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COULOMB’S LAW, E FIELDS 5 charges, q, are arranged in a regular pentagon, as shown. What is the E at the center? q

q q

A) Zero q q B) Non-zero C) Really need trig and a calculator to decide 1 of the 5 charges has been removed, as shown. What’s the E field at the center?

a +y q q

2 A) +(kq/a ) j q q + B) -(kq/a2) j C) 0 D) Something entirely different! To find the E- field at P=(x,y,z) from a thin line (uniform linear density ): 1 1 E = ˆ ldl' 4pe ò 2 0  y What is  =  ?

dl' Â A) X B) y' r' x 2 2 2 2 C) dl ' + x D) x + y' r P=(x,0,0)

E) Something completely different!! l dl' E( r ) = ò 3 Â 4pe0Â y

dl' r'= Â (0,y',0) x r P=(x,0,0)

l dl' l E( r ) = ò 3 Â ,so Ex (x,0,0) = ò … 4pe0 4pe0Â dy' x y A) ò x3 dy' x B) dl' ò (x2 + y'2 )3/ 2 r'= Â (0,y',0) dy' y' x C) r P=(x,0,0) ò x3 dy' y' D) E) Something else ò (x2 + y'2 )3/ 2 Griffiths p. 64 finds E a distance z from a line segment with : 1 2lL (0,0,z) E = kˆ 4pe 2 2 x 0 z z + L -L +L What is the approx. form for E, if z>>L? 2lL E = ×(...) 4pe0 A) 0 B) 1 C) 1/z D) 1/z^2 E) None of these is remotely correct. Griffiths p. 64 finds E a distance z from a line segment with charge density : 1 2lL (0,0,z) E = kˆ 4pe 2 2 x 0 z z + L -L +L What is the approx. form for E, if z<

GAUSS’ LAW Which of the following are vectors? (I) (II) Electric (III) Electric charge A) (I) only B) (I) and (II) only C) (I) and (III) only D) (II) and (III) only E) (I), (II), and (III) The space in and around a cubical box (edge length L) is filled with a constant uniform electric field, E = E yˆ . What is the TOTAL E • d a through this closed surface? òò z

A.Zero L 2 B.EL y C.2EL2 2 D.6EL x E.We don't know (r), so can't answer. A positive point charge +q is placed outside a closed cylindrical surface as shown. The closed surface consists of the flat end caps (labeled A and B) and the curved side surface (C). What is the sign of the electric flux through surface C?

(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) not enough information given to decide

A q q C B (Side View) A positive point charge +q is placed outside a closed cylindrical surface as shown. The closed surface consists of the flat end caps (labeled A and B) and the curved side surface (C). What is the sign of the electric flux through surface C?

(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) not enough information given to decide

q A

q C (Side View) B A which is not a sphere has a single charge (q) inside it, not at the center. There are more charges outside. What can we say about total electric flux

E · da through this surface ò ?

A) It is q/0 B) We know what it is, but it is NOT q/0 C) Need more info/details to figure it out. An electric (+q and –q, small distance d apart) sits centered in a Gaussian sphere. q -q

What can you say about the flux of E through the sphere, and |E| on the sphere?

A) Flux=0, E=0 everywhere on sphere surface B) Flux =0, E need not be zero everywhere on sphere C) Flux is not zero, E=0 everywhere on sphere D) Flux is not zero, E need not be zero… Deep questions to ponder

 Is ’s law valid for all separation distances? (How about r=0?)  What is the physics origin of the r2 dependence of Coulomb’s force law?

 What is the physics origin of the 1/0 dependence of Coulomb’s force law?  What is the physics origin of the 1/4π factor in Coulomb’s force law?  What really is electric charge?  Why is electric charge quantized (in units of e)?  What really is negative vs. positive electric charge (i.e. –e vs. +e)?

 Why does the Coulomb force vary as the product of charges q1q2?  What really is the E-field associated with e.g. a point electric charge, e?  Are electric field lines real? Do they really exist in space and time? Johann (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist

Child prodigy

Magnetism In 1831, Gauss developed a collaboration with physicist Wilhelm Weber, leading to new knowledge in , including finding a representation for the unit of magnetism in terms of mass, charge, and time - now named the Gauss - the discovery of Kirchhoff's circuit laws in , and formulating his namesake law.

They constructed the first electro-mechanical telegraph in 1833 which connected the observatory (where Gauss was director) with the institute for physics in Göttingen. Geodetic survey

In 1818 Gauss carried out a geodetic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover and came up with the notion of Gaussian curvature.

Non-Euclidean geometries Gauss claimed to have discovered the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries but never published it.

, Gauss selected the topic for Bernhard Riemann's inaugural lecture.

Riemannian geometry became the basis of Einstein's theory of