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Citation for published version Baker, Patricia A and Christie, Neil and Hyam, Andrew and Edgeworth, Matthew (2010) Medieval Britain and Ireland in 2009 - Mapping Wallingford Castle. Medieval Archaeology, 54 . pp. 416-420. ISSN 0076-6097.

DOI https://doi.org/10.1179/174581710X12790370816011

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Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology appear intheSociety’s and forcontactdetailsofthecompilers.NotethatSpecialistGroupsReportsnow For MB&I,seebelowfortheformatandcontentofFieldworkHighlightssection, omitted toprotectsites;pleasenotifythecompilersifthisinformationisbewithheld. from interimreports.NotethatincertaincasestheNationalGridReferencehasbeen for conformingtothehousestyle;wecanadviseoncontent,butareunableabstract finds, excavations,field-surveysandbuildinganalysesfor2009.Wethankcontributors ums, universities,developersandindividuals)whohaveprovidedreportsongroups, The Societyismostgratefultoallcontributors(ofspecialistgroups,fieldunits,muse- Reports. important findsfromeachyearcanstillbefoundin thePASandTreasureAnnual review ofbothPASfindsandprojectswhichhave utilised PASdata.Aselectionof has shiftedfromhighlightinganumberofimportant findsfromtheyeartoabroader containing coinsofpre-Conquestdate,and3,471post-Conquest coins. 10,147 ofpost-Conquestdate.Coinageaccountedfor 3,477oftheserecords—289 containing 15,374artefacts.Therewereatotalof 1,737 pre-Conquestrecordsand 39,917 recordsoffindsallperiodsweremade,which11,884medievaldate, only evidenceofpastactivity;otherobjectsareinterestintheirownright.In2009, which havebeendamagedoreroded,usuallybyagriculture,leavingtheobjectsas finds madebymembersofthepublic.Manycomefromarchaeologicalsites The PortableAntiquitiesScheme(PAS)isavoluntaryschemetorecordarchaeological 2PH, UK; Downing Street,CambridgeCB2 3DZ,UK; of thepast. fi is scheduledtoappeartowardsthe endof2010.TheAnnualReportcontainsdetailedstatisticalanalysis ofthe Medieval Archaeology oit o eivlAcaooy21 DOI: 10.1179/174581710X12790370816011 © SocietyforMedieval Archaeology2010 website, at within theBritishMuseum. nds recordedeachyear,plusindividual entriesonfi nds whichhavesignifi cantly addedtoourunderstanding 1 2 Editors’ contacts:JNaylor:HeberdenCoinRoom,AshmoleanMuseum, BeaumontStreet,OxfordOX1 The PAS’sAnnualReportnowcovers bothTreasurecasesandthewiderworkofPAS.Thereportfor 2008 This yearseesachangeintheformatofPASreport inthisjournal.Emphasis Medieval BritainandIrelandin2009 2 FulldetailsofallfindsrecordedbyPAScanbe found ontheScheme’s [email protected]. MÄRIT GAIMSTER www.finds.org.uk , 54,2010 JOHN NAYLOR Medieval BritainandIrelandcompilededitedby: PORTABLE ANTIQUITIESSCHEME Newsletter General Editor: , orobtainedfromDanPettattheScheme’scentral office Portable AntiquitiesSchemeReporteditedby: (J Naylor) HGeake,DepartmentofArchaeology, UniversityofCambridge, RORY SHERLOCK ratherthaninthejournal. [email protected] and NEILCHRISTIE 382 and KIERANO’CONOR HELENGEAKE . 1 with Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology of nearly2,000records. The recordingofearlymedievalcoinagecontinuesapaceandPASnowholdsacorpus Early medieval focus oncoinagein2009 a broochorbadgeisknown. when coinswereregularlypierced,andinthe11thcentury whentheirconversioninto use asjewelleryoranamulet.Thisisespeciallyprevalent inthe5thand6thcenturies in theformofsomemodificationtoaidsuspension orattachmentofthecoinfor country. losses, theyarethefirstoftheirtyperecordedby PAS, andpossiblyatallinthis neither probablyreachedBritainuntilmuchlater. finds aremostunusual,however:both8th-centurycopperfals(Fig1d),although within Viking-Ageassemblages,andtwosilverdirhamswerereported. currency inaforeignruler’sname.FindsofArabcoinsaremorecommon,wellknown may havebeenproducedhere,thisisnotcertainandstillrepresentsthecirculationof Fig 1c),whichisonlytheseventhexamplefoundinEngland.Althoughtheseimitations solidus imitationinthenameofCarolingianrulerLouisPious(WILT-A50F43; of theseafterthemid-8thcenturyarerare.Themostspectacularisagold Fig 1b).Laterforeigncoinswereveryeffectivelyexcludedfromcirculation,andfinds slowly extending,includinganexamplethisyearfromStaffordshire(WMID-867761; becoming clearthatthesewereacirculatingcurrency,andthedistributionisalso and anotherfive7th-centurygoldMerovingiantremisseswerereportedtoPAS.Itis these areearly,includingtheubiquitousFrisian‘porcupine’sceattasofSeriesE, the easternMediterranean. lends moreweighttothesuggestionsthatpost-RomanBritainhaddirectcontactswith in coastalMerseyside,includinganumberfromthesiteatMeols. near Nantwich(Cheshire;LVPL-91D1E1)addsanothercointoaclusterofsuchfinds a 6th-centurycopper-alloydecanummiumoftheByzantineemperorJustinianIfrom adding strengthtoongoingdebatesorprovidinginterestingnewfinds.Thediscoveryof (Fig 1a),thefirstfromNWales. a numismaticallypoorregion,especiallythefindofpennyCoenwulfMercia a groupoflaterfindsintheNWMidlands/NWalesareaprovideusefuladditionsto island’s placeinearlymedievaleconomicandcommunicationnetworks.Furthernorth, from theWestCountry, two newsceattasfromnearDorchesteraddtoasmallbutgrowingcorpusofmaterial knowledge ofareasoftenconsideredattheedgemonetisedzone.InSEngland, towards northernandwesternregionsbutmaterialrecordedbyPASisaddingtoour late 10thand11thcenturies.Aswouldbegenerallyexpected,theirdistributionthins late 7thtomid-/late8thcentury,andthelaterAnglo-Saxonpost-reformpenniesof early medievalEnglandwiththemostabundantgroupsbeingsilversceattasof Conquest. Theseadditionsconsolidatepreviousnotionsofthecirculationcoinagein of newdatatothis,addingmaterialfromthelate5thcenturythroughNorman 1C22F5; Fig1e)piercedninetimesaroundtheedgeat approximatelyequidistantpoints, recorded, allofwhichwerepierced,themostinteresting aVisigothictremissis(LON- Unready). 10 3 5 4 9 8 7 6 As of15June2010. CPAT-4AAF81 (Coenwulf),LVLP-7D2F34 (EdwardtheConfessor)andCPAT-049EA1(Æthelred the DOR-FE79C7 andSOM-DE0541. Williams 2005,161–9; Williams2001. ESS-42E941 andLVPL-920A44. SWYOR-E98253 andSWYOR-E9AF36. Ibid. Moorhead 2009,265–6. The secondaryuseofcoinageisseenthroughoutthe pre-Conquestperiod,often Alongside thesemoregeneralobservations,thefindsrecordedin2009areboth medieval britainandireland, 3 4 Thoserecordedin2009haveprovidedasubstantialamount and11sceattasfromtheIsleofWightaretestamentto 7 LinkswithmainlandEuropearealsovisible:thebulkof 10 Thisyearhasseenasmallnumberofmodifiedcoins 5 9 Assumingthesearenotmodern 2009 8 TwootherArab 6 Thecoin 383 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Ummayad falsorhalffals.(e)LON-IC22F5–modifiedVisigothic tremissis.(f)NARC-D123C1–modified latter periodisawell-knownmodification. In bothcases,thepiercingisrareforthesetypesof coins, althoughthegildingin the reverse(NARC-D123C1;Fig1f),probablyindicating itwasintendedfordisplay. and acentrallypiercedissueofEdwardtheConfessor whichhasalsobeengildedon also meritattention:alate7th-centurySeriesBsceatpierced off-centre(KENT-72A8F7) probably inordertoattachiteithertextileorleather asamount.Twootherfinds of newrecordsperyear,and PASnowholdsc24,000singlefinds. The recordingofpost-Conquest coinage(1066–1509)continuestoaddmanythousands High andlatemedieval its multiplerolesinmedievalsociety. 384 12 11 penny ofEdwardtheConfessor.Scale Access date:15June 2010.Thisperiodrunsfromthe reignsofWilliamItoHenryVII. Ibid. tremissis. (c)WILT-A50F43–imitationgoldsolidusofLouisthe Pious. (d)ESS-42E941–probable Pre-Conquest coins.(a)CPAT-4AAF81–pennyofCoenwulf.