ECO-CHRONICLE 97

ECO CHRONICLE ISSN: 0973-4155 RNI No. KERENG/2006/19177 Vol. 13, No. 3, September, 2018 PP: 97 - 106

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AROUND CLAY MINE AREA, , ,

Lalitha M1 and M.A. Mohammed-Aslam2*

1Department of Geology, Government College, -671123, Kerala. 2Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga-585367, Karnataka * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The primary objective of the study was to assess the groundwater quality of Madayipara, a clay mining region of , Kerala. Continuous mining at this location has caused severe impacts to the environment, which can modify the geomorphology and hydro geochemistry of the area, causing serious threats to water resources. The physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater like pH, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, chlorides, Ca, Mg, and iron were analysed, in order to assess the quality of groundwater and to estimate the impact owing to mining. Water samples were collected from 35 locations of the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Analytical results revealed that the mining activities had an impact on the quality of groundwater of the area. Water quality parameters at specific locations were found to be higher than the desirable and permissible limits prescribed by BIS for potability purposes. Hydrogeochemistry of the area is indicative of the influences on the contamination in the groundwater by mining and anthropogenic impacts.

Key Words: water quality, geospatial analysis, mining area, Madayipara.

INTRODUCTION

Water is essential for meeting the requirement of the groundwater studies. Once groundwater is basic needs of human beings, agricultural and contaminated, it is very difficult to regain its original industrial purposes. Water and environment have direct environmental setup. In addition to the quality aspects, concerns with the people (Sarala and Ravi, 2012). the overall volume of groundwater in aquifers is also Water resource in a watershed is controlled by runoff another concern with respect to the hydrogeological and groundwater levels (Bharathkumar & Mohammed- environment. Since groundwater is a finite resource, Aslam., 2015). Understanding of aquifer properties are even the large aquifers were found getting drained of crucial for the groundwater management and decision their water resources during droughts, when they were making ( Mohammed-Aslam et al., 2010a and 2010b; not adequately recharged by precipitation. Drinking Bharathkumar & Mohammed-Aslam., 2018). water is dependent on groundwater in many parts of Nowadays, the utilization of surface and groundwater India, though it is also used to irrigate crops. for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes have Groundwater is a source of recharge for lakes, rivers, been increased. Nearly 97.2% of water on earth is and wetlands (Todd and Mays, 2005). Other noticeable covered by ocean, 2.15% is locked in the form of ice, works on water quality were seen from the works of 0.6% occurs as groundwater, and 0.01% of fresh water Tiwari and Mishra (1985), Stambuk (1999), Mishra and as streams and lakes. Of this, 30% of the fresh water Patel (2001), Babaei et al. (2011), Bhart and Katyal is seen as groundwater. In recent years, fresh water (2011), Mufid al-hadithi. (2012), Asith Kumar and Surajit quality has gained substantial attention throughout the (2015), Satyanarayan et al. (2016). world. In such a scenario, it is worth researching on the groundwater availability and quality which adds to The quality of groundwater plays a prominent role in the path of emergence of an upcoming trend in promoting both the standard of agricultural production 98 ECO-CHRONICLE and human health. Deterioration of water quality will coastal sediments (CGWB, 2013) in the study area and naturally affect the soil – crop –water system and human nearby coastal areas. The objective of the present work health condition. If the deterioration of water quality is is to characterize the geospatial distribution of water not controlled at the right time, it will lead to many quality parameters around Madayi clay mine area. environmental problems. Water quality may vary depending upon the variation in geological formations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human activities also affect the quality of water. Keeping A total of 35 groundwater samples each were procured these points as the background, an attempt was made from open wells of the study area during pre-monsoon to study the qualitative analyses of groundwater and and post-monsoon periods in the years 2015 and 2016 also to detect the causes for the deterioration of water respectively. The location of the groundwater samples quality was attempted around the Madayi mining area collected from the study area is shown in Figures 1. The of Kannur district in Kerala state, India. Groundwater samples were analysed for major anions and cations and samples were collected from Madayi Clay mine area, the analytical data of groundwater samples of the study during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon time. The study area are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The geospatial area is located in the Madayi village of Kannur district, maps for the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, between the latitudes of 120N to 120 3’N and longitudes sulphate, nitrate, chloride, pH, total hardness (TH), iron of 75012’E to 75018’E. Clay mining is confined to and TDS were prepared to understand the spatial Madayipara and the surrounding area of Madayi village, distribution, which are shown in Figures 2 to 11. which is a flat topped laterite hillock facing Payangadi town on the bank of Kuppam river. The Kerala Clays & RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ceramics Products Ltd. is an Undertaking of the Government of Kerala, were mining china clay at Geospatial Distribution of Water Quality in Madayi Madayipara. This place is also located near to , Mine Area which is very adjacent to Arabian sea. Groundwater pH occurs under phreatic conditions in weathered mantle pH is an important physical parameter, used to indicate of the crystalline rocks, laterites and unconsolidated the alkalinity and acidity of a substance. pH maintains the

