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Mediterranean Sea

Pick ONE. • Rugged, Irregular Coastline‐great for • Slides or Fill ins? & travel • Connects Europe, Asia, Africa Review Checkpoint #1 is today. I will be taking your folder.

Europe Part 1 Review

Irregular Coastline • An irregular coastline has multiple natural harbors along it. This feature has both positive and negative Europe effects. An example of a positive effect would be in the case of the British Islands which have natural harbors all along their coast. This feature allowed them to develop a strong Navy, trade and created a culturally Review diffuse population.

A negative effect can be seen in the case of both North & South America, both of which have lots of natural harbors. This provided easy access to the land for Europeans who would explore and ultimately conquer both of the continents.

We will finish Europe Part 1 Review. Please have all your review material (pg. 1‐5) on your desk

for Progress Check #1. Smooth Coastline

Europe Africa

Review

Irregular Coastline Sahel

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Sparta

Regular (Smooth) Coastline • Warrior society. • Regular coastlines have few to • no natural harbors. This is a Monarchy with two kings. barrier effect with both positive • Trade and travel not allowed. and negative consequences. Africa has a • Boys trained from early age for the military. regular coastline. A positive effect of this was that it was • Girls physically fit to have healthy babies. difficult to invade Africa by sea. A negative effect was that • Women can own property. Sub‐Saharan Africa remained isolated from the rest • Lie, Cheat and Steal, but don’t get caught. of the world for many centuries.

Ancient Greece Athens 1750‐133 B.C.E.

Geography • Pericles‐wise ruler • Mountainous • Direct democracy‐ free men voted and took • Isolated valleys part in government. • Small islands • Prevented Greeks from • Education for boys only. building a large, unified • Traded with other city‐states. empire. • City‐states were formed. • Loved the arts, philosophy, science, etc… • Women were inferior

We are like frogs who live on the side of a pond…

The Rise of Greek City‐States Athens & Sparta

• Polis‐ A Greek city‐state with two parts: • Common Greek language. • Hilltop acropolis with marble temples to the • Shared heroes. gods and the main city, within the wall. • Olympic games. • This area includes the marketplace, theater, • Same gods. public areas and homes.

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Alexander the Great and the Rome Hellenistic Age Geography • Great conqueror who built an empire from • Rome is located near the center of Italy. Greece, Egypt, Persia and India (PIGE). • Italy is a peninsula located in the • Spread Greek culture and a new Hellenistic Mediterranean. culture arose that blended Greek, Egyptian, • Italy’s geography helped its people unite. Persian and Indian life. • The low Apennine Mountains were not a natural barrier. • Fertile plains helped increase the population.

Greek & Hellenistic Contributions Rome ~509 B.C.E. – 476 C.E. • Philosophers: “Lovers of Wisdom” • The Romans established a new form of • Olympics government called a Republic, officials chosen • Homer wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey by the people. • • Pythagorean Theory & Geometry The Senate was a powerful governing body. • • Hippocratic Oath for doctors Veto • • Parthenon Senators were members of the landholding upper class called patricians. • Columns • The plebeians‐farmers, merchants, artisans and traders‐ had little power.

Greek Philosophers (SPA) Senate

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Developed Socratic Believed government Believed one strong method: learning should control lives and good leader about beliefs and ideas of people by asking questions. should rule

Divided society into Government put three classes: Believed people him to death for workers, learned through his beliefs-hemlock! philosophers, and soldiers reason

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Rome Expands Roman Contributions

• Rome conquered Italy, Carthage, Macedonia, • Latin language Greece and parts of Asia Minor. • Roads‐ to help soldiers unify the empire. • Corruption led to civil wars. Julius Caesar • Aqueducts‐ carried water from the hills to the came to power in 48 B.C.E. and made new cities. conquests and reforms. He was killed on the • Archways and domes. “Ides of March” by the Senators for trying to take away their power.

Roman Empire Reasons for the Fall of Rome

• Augustus Caesar ruled with absolute power • Military Causes‐ Germanic invaders from the and ended the Roman Republic. north‐Attila the Hun • Pax Romana‐ Roman Peace for 200 years. • Economic Causes‐Heavy , slave labor. • Political Causes‐ Corrupt officials & weak, divided Empire. • Social Causes‐ Population decline due to disease and war, lazy and selfish people. • Bread and Circuses

Roman Contributions Byzantine Empire

• Law‐ system of laws that applied to all people. • As the western half of the Roman Empire Innocent until proven guilty and equality declined, the eastern half was strong for under the law. another 1,000 years • Laws of the Twelve Tables‐ inscribed Roman • Emperor Constantine built a new capital in laws on 12 tablets & displayed in the Constantinople, a peninsula. Its central marketplace…. Give plebeians more rights. location became a key trading route to link Europe and Asia.

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Justinian’s Code of Law Russia & Eastern Europe

• Emperor Justinian had a team of scholars • The Byzantines influenced Russia & Eastern gather and organize the ancient laws of Europe: Rome. • Cyrillic Alphabet • By the 1,100’s, the Law Code had reached • Russian Orthodox Church Western Europe, where it became the basis of • Autocratic Ruler = Czar/ Tsar (Caesar) law for the Roman Catholic Church and • medieval rulers, and international law today. Onion Dome Architecture

Byzantine Contributions Medieval Europe ~500 – 1,400 C.E. • The Germanic people who invaded the Roman • Hagia Sophia‐ church of “Holy Wisdom” empire were warriors, farmers and herders. • Mosaics‐ pictures or designs formed by small • The Franks emerged as the most powerful pieces of stone. warrior tribes in Gaul, or present‐day France. • Eastern Orthodox Church‐ formed due to the • During the 800’s, Charlemagne, a Frankish schism (permanent split) with the R.C.C. king, built an empire that stretched from • Cyrillic Alphabet France, Germany and part of Italy. • Onion dome architecture

The Fall of the Byzantine Empire Charlemagne

• In 1453, the Ottoman’s captured • Charles the Great Constantinople and overthrew the Byzantine • Crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by the Empire. Pope of the R.C.C. • The Ottoman’s changed the city’s name to • Bright Light in a Dark Age Istanbul and made it the capital of their • Set up schools and libraries Muslim empire. • Empire fell apart when he died.