(b)WMID-867761aMerovingian (a), DSlarke(b),KHinds(c),LMcClean(d),FWinkley(e),JCassidy (f). portable antiquitiesscheme 1:1 ( except (d)whichisnottoscale) fig 11 1 Suchsecondaryuseofcoinagehighlights . Photographs byRTrevaskus 12 Thislargedataset Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology an originintheEMidlands). few localvariants(Fig2b)— theevidencefromthisexampleandothercoinsindicating during theperiodofAnarchy inStephen’sreign(1135–54;Fig2a)andone ofvery tively smallnumbers(about50in2009,includingapossible newepiscopalissueminted genet coinscontinueinthestyleoflate-Saxonissues andareonlyfoundinrela- assemblage ofcoinagecirculatinginEnglandandWales. TheNormanandPlanta- below. Therecordingin2009continuedtoprovide evidence oftheextremelyvaried is nowthefocusofadoctoralresearchproject,discussed separatelyinmoredetail Stamford andNorthampton. Henry ofBlois;NARC-A26354is ofatypeknownfromsixotherspecimensallfoundinthearea, including angel ofEdwardIV.(e)WAW-2AB440–agrossoBologna.(f) SWYOR-4F7776–agildedandfolded (b) NARC-A263454–apennyofStephen.(c)SF-2C0D85noble ofHenryV.(d)LEIC-4382F5–an 13 NCL-B42BB8 hasacrownparalleled oncoinsHenryofAnjou,andthecrozierthoseBishop Post-Conquest coins.(a)NCL-B42BB8–anepiscopalissueduring thereignofStephen(1135–54). halfgroat ofHenryVIIwithaccompanyingtextile.Scale medieval britainandireland, (b), JCarr(c),WScott(d),ABolton(e),Downes(f). 13 fig 2 1: 1. Photographs byRCollins(a),JCassidy 2009 385 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology legislation againsttheiruse. shows twolarge-scaleincursionsintothecirculatingEnglishcurrency,againleadingto tracing theiruseinmedievalEnglandcanbeseenfromrecentresearchwhichclearly century, namelysmallhalfpenny-like‘soldini’fromVenice.TherolePASisplayingin took againsttheirimport. circulated inthiscountryandtheneedformeasuresgovernmentoftime with another27recordedthisyeartohighlightthelargenumberswhichobviously the late13thto14thcenturies.ThesearenowcommonfindsinEnglandandWales, of typesbecameheavilyimitatedontheContinent,especiallylongcrosspennies Fig 2d),bothofwhichareveryrareassinglefinds. a nobleofHenryV(SF-2C0D85;Fig2c)andanangelEdwardIV(LEIC-4382F5; and theseincludedtwoofthehighestdenominationgoldcoinsissuedinperiod, reported everyyear.Awiderangeofdenominationsfromfarthingsupwardswerefound, far, therearenoobjectsof5th-to 7th-centurydaterecordedfromTyne&WearwiththePAS. logue below). are only18artefactsof5th-to7th-centurydaterecordedfromNEEngland(seecata- 264 items,and88recordsforEastYorkshirecontaining108items.Incontrast,there Searches carriedoutinMarch2010yielded95recordsforNorthYorkshirecontaining has thegreatestquantityofearly-Anglo-Saxonmaterial,followedbyEastYorkshire. mostly concentratedinsouthernandeasternEngland.Inthenorth,NorthYorkshire Recent discoveriesofearlyAnglianmaterialcultureinNEEngland research reports tional archaeologicalmeansarealsorelativelyinfrequent. comparison tootherregionsofEngland,early-Anglo-Saxon sitesdiscoveredbyconven- adds anothersixmetalobjectsand88beads.While theabsolutenumbersarelowin such examplesrecordedbyPAS. two otherItaliancoins,both‘grossi’fromBologna(Fig2e)—onlythesecondandthird means ofsuspension.( folded. Alengthoftextilecordwasfoundwithinthefold,presumablyremainsa the Yorkarea(SWYOR-4F7776;Fig2f),whichhadbeengildedonbothsidesand to thatseenintheearlymedievalperiod.Notableisahalf-groatofHenryVIIfound reached Britainafter1500. Isabella fromthelate1490s,with16recorded;most,ifnotall,oftheseprobablyonly at theveryendofmedievalperiod,mostlyrealsandhalf-realsFerdinand produce anymoreearly-Anglo-Saxonmaterialfrom the ploughsoil. few morebeadswererecovered.Furthermetal-detecting ofthelargefieldfailedto and thefindspotwasexcavatedfollowingweek.A gravecutwasrecognised,anda headed brooch,andseveralamberglassbeads.He reportedthematerialpromptly, ring androdperhapsfromachatelaine,twosmall-long broochesandagreatsquare- appear torepresentasingleburial.Thefinderdiscovered abucketpendant,aniron 386 18 17 16 15 14 Petts andGerrard 2006,61–71. Specifi NARC-86CE46 andWAW-2AB440. Daubney 2009. Cook 1999,250–2. The successoftheEnglishcoinagemadeitacommontradecoin,andnumber The greatexpansioninmintingafter1180providesthevastbulkofcoins The PAShasnowrecordedsome4,000–5,000itemsof5th-to7th-centurydate, Other findsofinterestareexamplesmodifiedcoins,reusedinasimilarmanner cally thecountiesofDurham andNorthumberland,theauthorityofTeesside(Cleveland);thus 17 ThesiteofNewby(NorthYorkshire),norththeNorth YorkMoors, J Naylor portable antiquitiesscheme 14 15 Aninfluxfromadifferentquarterappearedinthe15th Another29exampleswererecordedin2009,aswell ) 16 FindsofSpanishcoinsbegintoincreaseinnumber 18 ThediscoveriesatNewby Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology headed broochfromUlgham(bothNorthumberland)comeisolatedfindspots Durham). ThefloridcruciformbroochfromBelsayandthefragmentofgreatsquare- including thefindsfromPiercebridge,DentonandCoathamMundeville(allCo These artefactsaddprimarilytotheclusterofactivitynorthandsouthTees, broader patternofpreviouslyknownchancefindsandburialsitesintheregion(Fig3). has otherevidenceforactivityintheearlyAnglo-Saxonperiod. It couldbeearlyAnglo-Saxon,butisalternativelypossiblyRoman;theRomantown site. Ourabilitytorecognisethesesitesisdependentuponfurtherdiscoveries. rial inthenorth-east,itisnotimpossiblethattheyareonlyindicationofaburial accidental lossesinantiquitybut,giventherelativepaucityofearly-Anglo-Saxonmate- Scheme’s database,thesitemaynothavebeenidentifiedasaprobablecemetery. that withoutregularrecordingwiththePAS,andeasyretrievalofrecordsvia seen inEnglandexceptatcemeteries. more intotheploughsoilinasingleseason.Suchconcentrationofbroochesisrarely found in2003and2005,butachangecropdeeperploughingbroughtthree form and/orsmall-longbroocheshavebeenrecordedwiththePAS;firsttwowere Northumberland), aprobablecemeteryhasbeendiscovered.Fragmentsoffivecruci- 20 19 Cruciform brooches havebeenfound;Haverfi eld1909. Chester-Kadwell 2009,81. In general,thelocationofearly-Anglo-SaxonobjectsrecordedbyPASfits The spiralfingerringfromCorbridge(Northumberland)islesscertainlydatable. Eight parishesonlyhaveasinglefind.Itislikelythattheseisolatedfindsare At theotherendofregion,inEtal(ahamletparishFord,northern medieval britainandireland, 19 TheperiodicdiscoverypatternatFordmeans 2009 20

service. Survey/EDINA supplied 2010. AnOrdnance Copyright/database right this map. not beenincludedon that settlementshave O’Brien 2010.Note from Lucy1999and circles), basedondata 6th-century date(grey finds of5th-and burials andchance compared toknown Saxon objects(triangles) recorded earlyAnglo- A distributionofPAS fig 3 © Crown 387 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology by county,thenparish,providingthePASdatabasenumber andobjecttype. creates inthecurrentdistributionofearlyAnglo-Saxon material.Thematerialislisted geographically closetotheTeesandarenorthof voidthattheNorthYorkMoors and partofNorthYorkshire.TheYorkshirefinds havebeenincludedastheyare national grid,includingthecounties/authoritiesofNorthumberland, Durham,Teesside, This cataloguelistsobjectsof5th-and6th-century date fromtheNZsquareof catalogue (R Collins) artefacts recordedbythePASmayreinforceor,perhaps,challengethisperspective. Roman roadsenablingfurtherinlandpenetration.Overtime,discoveriesand material culturewaslargelyrestrictedtothecoastalzone,withmajorriversand Anglo-Saxon activityinnorthNorthumberland.Fig3suggeststhat is sparsehistoricalinformationtosupportthearchaeologicalindicationsof6th-century Brittonum Bede hasverylittletosay.Fordis25km(16miles)fromBamburgh,wherethe hegemony innorthernEngland,aperiodforwhichthereislittlerecordedhistory;even artefact