URBANIZATION World % of World’s Population… 1800 1900 1950 2008 •3% Æ •14% Æ •30% Æ •50% But still great variation between Countries World Urbanization Towns originally centers for Trade grew with Industrialization 1st Urban Country… England (late 1800s) • Due to Industrial Revolution Country Urbanization Where Highest? Where Lowest? Country Urbanization Today – MDCs… 80+% of Pop. is Urban Industrialized Countries… • USA & Canada, Europe, Japan Poorer LDCs… 5-20% of Pop. • African countries How to Define a ? Legal City Incorporated & self-governing AKA Central City Urbanized Area Built-up area Metropolitan Statistical Area Census Bureau

MSAs overlap… Become one big •BosWash… •LA-OC-SD-TJ Large Cities of World 22 Cities with over 10 Million pop. Know Name and Location World’s Largest Cities 1 – Tokyo, Japan 34 million 2 – New York, U.S.A. 20 million 3 – Seoul, South Korea 4 – Jakarta, Indonesia 5 – Mumbai, India (Bombay) 6 – São Paolo, Brazil 7 – Mexico City, Mexico 8 – Delhi, India 9 – Osaka-Kobe, Japan 10 – Manila, Philippines 3-Seoul 1-Tokyo

9-Osaka 8-Delhi 10-Manila 5-Mumbai

4-Jakarta 2-New York Los Angeles

7-Mexico City

6-São Paolo

São Paolo Rio de Janeiro

Buenos Aires Istanbul

London Moscow Paris Beijing

Cairo Shanghai Kolkata

Lagos Guangzhou- Shenzhen Origins of Cities 3500 BCE in Fertile Crescent Required a Food surplus… People freed from farming 3 Theories for Origin… Origins of Cities Hydraulic Civilization Model Irrigation Developed Religious Model Linked with Astronomy Political Model Strong Leaders • Power over Labor Urban Hearths Middle East – 3500 BCE Mesopotamia (Iraq) Egypt

China – Xian Middle American Hearth Guatemala, Mexico 600 CE – Maya Aztec • Teotihuacan – 100,000 people European Cities Greek Cities… 600 BCE Athens • 300,000 Pop. in 500 BC 2 Main Areas: • Acropolis •Agora Acropolis – Athens “High Point” Temple & Government Agora – Athens Market/Meeting Place Athens Today Greek Colonial Cities … Grid Pattern of Streets Roman Cities 200 BCE Grid Street Pattern Forum… Temple Government Market Amphitheatre Roman Forum Roman Amphitheatre

Roman Coliseum Medieval Cities 1000-1500 CE City Walls Medieval Cities Cittadella, Italy Medieval Cities Walls & Moats Dense & compact Narrow Streets Church in center & highest Medieval Cities Market

Plaza Piazza Place Medieval Period When most European Cities 1st Established Site for Medieval Cities

P F A R R A N I C S E Renaissance/Baroque Cities 1500-1800 CE Strong Regional Powers Large-Scale City Planning Wide Boulevards Monuments Parks, Fountains

Paris Capitalist Cities 1800s CE to now Separation of… Work & Residence Economic focus on Office Buildings Capitalist Cities Residences segregated by class Formerly mixed & vertical Laws in 20th century to… Legally separate Land Uses • Control less desirable uses Capitalist Cities Women in home associated with… Domestic space “Feminized” … • Middle Class – Consumption & Leisure •New York City… –“Ladies Mile” Edge Cities 1970s to Now Away from Downtown… Office Parks Shopping Housing Indigenous Cities (Non-Western) Africa, Asia Like Medieval Cities… City Walls Winding Streets

Outdoor Mosque Markets or Temple Like Renaissance /Baroque City Planned… Spanish Colonial Cities Planned by “Law of the Indies” (1573 CE) Gridiron street pattern Central Plaza •Church • Government buildings •Commerce Spanish Colonial Plaza MEXICO CITY Wide Boulevards – New Delhi Delhi vs. New Delhi Delhi… Indigenous to India New Delhi… Colonial… • Built by British Fès (Fez), Morocco