Figure 1. Map showing sampling location and the study area. ECO-CHRONICLE 99 carbonate and bicarbonates levels in water. The pH value the samples wherein turbidity was detected, during the ranges from 2.52 to 8.54 with an average of 7.01 and periods of pre-monsoon and post monsoon respectively. 3.07 to 8.28 with an average of 6.93 in the pre-monsoon The distribution pattern of the turbidity during both pre- and post-monsoon periods respectively (Tables 1 and 2). monsoon and post-monsoon was totally different in Figure 2, shows the spatial distribution of pH concentration nature (Figure 3). It could be owing to the human in the study area. It was found that higher concentration intervention in the form of mining activity, which was of pH was seen in the western region during the pre- once very active in the study region that induced the monsoon that showed a decline in values during post- presence of suspended particulate matter during monsoon period. The flow of water during monsoon time monsoon and thereby polluted the groundwater while might have affected the groundwater condition through percolating downward. The World Health Organization the clayey sediments. The acceptable limit of pH in drinking (WHO, 1993), recommended that the turbidity of water is 6.5-8.5 according to BIS (Bureau of Indian drinking water should not be higher than 5 NTU. But, Standards). Normally the bicarbonates are responsible ideally the turbidity is required to be less than 1 NTU. for the increase in pH and the low oxygen values (Kamble, et al.,2011). The higher values of pH were indicative of Total Hardness the situation, where the carbon dioxide, carbonate- Total hardness is another parameter that determines the bicarbonate equilibrium was affected more due to the quality of groundwater. The values of total hardness in change in physico-chemical condition (Karanth, 1987). the study area was found to be very high and were in the range from 40 to 1460 mg/l with an average value of Turbidity about 245.45 mg/l in the pre-monsoon period and in the In the study area, the turbidity of water was in the range range between 24 mg/l and 519.6 mg/l with an average from 0.2 to 10.2 NTU and from 0.3 to 18 NTU, among value of about 160.53 mg/l in post monsoon period. The

Table 1. Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater for the Pre-monsoon period of Madayi area.

