The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Author(s): Oscar Montelius Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 26 (1897), pp. 254-261 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842354 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 01:50

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This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 254 0. MONTELIUS.-The Tyfir7renians and likely to borrow their customs. A map of the region of the wampum belt will be found to centre in the Iroquois country, leading to the inference that it was there that it had its origin.

DECEMBER14th, 1896. Special Jfeeting.

E. W. BRABROOK,Esq., F.S.A., President, inr the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meetinig were read and signed.

The following papers were read: " The Tyrrhenians in Greece and Italy." By Dr. OSCAR MONTELIUS. "Pre-classical Chronology in Greece alnd Italy." By Dr. OSCAR MONTELIUS.

Messrs. A. EVANS, J. L. MYRFS, LEwIS, PHENt, and RIDGWAY, and Mrs. STOPEStook part in the discussion.

The TYRRHENIANS in GREECE and ITALY.'

By Prof. OSCAR MONTELIUS. [WITH PLATES XV TO XXX.] F:ROMthe old centre in the valley of the Euphrates, a very Ihigh civilisation in a comparatively early period reached the western coasts of Asia and the south-eastern parts of Europe. On the way from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean we find the Empire of the Hittites, occupying Syria and a great part of Asia Minor. By this people the Oriental civilisation had been brought much nearer to Europe than in the times when this culture was confined to the Chaldheo-Assyrian terri- tories; and it is natural to suppose that, when this civilisationi reached the coasts of Asia Minor, it must have had a tendency to go farther west, to spread over the isles in the AEgean Sea and the coasts of Greece. We find also on these isles and these coasts, in a very remote period, the remarkably high civilisation, TheT same ideas have been expressed by the author in the meeting of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, October 20th, 1893.

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This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in Greeceand Italy. 2O5 which was first discovered by Dr. Schliemann, and with which we have been familiar for the last twenty years, under the name of the Mycenfean. The remains of this Mycenueancivilisation consist of the ruins of cities and tombs with their contents. In the city we find the citadel with the palace for the king, protected by walls of enormous stones, as at Tiryns, and accessible through strong gates like the Lion Gate in Mycenae. The weapons and imple- ments found in these cities and tombs are not of iron, but of bronze, or sometimes of stone. Thus, so that we have still to do with the pure bronze ctge, but yet with a far more advanced bronze age than in the other parts of Europe: with architecture, sculpture, and painting; with columns and vaults; with sculptured and engraved stones; with painted walls and painted pottery; with gold, silver, amber, alabaster, and lapis lazuli, with engraved gems, and the beginnings of an art of writino, as Mr. Arthur Evans has lately discovered. These reinains are principally to be seen in the isles and the coasts of Greece, and there is no difficulty in proving that this civilisation is not an indigenous one; it is not the direct con- tinuation of the immediately preceding stage. It is evidently something foreign coinino from another country. The shape of the graves and their contents are new. Before that time the bodies were deposited in a little cavity, hollowed out in the ground, and lined with stones. In the Mycenaean period, the tombs are either large " fosse "-like the tombs discovered by Schliemann in the Acropolis of Mycenae- or chambers accessible through a door on the side; the bodies were, as before, deposited unburnt. Most of the weapons, implements, personal ornaments and pottery placed in these graves are quite different from those belongino to the preced- ing period, but a great number of them resemble those found in the East. Thus it is evident that the Mycen.ean civilisation in Greece is due not only to an influence from another country, but to the immigration of a new people. That this people-or at least the great majority of the imrimigrants-came from Asia Minor is proved by the important fact, which however has not been sufficiently noticed, that the Mycenaean tombs are of the same kind as those common in Asia Minor, but are differelntfront the characteristic Phoenician grave, which is a vertical shaft with a chamber opening on its side at the bottom. The lions on the famous gate of Mycenae and numerous other objects point also in the direction of Asia Minor, because similar remains have been discovered there, but do not exist in Pheenicia or Egypt.

