e identification :~,;~~'::.I:.t.~~· found in New Zealand >'{';) :.<'7•. ,.;.!;5,' £~~/~ FRI BULLETIN No. 125 fO:tSST RESEARCH LIBRARY PRIVATE BAG 3G20, A KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION 92 SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS FOUND IN NEW ZEALAND

Chris E. Ecroyd

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW ZEALAND FOREST SERVICE, PRIVATE BAG, ROTORUA, NEW ZEALAND - 1986 Librarian ROf ) Fc-re~t Ro$earch Institute. Privata Bag 3020 ROTORUA. 9 0956 11 An 199!

ISSN 0111-8129

ODC 176.1 Euca1yptus--014(931) TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT l INTRODUCTION 2 HOW TO IDENTIFY A SPECIMEN USING THE KEY 6 Procedure 7 Example 9 HOW TO DISTINGUISH EUCALYPTUS FROM OTHER GENERA 10 BOTANICAL FEATURES OF EUCALYPTUS 12 Bark 12 Buds and Flowers 16 Fruits l7 Seeds l7 Seedlings 19 Mature Leaves 20 BOTANICAL NAMES 22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 23 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 24 ABSTRACT

This punched card key with explanatory notes has been designed to assist in the identification of eucalypts in New Zealand. It consists of 78 cards coded for 92 species. It is a polyclave (multiple entry) key employing one card per character state. Illustrations on the cards clearly depict the characters used.

KEYWORDS: Eucalyptus, eucalypt, card key, New Zealand, identification.

Chris Ecroyd (B.Sc.Hons) is a scientist in the Genetics and Tree Improvement Research Field of the Forest Research Institute, Rotorua. He is curator of the FRI herbarium. 2

INTRODUCTION

This card key with explanatory notes has been produced to assist in the identification of those Eucalyptus species known to be growing in New Zealand. It is in the form of 78 cards coded for 92 species (Table l). While the key does not include every species known to have been planted here, those excluded will be seldom seen.

It has been adapted from Johnston and Bary's (1981) key to the eucalypts, which encompassed all 484 species then recognised. Johnston and Bary's key uses 94 features grouped under natural distribution, habit, bark, mature leaves, glaucousness, inflorescence, , filaments, buds and fruits, seeds, and juvenile leaves. In this modified version 77 features are used, the other 17 features being considered inappropriate for species cultivated in New Zealand. 3

TABLE 1: LIST OF SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS IN KEY

E. agglomerata E. cephalocarpa E. diversicolor E. aggregata E. cinerea E. dives E. a:mplifolia E. citriodora E. elata E. a:mygdalina E. cladocalyx E. eugenioides E. andrewsii E. coccifera E. eximia E. blakelyi E. cordata E. fastigata E. blaxlandii E. corn uta E. fibrosa E. bosistoana E. crebra E. ficifolia E. botryoides E. cypellocarpa E. fraxinoides E. bridgesiana E. dalrympleana E. glaucescens E. calophylla E. deanei E. globoidea E. ca:maldulensis E. delegatensis E. globulus ssp. bicostata 4 TABLE 1 (Contd): LIST OF SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS IN KEY

E. globulus ssp. globulus E. longifolia E. ovata E. globulus ssp. maidenii E. macarthurii E. paniculata E. gomphocephala E. macrorhyncha E. patens E. goniocalyx E. maculata E. pauciflora E. grandis E. mannifera E. perriniana E. gwnmifera E. marginata E. pilularis E. gunnii E. melliodora E. piperita E. haemastoma E. microcorys E. polyanthemos E. huberana* E. muelleriana E. propinqua E. johnstonii E. nicholii E. pulchella E. laevopinea E. nitens E. -pulverulenta E. lehmannii E. obliqua E. punctata E. leucoxylon E. oreades E. pyrocarpa

* (= E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis) 5 TABLE l (Contd): LIST OF SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS IN KEY

E. radiata E. rudis E. tenuiramis E. regnans E. saligna E. tereticornis E. resinifera E. sideroxylon E. torquata E. risdonii E. sieberi E. urnigera E. robusta E. smithii E. viminalis E. rub ida E. stellulata 6