Sample Location Longitude Latitude PH TDS Turbidity TH TA Cl SO4 Ca Mg Fe No (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) W1 PARANTHATTA 75.256 12.02564 7.66 179 0.4 90.6 41.9 14.69 9.92 21.95 8.57 0.21 W2 NAGAKINAR 75.2555 12.02534 7.72 188 7.6 94.08 57.1 3.67 14.28 36.06 0.95 0.26 W3 B.MADAYIPARA 75.254 12.0257 8.28 187 0.28 40 114 73.81 14.28 11.2 2.91 0.47 W4 S.MADAYIPARA 75.2539 12.02565 6.72 100 0.29 40 21.9 44.08 20.5 12.8 1.94 0.35 W5 W.KOTTAKKEL1 75.2534 12.0256 6.63 106 1.7 40 13.1 18.37 15.3 12.8 1.94 0.43 W6 PALAKKKA.H 75.2552 12.0255 8.02 300 1.1 156.8 126 11.02 4.84 51.74 6.66 0.25 W7 CHEVAYUR 75.2523 12.02535 7.43 416 0.5 160.7 156 22.03 7.23 58.01 3.81 0.23 W8 W.KOTTAKKEL2 75.2514 12.0256 3.8 425 0.27 152 8.76 84.48 224 41.6 11.7 0.28 W9 MUCHILOT 75.2539 12.0256 8.15 257 0.6 117.6 137 18.36 7.76 39.2 4.76 0.23 W10 W.CLAY MINE2 75.2523 12.026 4.2 478 0.5 196 8.76 29.38 240.4 53.31 15.2 0.52 W11 KOTAKKEL1 75.2515 12.0265 7.47 772 BDL 312 110 360 16.7 54.4 42.77 0.66 W12 VADI.H 75.2555 12.025335 7.56 230 0.7 94.08 72.4 18.36 2.36 32.92 2.85 0.66 W13 NR.WEL.UPS 75.24665 12.02769 7.75 873 0.3 392 164 62.42 248 133 14.2 0.49 W14 W.RAILWAYLINE 75.2464 12.0289 7.75 1700 2.5 1460 232 25.7 120 440 87.5 0.54 W15 KOOVA 75.2555 12.0264 7.16 233 1.9 82.32 30.5 18.36 12.64 29.79 1.9 0.25 W16 NR.VADUKUNDA 75.2527 12.03 8.31 670 0.29 286.2 149 66.1 115.6 68.99 27.6 0.25 W17 N.MUCHILOT 75.2534 12.0311 7.65 427 1.3 156.8 114 33.05 23.28 48.6 8.57 0.21 W18 N.CLAY MINE 75.2477 12.0294 3.5 1150 BDL 212 0 161.6 812 49.6 21.38 0.23 W19 VENGARA GATE 75.247 12.0297 6.3 187 6.1 364 114 36.5 32.2 80 48.6 0.25 W20 H.OPP.CLY MINE 75.2478 12.03028 7.22 198 7.3 128 118 33.06 12 64 22.4 0.21 W21 W.MADAYIPARA 75.2431 12.03 6.92 193 0.29 60 102 73.81 9.6 14.4 5.83 0.55 W22 KOVVA 1 75.2423 12.03015 7.31 597 0.29 216 96.4 18.37 24.5 38.4 29.2 0.45 W23 NR.RLY GATE 75.24 12.0314 7.08 772 0.28 312 109 359.9 16.7 54.4 42.8 0.66 W24 KOVVAPURAM 1 75.238577 12.0314 7.81 480 2.9 104 131 22.04 8.8 20.8 12.6 0.55 W25 KOVVAPURAM 2 75.2386 12.0316 7.65 1080 2.4 388 254 110 17.8 62.4 56.4 0.56 W26 KAVILEVALAPPIL 75.2399 12.03259 7 278 2.7 216 175 165.3 97.8 158.4 