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 25G 0. MONTELIUS.-.TheTyrrhtenians

The close relation between tlle inhabitants of Greece and the western parts of Asia Miuor in tllose timies is also proved by tlle numerous localities iii botli couintries bearing already in the pre-classical time the same nlames. Among the most remarkable names of that kidlcl are tllose of Olympos, Ida and Larissa. Onithe otlher hanld,there are in the Myceiiamn renmainsmany traces of a frequenit intercourse with the Phoenicians and witl Egypt. The Myceiiueanepoch in Greek history was a very long olie. We ca8l now-especially with tlle help of the pottery-distinguish four different periods, aind we know that the later part of the 3rd period corresponds with the 1 th century. This is proved, in the most indisputable way, by repeated (liscoveries in Greece and in Egypt itself of Mycenw-eanpottery of the later part of the 3rd period together with inscriptions bearing the rname of the Egyptian kingi Amenophis or Amenhotep ITl and his queen Ti, who belonged to the XVIII dynasty and the 15th century B.C. This has also been confirmliedby other conlbinations between the period in question and the XVIII Egyptian dynasty. To this stage belong most of the grave-chambers at Mycena, Orcliomeinos, Vaphio alnd otlhers; the graves discovered by Schliernaninin the Acropolis of Mycenae, with their unusually rich contents, of gold and weapolns,are earlier. Thus more than 1500 years B.C. there muist lhave been an im- migration of a new people into Greece, a people with a higher civilisation than thlat of the old, more barbarian inhabitants. The irnmigranltsprinicipally occup)ied the isles and the coasts. Nothing indicates that they expelled or annihilated the whole body of the former possessors of the country. It was most probably something, in the same way as here in England and in France, when the Romans came: these occupied the country, they introduLcedthere a higlher civilisation than the old one, but their number was mnuchinferior to that of the old inihabitants who remained after the occupation. The immiarants into Greece came frolil Asia Minor, probably for the most part from Caria, , and other districts of the western coast. They were influenced by the Hittite civilisation, but it is not my meaning, that they were themselves Hittites, properly speaking. Greek tradition has much to relate about Pelops, the Kyklopes and others who in early tiines came to Greece from Asia Minor, alnd about a foreign people living thenl in Greece andl possess- ing a very high civilisation. They are named or Tyrrhenians, and sometimes Carians or Leleges. All these names are found lnot onily in Greece-especially in the isles

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions i'mGreece and itctly. 257 and the coasts-but also in thev western part of Asia Minor. There can be no doubt that the Pelasgians or Tyrrhenians were the bearers of Mycen.ean civilisatioln. It has been generally supposed that tlle Pelasgians formed the whole body of the old inhabitanits of Greece before the IHelleines. Buit this was never stated by the Greek authors. The Pelasgiaiis are only mentioned as a people living in Greece, or in some parts of it, amongst the indigenous populatioll, long before the classical time. There is no sllarp distinction made between Pelasgianis and Tyrrheenians by the old Greek authors. Probably these two names were generic in the samlle way as Franks inow in the Levant sicgnify all the Europeans, or as Danies, Swedes, and Norwegialns here in England during.the Viking, period were all called "PDaes." History tells us that the Pelasgians at last were driven out from Athenis and most of the other Greek places. Those comininfronm Athens took possession of the isle of , where they remained till about 500 B.C. It is evident that the expulsion of thle Pelasgians fromn Greece was a consequence of the Dorian migration, wlhich is supposed to lhave taken place in the 12th centllry B.C., and some time after the Trojan war. Many of the Pelasgians and of the peoples which resulted from the amalgamation of Pelasgian and Greek elemelnts-as for instance the lonians-returned to the western coast of Asia Minor, wvherethey founded the so- called Ioniani colonies. Others took a westerly direction to and Italy. This is lnot surprising, because it was natural that the civili- sation comilng from the east to Greece had a tendency to go farther to the west, alndbecause we find traces of an intercourse betweell Greece and Sicily already in the Mycellneanperiod. A great number of the Pelasgian emigrants frollm Greece came, together witlh kilndred people frollm Asia Minor to the western part of Central Italy, between the Tiber and the Arno, founded there lnumerous colonies, anld toolk possession of all this rich country. Here also, as had been the case in Greece, they wveresuperior in civilisationi, but inferior in number to thle old inihabitants. The greater part of the latter remained after the occupation, and gradually mingled with the new-comers. The new occupants of the country became best known under the name of Tyrrhenians, as the Greek authors, or Etruscans, as the Romans called themii. There is no doubt that the Tyr- rlienians in Certral Italy and in Greece were the samllepeople, and we cani thus explailn the mainyaffinities in religion, arts and other things between thie Greeks and the Etruscans. VOL. XXVI. s