HOW TO IDENTIFY A SPECIMEN USING THE KEY

Each card represents one feature characteristic of those species for which it is punched and carries an illustration and brief description of the feature. Cards referring to related features are colour banded for ease of recognition, i.e., bark­ brown, adult leaves - green, juvenile leaves - yellow, flowers - red, buds and fruit - blue. Code numbers on the upper left corners of the cards subdivide the groups of features and indicate how many cards are in each group. For example, for 10-4, 10 refers to the characteristic "size of fruit", with four cards representing different fruit sizes from which to choose. Single numbers on the upper right corner are used to keep the cards in sequence. 7 PROCEDURE r • Record as much information about the tree as possible, especially about the nature and distribution of the bark, and collect samples of leaves (including coppice leaves if present), fruits, flower buds, and bark. Buds and fruits can often be collected off the ground but care is needed to ensure that they come from the tree being identified. It is usually essential to have specimens of the flower buds and ripe fruits. [ • Examine the specimen carefully and, using those definitive features of which you are most sure, work through the deck and select a few of the most appropriate cards. Do not select more than one card with the same code number, though you may use as many cards of the same colour as appropriate. 8

stack these cards precisely, placing the card with the list of names printed on it • at the back. Ensure that the cards are oriented correctly by checking that the top left-hand corner is cut off. Examine against the light. Completely clear punched holes represent species having all the selected features. Further appropriate cards can be selected if necessary to m~n~m~se the number of completely clear holes. Read the relevant narne(s) beside the clear hole(s) at the back of the stack.

Final identification should be confirmed with reference to books and/or herbarium specimens if available. This will be essential if the keying procedure results in more than one species. The most useful references are Boland et al. (1984); Brooker and Kleinig (1983); Hall et al. (1975 and associated leaflets), and n Chippendale (1968, 1973). 9

EXAMPLE

Recorded features: large tree with stringy bark over most of bole.

Cards used: Brown l-7 Stringy bark Blue 4-5 Buds in more than 7's 7-4 Operculum conic to acute 12-8 Fruit pyriform or clavate 14-3 Disc intermediate Green 23-4 Adult leaves lanceolate 26-1 Adult leaves falcate 29-3 Adult leaves same colour top and bottom 31-3 Venation angle under 20°

E. fastigata is the only species with this combination. [ 10

HOW TO DISTINGUISH EUCALYPTUS FROM OTHER GENERA

Eucalyptus is readily distinguished from most other genera by the structure of its flowers and fruits. Eucalypt flowers lack the conspicuous green sepals and coloured petals typical of most other flowers. Instead their sepals and petals have been highly modified to form a cap or operculum. This operculum protects the numerous stamens while the flower bud is developing and falls away when the flower opens. The stamens are therefore well hidden until the flower is fully mature (see Figure 1).

Three other Australian trees sometimes seen in New Zealand could be confused with Eucalyptus: Lophostemon confertus (syn. Tristania conferta, brush box); Angophora costata (smooth-barked apple), and Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine) . When flowering they may all be distinguished from Eucalyptus by their possession of petals, but identification is more difficult for fruiting or sterile specimens. 11 f --- filaments ! opocouluml flower bud n peduncle r

FIG. 1 - Eucaln~tus flowers and bud I 12

BOTANICAL FEATURES OF EUCALYPTUS

Though many eucalypts may look alike to the untrained eye, most may be readily distinguished from one another with a little practice , especially if well developed buds and mature fruits are available. When buds and fruits are lacking, characters such as leaf venation, bark texture. and the shape of seedling and other leaves must be used. Since differences in these characters are more subtle than those in buds and fruits, mastering them requires more practice.

BARK

In the field many eucalypt species may be separated into groups by the form and texture of their bark. However bark should be used for identification only if the tree is reasonably mature, as most young trees have relatively smooth bark. The following major bark types are readily distinguished on the basis of the persistence, texture, and colour. Other distinctive but uncommon bark types are grouped together in the key (see card no. 7) (e.g., E. botryoides, E. microcorys). 13

Bark smooth or matt: Eucalypts with more or less smooth bark are commonly known as 'gums' (see card no. 1). Generally each spring portions of the bark fall away in flakes or ribbons from all the major branches and all but the lowest parts of the trunk (where there may be a short stocking of rough bark). The bark of different gums may be distinguished in the field on the basis of surface texture and colour. which varies according to the season. For instance, the r freshly exposed bark of some species is generally pink, and on ageing turns a light grey (e.g., E. camaldulensis, E. maculata, E. nitens, E. ovata, E. saligna, E . viminalis).