Ho Chi Minh City, (Saigon) Vietnam Emerging Cities in LDCs Rapid Recent Growth… Little urban planning & infrastructure Emerging Cities in LDCs Crowded Density Emerging Cities in LDCs Squatter Settlements Emerging Cities in LDCs Poor Housing Construction Favela – Rio de Janeiro

Little Infrastructure... Roads, water, sewers, electricity? URBAN LOCATION Urban Location Site – Physical site Coordinates Topography Situation –Location relative to… Other cities Trade routes Hinterland Urban Sites – Defensive Protected from Attack River-Island Site Offshore Island Peninsula Site Sheltered Harbor & Peninsula Acropolis Site Trade-Route Sites Bridge-Point Site Shallow or Narrow River Easy Crossing •London •Oxford • Cambridge Confluence Site Two Rivers join Lots of River Traffic • St. Louis • Pittsburgh Portage Site Between 2 nearby rivers Moscow

Between river & nearby lake Head of Navigation Site Where Navigable waters begin for water Transportation Below Rapids • Minneapolis Economic Location Central Place Theory… Developed by Christaller • Germany – 1930s Market Centers for exchanging… •Goods & services Functional Region… • Node is a City as Market Center Economic Location Central Place Theory assumes… Natural Environment is uniform (no disruptions) Transportation available Sufficient goods & services Describes pattern of towns & cities in MDCs Central Place Theory Market Area… Area of customers for service •Trade Area • Hinterland Central Place Theory Threshold… Population needed to support service… •Convenience vs. specialty store? Central Place Theory Range… Distance or Time customers willing to travel for service • Fast Food vs. Concert? Market Area Range is a radius for service Circles result in overlaps and gaps Hexagon is ideal theoretical shape • No overlap or gaps Optimal Location Profitability of Location… Gravity Model for Optimal Location… • Directly related to Population (Threshold) • Inversely related to Distance (Range)

Pizza Shop? Market Area Analysis Depends on… Varies due to Range (Distance) scale of store Threshold (Population)

Department Store Grocery Supermarket Convenience Store Central Place Hierarchy Settlement Size… Smaller Towns… • Smaller Market Area, Range & Threshold • Less choice of Services Cities… • Larger area… • More Services Central Place Hierarchy Settlements… Nest in Size Hierarchy Hierarchy of World Cities New York London Tokyo Centers of World’s Power… •HDQ •Finance • Media Hierarchy of U.S.A. Cities New York Los Angeles Chicago • Washington • San Francisco • Houston •Miami Hierarchy of City Size Rank-Size Rule… City Pop. = 1/rank of country’s largest city •NYC is # 1 • LA is 1/2 • Chicago is 1/3 Hierarchy of City Size Primate City… Largest city is larger than ½ of 2nd city •Paris, France • Capitals of LDCs Economic Base of Cities Basic Industry… Economic activity with employment above national average • Produces excess good or service for export outside City • Brings money into City • Attracts workers to City Economic Base of Cities Economic Base… “Basic Industries” that make City unique Nonbasic Industry… Common Consumer Services supporting resident population • Stores • Restaurants •Gas Stations Economic Base of Cities Los Angeles Now… • “The Industry” ??? • Clothing Manufacturing Past… •Tourism • Oil Extraction & Refining • Aerospace Research & Manufacturing Economic Base – U.S. Cities Manufacturing… Midwest SE Economic Base of Cities Manufacturing Detroit – Autos Government Washington DC State Capitals Entertainment/Leisure Cities Las Vegas Orlando, FL Cities & Talent Talent not evenly distributed…