classescouldbebolsteredbyamoredetailedsurvey. Newby comefromBrugmann’sGroupsA1(c450–530)andA2480–580). c 450to480,andPhaseFA2bappearscontinueuntil550. into EastAnglianPhasesFA1andFA2a.Atpresent,Phaseisseenaslastingfrom brooches fromNewbyhavetrefoilheadsandcanbeassignedtotypeSM2,whichfalls can beassignedtotypeX3,whichfallsintoEastAnglianPhaseFA2.Thesmall-long the cruciformbroochfromCoathamMundeville,withlappetsbutnoStyleIelements, chronology developedforcompletegrave-goodsinEastAnglia.Accordingtothis, in relatingfragmentarycruciformandsmall-longbroochestotheotherwiseveryuseful of early-Anglo-SaxonartefactchronologyforNorthumbria,andthereareproblems of artefact,withcruciformsthemostfrequenttype.Therehasbeennodetailedstudy number ofsettlementsandcemeteriesintheTweed-Tillrivervalleys. relative tootherfinds,butthebroochesfromFordareasignificantearlyaddition not necessarily)havebeenmanufacturedafterthemiddleof6thcentury. florid cruciformsandthegreatsquare-headedbroochesofGroupXXIImay(butneed are identicalexceptforminordetails. XXII broochfoundingrave19atSewerby,EastYorkshire; square-headed broochfromDentonisalsoverycloseinstyletothecompleteGroup suggest thattheyweremadebythesameartisanorworkshop.Thefragmentarygreat the patternsofmasksalongborderhead,andshapemotifsfoot one ofthecruciformbroochesfoundatRomanfortBenwellonHadrian’sWall: therefore spanacenturytoandhalf. 388 are nowbestseenasfl oridcruciforms andareexcludedfromHines’1997corpus. 340). [email protected]. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 29 28 Denton hasring-and-dotstamps and enamelinlays;Sewerby19hasgarnetorglassinlays(Hines 1997, Hirst 1985,126. Cramp andMiket1982,8,no.7,pl. 1,identifi Hines 1997,229–30. See catalogueforbeadtypespresentatNewby.Fordatingthegroups, seeBrugmann2003,70. Penn andBrugmann2007,24–570–3. Petts andGerrard2006,63–4. FLO NorthEast,GreatMuseum, BarrasBridge,NewcastleuponTyne,TynesideNE24PT, UK; Historia Brittonum The PAS-recordedmaterialalsoshedslightonthespreadofearly-Anglo-Saxon The robustandrelativelyeasilyfoundbowbroochesformthemostcommonclass The cruciformbroochfromBelsay,Northumberland,bearsastrikingsimilarityto provides anaccountofIdatakingthefortressin 29 , 61–3. portable antiquitiesscheme ed asagreatsquare-headedbrooch ofLeeds’stypeC2.These 27 Theseandotherhintsofdistinctivenorthern ad 547, 22 26 28 Thebeadtypesfrom thesurvivingparts butotherwisethere 21 24 Thefinds Historia 23 The 25

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology brooch, repaired inantiquity DUR-FF0ED2: Copper-alloy cruciform Coatham Mundeville: County Durham ring NCL-230C84: Copper-alloyspiralfinger- Corbridge: only) headed brooch(footplateterminallobe alloy HinesGroupXXIIgreatsquare- NCL-28F3D8: Fragmentofgildedcopper- Ulgham: form brooch NCL-330C32: Copper-alloyfloridcruci- Belsay: brooch (partofheadplateonly) NCL-7F0D34: Copper-alloycruciform brooch (missingpartoffoot)(Fig4) NCL-1C82E5: Copper-alloysmall-long bow only) small-long brooch(partofheadplateand NCL-BE3AD2: Copper-alloycruciformor brooch (partofheadplateandbowonly) NCL-7D2D81: Copper-alloycruciform (Fig 4) cruciform brooch(partofheadplateonly) NCL-FBFB61: Gildedcopper-alloyflorid Ford: Northumberland Small-long broochNCL-1C82E5(left)andfloridcruciformNCL- FBFB61 (right)fromFord,Northumberland. medieval britainandireland, fig 4 XIV greatsquare-headed brooch NCL-82EDE3: Copper-alloy HinesGroup Newby: North Yorkshire cremations possibly threesmall-longbroochesfrom torted fragments,allsimilarinshape; YORYM-20B337: Threemeltedanddis- YORYM-1FD1E1, YORYM-2093A2and Hart: cruciform brooch(partofheadplateonly) NCL-A1BC88: Copper-alloyprobable Greatham: brooch (partofheadplateandbowonly) NCL-F0F3C3: Copper-alloycruciform Dalton Piercy: plate) brooch (missinglappetsandpartofhead- NCL-47E4D3: Copper-alloycruciform Grindon: Teeside NCL-29FAA7: Copper-alloygirdle-hanger NCL-D93A01: Copper-alloywrist-clasp Piercebridge: Group XXIIgreatsquare-headedbrooch NCL-A16C02: Gildedcopper-alloyHines Denton: Drawings byMarkHoyle. 2009 389 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology associated withtheSutton Hoosword(DatabaseNos675and1425).Fourfittings for grips. Ninedecoratedpyramidswerefoundandtwogold andgarnetbuttonsofthetype to thesethereare354otherhiltfittings,mainlyplates fromguardsbutalsocollars caps —althoughthisnumbermayfalliffragmentscan befittedtogether.Inaddition and 920). Two furtherobjectsmaybecrossesormerelycross-shaped mounts(DatabaseNos820 strip bearingaLatininscription(DatabaseNo550)may havebeenpartofathirdcross. cross (DatabaseNo655),theotherapendant No303).Itispossiblethatthe definitely non-militaryarethetwoChristiancrosses, onealargeprocessionaloraltar recognised but,again,mayhavecomefrommilitary objects.Theonlythingsthatare The remaining11.5%ofthehoardconsistedfragments whicharetoosmalltobe the hoardwasmadeupofunidentifiedobjects,some ofwhichmayalsobemilitary. by weight,weaponpartsrepresent60.1%oftheidentifiedobjects.Afurther28.4% Pressblech. were decorated,53.0%withfiligree,21.0%cloisonnégarnet,10.3%incisedand15.7% (Database No655)whichhasamassof140.21gr.Itwasfoundthat700thepieces hidden oncompleteobjects.Theheaviestiteminthehoardwasfoldedcross of greatinterest,the57loose,cutgarnetsand21‘waffled’foilsarelikelytorevealdetail weighs lessthan1gr,someweighing0.01gr.Whilesmalltheseobjectscanbe kg ofsilverand0.310copperalloy.Therearearound3,490pieces,which43% clay. Subsequentworkonthesitehasshownthathoardbeenfullyrecovered. suggested thattheartefactdistributionwasfocussedonthisnaturallydepositedcapof may representthelowerpartofdeposit,andarchaeologicalinvestigations 21 lumpsofclaymanywhichcontainedlargenumbersmetalfragments.These reveal anycontextforthefind.Inadditionto240bagsoffinds,MrHerbertrecovered excavations andgeophysicalsurveysusingbothmagnetrometryresistivityfailedto entered thetopsoilrecently,probablyatlastploughing,eightmonthsbefore.The finds wereintheploughsoil.Alackofploughdamagesuggeststhatobjectshadonly confirmed byexcavationscarriedoutBirminghamArchaeology,showsthatallofthe now downtograss,intheparishofHammerwich,Staffordshire.MrHerbert’saccount, worth puttingonrecordwhatiscurrentlyknownaboutthehoard. yet, uncleanedwithonlythemostcursoryexaminationscarriedout.Itis,however, also beprematuretoenterintoanydetaileddiscussionofmaterialwhichremains,as details ofthediscoveryarenowwellknownandneednotberepeatedhere. generated agreatdealofmediaattentionand,moreimportantly,publicinterest.The The discoveryofamajordepositearlyAnglo-SaxonmetalworkinStaffordshire The Staffordshirehoard dant NCL-838996: Copper-alloybucketpen- brooch (missingmuchoffoot) NCL-835693: Copper-alloysmall-long brooch NCL-835237: Copper-alloysmall-long at < images oftheobjects.Thedatabase numbersusedhererelatetothedownloadabledatabase.Thiscan befound 390 31 30 The hoardhasitsowndedicated website, includingafulldatabaseofallthefi Brugmann 2003,75and77. www.staffordshirehoard.org.uk/>. The weaponfittingsare,inthemain,partsofsword hilts.Thereare97pommel Much attentionhasbeenfocussedonthestronglymilitarycontentofhoard: In itsuncleanedconditiontheStaffordshireHoardcontains5.095kgofgold,1.442 It wasfoundwithametal-detectorbyMrTerryHerbertonfieldofarableland, portable antiquitiesscheme Traffic Lightbead). Constricted Cylindrical,andapossible beads (includingaConstrictedSegmental, NCL-7BE5C1: 81amberbeadsand7glass part ofachatelaine NCL-836005: Ironringandrod,probably 30 ndsandalargenumberof