Half-barked: The bark is shed from the branches and upper parts of the trunk, but retained on the lower part for up to half of the tree height (see card no. 2). Examples are E. delegatensis and E. pilularis, which could be aptly described as "gum-topped stringy barks". Gum barked species which retain a variable amount of fibrous bark on the lower trunk (e.g., E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. ovata) are included in both smooth and half-barked sections of the key. 14

Stringy bark: Bark of this type is brown, persistent, and obviously fibrous. It is thick, spongy, deeply and widely furrowed, and inter-laced beneath (see card no . 3) . It may be readily pulled away from the tree trunk in strips, and when rubbed between the palms, breaks down to a mixture of fibres and powder. Examples are E. muellerana and E. obliqua.

Peppermint or Box: These two bark types have been grouped together in the key (see card no. 4) although they are usually distinct. In both, the persistent bark usually extends over the trunk and larger branches. Peppermint bark is greyish and frequently shows a reticulate or interlaced appearance (e.g., E. radiata, E. piperita). It is not deeply furrowed, as is r stringy bark. I Box bark tends to be more compact and at t i mes develops l arge flakes on the lower part of the stems (e.g., E . bos1stoana). It is relatively smooth and thin, with n narrow longitudinal fissures . Young bark is sub-fibrous and slightly scaly, and the 15 smaller branches are usually smooth. Box barks are generally light grey on the surface and brown or yellow beneath, and pieces of the bark rubbed between the palms n disintegrate to a fine powder (because the bark has few fibres).

Iron bark: Here the bark is dark, thick, and widely and deeply furrowed with the grooves being mostly vertical (see card no. 5). As its name suggests the bark is hard to cut. It is often corky and heavily impregnated with a resinous substance called 'kino' which is extruded into the furrows and solidifies as a brittle, reddish coloured material. Eucalypts with iron bark include E. paniculata and E. sideroxylon.

Bloodwood bark: The bark is persistent, short fibred, and broken into small plates or scales (see card no. 6). It disintegrates to a powder when rubbed between the palms. Examples are E. calophylla, E. gummifera, E. ficifolia. 0 16 r. BUDS AND FLOWERS Each eucalypt bud (Fig. 1) has a single or double cap-like structure, the operculum. At maturity, the operculum is shed, exposing the stigma and stamens (which circle the receptacle rim). Each stamen consists of a filament with a 2-lobed anther attached at the apex. For most species the filaments are creamy-white. A few have reddish or yellowish filaments (see card no. 8).

The flowers of most species are arranged in an umbel (see Fig. 1) which is a type of inflorescence. Some eucalypts have branched inflorescences, with the umbels grouped into panicles (e.g., E. paniculata) or corymbs (e.g., E. ficifolia).

An odd number of buds is normally initiated in an umbel and is usually consistent for a species. However, not all the buds may develop and care must be taken when counting _the number of buds in an umbel to include aborted buds (which leave scars on the peduncle). Failure to correctly count the number of buds initiated can often n result in an incorrect or unresolved identification. 17

FRUITS

The fruits of eucalypts are woody capsules (see Fig. 2) which usually take a year to mature and then open by a series of valves when the fruit is dry, enabling the seed to be shaken out. Fruits of the different species show considerable diversity in size, shape, and number (reasonably constant for a species). The position of the valves relative to the rim of the is an important diagnostic feature (see cards no. 30-32). Similarly, the disc, the ring of tissue between the staminal ring and the valves, is useful in identification. It can be flat, raised, or extend down to the sunken valve bases (see cards no. 43-46).

SEEDS

When ripe, eucalypt capsules open and shed their contents - fertile seeds and "chaff''. The latter is a mixture of sterile seeds, unfertilised .ovules, and imperfectly formed ovules. In this key, only E. ficifolia has winged seed (card no. 47). Seed morphology can help in identifying eucalypts (see Boland et al. 1980). 18

disc r f r FIG. 2 - EucalyP.tus fruit 19

SEEDLINGS

seedling leaves are usually quite different in shape, texture, and method of attachment from those on the adult shoots (see cards no. 48-57). In addition, the first formed leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on the stems, whereas the later leaves are usually attached alternately.

