Characteristics of and Energy Efficient Amorphous metal Distribution

Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Soft Magnetic Materials and Components Business Unit http://hitachihttp://hitachi----metals.co.jpmetals.co.jp

Page1 29 Mar 2019 Outline

1. Introduction of Amorphous metal, Core and Transformer 2. Energy Loss and Efficiency in Transformer 3. World Wide Situation of AMDT 4. Recycle of Amorphous Core 5. Conclusions

*AMDT ：（：（：（ AMorphous mmmetal metal ））） Page2 1. Introduction of Amorphous metal , Core and Transformer

Page3 History of Amorphous metal

1960 Discovery of amorphous metal (Au-Si ): Scientific Klement, Willens & Duwez., Nature 187, 869 (1960)

Research Discovery of the stable ferromagnetic Fe 80 P13 C7 amorphous metal: 1970 Duwez & Lin., J. Appl. Phys. 38, 2267 (1965) (1967) Cooperate Developed amorphous metal, METGLAS® by Allied Signal (1973) R&D Developed amorphous metal for distribution transformer by Allied Signal (1976) Mass-Pro 1980 st Technology 1 amorphous distribution transformer (USA) (1982) Development Mass production of amorphous metal (Metglas ® 2605SA1) 1990 in Conway, SC, USA (1989) Commercia- lization Started to produce amorphous pole transformer in Japan (1991) 2000 Business Acquisition of amorphous metal business unit by Hitachi Metals from Expansion Honeywell (2003) 2010 Developed high permeability grade of amorphous metal (Metglas ®2605HB1M ) (2011)

Page4 Amorphous metal Casting Process

Rapid quenching cast technology (Cooling rate ：：：10 6℃℃℃/s and over ）））

Molten alloy is not crystallized to form solid alloy.

Metglas ® 2605SA1 & 2605HB1M Chemical composition: Fe, Si, B Nominal thickness ：：： 25 µm Standard width ：：： 142 mm, 170 mm, 213 mm

Page 5 Uses of Amorphous Metal Alloys Switched-mode Power Supply Powerlite ® C-Core (Cut Core) Choke Coil High Efficiency Inverter Automobile (Wind or Solar Generator)

Fe-based ® Fe-based or METGLAS Co-based Amorphous Fe-based Axial Gap Ribbon Motor Current Sensor Wound Core Fe-based (Future) Ni-based

Ni-based or Co-based

Wound Core

Ribbon Ribbon Metal Joining Brazing Foil Transformer Distribution Transformer Segment is Automobile Marker for Electronic Article Highest Volume Page6 Surveillance Copyright ©2013, Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Geographical Locations of our Business Unit

Pan Yu, China GurgaonGurgaon,, India Conway, USA 40,000Ton/Yr Ayutthaya, Thailand Tottori, Japan

Production (Material) Production (Components) YasugiYasugi,, Japan 60,000Ton/Yr Sales Offices

Page 7 Features of Amorphous metal

‹ Random Atomic structure Amorphous metal •Lack of crystalline anisotropy ⇒⇒⇒ Lower hysteresis loss •Higher resistivity ⇒⇒⇒Lower loss Crystalline metal ‹ Small thickness (0.025 mm) (CRGO) ⇒⇒⇒Lower eddy current loss

1.8 1/3 of core loss compared to CRGO 1.6 1.4 1.2 Less heat from core 1 (a) (b)

B (T) B 0.8 0.6 0.4 HB1M 0.2 M90-23P5 0 Infrared Photographs of (a) Metglas® Amorphous -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 metal& (b) Grain Oriented Distribution H (A/m) Transformer Core Page 8 ***CRGO:*CRGO: CCColdCold RRRolledRolled GGGrainGrain OOOrientedOriented Electrical Steel Amorphous metal Transformer Core Manufacturing

PRESPOOLING

CUTTING STACKING

V

CORE LACING

CORE FORMING ANNEALING EDGE FINISHING

Page9 2. Energy Loss and Efficiency in Transformer

Page10 Amorphous metal Distribution Transformer (AMDT)

◎ Difference of parts in DT Bushing between AMDT and CRGOCRGO----DTDT is just a core ... Core ◎ You can produce AMDT using traditional technique ... ◎ Many people are worried Winding that AM---core-core is very difficult to handle. But handling of AMC becomes easy after Oil Tank they have some experience. ◎ Hundreds of AMDT makers Example: OilOil----ImmersedImmersed have mastered its Single Phase DTDTDT production.