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 258 0. MONTELIJS.-T le Tyrrhenimtvs The Greek tradition agrees fully witlh this statemiientof the case. Hellanikos of Lesbos,' in the 5th century B.C.,relates that Pelasgians from Thessaly came to Central Italy, took froom the Umbrians Kroton and , occupied a great part of Camlpania,and fouindedthere a new Larissa. Antiklides states that Tyrrhenian Pelasgians from Asia Minor came to ; and we rememiiberwhat Herodotos2 says about the Tyrrhenian emigration from Lvdia to Etruiria. Tacitus relates that the Lydians still in his days possessed Etruscan documilents,in whiclh the Etruscans were said to descend from the Lydians, and have their nearest relations in the Peloponnesos. Thus the opinion is expressed by all the old authors, that the Etruscans came to Central Italy by sea from the east. The only exception is Dionysios of Halicarnassos,3 who colnsidered them as all indigenious Italian people; but he lived more than 1000 years after the time in question; consequently, his personal opinion has no greater value thani that of a moderni writer, anld he does not cite ally tradition or hlistorical fact to support his view. I klnow very well that the modern Germani theory of the origin of the Etruscans does not agree with the Greek tradi- tion. But I am quite sure that the archeological facto, in Central and North Italy, are now sufficiently well known, anid that they prove the truth of this traditioln. These arclheological facts may be summarised as follows: Duiring the bronze age there is no difference between Nortlh anld Central Italy. In both parts of the peninsula we can see the same uninterrupted evolution, without any strong foreicn influience which would indicate a fresh immligration. For example, in the later part of the bronze age, all thle tomlbs in Central, as in North Italy, are siniple pozzi, hollowed out in the ground, where the ossuaries with the ashes of the burlnt bodies are deposited. But at the period when iron begins to appear, all this is changed. We then find a sensible diversity between the districts onl either side of the Apennines. In North Italy, where the iron arrives later than in Central Italy, we still find only the im-mediate continuation of the old evolution with tonmbea pozzo aild the custoni of incineration while the types of the antiquities are evideintly descended from their predecessors. It is true that we finld in Central Italy also some similar tombs with burnt bonles anid antiquities of the same kind as

1 Quoted by Dionysios of Halikarnassos, I, 28, frag. 28b. 2 Herodotos, i, 94. 3 Dion. Bal , i, 28.

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Bronze (or Copper) Implements and Weapons. Fibulae. Iron B.C. Periods. Implements 0 | aind Axes. | Daggers and Swords. Knives. Weapons. Disc. Not serp

2100 fSmall daggers~ : 1 Flat (copper) { (copper), - -NNo}l -- L swords. 1950o Flanged; low Triangular daggers| l L2I:2 edges; edge not 1>J(of ten with emuch broader, bronze handles), I ----! notr circular. j No swords. J 1800 Flanged; higher

| qo| I | ledges;edgeoften| Swords and daggers. | 1650 ctular. J 1500 | 1 II: reWinged;no stop. 1. Do. Double-edged. - - 1L500 "P e II1:2f Winged; slight Do. Doble-edgd. schieral rPeachier fig 1350 1 stop-ridge. =o. d _ JL fig. 19 IVf1Winged; high disc with~ I:1 stop-ridge. . D.--[o.Larger spirals, = fig. Large, =f 195 1200 13-8, -200.J IV:IV: 2' 2 Palstaves, primitive. Do. L{~~~~~~~~~~~~"Round,"tive.gef primi. 1 ag dspirals.is,rcsfg 1100 ~~~~~~~~~~~~No ~~~~~fl (or w i Paletaves, thick. Swords. Round, broad. Very rare. traces oLIShort Epirals; one f~lfg. 48-6'4cht 950[ L;)!;9j l l i ]traverse. 950

| Palstaves, thick; Rare. Round, road. { Not very { | Long chani | wd t l not common. f common.. { { ton,ie wi