The seedlings of most eucalypts bear at least 3-5 pairs of small oppositely­ arranged leaves immediately above the cotyledons. Several species (e.g .• E. radiata, E . viminalis) continue to produce opposite leaves for an extended period; in others there is a more or less rapid change to the alternate arrangement, and a change of size and form. In this key, "juvenile leaves" include those of seedlings and the equivalent leaves on coppice and reversion shoots (i.e., those that develop after defoliation or damage). [ 20

MATURE LEAVES

There is considerable diversity in the size, shape, arrangement, oil glands, venation, and colour of the mature leaves of different species. Even on the same the juvenile and adult leaves may be quite dissimilar. Some species carry leaves of an intermediate type on the adult tree; where they constitute a major part of the crown they are treated as mature leaves.

Leaf shape: Care should be taken to select a typical leaf. For convenience leaf shapes have been divided into a number of classes largely on the basis of the ratio of the length of the leaf blade (i.e., excluding the ) to its greatest width. Leaves with a distinctively curved midrib are described as falcate (see card no. 64).

Arrangement: The mature leaves of most eucalypts are petiolate and arranged alternately (see card no . 62). For those species which have sessile or almost sessile f leaves, it is usual for the arrangement to be opposite (see card no. 63). Two species 21 in this key, E. perriniana and E . risdonii, regularly have opposite, connate r­ leaves (e.g., see card no. 51). Opposite juvenile leaves persist on adult trees in I some species (e.g. , E. cinerea, E. cordata) . Colour: The shade of green of the mature leaves can differ markedly from r­ species to species. Leaves with a bluish or whitish bloom on the surface caused by I . wax are described as glaucous (see card no. 66). In several species glaucousness varies with tree age and foliage. For example, in E. globulus the seedling and coppice leaves are blue while the adult leaves are green. ~ With some eucalypt species, especially those which have leaves that hang l ' vertically, the leaf blade is almost the same colour on both sides (see card no. 67). With other species in which the leaves are usually held almost horizontally. the upper fi surface is always a darker green than the lower (see cards no. 68, 69). l . c 22

Venation: The conspicuousness and arrangement of the leaf veins are of considerable value in identifying species (see cards no . 70-77). The arrangement of the leaf veins is best viewed by holding the leaf up to the light. Lateral veins run out to the edge of the leaf at a distinctive angle (20-80°) from the central vein or midrib. This angle may be measured directly with a protractor.

BOTANICAL NAMES

With two exceptions the botanical names used in the key are currently accepted by Australian authorities (see Brooker and Kleinig, 1983). Eucalyptus huberana is not a valid name and this eucalypt is now known as E. viminalis ssp . cygnetensis. n Kirkpatrick's (1975) subspecies of E . globulus have been adopted in the key, but are still commonly regarded as separate species , E. globulus, E . bicostata, and E. maidenii. Eucalyptus nova-anglica was originally . included in this key but the n New Zealand trees are now considered to be E. cephalocarpa. 23 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I particularly wish to thank Mr E.H. Bunn and the late Mr D. Revell for initial encouragement. The artwork of Messrs P. Murphy and S. Burgess, and the photographs by Mr J .H. Bar ran, are gratefully acknowledged. I appreciate the comments made by Dr M.D. Wilcox, Dr J.D. Allen, Mrs F.B. Knowles, Messrs M.C. Smale. D.O. Bergin, and A.E. Hay. Acknowledgement is also made to the Division of Forest Research, CSIRO for providing the basic data used in this key and permitting it to be published in this form. 24 r FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 1. BOLAND , D. J. ; BROOKER, M. I . H.; CHIPPENDALE, G.M.; HALL, N.; HYLAND , B. P . M. ; JOHNSTON, R.D.; KLEINIG, D. A.; TURNER, J.D. 1984: Forest Trees of Australia. Thomas Nelson, Australia. 687 p.

2. BOLAND, D. J.; BROOKER, M. I. H.; TURNBULL, J. W. 1980: Eucalyptus Seed. CSIRO, Australia. 191 p.

3. BROOKER, M. I. H.; KLEINIG, D.A. 1983: Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-eastern Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 288 p.

4 . CHIPPENDALE. G.M. 1968: Eucalyptus Buds and Fruits. Forestry and Timber Bureau, canberra. 96 p.