31 Itwould Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology and insouthernScandinavia. ern Europe,datingfromc600–900atleast,concentrated alongtheRhinecorridor tions. within thecorpus,atleastsomehavestrongcasesfor considerationasancientdeposi- orthodoxy andconvincinglyarguedthat,althoughthere areundoubtedlymodernlosses Byzantine coinage,muchofwhichhasbeenreported viaPAS,hasquestionedthis and touristsoverthelast100yearsorso. of modernlossespiecesbroughtbackfromtheeastern Mediterraneanbytravellers There isalong-heldviewthatfindsofByzantinecopper coinageinBritainaretheresult Byzantine coppercoinsfoundinEnglandandWales,c668–1150 Leahy) and hasthepotentialtorevolutioniseourunderstandingof7thcentury. this hoardwillgreatlyincreaseourknowledgeofhigh-statusAnglo-Saxonmetalwork for theconservationofandresearchonthisremarkableresource.Thediscovery them toacquirethehoardanditsfutureseemssafe.Fundingis,however,stillneeded Museum andArtGallerythePotteriesinStokeonTrentwhichenabled subsequently valuedat£3,285,000.ThissumwassuccessfullyraisedbyBirmingham evidence, thereappearstobenothinginthehoardaslatethis. the inscribedstrip(DatabaseNo550),butthishasbeenchallengedand,onpresent 7th century.Onepigraphicgroundsan8th-or9th-centurydatehasbeensuggestedfor to asearly unbalanced assemblage. characterise aristocraticgravessuchasvesselandlyrefittings.Itisoverallastrange, be present.Furthermore,therewerenocoinsandnoneofthedomesticobjectsthat and ifthehoardhadsimplybeenlootwemightalsohaveexpectedthesefittingto that theywouldhaveformedpartoftheaccoutrementsmencarryingswords triangular bucklesandstrapfittingsaremissing,althoughitmighthavebeenexpected these aremorecommonthangoldweaponfittings;masculinedressfittingssuchas dress fittingssuchasbroochesorpendants,eventhoughingravesandTreasurefinds during cleaning.Thefiveenigmaticgoldsnakesarelikelytocontinuechallengeus. with theseistheabsenceofmountsorfixingpointsalthoughmayberevealed ‘cloisonné plates’and49strips’cannotatpresentbeidentified.Adifficulty from ashieldbutthis,andmanyotherobjects,including22objectsdescribedas mount decoratedwithafishgrippedbytwoStyleIIbirds(No652)mayhavecome be thestripsofPressblechfoilonwhichareshownwarriorsandStyleIIanimals.Agold fragments ofreededstripand‘C’-shapedarebestseenashelmetfittings,may buckles areofappropriateproportionsforuseonahelmet(Nos144and685) mount whichlikelyfittedontoahelmetcrest(No678).Inaddition,twosmallgold fine silver-giltcheekpiecewithStyleIIdecoration(No453)andthesmallanimalhead which mayhavecomefromaswordhilt(No764).Helmetswererepresentedbythe rings attachedtoswordpommels(egNo543)wererecoveredtogetherwithastonebead patination. patina aretypicaloflossesintheLevant. Coinslostinthiscountryantiquitytendtohaveadarker, greenish 3DG, UK; 35 34 33 32 Lafuaurie andPilet-Lemière 2003,maps16–17;McCormick 2001,map12.1. Moorhead 2009examinesfi Boon 1991. Department ofPortableAntiquities andTreasure,BritishMuseum,GreatRussellStreet,LondonWC1B 34 At aCoroner’sInqueston24SeptemberthehoardwasdeemedTreasureand The datingofthehoardremainscontentious.earliestpommelcapscoulddate What isalsoremarkableaboutthehoardwhatmissing:therearenofemale 32 Inaddition,itisknownthattherearefindsofByzantine coppercoinsinNorth- [email protected]. ad 520butmostofthematerialprobablydatesfromlater6thand medieval britainandireland, nds dating from dating nds 35 Thisincludesatleastone9th-centuryfollisexcavated ad 498–668.Henotes(p271,n7) that coinswithasandy 33 However,recentworkundertakenonearly 2009 (Kevin 391 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology be similarwiththeseByzantinefinds. great distancefromtheportofentrypriortotheirdeposition, finds arestillfromcoastalcounties.Thisillustratesthatmostsoldinididnottravela finds. the 14th–16thcenturywhichthemselveshaverecentlybeenstudiedinlightofPAS Byzantine finds. shire andCheshire.Thisdistributioninmanywaysparallelsthatseenfortheearly S coastofEngland,withtheexceptionthreefinds,oneeachfromNorfolk,Leicester- distribution, includingthepotentialmodernlosses,andallarepredominantlyfrom details, England. copper coinsknown,suggestingtheirlimitedimport,ifnotnecessarilycirculation,in the Byzantineworld. century ByzantineobjectsfromSwedenillustratingcontactsinthisperiodwith at Birka(Sweden)froma10th-centurycontext,andrangeofother10th-to13th- tab 1,no1fora10th-centuryfollis foundinlatermedievallevelsWinchester. LVPL1589, LVPL1883,HAMP-AFE522, SUR-5B70C4,DEV-DFA031. 392 37 36 38 41 40 39 Egan 2007,111–12describedfour 11th-and12th-centurycopperfollesfoundinLondon;Moorhead 2009, Blackburn 2008,60;Egan2007,116. These are:GLO-D4B576,DOR-0F6596, LEIC-187C40,ESS-9CB575,HAMP-D09423,LEIC-135137, Calculations based ontheappendixoffi ndsinDaubney2009,194–8. Daubney 2009. Moorhead 2009,274. 40 PAS hasrecorded12Byzantinecoinsdatingpost-668,ofwhichtenhavelocation 38 Theseunofficiallyenteredthegeneralcurrencyashalfpennies,but64%of towhichthefiveexcavatedfindscanbeadded.Figure 5 highlightstheir 37 39 Another usefulcomparativedatasetisthatoftheVenetiansoldini 36 InEngland,thereareasmallnumberofexcavatedByzantine portable antiquitiesscheme permission. Cartographic andisusedwith map dataownedbyHarperCollins figure isbasedoncopyrightdigital background mapdetailusedinthis Drawn byJNaylor.The losses of11th-centurycoins. triangle (light)possiblemodern century coins,andinverted inverted triangles(dark)11th- triangles 10th-centurycoins, 9th-century coins,upright c 668–1200.Squaresrepresent coins inEnglandandWales, The distributionofByzantine fig 41 5 andthesituationmay Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology introduced justafterthemid-9thcenturyandremained intousethe10th. it seemsfromexcavatedevidenceinScandinaviathat thecubo-octahedralformis finds, meansthatthereisnoindependentdatingevidence fortheseweights.However, comprehensively studied. octahedral weightswithpuncheddotsfromKaupang, asitewhoseweightshavebeen single weights.Thiscompareswith28copper-alloy and onecopper-alloy/ironcubo- be seenorbecausetheirweightswerenotrecorded, leavingatotalof31records included. Threeotherrecordscouldnotbeused,either becausenomarkingscould not beincludedhere.Thefinalleadweight,from GreatDunham(Norfolk),was from Torksey(Lincs)withnodetailsastoindividualweightordecoration,andsocould but oneoftheleadweights,however,arecontainedinasummaryrecord20weights conclusions aboutweight-standardshere. there weretoofewcubo-octahedralweightsknownfromEnglandtodrawany a weightoritspositionwithinweight-series. but mightberelatedtoidentifiablestandards,eithermarkingthedenominationof on cubo-octahedralweightsandofothershapes)isnotpurelydecorative, have adifferentnumberofdotstothelargerfaces. smaller triangularfacesareusuallyblank,butoccasionallysimilarlymarked;theycan to sixpuncheddotsorannulets,oftencontainedwithinadecorativeborder.Theeight cisely as‘polyhedral’(Fig6).Thesixlargersquarefacesaregenerallymarkedwithone shape ofacubewiththecornerscutoff,andareoftenalsoknownsomewhatimpre- weights ofViking-Agedate,comprisingatotal54weights.Theseareinthe At theendof2009PASdatabaseheldatotal35recordscubo-octahedral Viking-Age cubo-octahedralweightsrecordedonthePASdatabase:andweight-standards time. medieval periodandreflectthewideconnectionsthatwereprevalentinEuropeat be confidentthatatleastanumberofthesestrayfindswereindeedlostduringthe copper coinageinthiscountry,andsomeareundoubtedlymodernlosses,butwecan material mentionedpreviously.WemustremaincautiousofeveryfindByzantine number ofcontemporarygoldandsilverstrayfindsareknown,astheother fringes ofitsdistribution.Also,thesecoppercoinscannotbeseeninisolation:asmall small numberoffinds,mayindicatethatwearewitnessingthesameprocessatvery roughly similarpatternisinevidenceScandinaviaandEngland,albeitfromavery probably duetotherenewedvibrancyofByzantineeconomy. Butrint (Albania)andCorinth(Greece)bothexpandgreatlyfromthemid-9thcentury are similartothoseseenelsewhere.IntheMediterranean,forexample,findsfrom of Islamicdirhamsmustcautionanyinterpretations, to thecenturyafterminting,alongsidegenerallysimilarevidenceforEuropeanfinds entirely surehowlongafterissuingthesecoinswerelost.ThephasingoftheBirkafind Denmark andNorway,isgivenin Steuer1987,Abb.7. Ireland. Adistributionmapforcubo-octahedral weightsacrossEuropeandScandinavia,showingnone westof 46 45 44 43 42 48 47 Kruse 1992,80–1;seealsoWallace 1987,212–13,forthehistoriclackofcubo-octahedralweights from Brøgger 1921,106–7;Pedersen2008, 138and148–9. Heberden CoinRoom,Ashmolean Museum,BeaumontStreet,OxfordOX12PH,UK Hodges 2006,4;Sanders2003. Kilger 2008a. Ibid 132–6. Pedersen 2008. The natureofthePAS’sevidence,inmaindrawn frommetal-detectortopsoil Twenty-one ofthePASweightsaremadefromleadand33copperalloy.All It hasbeenthoughtfornearlyacenturythatthispunched-dotdecoration(both The chronologicalpatternoflossisalsointeresting,althoughwecannotbe (J Naylor) 44 medieval britainandireland, 47