750

1.i Palstaves, large Long; rareLogca thin; rare. lre1-1(oeoud.} Cvinmon. -times wil ~~~~~~r .~~~~~~~~~~~~nnerud. i.1

' - { _ | _ r.-T -. Do. - _"i 'f,Cer],osa

400~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions * This and the following fig. refer to r NORTHER.N ITALY. ons. Fibulse. Pottery. Iron Implements No Disc. aind Not painted. Knives. Weapons. Disc. Paii ted. Not serpeggianti. Serpeggianti. italico. .

Rude, made with the hand (not with the lathe). Engraved, uble-edged. - - - - geometrical patterns.

"P e schieral Pesbiea tpe. f - - Little uble-edged. disctype." =fi.13 l _eshfier.fi.1, 19, 20.0 | ,

Larger disc with r fig. - -- Lspirals, = fig. Large, = flg 24 25 21, 2 } 3-8, 195-200.fi.2,5.19

undprmi Large disc,traces - i.3,4. =fg 2. Villaiova -ossuaries, _ und "primi} | _ | {of spirals. J fig. 34, 40i fig. 221. pimitive

No (or few)l illanova ossuaries. und, broad. Very rare. traces of Short channel, = fig. -I ilnv suris emtia und, broad. |Ve ry rare. _trcsEpirals oneo Shrfig. 48-67.l n = If241,24.{_ fg} {Engavd.oraet.rr) geometrical } _ {style (vera

und, broad. { Not very} Longcblannel,no but-i Villanova L common. trnamients. }'=13g.244} oSssuaries.}d. r o

l f lVillanovaeg.105. J cal vegetals,- ossuariesi animals, rare. g,mne r )[arelf,Long. t channel, some-i flfg 2472vase4 (latefoms). Stamped I fGreek rund JIroar). ornamenrts: mes with button { - } a geometri- - e drem. e 1

Long ca lsoeltfm StmeGerveat;= I fig. 263 j Some imitations of] [Attic : blacl~ type," - Do. e4"fCosa (pl. 102, l Greek vases (not} - { figured an, ianth n fig.r 43-147.to my 1)rkLaCivilisatio L painted). red-fiured. Ver y rare. j

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM *This and the following fig. referAll use to subject my workto JSTOR "La Terms Civilisation and Conditions primitive en Italie." 'A L Y.

Pottery. - Graves.

Not painted. Localities. Remarks. Burnt - P aii~ted. JUnburnt bodies. bodies. rgianti. Imipasto italico. Bucchero.

(terramares). -._ - Fosse.FPalaflttes - {Remedello, Clumarola.

- - - - | Fosse. - Palsfittes, terramares.

Palafittes, terramares, -_ _ { Fosse. ? f CCascina Ranza, Po've- - Rude, made with the L glino. hand (not with the lathe). Engraved, . FPalafittes (Peschiera), geometrical patterns. Pozz. terramares.

| - __ | -_ | _ Pozzi. | { Palafittes (Peschiera), | I { terramares.

219i -l - | _ | _ ; Pozzi. Casalecchio.

1 Pozzi B ~.221. Villaiovapiiie-cae) - ossuaries, Bismal-ovasisaoa, Fn}Fon- No hut-urns. Jprin,ltive (casse). taliella.J

* No fig. Villanova . ossuaries.1 r Geometrical 1Pozzi Bl or foreign Engravedrgeometrical - style (very | _ p { ( or types (orvery 2fg2,242. JK ornaments. J '~~~~~rare). ~(casse).j Caprara), Este. L w ornam-eiits. rare). few) .