5. CHIPPENDALE, G.M. 1973: Eucalypts of the Western Australian Gold-fields (and the Adjacent Wheatbelt). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 218 p. 25

6. CLIFFORD, H.T. 1972: Eucalypts of the Brisbane Region. Queensland Museum Booklet No. 6. 72 p.

7. HALL, N. ; JOHNSTON, R. D. ; CHIPPENDALE, G. M. 1975: .._F.:::;o..=..r.:::;e:::.S.:::.t_T..=..roce:::.e"-'s"'--.....:O::_:f.....__,A_,_,u::.:se..:t..,r:..:a:..:lo..::i=a. Australian Government Publishing service, canberra. 344 p. (see also the supplementary leaflets Forest Tree Series l-221).

8. JOHNSTON, R.D.; BARY, G.A.V. 1981: Notes to assist in the use of a card key for identification of eucalypts. Division of Forest Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Division Report No. 10 (a deck of cards is supplied with this booklet).

9. KIRKPATRICK, J. 1975: Geographical variation in Eucalyptus globulus. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra Bulletin No. 47. 64 p. ~------, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIBRARY PRIVATE BAG 3020, ROTORUA. For ease of identification, the author suggests that the user amend the final card in the key by drawing a line from each specie~ name to its hole. e.g. -/DIVES

-/ELATA

III/EUGENIOIDES

-?XIMIA

/ l. [ [ c D =L.:: g p ~ ~~ D iN] c..::: ~ ~ ~ ~. x• o c....:: D lw I [._; c..._: I I [._; L.._; r o E L.: s-·-·­ IC ~ ~ N L.: L H L L.: M D E I L.: ~~ '6 l~ ~ ~ ~ R T R E A P A A L M E A A I L A N IE I L ~E G I IJE I I~ s R ~ ~L~ E A E E 0 I A 0 L Pp I OSTATA 0 L OBULUS 0 L DEN II t ~ -H E A 1" c y

~ ~ I~ A N I E S p ~ B A H T II E P H N U X 0 N F lA ~~ ~ I H

N F A R N A L P~ ~ E E f\t ~ i u p L ~ ~ L U E E A N U' T T S ~ ~~ RA

~~ i!' c._. 6 ~( ; )~ c._: L E A [__ L R E A [__ N -A [___.2 R.:J,_... [_ [___.2 g ~~ [._2 S F A c.._: '------' ~ [ N L... [_ B ~T [___.2 = AGGLOMERATA ­ RUBIDA = t.....:l AGGREGATA RUDIS = 1:.....J AMPLIFOLIA SA LIGNA l:..:l t;..:l AMYGDALINA SIDEROXYLON = C...... ANDREWSII SIEBER! = L... BLAKELYII • SMITHII = c.....; BLAXLANDII STELLULATA = L... BOSISTOANA TENUIRAMIS = c.....; BOTRYOIDES TERETICORNIS = C...... BRIDGESIANA TORQUATA = L... CALOPHYLLA URNIGERA c.:::l t:...... CAMALDULENSIS VIMINALIS ~ L... CINEREA CITRIODORA CLADOCALYX COCCIFERA CORDATA ', CORNUTA CREBRA CYPELLOCARPA DALRYMPLEANA DEANE I DELEGATENSIS DIVERS! COLOR DIVES ELATA EUGENIOIDES EXIMIA FASTIGATA FIBROSA FICIFOLIA FRAXINOIDES GLAUCESCENS GLOBOIDEA GLOBULUS SSP BICOSTATA GLOBULUSSSP. GLOBULUS GLOBULUS SSP. MAIDEN! I GOMPHOCEPHALA GONIOCALYX GRAN DIS GUMMIFERA GUNNII HAEMASTOMA HUBERANA '-- JOHNSTON II LAEVOPINEA LEHMANI I LEUCOXYLON LONG I FOLIA MACARTHUR!! MACRORHYNCHA MACULATA MANNI FER A MARGINATA MELLIODORA MICROCORYS MUELLERIANA NICHOLl! NIT ENS CEPHALOCARP• OBLIQUA OR EADES L__ OVATA PANICULATA PATENS PAUCIFLORA PERRINIANA PILULAR IS PIPER ITA L__ L__ POL YANTHEMOS PROPINQUA PULCHELLA L__ PULVERULENT A L__ PUNCTATA L__ PYROCARPA L__ RADIATA L__ REGNANS L__ RESINIFERA L__ RISDON! I L__ ROBUST A L__ 1- 7 IRON BARK: Bark persistent on trunk and branches, thick, deeply corrugated, usually hard, varies in colour from light grey to black. · 5 [ ~ 1-7 BLOODWOOD BARK: Persistent bark on trunk and branches, surface divided by longitudinal and transverse fissures into scales or blocks. · 1-7 BARK- OTHER TYPES: Does not fit satisfactorily into other categories, 7