46

45 UntiltheadventofPAS,however, 42 buttheoverallpatternsofloss 2009 43 Thefactthata . 48 393 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 394 WO-893Trsy(ic)20lead-alloyweights, noweightrecorded Torksey(Lincs) Seething(Norfolk) dotononefaceonly Torksey(Lincs) 1.98 Torksey(Lincs) 0.73 Torksey (Lincs) SWYOR-E809B3 NMS-1D82A0 0.75 DENO-C09D37 Torksey(Lincs) No oruncertaindots Torksey(Lincs) Torksey(Lincs) Heaviest weight=0.75gr,with adot-valueof0.75gr 1.16 Torksey(Lincs) NLM-466707 1.29 Torksey(Lincs) DENO-C08AA8 1.32 1.44 One dot noweightrecorded 1.50 Heaviest weight=1.5gr,dividedbytwogivesadot-value of0.75gr Torksey(Lincs) Torksey(Lincs) DENO-C08136 Torksey(Lincs) DENO-944EA3 1.76 DENO-C075A3 1.66 Folkton(NorthYorks) Torksey(Lincs) DENO-9442F8 1.67 DENO-9458A3 2.13 Two dots Heaviest weight=2.13gr,dividedbythreegivesadot-value of0.71gr Torksey(Lincs) DENO-C065B4 Torksey(Lincs) DENO-943A82 Torksey(Lincs) 2.06 NLM7256 2.24 Torksey(Lincs) DENO-943053 Torksey(Lincs) 2.53 Three dots Melbourn(Cambs) 2.60 Southrepps(Norfolk) Heaviest weight=3.01gr,dividedbyfourgivesadot-valueof0.7525gr 3dotsonsmallfaces 2.64 2.77 NLM687 leadalloy 3.01 DENO-942613 NLM-465AF3 3dotsonsmallfaces DENO-940F54 GreatDunham(Norfolk) shownonFig6 DENO-941C56 Torksey(Lincs) DENO-93F6E7 3.22Torksey 3.52 Torksey(Lincs) CAM-F8E526 Stone,Bishopstone&Hartwell NMS-E6D367 3.56 3.70 Four dots Herringswell(Suffolk) Torksey(Lincs) irregularshape 3.75 Heaviest weight=4.58gr,dividedbysixgivesadot-valueof0.7633gr 3.85 DENO-93CC67 3.80 Roxby-cum-Risby (NorthLincs) NMS-3CC062 Roxby-cum-Risby(NorthLincs) DENO-93DA24 3.87Torksey 3.88 DENO-92F202 Heckingham(Norfolk) 3.88 Misterton(Notts) BUC-F89F17 Torksey(Lincs) 3.92 3.92 DENO-934697 SF-10BC84 4.58 DENO-93B390 NLM-EBA6E3 NLM-A27134 SWYOR-3C5372 NMS-493027 DENO-9338F5 Six dots portable antiquitiesscheme egt(r idpt(aih Notes Findspot(parish) Weight (gr) (Bucks) Table (Lincs) (Lincs) 1 no details Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology weight-unit, theøre,could bedividedinto20smallerunitseachof1.3gr. The appear tohaveallowedweighingatleastthisdegree ofprecision. a widespreadstandardforatleastsometypesofweight. Balancesavailableatthetime sophisticated. shire, Cambridgeshire,Norfolk,Suffolkandasfarsouth-westBuckinghamshire. been foundacrosstheDanelaw—fromNorthYorkshire,Nottinghamshire,Lincoln- Torksey, whichhasproduced23ofthe31usableweights;othereightweightshave drawn fromthebest-preservedweightsatKaupang, Birka andHedeby, gests thattheyarebasedonastandardofaround0.75 g.Thisreplicatesconclusions The patternofevidencefromtheheaviestPAScubo-octahedral weightsthereforesug- manufacture), andthiswasdividedbythenumberofdots.Theresultasfollows: weight wasnoted(hopingthistobetheleastalteredbydamageorcorrosionsince were accordinglygroupedbythenumberofdotsontheirmajorfaces,heaviest heaviest weightinthegrouptoworkoutsystem. by Brøggerin1921,namelytogrouptheweightstheirmarkingsanduse 52 51 50 49 Ibid 138–9;Sperber 1988. Ibid 148–55. Brøgger 1921,6–7;Pedersen2008, 140. Sperber 1989;Pedersen2008,140–4. • • • • • A unitof0.75grfitswellwiththesuggestionthata suggested lateViking-period Some ofthemetrologicalanalysescarriedoutinrecentyearshavebeenhighly The distributionofPASweightsisheavilyskewedtowardstheproductivesite The twoone-dotweights,bothfromTorksey,weighed 0.75 grand0.73gr. heaviest two-dotweight,fromTorksey,was1.5gr,giving adot-valueof0.75gr. The fivetwo-dotweightsdidnothaveanycleargroupings intheirdate-ranges.The 0.71 gr. one, fromTorksey,washeavierat2.13gr.Dividedbythree thisgivesadot-valueof Four weightshadthreedots,andagainwereslightlylighterat1.66–1.76grbut a dot-valueofjustover0.75gr. but oneheavierweightfromSouthreppsweighed3.01gr.Dividedbyfourthisgives excluded. Oftheseven,againtherewasagroupofweightsinrange2.53–2.77gr, Eight weightshadfourdots,butonenoweightrecordedandsotobe this givesadot-valueofjustover0.76gr. range 3.70–3.92gr,therewasoneweight,fromTorksey,of4.58 gr. Dividedbysix Thirteen weightshadsixdotsonthemajorfaces.Althoughmostfellintoweight- 49 ThemethodusedforthePASweightswassameasthatproposed medieval britainandireland, Drawing byDonnaWreathall. A cubo-octahedralweightfromHerringswell,Suffolk(SF-10BC84). fig 6 50 Thecubo-octahedralweights 2009 52

51 andsuggests 395 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology name ofthisunitcouldbe archaeologists priortotheinceptionofPAS,andby evolutionofPASitself. the natureofrelationshipsbetweenmetal-detector usersandmuseumcurators/ of militatingfactorswhichcanaffectdistributionsand theirinterpretation.Thisincludes (Fig 7).However,patternsseeninmetal-detectedmaterial areoftensubjecttoanumber England andWalesshowsanextensivespreadoffinds acrosslowlandandcoastalareas from comparativematerialexcavations.The overall distributionofcoinsover at over17,000. from theNormanConquesttoHenryVIII’sdebasement ofthecoinagein1544stood as partofpilgrimagevows. such astheirconversionintoitemsofjewellery,piercingforuseamuletsorfolding funerary andwiderlandscapecontexts;(4)explorationofthesecondaryusecoins patterns offoreigncoinsfoundinEngland;(3)depositionwithindomestic, works withinwhichcoinswereusedandhowthisaffectedtheiruseloss;(2)the ment oftheuseandspreadcoinage.Theseare:(1)socialeconomicframe- around anumberofinterrelatedaimswhichtogetheraddressquestionsonthedevelop- vast majorityofwhichhavebeenrecoveredbymetaldetectorists.Theprojectisbased Conquest coins(1066–1544)usingacoredatasetofmaterialrecordedbythePAS, project aimstodevelopnewapproachesthestudyandinterpretationofpost- (John Naylor—AshmoleanMuseum).RichardKelleheristhedoctoralresearcher.The Gerrard), theBritishMuseum(BarrieCook)andPortableAntiquitiesScheme Doctoral AwardbeguninOctober2008,supportedbyDurhamUniversity(Chris ‘The MonetisationofMedievalEngland’isathree-yearAHRC-fundedCollaborative The MonetisationofMedievalEnglandProject (Helen Geake) detectorists. Thetwosourcesofinformationshouldthereforebeseenascom to changeovertime,buttheirnumbersarelowcomparedthosefoundbymetal- precise dating,essentialinthestudyofweight-standardswhichmayhavebeensubject from anothermajorsourceofmetal-detecteddata,namelytheNorfolkHER. and testtheresultsfromPAS-recordedcubo-octahedralweightsbylookingatthose perhaps atpresentonlyjustlargeenoughforthispurpose.Itwouldbeeasytoamplify will beneededtorecogniseanypattern,andthegroupofPAS-recordedweightsis preservation remainhypothetical.Withvariablepreservation,arelativelylargegroup be emphasisedthatnoneoftheweightshasbeenhandledbywritersovariationsin lost 10–20%oftheiroriginalmassthroughdamageandcorrosion,althoughitshould weight ineachgroup.Asthemajorityofweightsarelighter,itispossiblethatmosthave half-penning. derive fromtheMerovingiantremissis. with thetraditionallymoreprolificeasternandsouthern coastalcounties.Theinitial Midlands andtheIsleofWightwherefindsarenow recorded inquantitiescomparable become increasinglylessmarkedovertime.Thisisespecially trueintheWandcentral the PASwentnationwide(excludingScotlandandN Ireland)in2003suchbiashas UK; 396 54 53 56 55 H. Geake,DepartmentofArchaeology, UniversityofCambridge,DowningStreet,CambridgeCB2 3DZ, Pedersen 2008,146;Kilger2008b, 284. Richards etal2009, section2.6. Downloaded 4October2008. [email protected] After theinitialdownloadandcleaningofdatanumbercoinsdating Excavated cubo-octahedralweightsmayinsomecaseshavetheadvantageof In mostcasesthecalculationofdot-valuehasbeenbaseduponasingleheavier 54 55 Theseformthecoresourcefordistributionanalysis withsupport . portable antiquitiesscheme penningr inOldNorse, 53 Aunitof0.75grneatlythereforebecomesa penning inOldEnglish,anditmay plementary. 56 Since