Page11 Energy Loss in Transformer

Loss Site Major reason Feature No load loss Core Hysteresis loss & Eddy current loss Constant at all times Load loss Coil Electric resistance Increase as square of load factor

3500 99.5% Efficiency 3000 99.0%

2500 98.5% When LF is high : 2000 98.0% Load Loss (LL) is dominant in total loss 1500 Total loss 97.5% Loss (W)Loss Load loss Effciency 1000 97.0%

500 No load loss 96.5% When LF is low : No Load Loss (NLL) is 0 96.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% dominant in total loss Load factor Example of loss and efficiency vs. load factor* Page12 *Load factor ＝＝＝(Output)/(Rated capacity) Load factor in Distribution (DTs) Measured load factors of DTs in Vietnam Rated Number of RMS load Max. load Min. load Test site capacity households factor (%) factor (%) factor (%) (kVA) 1 400 300 16.6 35.9 5.9 2 400 320 35.2 107.7 4.5 3 1500 Hotel 28.4 57.2 5.3 4 560 factory 29.8 130.2 1.1 5 25 50 22.3 80.3 1.5 6 50 45 44.9 129.8 16.7 7 25 20 33.2 86.8 9.6 8 50 63 31.9 72 12.3 1.Residential area in suburbs of Hanoi, 2. Residential area near industrial park in suburbs of Hanoi, 3 Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, 4. Factory in Dong Nai, 5-5 ---6,Residential6,Residential area in Binh Duong The data measured from Oct to December 20112011 aass a part of project supported by NEDO. RMS load factor: 20~40 ％ should be considered to choose an adequate transformer Page13 Transformer Loss Comparison

9,000 100.00% 9,000 100.00% Efficiency Efficiency 8,000 99.50% 8,000 99.50%

7,000 99.00% 7,000 Total loss 99.00%

6,000 98.50% 6,000 98.50% Total loss

5,000 98.00% 5,000 98.00%

4,000 97.50% 4,000 97.50% Efficiency Efficiency

3,000 97.00% 3,000 Load loss 97.00% Loss in transformer (W) in transformer Loss Loss in transformer (W) transformer in Loss 2,000 Load loss 96.50% 2,000 96.50% No load loss 1,000 No load loss 96.00% 1,000 96.00%

0 95.50% 0 95.50% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Load factor Load factor CRGO-DT AMDT 2nd Top Runner DT in Japan 1000kVA 50 Hz Page14 3. World Wide Situation of AMDT

Unit: MVA China 230,000 USA 61,500 India 57,000 Japan 24,000 Mexico 17,000 South Korea 13,500 Taiwan 7,000 Canada 6,000 Philippines 4,000 EU 4,000 AMDT in operation Brazil 1,800 Vietnam 1,800 AMDT under development Thailand 16

*Estimated by Hitachi Metals in Mar. 2016

Page15 4. Recycle of Amorphous Core Recycle process Capacity ：：：50 MT/mo （産機）に掲載 （（（April, 2013 ～）～）～） 写真依頼中

Discard AMDT AMDT Retrieve AM core from AMDT

Energy saving and Resource circulation AMDT core Recycle Flow of AMT (2013(2013～～～)))) Crush and Screen

AM ribbon Crushed AM core Wash and Dry Page16 5. Conclusions

1. Amorphous alloy has been used in transformer more than 25 years

2. Manufacturing process of amorphous core and transformer are well-established under proven technologies.

3. Amorphous transformer is suitable for low RMS load factor area because of its low no load loss.

4. Amorphous transformers are installed in many countries.

5. Amorphous core recycling process has been established.

Page17 Notice of Disclaimer

● Information in this brochure does not grant patent right, copyright or intellectual property rights of Hitachi Metals or that of third parties. Hitachi Metals disclaims all liability arising our using information in this brochure for any case of patent right, copyright or intellectual property right of third parties. ● Do not duplicate in part or in its entirety this brochure without written permission from Hitachi Metals, Ltd. ● This brochure and its contents are subject to change without notice; specific technical characteristics are subject to consultation and agreement ● Please inquire about our handling manual for specific applications of Metglas ® products, these manuals detail the exact guaranteed characteristics of Metglas ® products for a specific application.

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