I I II I I II II n rJ

[ n 2-1 FLOWERS BRIGHTLY COLOURED: The filaments of the stamens are red, pink, orange, or bright yellow rather than the usual cream or white. · 8 I I II 3-1 STEM, BUD, OR FRUIT GLAUCOUS: A distinct blue-grey or white powdery coating on any of these parts. · 9 I I I I I I I I I I f I I I II. I

n r n 4-5 BUDS SOLITARY: Check top of peduncle carefully for scars that indicate aborted buds. 10

solitary bud (Lglobulus) 4-5 BUDS TYPICALLY IN THRE>ES: Check top of peduncle carefully for scars that indicate aborted buds. 1r I r I I I I I I r' 4-5 BUDS VARIABLE IN THREES TO SEVENS: Check top of peduncle carefully for scars that indicate aborted buds. · 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f I r r r 4-5 BUDS TYPICALLY IN SEVENS: Check top of peduncle carefully for scars that indicate aborted buds. 13 I r r I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r r 1.1 [ r

Ill. I II I 4-5 BUDS IN MORE THAN SEVENS: Check top of peduncle carefully for scars that indi- cate aborted buds. · I IIIII f I I II Ill II I I II f I Ill If I r

r r r r r 5-l BUDS IN PANICLE OR CORYMB: A branched arrangement of buds forming a compound inflorescence. 15 I II II

r 6-1 PEDUNCLE FLAT: Peduncle distinctly flattened, two-edged and strap-like. 16

II II I 1111 IIIII .1 I II II II r "

r r n r. 7-4 OPERCULUM HEMISPHERIC: Length of operculum not greater than diameter.

I I f f I f I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f I f f r f [ r I r

} operculum 7-4 OPERCULUM CONIC TO ACUTE: Length greater than diameter but not more than twice as great. · 18 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

~operculum

r,1 rr 11 · r r 7-4 OPERCULUM ELONGATED: Length more than twice diameter. 19

["

operculum

If' 7-4 OPERCULUM BEAKED, AITENUATE: Operculum drawn out into a slender projection at least as long as its basal part. 20 Ill I I I I I I r r 1 1

operculum

nr r 8-2 BUDS OR FRUIT WARTY OR RUGOSE: Wrinkles or protuberances not longitudinal or caused by drying. 21 Ill 8-2 BUDS OR FRUIT STRIATED OR ANGULAR: Longitudinal striations, ridges, or wings not caused by drying. 22 Ill II I II IIIII I 11 1 f

r 9-3 FRUIT PEDICELS ABSENT OR VERY SHORT: Pedicels not readily apparent. 23

Ill II II Ill II I II I 1111111 I II II II r r r r r·

~ r r r r. 9-3 FRUIT PEDICELS SHORT: distinct, less than 5 mm long. 24

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r r I I' r,I r·r

rrr rr rr rr· 9-3 FRUIT PEDICELS LONG: Pedicel more than 5 mm long 25

I I II II II II I I II II 10-4 FRUIT SMALL: Diameter of mature fruit less than 6 mm. 26

IIIII I I I II I I I I II 111 ·1 II I II II r I r

.... 6mm r rr 10-4 FRUIT MEDIUM: Diameter of mature fruit 6-12 mm. 27

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l I I I I"I I" I' [ r ~ [ [ [ [ [ r

.. 0...... nnn[nn nnnnn ..6mm 12mm 10-4 FRUIT LARGE: Diameter of mature fruit 13- 20 mm. 28

II I I II Ill I I II I

'13mm

20mm r 10-4 FRUIT VERY LARGE: Diameter of mature fruit more than 20 mm. 29

II

~ ~ 20mm 11- 3 VALVES EXSERTED: Tips of valves protrude noticeably beyond rim of fruit.