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology specific meaningsinvested in theobjectsbytheirfinalowners. occur, thenatureofmanipulations foundandwhatonemightinferregarding the a promisetothesaint. that thesemaybeinterpreted withintheremitsofpilgrimagevows,withcoinsfolded as coins onthePASdatabasenownumberingover130. Documentaryevidencesuggests (Fig 8b)andfolding8c).Thelattercategoryis of particularinterest,withfolded have beenidentified,consistingofconversionintoabrooch orbadge(Fig8a),piercing how thecoinsthemselveshavebeenmanipulated. Three maintypesofadaptation relating toboththeirparticularplacementwithinthe landscapeandalsointermsof and theirhinterlandsareallareaswhichtheongoing workwilladdress. coinage, thescourgeofinferiorimportedcoinsand relationshipbetweenthetowns record. Questionsconcerningtheavailabilityofsilver, theintroductionofagold to 16thcenturiesnewdynamicsaffectthedistribution andcompositionofthefinds appear tohavebegunparticipatinginsomeformofmonetised economy.Fromthe14th locations, fromtheportsandmajortownstosmall,ruralcommunitieswhoseinhabitants of moneyacrossabroadspectrumsociety.Findsaremadeinwiderange availability ofcoincontinuedintothe13thcenturywithaconcomitantriseinuse a significantriseintheprovisionofcoinagefromEnglishmints.Thisincreasing the useofcoinageduringperiod,particularlyinlate12thcentury,whichsaw mapping hasshownarangeofspatialandtemporalpatternsinthedevelopment 57 Kelleher 2010. One importantaspectoftheresearchfocuseson non-monetaryuseofcoins, medieval britainandireland, 57 Furtherstudywillexplore thedynamicsofwherethesefinds Kelleher finds, 1066–1544. distribution ofmedievalcoin Map showingthegeneral fig with permission. and EnglishHeritageisused data ownedandsuppliedbyESRI is basedoncopyrightdigitalmap 2009 7 . The backgroundmapdetail Drawn byR 397 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Boon, GC1991,‘Byzantine and otherexotic Blackburn, MAS2008,‘Thecoin-fi Wales. is evolvingadynamicpictureofthevariedusescoinage inmedievalEnglandand ac.uk 398 58 ancient bronzecoinsfromExeter’, inN Skre (ed),29–74. Three typesofmodificationfoundonmedievalcoins:(a)reversegildedwithattachmentaddedtothe Department ofArchaeology,Durham University,SouthRoad,DurhamDH13LE; . obverse (YORYM-60FCA5);(b)pierced(IOW-2353B8);(c)folded (WAW-8184B8). Overall, theprojectisemphasisingimportanceof thenewdatasetfromwhich (Richard Kelleher) 58 portable antiquitiesscheme L Andrews-Wilson(a),FBasford(b)andABolton(c)

ns, in nds’, BIBLIOGRAPHY fig 8 Finds fromExeter Holbrook andPTBidwell(eds), University ofExeter,38–45. Reports 1 , Exeter:ExeterCityCouncil/ . , ExeterArchaeological r.m.kelleher@durham. Photographs by Roman Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Historia Brittonum Hirst, S1985, Hines, J1997, Kilger, C2008a,‘Kaupangfrom afar:aspects Kelleher, R2010,‘The“EnglishCustom”. Hodges, R2006, Daubney, A2009,‘Thecirculationandpro- Düwel, K(ed)1987, Chester-Kadwell, M2009, Cook, B1999,‘Foreigncoinsinmedieval Egan, G2007,‘ByzantiuminLondon?New Cramp, RandMiket,1982, Haverfi Brøgger, A1921, Brugmann, B2003, tery atSewerby,EastYorkshire University ArchaeologicalPublications Boydell. Great Square-HeadedBrooches of theinterpretationdirham fi (ed), 199–252. late 8thandearly10thcenturies’, inSkre northern andeasternEurope betweenthe Hunting Bent coinsinmedievalEngland’, Duckworth. reading EarlyMedievalArchaeology trans), London:Phillimore. England’, hibition ofVenetiansoldiniinlatemedieval Museum ofAntiquities. Anglo-Saxon andVikingAntiquities Arch Rep Communities intheLandscapeofNorfolk, 3rd series, Affi ni turies Foreign Coins:ItalyandEurope11th–15thCen- England’, inLTravaini(ed), Well-Being inByzantium(400 Muthesius etal(eds), world’, inMGrünbart,EKislinger,A links betweenEnglandandtheByzantine archaeological evidencefor11thcentury & Ruprecht:Göttingen. der Karolinger-undWikingerzeit in Mittel-undNordeuropaTeilIV:derHandel und Verkehrdervor-frühgeschichtlichenZeit Italiana, 231–84. excavations in1908’, H Forster,‘Corstopitum:reportonthe objects’, 400–24,inWHKnowlesandR Wissenschaften, 111–17. Verlag derÖsterreichischenAkademie Anglo-Saxon Graves, Historisk-fi losofi norske vegt eld, F1909.‘Notesonthesmaller , CollanadiNumismaticaeScienze 2 Apr 2010 ,

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25 , < Origins oftheEuropean , CBAResRep > [accessed1Feb Medieval Archaeol intarch.ac.uk/journal/ , Istanbul:Ege 119 – 1996 . , Athens: Aspects of , Stroud: Shared 399 162

36 8 , , , , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Steuer, H1987,‘Gewichtsgeldwirtschaftenim Sperber, E1989,‘Theweightsfoundatthe Sperber, E1988,‘HowaccuratewasViking Skre, D(ed)2008, uil,cmtre: 41, burials, cemeteries: 91,96,265. buildings: 4,89,111. boundaries, ditches,enclosures: bone/antler artefacts: I. PRE-CONQUEST Galway, Ireland; Compiled by:KieranO’ConorwithRorySherlock, NationalUniversityofIreland, Irish sites UK; Compiled by:MäritGaimster,9CranfieldRoad,Brockley Cross,LondonSE141TN, British sites For futuresubmissions,pleasecontact: reports. coveries. Contributorstothisyear’sHighlightsareflaggedattheendoftheirrespective maintaining thisinvaluablesourceofsummariesonannualfieldworkactivitiesanddis- thank allcontributorspast,presentandfuturefortheirefforts,textssupportin searchable databasewilleventuallyincludealsoallbackissuesandentriesofMB&I.We numbers inboldrefertoentriesthatappearprintthisvolumeasHighlights.The numbers tosignifythefullsequentialcountyandcountrylistings;however,onlythose ADS andaccessibleviatheSociety’swebpages.ThusIndexlistedbelowuses 2008, thesearehousedandaccessibleonanonlinedatabasedirectoryhostedby each year.MB&Ientries(withillustrations)oftraditionalformatarestillrequired;since — toamaximumoffour) bibliography whereappropriate;goodqualityb/wand/orcolourplatesandfigures to offerpotentialextendedsummaries(ofmaximum2,000wordswithshortsupporting contexts andshowingtheirregionalornationalsignificance.Contributorsarewelcome The selectioneachyearcoversnewevidenceillustratingthebreadthofmedieval Britain andIreland,withextendedillustratedoverviewsofresults,findscontexts. This sectioncomprisesaselectionofhighlightedprojectsordiscoveriesacross editor’s note: MEDIEVAL BRITAINANDIRELAND—FIELDWORKHIGHLIGHTSIN2009 400 405–527. frühgeschichtlichen Europa’,inDüwel(ed), study’, Viking AgesiteofPaviken:ametrological 157–66. Age weighinginSweden?’, University Press/UniversityofOslo. with SilverintheVikingAge, 257, 270. [email protected] Fornvännen [email protected]