Scientists… •R & D Centers URBAN PATTERNS Rural Settlement Patterns New England… Public uses in center Houses surround Farms beyond Rural Settlement Patterns Quebec & Louisiana French settlement… • Long narrow farm lots • Lots perpendicular from river Linear towns either… • Parallel river • Parallel inland road Regions Neighborhoods –Based on… Social Class Ethnicity Religion Diffusion in the City Centralization… Businesses & Residents locate Downtown Decentralization… Businesses & Residents locate away… Reasons for Centralization Downtown is Accessible Public Transportation Focus Reasons for Centralization Businesses Like to Cluster Agglomeration Can share customers Close to… • Suppliers • Support services Reasons for Centralization Downtown prestige… High-Rise buildings Historical momentum #1 is Face-to-Face Communication… Business Services Downtown Agglomeration Activities that cluster Downtown… Public Offices & Courts Professional Services… • Administrative • Financial • Legal Downtown Agglomeration Activities that cluster Downtown… Specialty Retail… • Fashion District • Jewelry District • Toy District Convention Center & Hotels Sports & Entertainment • Staples Center • Nokia Theatre Decentralization Downtown is… Expensive Traffic congested Downtown loses prestige Crime, Homelessness Decentralization New Employment Patterns… Jobs in Preference for… Single-family detached homes Preference for Suburbs Detached Single Home with… Yard Parking Home ownership Retreat from urban stress Costs of Decentralization Loss of Farmland Leap-frog development Infrastructure costs AKA Suburban “Sprawl” Poverty Models of Land Use Multiple Nuclei Model Concentric Zone Model (1925)

Socio-Economic Status Zone 1 – CBD – Downtown Zone 2 – Transition Zone • Industry & Poor Housing –Rundown Concentric Zone Model (1925)

Zone 3 – Lower Income Zone 4 – Middle Income Zone 5 – Higher Income • Can afford commute & newer home Sector Model (1939)

CBD High Income… • Within Corridor to edge Middle Income… • Next to High Income Low Income Æ Industry Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) City has more than one focus CBD less important Decentralization Edge Cities Auto-oriented Multiple Nuclei Model Long Beach Los Angeles Nuclei Downtown Beverly Hills Westwood/UCLA Glendale Pasadena LAX Airport Del Amo Plaza Long Beach Urban Transportation Personal Urban Trips… More than ½ – Work related • Only 5% by Public Transit ¼ – Shopping or personal business ¼ – Social journeys Urban Land Use… ¼–Streets & Parking Lots Urban Transportation Transportation Modes… Walk Bicycle Auto Bus Rail Transit • Cable Car • Light Rail •Subway San Francisco Multi- modal Transit system Buses Subway (underground) Rail Red Transit • Valley Los Purple Angeles • Wilshire Blvd. Æ ? Light Rail Blue •Long Beach Gold •Pasadena •East LA Green Rail •LAX Transit Aqua Los •WLA Angeles Metrolink Commuter Busway I-10 •El Monte I-110 •Harbor Rail Orange Transit • Valley Los •Future Angeles Light Rail? Post-Industrial City Shift to Service jobs since 1970 Manufacturing less important Car mobility for most Pop. in MDCs Freeways widespread Post-Industrial City Journey-to-Work changed due to… Two-worker households • Multi-direction commutes –Complicated by childcare Increased electronic communication • More work from home Post-Industrial Land Use “Deglomeration” from CBD Businesses & residents move out Civic & specialized functions remain Improved Mobility increases Cross-town for Journey-to-Work • Not to CBD Post-Industrial Land Use Older residential neighborhoods deteriorated Worsened by… • Redlining by Lenders • Corporate Commercial Disinvestment Recycling of Housing... Post-Industrial Housing Filtering – “Trickle-Down” Market… Vacated homes are occupied by the next lower-income population Housing Chain continues down income levels until Home is… • Abandoned or demolished Post-Industrial Housing … Vacant or low-cost home acquired by… • Higher income population • “Sweat Equity” Pioneers Post-Industrial Housing Adaptive Re-Use… Abandoned Commercial or Industrial buildings Tax & Building Code incentives… • To recycle vacant use Lofts in Downtown L.A. • Above first floor • Younger with $$$ European Cities Best Areas… Close to Center… • Urban amenities Worst Areas… Distant Suburbs… •Long Commutes • Hi-Rise Housing Estates (Poor) Latin American Model Best Areas… Near CBD & “Spine” •Water, Sewers • Transportation • Electricity Worst Areas… Distant from facilities • “Squatters” Los Angeles Ethnic Areas Los Angeles Ethnic Areas