113 0.65 W27 KOVVAPURAM 3 75.23885 12.03297 7.78 592 3.6 256 101 69.79 10 76.8 15.6 0.48 W28 JANNATH 75.2396 12.0332 7.83 55.3 7.3 227.4 179 47.74 248 78.4 7.62 0.21 W29 NE.MUTTAM.PHC 75.2396 12.0332 8.54 1820 2.4 448 175 165.3 97.8 158.4 12.6 0.5 W30 MADAYI JUMMASJID 75.24 12.0333 6.65 537 2.2 300 131 14.69 29.72 51.2 41.8 0.5 W31 CLAYMINE WEST 75.2414 12.03297 7.45 760 2.2 412 164 40.39 399.2 144.8 14.6 0.5 W32 MADAYI JUM2 75.2429 12.0329 7.2 448 0.2 364 206 29.38 13.4 60.8 51.32 0.54 W33 MUTTAM.KAVILE.Valappil 75.239 12.0358 7.19 150 2 116 13.1 73.46 20.8 30.4 9.72 0.49 W34 N.CLAY MINE 75.2477 12.0295 2.52 1340 10.2 404 8.76 14.69 35.2 136 15.6 0.41 W35 OPPOSITE CLAY MINE 75.24778 12.0294 7.2 193 7.3 192 206 37.1 13.4 60.88 51.5 0.21 Min 2.52 55.3 0.2 40 0 3.67 2.36 11.2 0.95 0.21 Max 8.54 1820 10.2 1460 254 360 812 440 113 0.66 Average 7.01 524.89 2.42 245.45 109.71 67.91 85.60 71.04 23.33 0.41 100 ECO-CHRONICLE hardness of the water during the post monsoon period Total Alkalinity was dropped due to the higher rate of recharge happened during monsoon time. The permissible limit of hardness Total alkalinity value ranges from 0 mg/l to 254 mg/l is 600mg/l as per BIS standard (2012). The principal with an average value of 109.71 mg/l in pre-monsoon source of the hardness in water is calcium and and ranges between 4.08 mg/l to 200 mg/l with an magnesium carbonates (Weiner, 2000). The other average value of 89.63 mg/l in post monsoon period. sources of contribution to the total hardness in the The desirable value of total alkalinity according to BIS groundwater is owing to infiltration of leachate from is 200mg/l. The geospatial distribution pattern of total landfills or industrial sites and erosion of salt deposits alkalinity in the area of study are given in Figure 5 for and sodium bearing rock minerals (Mohammed-Aslam the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. According et al., 2016). The geospatial distribution map of total to Hujare, (2008), the changes of alkalinity in hardness observed during pre-monsoon and post- groundwater is due to the increase in bicarbonates monsoon concentration are shown in Figure 4. constituents.