~24 Villanova . ossuaries. (eNo foreign Y.244 Pozzi-}do. do. - Pozi B{loca(BBelnaccel} types(orveryer ta-edgeomietrical doa. do.e uc),tst.pew).r { alriiaments. ew. f

!rVillanwova - ossuaries) } GVl(latefoms).aet:goer.~ Stamped - Grieekete vases,eyPozzi PFe {Bologna(Arnoaldi),}{Fe foigforein :5~272 Sqornameiits: geometri-S nextremely r(as) lEt.Jlbps * I cal, vegetals, animals, l rare. (cassc). K etc. J

o s s e, rPozzi. 23263 1 1 | rF F I rSome imlitations of rAttic: black-] w i t h Fosse, Bologna A great nuni- vases (not ~. and cists of with (Cert), ..0,~~Greek -~ figured Estae ~ber offoreign t L painted). J red-figured. , w o o d j cists of Este, Marzabotto. } types. e. jL i t(nocamere.)) wood. J

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM 3ation primitive en Italie." All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Bronze (or Copper) Implements and Weapons. Fibuhb Iron Implements B.C. Periods. and Axes. Daggers and Swords. Knives. Weapons. Disc. Not serj

2100 r

19:50 111 1800 1:

1650 b N 1500-1I _ K R TIIE R N ITALY. 1350 ~I112 IV: 1 1200 r'2

0Swordsanddaggersf No (or few) I thick. in bronze sheaths Round, broad. Rare. traces of spi- Short s Ca~~~~~~~Palstaves, (South.- Italianj rals; onaetra. Ltype). Jverse. J

1000 | p: j i [ type). i | Common ?a | I Pitves ge; Do. Round, very broad. fith Rare. P-4 ~ thick. .q1bronze button: ha ndles).J :_900_900 I______L. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Veryrare; i01 Comrmon. traces of spi- Long c

rals; two tra- button 800 L ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~verses.

l IV - - - j Do. - {Los7c

600

500 Do. - {"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Certos:,

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CENTIAL ITALY.

Fi bul.e. Pottery. Iron Implemnents| No Disc. Not painted. | and Weapons. Disc. PainteP Not serpeggialnti. Serpeggianti. Impasto italico. BtLiechero.

Hut-urns.

Hut-urns. Villanova- ossuaries, primitive. rNo (or few) 1 - oad. Rare. 1 traces of spi- L Short chainel 3{ fg2 f Villanova ossuaries. -- ' eometrical {rals; onae tra.J 212. 31Several new type.l l | t ~~verse, Common broad. 11(with RRare. Long clhannel, no | =fig. 244 Common. Anforette, -f Geomietrical6s 1o | bronze ar* button at the end. J 1 -253. 1 ith spirals. I birds. - . handles).J

Very rare iol EngravedE or- r Early prel L i o t Comrlmon. J| traces of spi- Long clhannel, no =fig.264, Rare. naments(not k skyphoi, old 1 rals; two tra- ( button at the end. Rae265. nade with a F cotliscoi, Lverses. cylinider).e J Laryballoi, J

(Leter pre] Low relief syhi Do. __ { Long cllaninel, somne- f{fir26 2 I)o. f (mle with etc (only Do. times with buitton. witrwi69t701ah lji DO. (iiiadener,animal; wit thian, oin l (in men). (Korinthian: Long chiannel, withlcipin Do. button. Do. Iliglh relief. q raos). Atti figured style L cois).

Attic bla Do.Do. - J{" Certosa-type," styles, 2 an, ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fig. 137-148. Do.red-figured (and 2).

* Veky rare.

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Pottery. Graves.

Not painted. Localities. Remarkis. ______U nburnt B urnt ______- Painted. ~~~~~~~bodies.bodies. ipasto italico. Bticcliero.

Hut-urns. Pozzi. { Pedilico, Goluzzo, } irns. Villanova- P tries, primitive. JPozzi. Bisenzio, Corneto.

~ovaova- -ossuaries. ossualieSb } I _ 0 lsye ue (ar?sreFosse } Boisenzio,Veji,cornetoXe7uciate Nar-e Many new Geolnetrical style, pure. Pozzi. (foreign) ral new types. (camene) {Gorneto, , . reign

on. Anforette,' Fosse, Veji, Narce, Aifoete witlh Pozi Cornneto spial. beirds camsere (Tomba del Guer- - spirals. } - j { fGeoml-etricalstyle;birds. } 1{ camere. } | 4{ riero), Vulei, etc.