II II I II II I I I I I Ill If I II I I I

r r r r r r· 11-3 VALVES MORE OR LESS AT RIM LEVEL: Valves not distinctly sunk or exserted. 31

II II II I I I I I I I I I ll I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I r I rr I r r·t,r I

valve 11-3 VALVES ENCLOSED: Tips of valves below rim of fruit, often scarcely visible. 32

I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I If r 1 r r

rr nr rn 12-8 FRUIT GLOBULAR OR GLOBULAR TRUNCATE:: Equal in all dimensions or wider than long, with diameter of rim smaller than diameter of fruit. 33 I II II II I I I 1111 I I II II I I IIIII II II IIIII I

!J r rT r 12-8 FRUIT HEMISPHERICAL OR FLATTENED: Wider than long, with rim at or about widest part. · 34 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f I I I I f I r f I I

rr r r r r 12-8 FRUIT CYUNDRICAL: Longer than wide, about the same diameter throughout its length. 3S

I I I I I I I I I I r r I 12- 8 FRUIT OVOID: Longer than wide, surface continuously convex. 36

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f r I I f f r

r 1 r r r r 12-8 FRUIT PYRIFORM OR CL..I\.V ATE: Tapering toward pedicel. with taper concave for part of distance. 37 f I I I I I I I I I I I I f If I I

r. r 12-8 FRUIT GONIC OR TURBINATE: Tapering uniformly toward base. 38

II II I II II II I II II I I I II I I 11r

r r r r~ 12- 8 FRUIT URN-SHAPED: With a constriction below rim, forming a neck. 39'

r r I I 12-8 FRUIT CAMPANULATE: Dilated at or just below rim, bell-shaped.

II II I I

r r r 13-3 DISC RAISED CONVEX: Disc can be distinguished by slight differences in colour or texture. 41

I II II I I I I I I I I II 111111 II I I II I I I

rr r ~~ n 13-3 DISC FLAT: Disc can be distinguished by slight differences in colour or texture. 42 r 1 1r r 1 r IIIII Ill II 1111111 II Ill II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I r

disc

r r r r r ,, [ c 13-3 DISC DEPRESSED: Disc sunken below rim, can be distinguished by slight differences in colour or texture. 43 r r r 1 1 1 Ill I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I

r r r r r' rr I II 11111111 I Ill Ill IIIII\\ I I I I I II I I II 14-3 DISC INTERMEDIATE: Width of disc between a quarter and half radius of fruit. 45

IIIII Ill II Ill I 1111111 111111 Ill IIIII II 11111111111111111 fllllflr· f

rr: rT rnr rn 14-3 DISC NARROW: Width of disc less than a quarter of radius of fruit.

I I II I II II II I I II I If I II

r rr. 15-1 SEED WINGED: Seed should closely resemble illustration .. 41

X2 (E. fi c i f o I i a) 16-2 JUVENILE LEAVE'S, FE:W OPPOSITE: Seedlings have less .than 12 pairs of opposite leaves immediately above cotyledons. 48 I II IIIII Ill II Ill I II II Ill II II I I II II I I II I I II II II I I I IIIII I I I I r r I II l

rrrrn n rn 16-2 JUVENILE LEAVES, MANY OPPOSITE: Seedlings have more than 12 pairs of opposite leaves immediately above cotyledons. 49 f f I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f f f I I

I II lr. 17-1 JUVENILE LEAVES SESSILE OR SUBSESSILE: Without a well-defined leaf stalk (petiole). 50

I I r r I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II r II II r:r: 1:

r r r' r: nr. 18~ 1 JUVENILE LEAVES PELTATE OR CONNATE: Petiole is attached inside blade margin or opposite leaves are joined around stem. 51 I I 19-1 JUVENILE LEAVES CORDATE OR AMPLEXICAUL: Heart-shaped or with leaf blade clasping stem. 52 I I I II II I II I I I I I I I Ill I

r r f'l 20-3 JUVENILE LEAVES ORBICULAR OR DELTOID: Length-to-breadth ratio is 1: 1 or less. 53

I I r I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

r r r r r 20-3 JUVENILE LEAVES OVATE OR OBLONG: Length-to-breadth ratio is between 1 : 1 and 4 : 1. 54

I I I II I I I I f I I r· f' f I If i

r r· r rrTr. r. 20-3 JUVENILE LEAVES ELONGATE, LINEAR: Length-to-breadth ratio is 4: 1 or more. 55

I I l I I I I I I. I I' r I ~ 11~

4

1 r r r 21-1 JUVENILE LEAVES GLAUCOUS: Covered with a blue-grey or white powdery coating. 56