Means ofExchange:Dealing INDEX FORMEDIEVALBRITAINANDIRELAND2009 174 84 52 , 129–34. , 238, , 95,107,113, Aarhus:Aarhus 251 . Fornvännen Pleasenotethatthedeadlineforsubmissionsis1March fieldwork highlights . 174 , 228, 83 , Wallace 1987,‘Theeconomyandcommerce Williams, G2001,‘Coin-broochesofEdward Williams, G2005,‘Thecirculationand eais 4,8,12, 25,27,32,62,66,96,110, ceramics: earthworks: 254. 88, 96, ‘dark earth’: coins: 107, cesspit: 96. 200–45. of VikingAgeDublin’,inDüwel(ed), Sea Worldc.500 Williams (eds), Marion Archibald 71 the ConfessorandWilliamI’, England, c. function ofcoinageinconversion-period 117, 143,166, , 60–70. 174 , 234. ad 174 580–675’,inBCookandG Coinage andHistoryintheNorth , Leiden:Brill,145–92. – 174 1250. EssaysinHonourof , 178,195. . Brit NumisJ 114 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology buildings, defensive(peeltowers, towerhous- 12,17,26,29,33, boundaries, ditches,enclosures: 30,75,83,265. bone/antler artefacts: boats: 244. 58,69,105,109,112. barns: agriculture: 96, 210. II. POST-CONQUEST ulig,eceisia: 48. buildings, ecclesiastical: buildings, domestic: 7, 45,47–8,59–60,62,77, weights, scales: Viking-period features: sunken-featured buildings: 4, 22,29,117,178, stone, funerary(cross-slabs,grave-markers,grave- 228. stone cross: 225,242,264. stone carving: 32,117,251. stone artefacts: skeletal evidence: 74,91,95–6, settlements, urban: settlements: 7–8, 22,25,29,117,126,178,197, settlements: scientific dating(archaeomagnetic,dendro,radio- runic inscription: 254. royal site: 95. roads, streets,trackways: ringfort: 253. refuse, domestic(pits,middens): its etrs 225,242, Pictish features: monastic sites: ea reat: 107,113,117, metal artefacts: jet/lignite artefacts: glass (vessel,window):107, execution site: textile: 8, metal: 107, 7, ceramic: 187. bone/antler: industrial sites: hillfort: 232. environmental evidence: gold/silver objects:107, es): 55, 61,87,118,148. 117, 175,188,206,260,265. 197. covers, headsupports):270. 234, 238, carbon): 214 214 , 231,233. . 52 114 251 52 114 , 228, 114 . , 265. 114 . 251 52 , 226,228,240,253. 114 , 230, 251 . . . 251 medieval britainandireland,2009 , 52 . 174 251 114 , 253. 251 , 250, 251 114 , 178, . . . , 257,264. , 240, 174 251 180 251 , 234, , 265. , 187. 251 . . 251 , 267. burials, cemeteries: 41, on,jtn: 223–4,259. coins, jetons: 2, 19,23,28,43,48–9,57, churches andchapels: 76. cesspit, latrine,garderobe: 60,85,137,215,217. ceramic floortile: 6, 11,13–16,25,35,37, ceramics (pottery,tiles): cellars: 154. cathedrals: 46, 236. 9, 34–5,54,65,68,108,120–1,159, 165, castles: corn-dryer: 173, college: 53. leprosy: leather: 218. kitchen: 10, 75,265. 93. textile,cloth: stone artefacts: shipbuilding: 265. 116. salt: 3,116,194,211, 240–1,243,265. metal: 156, 196. leather: 41, fishing: 172. 116. industrial sites: hospitals: 10,59,219. hearths, fireplaces: 10,45,47,206,269. halls: 178,215,217. glass (vessel,window): 241. gaming piece: 273. gaming board: furniture: 83. 67,85,186. fishpond: 6,18,27,31,52,112,125,128,131, field systems: farmsteads: 83, 216. 13,15,150,210,265. environmental evidence: dovecote: 145. 33,274. deserted medievalvillage(DMV): 157, 182,202,247,269,271. 73, 78,82,86,99,100–1,124,130,149,155, 258, 266,269,273–4. 20, 223,227,229,231,234,237,241,245,247, 176–9, 183–4,196,198,209–10,212–13,215– 104, 118–19,122,126–7,134,151–2,156,172, 41–2, 55–6,62,64,71–2,80,84–5,90,102, 255, 268,272. 171, 198–9, 222. 183–4, 189–91,204,208–9,219,245,262. 133, 135,139–42,144,146,158,160–4,167–8, 98 180 98 . , 115,181. , 185,201,207,221,239,241,246, 214 , 249. 98 , 115,130,181,192, 401 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology the pit,suggesting asmallnumberofheads mayhavebeentakenelsewhere, perhapsas to gowiththem.Theremay havebeenasmanythreeorfouradditionalskeletons in A catalogueofthedisarticulated bonesindicatesthattherearemorebodiesthan skulls Osteological analysis away. taken fromaroundthebodiestotestforindicationsof textiles,whichwouldhaverotted that thebodieswereprobablynakedwhenthrown into thepit.Samplesofsoilwere tion. Thelackofanyotherfinds,suchasaccessories associatedwithclothing,indicate complete withtheirmandiblesandeachhasanumber ofvertebrae,indicatingdecapita- in staturewithgoodteethandappeartohavehad healthylifestyles.Theskullsare with justasmallnumberofolderindividuals.Asgeneral grouptheyaretall,robust male andtheoverwhelmingmajorityareagedfrom their lateteenstoabout25years, ad however, initialradiocarbondatingofonethe bones suggestedadatebetween only otherfindsfromthepitweresomesherdsoflate Iron-Age orearlyRomanpottery; appeared tohavebeenrandomlythrownintothepit. Apartfromthehumanbone decapitated skulls,51intotal,hadbeenplacedonearea;therestofbodies (Fig 1).Thisuniquefindwaswidelyreportedatthetime.Withinpit,apileof roughly 7mindiameterand1.5depth,containingmultiplesetsofhumanremains scheme, archaeologistsfromOxfordArchaeologySouthuncoveredamassburialpit, earthwork operationsatRidgewayHill,inconnectionwiththeWeymouthReliefRoad weymouth,weymouthreliefroad,ridgewayhill 52. DORSET scientific dating(archaeomagnetic,dendro,radio- 12,75,117, Saxo-Norman features(incl.ceramics): 71,148,150, roads andstreets: 124. ritual deposit: ringfort: 21, 91,150,170, refuse, domestic(pits,middens): 44,92,218,223,252. palaces, ecclesiastical: 104, ovens, kilns: 1, 21,36,38–9,57,67,81,84–5, monastic sites: 186. mills (water): 7,13,152,198,222,229,231,245, metal artefacts: 5, 7,10–11,50–1,64, manors andmoatedsites: 402 890and1030forthesebodies. carbon): 35, 43,46–7,49–50,53,73,82,99– carbon): 126, 200. 179. 235, 248,256,259,261. 175, 186,192,198,203,205,211,215,217, 88–9, 93,97, 259. 94, 122–3,129,132,134,193,273. Analysis byosteologicalspecialistsestablishedthatall theuncoveredremainsare 214 . 180 98 , 136–7,147,151,153,169, MASS EXECUTIONBURIALOFVIKINGRAIDERS , 219. 180 fieldwork highlights , 263. ENGLAND odnojcs 218. wooden objects: wells: 103, 106. waterworks (conduits,dams,drains,ponds, 79,90,151,234,244. waterfronts: 3,56,70,259. villages: undercroft: 36. 41,138,212–13. town defences: 23, stone, funerary: 156,198,265. stone artefacts: 23,57,81,106,137,236,255, stone, architectural: skeletal evidence: 7, 13–16,18,20,22,25,30,37,63, settlements: tanks): 22. 259, 268. 24,40–1,76–7,91,103,106,116,119, urban: 258, 265. 110, 126–7,178,188,191,220,227,240,245, 206, 210,240–1,244. 100, 105,109,149,155,169,171,193,202, 13, 229. 138, 151–2,154,172,177,180,187,212– 98 (SY672857).During 98 , 222. , 248. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology lifestyles, activities, generalhealthanddiets ofthesemen. skeletal analysisshouldrecover furtherevidencerelatingtothedemographicmake-up, they wouldhavebeenina lotofpainandmobilitywouldhavebeenaffected.Detailed these individualshadlived withtheinfectionforsomeconsiderabletime,although surface duringapenetrating boneinjury.Theappearanceofthesebonesindicates that organism. Theconditionmay resultfromthedirectinjectionofbacteria skin non-specific infection:inother words,itcannotbeassociatedwithaparticular micro- bones showedevidenceofaconditionknownasosteomyelitis. Thisisevidenceof standing infectioninasmallnumberofindividuals.At leastthreeandpossiblyfourlong individuals wouldhavehadpronouncedlimps.There wasevidenceofseriousandlong- shortening oftherightlimbwhichwasagood5cmshorter thantheleft;bothofthese medically treated(iesplinted)inanywayandone casethishadledtoamarked bone. Thesefractureshadhealedafterafashion butareunlikelytohavebeen identified. Exceptionsincludetwoexamplesofhealed fracturestothefemurorthigh sliced offinatypical‘defensive’wound. evidence thattheindividualswerebound,andatleast onehandhaditsfingers and lumbarvertebrae)defensiveinjuriestothe handsofsomemen;thereisno pelvis andblowstothecheststomach(evidencedbycrushinjuriesthoracic axe. Lesscommonwerewoundselsewhereontheskeleton,whichincludedcutstoa These allseemtohavebeeninflictedbyasharp-bladedweapon,probablyswordor mandible aswelltheupperspine,presumablyrelatedtoprocessofdecapitation. that manyoftheexecutedmensufferedmultipletraumaticwoundstoskulland trophies, orsetonspikesasagruesomedisplayofvictory.Osteologicalstudyhasshown To date,notmuchskeletalpathologyunrelatedtothe actofexecutionhasbeen Weymouth: excavationofmassburialpit. medieval britainandireland,2009 fig 1 Photograph ©OxfordArchaeology. 