EngravedI or- rEarlv prelkorinthliai Pozzi, rCervetri (T. Regu-) Rare. naients (not skyphoi, old, fine; Fosse, came- } trina (T. Bernar- . oIl crptirens imade withi a eotyliscoi, only cam'ere. jre. dini) jL(notrr) 9 cylinlder). J tL aryballoi, } bands. (T. ad. Duce), etc.

(Lete- prekorinthianT I skyplboi,- aryballoi,' Veji (Grotta Cam. LowNLow relief etc. (only rTombeI DO. Tiid il bands, onr Fose bua paI piltd1 Ise tos KorinmI' catere.wt withanimals). F LNrce, Corneto, liaejnden)rnm). it .e(nn aeeJ ua, pana,V pantd,tncrpios . al i tlhianl,orientai animals m a Vulci, etc. (niomnen).Lme.9

Kornnthian:K miien, in- Do. high relief. ~~~seniptions(Amphiia- r T o mibel1rNre ont,~ ncitos Do. ligli relief. raos). Attic: black- Cam-ere. a buca Vulci, eC o Icripti . figured style, 1 (Fran- camnere., L 9ois). Attic: black-figured o styles, 2 and 3. Do., Narce, Cornet Do. -- Caiere. I} | a tc o- Isriptions. redlfigured styles, Icaimere. V -e

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in Greeceanzd Italy. 259 north of the Apennines; but we have there a very great number of other tombs with unburnt bodies and a mass of new types, which are not descended from the old types of the Italian bronze age. Some of the new tombs are fosse, graves of the same kind as those still in use, and accessible from above; others are camere, chbamibersaccessible through an entrance in the side. It is generally supposed that the fosse are older than the catrnere,but this is not quite right. It is true that fosse belolncgprincipally to the first part of the iron age; but it is mnorethan probable that camere existed already at the saine time as the fosse. We remember the round vaulted chambers with a passage leading into them, that belong to the Mycenaeanperiod in Greece, Some graves of the same type have been discovered in Etruria, but ulnfortunately we know nothing about their contents. The Etruscan tombs of this kind resemble verv closely those of the Mycenean or Tyrrhenian period, in Greece, and as we have no instanices of later objects found in the forlmler,it is highly probable that they belong to the very first Tyrrhenian period in Italy. The fact that the old mode of burial co-existed with the new ole can be explained without difficulty. A great number of the old inhabitants had survived the Tyrrhenian occupation and preserved their incineration and their pozzi. We find the ..ncineration as a more or less rare exception, throughout all the Etruscan period. Thus, we understalnd, that the sanme types may well be foiiid in somepozzi, as in some fosse, or in some camere. But this is not the rule, ancd most of the pozzi are certainly older thuanthe camere. If we consider this, we find also that some- thing quite new must have conie into Etruria at the beginning of the iron age; but that meantime the old population long, remained in North Italy without any considerable change. In that part of the country no interruption, such as indicates the arrival of the Etruscans, can be traced before the 6th century B.C. Only at that period we have at Bologna new tombs with unburnt bodies and a number of new types. This agrees fully with the history. says that the Etruscans did not traverse the Apennines and reach to Bologna till long after their establishment in Etruria. As I hope to show in another paper, the immigrationi of the new people, the Etruscans, into the country named after them, falls in the 11th century B.C. We know that the first Etruscan seculum was considered as beginning about 1050 B.C., and the beginning of the first Etruscan sacculuni cannot well have any other meaning than the imlmigration of the Etruscans in the part of Italy where their chroliology was indicated by these sTecula. s 2

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 260 0. MONTELIUs.-The Tyrrheeniansin (Greeceand Italy.