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I [

rr [ 11 22-1 JUVENILE LEAVES HAIRY: Carrying hairs or bristles on leaf blade, usually rough to touch. 57 I I I I 23-4 ADULT LEAVES ORBICULAR: Length-to-breadth ratio less than 1 : 1. 58 r 23-4 ADULT LEAVES OVATE: Length-to-breadth ratio between 5:2 and 1: 1. 59

I I I II I I I I I 23-4 ADULT LEAVES LANCEOLATE: Length-to-breadth ratio between 10 : 1 and 5 : 2. 60

I II II II II I I II II I I I f II II II [I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II II I I f f I r·r fT fT I

rr.cr.r r.r.r.rr.r. 23-4 ADULT LEAVES NARROW LANCEOLATE: Length-to-breadth ratio exceeds 10 : 1. 61 I I I I I I II I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10

r, r r nr r 25-1 ADULT LEAVES OPPOSITE: Adult leaves of most eucalypts are alternate. Opposite leaves are frequently sessile and glaucous. 62 [

alternate opposite 25-1 LEAVES ON MATURE TREES SESSILE: Without a well-defined leaf stalk (petiole). 63 26-1 ADULT LEAVES FALCATE: Most leaves curved so that a line drawn as illustrated passes out- side blade. · [ [ [ [ [ [ 1111 !IIIII I II Ill 1111 I II If [ f'

r r r r r [ r 27-1 ADULT LEAVES CORIACEOUS: Fresh leaves markedly thick or firm (most dried leaves appear thick and firm). 65 I I I I II I II 11111111 I I Ill I II Ill 28-1 ADULT LEAVES GLAUCOUS: Covered with blue-grey or white powdery coating. 66

II I I I

r r n 29-3 ADULT LEAVES SAME COLOUR BOTH SIDES: Leaves must be fresh for any difference to be noticeable. · 61 I I I I I r I r I r r I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f r· f f r r I f

rn rr.r!Jrrr.n 29-3 ADULT LEAVES SLIGHTLY DARKER ABOVE: Leaves must be fresh for any difference to be noticeable. · 68 II I I Ill I I II I I [ [ [ [

I, r 29-3 ADULT LEAVES MUCH DARKER ABOVE: Leaves must be fresh for any difference to be noticeable. · 69 r r r 1 1 r 1 r r r r r 30~3 VENATION CONSPICUOUS: Veins coarse and raised (leaves must be fresh). 70

I I I I II. II I [ [

r r r 30-3 VENATION INTERMEDIATE: Lateral veins readily visible but not coarse or noticeably raised (leaves ;must be fresh). n . I I II I I I I I f I I If f I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I U Iff I fT If

rr 11 rTrr rr r·r: 30-3 VENATION FAINT: Lateral veins difficult to see under normal conditions (leaves must be fresh). · 72 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I If' f' r:

veins .

r rrr 1, rnr 31-3 VENATION ANGLE UNDER 20°: Angle between the general direction of lateral veins and ~~- . n I I I I I I I I I I ll I I I I I I I I I [ [ II I

rcr. 31-3 VENATION ANGLE BETWEEN 20° AND 60°: Angle between lateral veins and midrib. 74

1111111111 1111111111111111111 111111111 lllllillll'lllllllllllll rr rr rrr.r' r.rr

r.n n r. r.r. r.r. r. 31-3 VENATION ANGLE OVER 60°: Angle between lateral vein& and midrib. 75 r r I I I I

n 32-2 VENATION RETICULATE: A network of small veins between lateral veins. Hold leaf up to light and use xlO lens. 76· I I I I I I II II r I I I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II I I I f I I I l II r: I

veins

rrrT r, rnrn 32-2 VENATION NOT RETICULATE: Hold leaf up to light and use xlO lens. 77

I I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I II I l.lfl r;

veins

ororo 1-7 BARK SMOOTH OR MATT: Some or all of bark on trunk shed annually in patches, sheets, or strips to expose a more or less smooth surface. l-7 HALF-BARKED: Bark shed from branches and upper trunk but retained on lower part for up to half the tree height. 2 1-7 STRINGY BARK: Coarsely fibrous bark, usually longitudinally furrowed and commonly thick; persistent, covering trunk and larger branches. · 3 1-7 PEPPERMINT OR BOX: Bark on trunk and larger branches either finely sub-fibrous, or more compact and closely matted. · 4