Table 2. Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater for the post-monsoon period of Madayi area.

Sample LOCATION LONGITUDE LATITUDE PH TDS Turbidity TH TA (mg/l) Cl SO4 Ca Mg Fe No. (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) W1 PARANTHATTA 75.256 12.02564 8.23 168 0.4 88 69.4 38.9 7.6 30.4 2.91 BDL

W2 NAGAKINAR 75.2555 12.02534 6.66 80 BDL 24 36.7 11.7 7.2 8 0.97 BDL

W3 B.MADAYIPARA 75.2552 12.0255 8.2 254 1.1 120 97.9 38.9 12.8 33.6 8.74 BDL

W4 S.MADAYIPARA 75.254 12.0257 8.28 187 BDL 40 114 23.3 9.6 11.2 2.91 BDL

W5 W.KOTTAKKEL1 75.2539 12.0257 7.61 159 BDL 52 57.1 46.62 36 16 4.66 BDL

W6 PALAKKKA.H 75.2534 12.0256 6.03 93 1.7 32 36.7 11.7 6.4 8 0.97 BDL

W7 CHEVAYUR 75.2523 12.02545 8.19 136 0.5 56 57.1 31.1 8.4 19.2 2.21 BDL

W8 W.KOTTAKKEL2 75.2523 12.0256 8.03 216 BDL 100 49 50.5 15.2 25.6 8.74 BDL

W9 MUCHILOT 75.2523 12.0256 7.81 124 0.6 32 57.1 38.9 6.8 11.2 0.97 BDL

W10 W.CLAY MINE2 75.2523 12.026 8.18 170 0.5 76 81.6 38.9 240 12.8 7.77 BDL

W11 KOTAKKEL1 75.2515 12.0265 6.36 199 BDL 108 53 49 12 24 11.7 BDL

W12 VADI.H 75.2523 12.0269 7.63 178 0.7 80 81.6 19.4 13 24 4.86 BDL

W13 NR.WEL.UPS 75.2523 12.02769 7.18 395 0.3 192 97.9 34.9 248 59.2 10.7 BDL

W14 W.RAILWAYLINE 75.2523 12.0289 7.18 238 2.5 144 144 38.9 120 48 5.83 BDL

W15 KOOVA 75.2523 12.0298 6.97 130 BDL 40 61.2 27.2 5.44 12.8 1.94 BDL

W16 NR.VADUKUNDA 75.2583 12.0266 7.19 150 BDL 116 13.2 73.5 116 12.8 0.49 BDL

W17 N.MUCHILOT 75.2534 12.0311 7.65 427 1.3 156.8 114 18.4 2.4 49 8.57 BDL

W18 N.CLAY MINE 75.2477 12.0294 6.3 718 BDL 400 180 46.62 32.2 80 48.6 BDL

W19 VENGARA GATE 75.247 12.0297 7.28 398 BDL 264 139 31.8 38.85 56 30.13 BDL

W20 H.OPP.CLY MINE 75.2478 12.03028 6.8 910 0.3 519.6 200 38.9 40.4 144 38.88 BDL

W21 W.MADAYIPARA 75.2431 12.03 6.92 193 BDL 60 102 73.8 10 14.4 5.83 BDL

W22 KOVVA 1 75.2423 12.0302 7.06 220 BDL 148 16.3 38.9 10.5 46.4 7.77 0.3

W23 NR.RLY GATE 75.234 12.032 3.07 922 2.7 128 4.08 394.9 27.2 41.6 11.7 14.4

W24 KOVVAPURAM 75.23858 12.0314 6.96 392 2.9 248 93.8 31.1 12 64 21.4 0.63

W25 KOVVAPURAM 75.2386 12.0316 7.12 299 2.4 100 139 38.9 7.96 32 4.86 0.51

W26 KAVILEVALAPPIL 75.2399 12.0326 6.9 472 14.99 160 126 97.1 97.8 30.4 13.6 15

W27 KOVVAPURAM2 75.23885 12.0329 7.04 635 3.6 180 120 27.1 72 72 3.88 BDL

W28 JANNATH 75.2396 12.0332 6.83 308 BDL 144 139 42.7 29.7 46.4 7.77 BDL

W29 NE.MUTTAM.PHC 75.239 12.0358 6.95 385 2 200 159 27.2 13.4 14.4 10.7 BDL

W30 MADAYI JUMMASJID 75.2396 12.0332 8.28 165 BDL 128 89.8 35 28 48 1.94 BDL

W31 CLAYMINE WEST 75.24 12.03297 5.75 368 BDL 196 73.4 60.9 48 48 13.6 BDL

W32 MADAYI JUM2 75.2429 12.0329 7.38 525 BDL 268 196 93.2 76 80 16.52 BDL

W33 MUTTAM.KAVILE.V 75.239 12.0358 6.95 472 8 216 126 97.12 44.8 64 13.6 15.6

W34 N.CLAY MINE 75.2477 12.0295 3.07 922 18 288 4.08 396.3 46.4 96 11.66 14.35

W35 OPPOSITE CLAY MINE 75.24778 12.0294 4.6 637 6 514 8.16 35 13.4 24 25.3 0.74 Min 3.07 80 0.3 24 4.08 11.7 2.4 8 0.49 0.3

Max 8.28 922 18 519.6 200 396.3 248 144 48.6 15.6

Average 6.93 349.86 3.52 160.53 89.63 62.81 43.30 40.21 10.65 7.69 ECO-CHRONICLE 101