In the name Tyrrhenoi or Tyrsenoi we have the Greek termination -enoi, and the original word Tyrs or Turs. This is the samiiename as Tursa in certain Egyptian inscriptions of the 14th or 13th celnturyB.C. I think there can be no difficulty in discovering what kind of "peoples from the sea" the Egyptians meant by this niame. They were the Tyrrhenians in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. We know that this people lived there before its coming to Etruria, and it is evidelntly much muoreprobable that the Turga caine to Egypt from the Eagean Sea than from Etruria. Moreover, the Tyr- rhenians did not exist in Etruria at so early a tinme as the 13th or 14th century B.C. At that period they lived onily in Greece and Asia Milnor. The Tyrrhenians, or Pelasgians, survived a very long time in some parts of Greece. Herodotos1 states that the isles of Lemnos and Imiibroshad a Pelasgian population so late as about 500 B.C.; at this time Miltiades expelled them from Lemnos. Now some feewyears a,goa most remarkable inscription was founld in Lemnos. The language of this inscription from the Pelasgian Lemnos very much resembles the language of the Italian Tyr- rhenians (the Etruscans); the inscription was not written by an Etruscan, but by some onie beloniging to a iiearly kinidrecd people. Thus we have here, firstly, a confirmiatiolnof the identity of the peoples denoted by the names Pelasgi anid Tyrrhenians, and secondly, a proof that ani almost identical language was spoken by the Pelasaialns or Tyrrlhenians in Lemnos, alnd the Tyrrhenians or Etruscans in Italy. We may perhaps uniderstand the Etruscan question better, if we consider it in combinatioln with the other phases of the history of pre-classical civilisatioln. The Mycentaeancivilisa- tion is, in my opinion, a very early phase of ti-he orienital eivilisation brougjhtover to Europe; tlle Etruiscainis a later phase of the same civilisation penetrating fartlherto the west. But, it may be said, if the Etruscan ciivilisation is the con- tinuation of the MycenTan, we ought to findl in Etruria a number of types similar to the Mycenmoeanonies, alnd such finds are very rare there. It is true that Nwedlo not find very often exactly the same types, but some close pllrallels we do find-1. We have some tombs in Etruria of the samiieslhape as the Mycenmean round vaulted grave-clhamlibers,with a passage leading into them, and the reason wvliywe cannilotfind in Italy many objects of the same kind as the usualaMycernTan ones, is because these belong mostly to a time aInter'ior to the Etruscan immiigcrationof the 1lth century B.C. We have seen that the later part of the tlhird Mfyceiinean I Hal. v, 26; vi, 136ff.

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 0. MONTELIUS.-Prc-classical Chronologyin GreeceC& Italy. 261 style was conltemporarywith the I5th century B.C., and in the following period the Mycentean style was decadent, and gave place to the so-called Geometrical or Dipylon style. We find also this Geometrical style represented in the Etruscan finds from a very early date. A mnostremarkable discovery of that kind was made some years ago in a toinb at Vulci; it is now in the Museum of Berlini, and has been figured for me by the kind permission of Professor Furtwdingler.

Pre-classiccl CHRONOLOGYignGREECE and ITALY. By Prof. OSCARMONTELIUS. THIS imnportantquestion cannot well be treated separately for Greece and Italy, both because these two countries have so much in common-a great number of Greek vases and other articles having been founld in Italy-and because the archaeo- logical material niecessary for the solution of that question is for the moment better in Italy than in Greece. We know much mloreabout the contents of well examined tombs of the periods in question fromiidifferent parts of Italy, than from any part of Greece. For it is ilot enouigh for the solution of this question to have a lnumberof antiquities discovered in the same necropolis. We must know what has been found in every grave; and, if more than one deceased has been buried there, as in the case of such chalrmbersas the common Etruscan tombs, we oughbtto know what lhas been deposited with every one of them. Antiquities niot belonging, to tombs must for our purpose have been discovered in such a way as to make it clear that those found in the same place were deposited there at the same time. Most of the materials from Greece caninot be fully used for such an investigation as the present. The objects themselves aive some good hints by their form and ornaments; but the history of the finds is not sufficiently well known. The same may be said of many Italian finds, but a sufficient amounit of the Italian material is very good for our purpose. A careful examination of this material has convinced me that we can establish already a chronological system of very short periods, from the introduction of m-etals to the beginning of the well-known historical or classical tinmes. The most characteristic types from every period are to be seen in the plates; in the adjoined description I have for each period given notices of the most important types of antiquities and tombs, and have indicated some of the places wvherethe most remarkable finds have been made.

This content downloaded from 62.122.79.31 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 01:50:59 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions