestowed on, the faithful, zealous, of my public duties. and conscientious discharge I now have the happiness to reflect, that I leave it in a I now have the happiness to reflect, generally, condition: the face of the Country very different stock, of improved; greatly in particular, and agriculture manufactories some useful increased; all kinds, greatly credit and public revived, established; commerce useful number of substantial and a great restored; roads and bridges of good public edifices erected; the Colony; and communication constructed throughout opulent and happy. the inhabitants, comparatively, When I took Charge of this Government, on the When I took Charge 1810, I found the Colony in a state 1st of January, with a famine; of rapid deterioration: threatened degree; to a great and party spirit prevailing discord and all the public buildings in a state of dilapidation and bridges, and those few decay; very few roads very poor; and very bad; the inhabitants, generally, ebb. at the lowest and public credit commerce On the occasion of my own Commission, as GovernorOn the occasion of my nearly twelve now being read, in Chief of this Territory, the Affairs years ago, I pledged myself to administer of this Government with strict justice and impartiality; Person and I trust, that every liberal and unprejudiced that pledge: my will admit that I have redeemed merit reward constant maxim and principle being, to I found them, without and punish vice, wherever to rank, class, or description of persons. regard Previous to the Commission of my Successor being read, I of my Successor being read, to the Commission Previous to you by way of taking leave. words a few wish to address NEW SOUTH WALES NEW SOUTH Fellow Citizens of Australia! ADDRESS ON LEAVING ON LEAVING ADDRESS HIS EXCELLENCY’S HIS EXCELLENCY’S SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 11 oldier Macquarie the s us that and dirk remind sword Governor Macquarie’s man, an experienced officer, Macquarie was a military being obeyed. As a governorused to leading and he had might have been not so happy but he to issue orders, of civil legal institutions such as with the development some of his absolute power. the jury that took away also reminds The design of the hilt us of his Scottish ancestry. e Macquarie and Aboriginal peopl us about reminds (or metal gorget) This breastplate Aboriginal people. He policies towards Macquarie’s what was keen to negotiate with them, so selected the main persons or leaders, and he thought were to show their status. gave them the breastplates and This would allow him to communicate effectively part of his easily with the Aboriginal people who were was when this did not work, he However, community. them attacked and killed. also capable of ordering breastplates/king_bungaree_and_matora/ macquaries_sword/ http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/aboriginal_ http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/ In creating this representation you need to work in small groups, with a group allocated to research each of allocated to research group with a small groups, need to work in you this representation In creating to illustrate the objects or images choose one or two must But each group elements listed earlier. the different each object. to go with words) caption (about 50-80 a short must create of their topic, and main points two examples: are Here F. Creating the ‘Macquarie museum’ ‘Macquarie the Creating F. The whole set of objects and images can then be arranged to tell Macquarie’s story. The whole set of objects and images can then be arranged to tell Macquarie’s a museum site, and you can apply these Once this has been done you have created is a fair and balanced one. questions to see if your representation SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 12 THE MUSEUM DISPLAY THE MUSEUM WHAT IS MY FINAL JUDGEMENT WHAT ABOUT THE DISPLAY? AT THE END, DO I FEEL THAT I REALLY I REALLY THE END, DO I FEEL THAT AT THE SITUATION UNDERSTAND IS BEING PRESENTED? THAT IS THERE AN OVERALL MESSAGE BEING CONVEYED? DO I KNOW WHERE THE EVIDENCE HAS COME FROM AND WHAT SORT OF EVIDENCE IT IS? PURPOSE TO IS THE DISPLAY’S PRESENT OBJECTS (NEUTRAL), OR TO OR TO ARGUE EXPLAIN (IMPARTIAL), VIEW (PARTISAN)? A PARTICULAR IF SO, IS A VARIETY OF VIEWPOINTS IF SO, IS A VARIETY PUT? AND FAIRLY CLEARLY IS THE NATURE OF THE EVENT CLEARLY OF THE EVENT CLEARLY IS THE NATURE IDENTIFIED (E.G. AM I TOLD IF IT IS CONTROVERSIAL OR CONTESTED)? IS THE DISPLAY ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY IN SUCH A WAY ARRANGED IS THE DISPLAY MESSAGE AS TO PROMOTE A PARTICULAR OR CONCLUSION TO THE VIEWER? DO THE SURROUNDINGS INFLUENCE MY IMPRESSION OF THE DISPLAY? ARE THE TEXT DESCRIPTIONS CLEAR AND INFORMATIVE? ARE THESE OBJECTS THE BEST POSSIBLE ONES TO BE DISPLAYED? ARE THE OBJECTS DISPLAYED AUTHENTIC ARE THE OBJECTS DISPLAYED OR PERIOD? EVENT FOR THAT IS A VARIETY OF TYPES OF IS A VARIETY EVIDENCE DISPLAYED? IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS IS THE SIGNIFICANCE EXPLAINED? CLEARLY DISPLAY IS THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT IS THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT EXPLAINED CLEARLY? WHAT DOES THE DISPLAY SHOW? DOES THE DISPLAY WHAT WHAT IS MY INITIAL IMPRESSION IS MY INITIAL IMPRESSION WHAT OF THE DISPLAY? ASPECTS TO CONSIDER ASPECTS SITE STUDY – ANALYSING A MUSEUM DISPLAY A MUSEUM ANALYSING – SITE STUDY This study guide was produced by ATOM. (© ATOM 2011) ISBN-13-978-1-74295-051-8 [email protected] For more information on Screen Education magazine, or to download other study guides for assessment, visit . Join ATOM’s email broadcast list for invitations to free screenings, conferences, seminars, etc. Sign up now at . For hundreds of articles on Film as Text, Screen Literacy, Multiliteracy and Media Studies, visit .