Chloride the study area during both in pre and post monsoon The concentration of chloride was in the range between periods (Figure 8). The highest concentration level in 3.67mg/l and 360 mg/l with an average value of 67.91 pre-monsoon period was extreme and was found that it mg/l during pre-monsoon with while the same was in the was not within the permissible limits of BIS standard. range from 11.7mg/l to 396.3 mg/l with and average value The sulphur content in the atmospheric precipitation of 62.81 mg/l during post monsoon period. It was found only of about 2 mg/l. Whereas, Mohammed Aslam observed that the highest value of chloride was recorded et al.,(2016), stated that the wide range of sulphate in post monsoon period. The acceptable limit of chloride content is possible in groundwater through oxidation, is 250mg/l as per BIS standard. Chloride bearing rocks precipitation, solution and concentration as water and minerals are the major sources of chloride in crisscrosses through rocks. The primary source of groundwater. Abnormal values of chloride concentration sulphur is the sulphide minerals present in igneous and can be due to the pollution of sewage waste and leaching metamorphic rocks and gypsum and anhydrides present of saline residues in the soil. Geospatial distribution map sedimentary rocks. of chloride is presented in Figure 6 and noted that north- west region of the study area showed some variation in Total Dissolved solids concentration of chloride during the post monsoon period. Total dissolved solid is a vital parameter which bears a Todd and Mays, (2005) and Hem(1985), stated that the peculiar taste to water and diminish its potability. The contribution of Cl- is the result of irrigation-return-flows minimum, maximum and average values of the same as well as poor drainage conditions. Since the study area has been given in Tables 1 and 2. Total dissolved solids comprises of the mining region, irrigation might not be was higher with maximum value of 1820 mg/l in pre- the major contributors, but, chemical leaching as well as monsoon period and 922mg/l in post monsoon period. poor drainage conditions might have controlled the higher According to the BIS standard, the desirable level of TDS concentration of chloride in this region. Hem (1985) is 500 mg/l and the permissible limit is 2000 mg/l. The stated that the Cl- ion can also be derived from the clay higher content of dissolved solids increases the density weathering products due to their poor drainage of water and influences osmo-regulation of fresh water conditions. Other causes of chloride have a non- organisms. Figure 9 shows the geospatial distribution lithological sources that is derived mainly from the pattern of TDS concentration, where detailed study has secondary salt precipitation due to irrigation-return flow, been conducted. A slight up trend was observed in the higher rate of evaporation due to semi-arid climate, and southwestern region of the study area during post pollution of waste waters (Todd and Mays, 2005; Hem, monsoon period. 1985). Such conditions were not present in the study area. Iron Normally, iron gives a rusty color to the washed cloths Calcium along with a change in taste. Iron, an essential element The desirable limit of calcium concentration in drinking for growth of animal in trace amount, is a common water is 75 mg/l as per BIS standard. The calcium element occur in various rocks and soils. Higher concentration in water samples collected from the study concentrations of iron in water can results in area ranged from 11.2 to 440 mg/l with an average value discoloration, bad taste, staining and turbidity. of 71.04 mg/l and 8 mg/l to 144 mg/l with an average value of 40.21 mg/l in the pre—monsoon and post- Iron content in the area was in the range from 0.21 to monsoon seasons respectively. Figure 7 shows the 0.66mg/l in pre-monsoon season and from 0.31 to15.6 geospatial distribution pattern of calcium concentration mg/l in post-monsoon period respectively, from among in the area of study. It was found that the drastic changes the samples wherein Fe was detected (Figure 10). in the concentration were observed during the post According to the BIS standard, the concentrations of 0.3 monsoon period. The CaCO3 stored in the soil zone by mg/l is desirable limit and 1 mg/l is the permissible limit evaporation can get dissolved and to reach the respectively. Higher concentration of iron content was groundwater body as Ca+2 and HCO3- ions through the seen in the area located near to mining area that was process of leaching (Hem, 1985). attributed to the mining activities took place once in the study area, which might have been induced from soil Sulphates leaching of iron from the pyrite present in the lignite The value of sulphates fluctuates between 2.36 mg/l and originated from the clay layers, which leads to the iron 812 mg/l with an average value of 85.60 mg/l in pre- concentration in the groundwater. Water from such areas monsoon period and from 2.4 mg/l to 248 mg/l with an were not suitable for drinking purpose. Higher average value of 43.40 mg/l in post-monsoon period. A concentration was observed at the south western side large variation in sulphates concentration were found in of the study area (15.6mg/l) during post monsoon period. 102 ECO-CHRONICLE

Figure 2. Geospatial distribution map of pH (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) concentration in Madayi clay mine area.