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Feudalism & Medieval Society The Roman Catholic Church

• During the early part of the Middle Ages, kings • During the Middle Ages, the R.C.C. had two were too weak to keep invaders out of their roles, secular (worldly) and religious. kingdoms. • The Church was the largest landholder in • People began to leave towns and band Europe and gained wealth through (10% together in the countryside for protection and of income ). It had a court system and survival. could excommunicate (kick out) anyone from • Everyone had a well‐defined place in society the R.C.C. (even Kings!) that they were born in to.

Feudalism Jews in Medieval Europe

• A loosely structured political system in which • Many Jewish communities existed throughout powerful lords (nobles) owned large sections of Europe (diaspora). Most Christians land. persecuted Jews. • They divided their land into estates called fiefs, • The Church barred Jews from owning land, which were given to lesser lords called vassals. blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus, • Vassals pledged their loyalty and military support disease, etc. until the Jews became the to their lords in return for land. scapegoats for all misfortune. • Knights, or mounted warriors, were bound by a code of chivalry. • Anti‐Semitism‐ prejudice against Jews.

Manorialism Gothic Architecture

• Economic system based on the lord’s manor, • Pointed arches and flying buttresses, stone or estate. They are self‐sufficient and supports that stood outside the cathedral. everyone knew their place and • Huge stained glass windows with Bible stories responsibilities. for the illiterate people. • Serf, or peasants, were bound to the land.

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Crusades Renaissance‐Rebirth Holy Wars • Pope Urban II called for a Holy War to regain • Humanism‐ a new way of thinking, worldly Palestine (Holy Land) from the Seljuk Turks subjects, reason and individual achievements. (Muslims). • Leonardo da Vinci‐ Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Reasons: increase the Popes power, Christians sins will be forgiven, gain wealth, travel and excitement and serfs want to escape. • Michelangelo‐ painted Bible scenes on the • Results: The Christians never regained the Holy ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David Land, Cultural Diffusion and religious hatred. • Machiavelli‐ The Prince, “the ends justify the means”. “better to be feared than loved”.

The Black Death Printing Press Bubonic Plague • Epidemic, or outbreak of a highly contagious • Johann Gutenburg invented the printing disease spread by fleas on rats on trade routes press. from China to Europe. • The Bible • Result: 1/3 of the population died, economic • Books became cheaper & easier to make. decline, authority of R.C.C. questioned, • Literacy increased. feudalism ended as peasants who lived • revolted against landowners and demanded a Ideas spread rapidly. higher wage.

Commercial Revolution Protestant Reformation

• New “middle class”. • Causes: Humanism & corruption in the R.C.C. • Merchants and craftspeople formed guilds • Martin Luther, a German monk, posted the 95 Theses (complaints) against the R.C.C. on church (unions) to keep prices & quality high. door. • Capitalism (money for investment), supply • Sale of Indulgences and demand, profit or loss. • Salvation through faith and good acts. • Banking and money lending at interest. • Translated Bible into German. • Insurance • Ended Christian unity, started new Protestant church‐ Lutheran

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Age of Absolutism Enlightenment Philosophers

• Absolutism‐ autocratic rulers had complete • John Locke‐ people have natural rights that authority over the government and the lives include life, liberty & property. of the people in their nation. • Baron de Montesquieu‐ 3 branches of government; judicial, legislative & executive. • King Philip II of Spain believed in… Checks and balances • Divine Right‐ The right to rule comes from • Voltaire‐ Freedom of Speech God. • Influenced the American, French & Latin American Revolutions.

Age of Absolutism French Revolution

• King Louis XIV (14) of France‐ “The Sun King”, built • Causes: Palace of Versailles, strongest army in Europe, persecuted the Protestant Huguenots, put France in • Inequalities of the 3 Estates. debt…led to French Revolution. • 3rd Estate paid all the taxes and had No power. • Absolute monarchy of Louis XVI (16). • Czar Peter the Great of Russia‐ westernized and modernized, beard tax, co‐ed dance parties, built St. • Huge Debt from foreign wars and Palace of Petersburg as “Window to the West” on a swamp. Versailles. • Harsh winter led to bad wheat harvest and bread • Czarina Catherine the Great of Russia‐ Enlightened was too expensive. Despot, gained warm‐water port on the Black Sea

Great Britain French Revolution Effects

• Magna Carta‐ 1215 limited the king’s power. • Tennis Court Oath‐ National Assembly writes a new Constitution, the Declaration of the • English Bill of Rights 1689‐ Parliament has Rights of Man and the Citizen. more power than the king. • Reign of Terror & Robespierre‐ King Louis XVI killed by the guillotine, Radical group the Jacobins use “terror” to kill enemies of the • Result: Revolution. • Limited Monarchy‐ government where a • Napoleon overthrew the government with a legislative body limits the monarch’s power. coup d’etat.

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Napoleon

• Napoleon declared himself Emperor • He tried to take over all of Europe. • Napoleonic Codes‐ legal equality of citizens & religious toleration. Napoleon invaded Russia • The Russian Winter (cold) destroyed his army

Napoleon

• Scorched Earth Policy. French army retreated and lost 500,000 soldiers. • Napoleon exiled, escaped, defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled a second time. • Congress of Vienna‐ put legitimate monarchs back in power and establish a favorable balance of power.

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