Figure 3 Geospatial distribution map of Turbidity (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in Madayi clay mine area.

Figure 4 Geospatial distribution pattern of Total Hardness (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study area. ECO-CHRONICLE 103

Figure 5. Geospatial distribution pattern of Total Alkalinity (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study region.

Figure 6. Geospatial distribution map of Chloride (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study region.

Figure 7. Geospatial distribution pattern of Calcium concentration (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study region. 104 ECO-CHRONICLE

Fig 8. Geospatial distribution pattern of sulphate concentration (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study area.

Fig. 9. Geospatial distribution map of TDS concentration (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) in the study region.

Figure 10. Geospatial distribution map of Iron concentration (pre-monsoon period) in the study region. ECO-CHRONICLE 105

Figure 11. Geospatial distribution map of Mg concentration (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period) in the study region.

Magnesium of the area is indicative of the influences on the Water hardness is primarily due to the occurrence of contamination in the groundwater by mining and Calcium and Magnesium. Magnesium is one of the anthropogenic impacts. The quality of the groundwater components responsible for the hardness of water. The near the mined area were not suitable for domestic desirable limit of magnesium concentration in drinking purposes. This situation of groundwater scenario was water is 100mg/l as per BIS standard. If the concentration indicative of the fact that the direct contamination was magnesium in drinking water exceeds of 300 mg/l, it is occurred by mining operation in the area of study. Much considered as unfit. The Magnesium concentration in of the land of this area is rendered unfit for any agricultural water samples collected from the study area was in the work due to the clay slurry coming from the mine which range from 0.95 to 113 mg/l with an average value of degraded the land. The lateritic hillock was reshaped and 23.33 mg/l and from 0.49 to 48.6 mg/l with an average destroyed drastically in the mining area. Such value of 10.65 mg/l in the pre- monsoon and post- modification has caused stress on the aquifer conditions. monsoon seasons respectively. Higher concentration of magnesium leads to scaling in the water conducting REFERENCES pipes. Figure 11 showed the geospatial distribution map of Mg concentration (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon Asith Kumar Batabyal and Surajit Chakraborty (2015). period) in the study region. Higher concentration of Mg Hydrogeochemistry and Water Quality Index in the during the pre-monsoon period was observed at Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Uses, Kavilevalappil and near clay mine. The sources of the Water Environment Research, 87 (7): 607-617. magnesium bearing minerals of the study area are clay minerals and hornblende. The mining activity in the area Babaei Semiromi,F., Hassani, A.H., Torabian, A., might have contributed the higher concentration of Karbassi, Ar.R. and Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F. (2011). Water magnesium in the groundwater of the region. The Mg quality index development using fuzzy logic: A case study stored in the soil zone by evaporation during pre- of the Karoon river of Iran, African Journal of monsoon can get dissolved in monsoon that reach the Biotechnology, 10 (50):10125-10133. groundwater body as Mg and HCO3- ions through the process of leaching (Hem, 1985). Bharathkumar L, M. A. Mohammed-Aslam (2015). Influence of lineaments on drainage morphometry using SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION geoinformatics: A case study of Nethravathi watershed. International Journal of Research, 2, (5) : 1103 - 1116. From the water quality analysis, it is evident that the mining activity had an impact on the quality of Bharathkumar L, M. A. Mohammed-Aslam (2018). Long groundwater. Water quality parameters at some places term trend analysis of water level response to rainfall of were found to be higher than the desirable and Gulbarga watershed, Karnataka, India, in basaltic terrain: permissible limits as per BIS standard. Water chemistry hydrogeological environmental appraisal in arid region, 106 ECO-CHRONICLE

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