403 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology As noted,abroaddaterangeof Radiocarbon dating these bodiesrelatetotheexecutionofagroupdefeatedVikingwarriors. within theScandinaviancountries.Insum,evidencesupportsimpressionthat indicate thatthemenexecutedonRidgewayoriginatedfromavarietyofplaces they didnothaveacommongeographicorigin.Takentogether,thereadingsstrongly with knownsitesinSweden.Therangeofreadingsobtainedalsopointstothefactthat nitrogen isotopesshowedtheyhadeatenahigh-protein-baseddietthatiscomparable a chalkgeologysuchasispresentinDorsetwheretheywerefound.Thecarbonand origin northoftheArcticCircle.Theyhadcertainlynotlivedtheirformativeyearson climate iscolderthaninBritain.Oneindividualgavereadingscompatiblewithan originated. Theresultsshowthatthemeninpithadgrownupareaswhere Taken togetherthereadingscanbeusedtoformanopiniononwhereindividuals local geologyandclimaterespectively,whilecarbonnitrogenisotopesreflectdiet. using massspectrometrytechniques.Strontiumandoxygenisotopesgiveindicationsof cleaning inthelaboratoryisotopescanbereleasedfromteethandmeasured are formedinearlylife.Followingameticulousprocessofpreparationandchemical from drinkingwaterandfoodarefixedintheenameldentineofteethas British GeologicalSurvey,basedinNottingham.Isotopesofvariouselementsderived Evans andCarolynCheneryattheNERCIsotopeGeoscienceLaboratory,partof individuals whoseremainsweredepositedinthepithasbeenundertakenbyDrJane In ordertotryanswerthequestionwhomenwere,isotopeanalysisontenof Isotope analysis an executiondatefrombetween refining thedatingafurthertworadiocarbondateshavebeenobtained.Thesesuggest of onetherecoveredbones.Inanefforttonarrowthisandtestpotentialfor recorded intheAnglo-SaxonChronicle,wherethree ships ravagedPortlandin resident Anglo-SaxonpopulationandinvadingDanes. Vikingraidssuchastheone practised. Thetimeperiodinquestionwasoneof considerable conflictbetweenthe method usedmakeitunlikelythatthepitisresultofnormalcriminaljusticebeing used forexecutionsduringthistime. road andclosetoaHundredboundaryprehistoricmonuments,istypicalofplaces The siteofthemassburialpit,inaprominentlocationonRidgeway,nexttomain Viking raiders? in thelatterhalfofthisperiod. been conductedonmedieval were prisonerswhoonlylaterdispatchedaway from thebattlefield.( skirmish. Wecannotbesure,ofcourse,iftheconflict occurredclosebyorifthesemen could denoteavictorystatementbyAnglo-Saxons afteranunrecordedbattleor successive Anglo-SaxonkingsandVikingleadersfought forcontrol.Themassgrave were commonandthereaseriesofmajorbattles inthesouthofEnglandas 98. HAMPSHIRE of allmedievalhospitalfoundations. 404 60 59 Gilchrist 1995,10–11; Rawcliffe2006,107–8. Reynolds 1997. winchester, stmarymagdalen A LEPERHOSPITALINWINCHESTER fieldwork highlights leprosaria ad ad 910–1030,withahigherprobabilitythatitoccurred 890–1030 hadbeenobtainedbyradiocarbondating 59 , aninstitutionthataccounts foralmostaquarter 60 However,thelargenumberofindividualsand Thusourknowledgeof these establishments, (SU506295).Littlearchaeological workhas David Score ad 982, ) Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology St James’s,Chichester(Magiltonetal2007). evidence presentedinanarticleon thesitedocumentationcurrentlyinpreparation. and James(2007,75).Thedateof 1148hasbeenarrivedatbytheprincipalauthor,however,on basisof by thelasthospitalmaster,WilliamWavell. drawn bytheantiquarianJacobSchebbelieandadescription ofthebuildingsprovided were finallydismantled.Fortunately,theremnantsof thealmshousesandchapelwere successfully appealedtothekingin1552foracontinuationofpriest’sstipend. Chantry Certificatesfurtherindicateareasonablyhealthyincomeandtheinstitution 1325. leprosaria leper hospitalsometimearound1148. day andwaslikelyfoundedbyHenrydeBlois,BishopofWinchester(1129–71),asa The siteisfirstreferredtoasacommunityoflepersinthe12th-centuryWintonDomes- Brief historyofthesite provided thebasisforaplannedlong-termexcavationprojectbyMHARP. as otherancillarystructures.Theseresults,currentlybeingpreparedforpublication, identified astheformerchapel,almshouserange,Master’slodgeandgatehousewell boundary ditches.Withreferenceto18th-centurydrawings,thesestructureswere the existenceofseveralstructures,aswellevidenceforaprecinctwallandearlier combined withare-analysisoftheTimeTeammaterial.Theresistivitysurveylocated surveys, togetherwithanassessmentofprimaryandsecondarydocumentation;thiswas out anevaluationanddesk-basedassessmentofthesiteincludingfieldgeophysical hospital remainedlargelyinconclusive. due toadverseweatherconditionsandinformationconcerningtheearlierphasesof excavation televisedbyChannel4’sTimeTeam.However,workwasnotcompleted little workhadformerlybeencarriedoutonthesite.In2000itwasfocusofasmall Despite itsimportance,andourlackofknowledgerelatingtoearlyhospitalfoundations, the medievaltownsuburbs,presentlysome1.6km(1mile)eastofmoderncity. arable farming.Typicalofmanyleperhospitals,thesitewaslocatedonoutskirts The siteisrelativelyundisturbedbylaterurbanencroachmentandpresentlyusedfor the formermedievalleperhospitalandalmshouseofStMaryMagdalen,Winchester. Research Project(MHARP)withtheaimofstudyinghistoryanddevelopment Archaeology attheUniversityofWinchesterinitiatedMagdalenHillArchaeological the destructionofmuchbuildings. prisoners-of-war, thelatterforcingpermanentremoval ofthehospitalresidentsand the institutionhadbeenvariouslyusedasaCivilWar campandaprisonforDutch almshouses, withonlythemedievalchapelleftintact.Byendof17thcentury Around thistime,themasonrybuildingsofhospitalwerereplacedwithbrick-built It islikelythatthisledtoapossiblere-foundation(andrebuilding)as particularly theirbuildingsandlayout,islimited. was stillreceivingendowmentsthroughoutthisperiod.Boththe the 16thcenturyStMaryMagdalenappearstohaveescapedofficialdissolutionandit 61 63 62 68 67 66 65 64 In contrast,alittlemoreworkhasbeencarriedoutonthecemeteries, mostnotablythatatStMary’sand A foundationsometimeinthetenure ofHenrydeBloishasbeenpreviouslysuggestedbyKeene(1980, 19) Gallagher 2002. Vetusta Monumenta HRO 21M65/32/2/2/1. VCH 1973,200;HRO51M48/2/2. Ibid. VCH 1973,197. 64 Bythemid-14thcenturyhospitalwasreportedasbeing‘slenderlyendowed’. duringthe14thcentury,asisreferredtosuchinBishop’sRegisterof 31796. medieval britainandireland,2009 62 63 Inlate2007andearly2008,MHARPcarried Itwasstillfunctioning,tosomeextent,asa 67 68 By1789theremainingruinousbuildings 61 In2007,theDepartmentof Valor Ecclesiasticus Maison Dieu and 405 . In 66 65

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology houses, basedonrecoveredartefacts,isaround evidence forinternalpartitionwallsandfloorsurfaces.Atentativedatethealms- Work in2008revealedtheWrangeofbrick-builtalmshousesrunningE–Wwith 2008 excavations the lodge’sEwall).Itisnot clearyetwhetherornotthiswasalateradjunctto the hall post-medieval Master’slodge, wasabuildingcontaininghearth(thelattersealed by of someformwatermanagementsystem. hole structure,bothstratigraphicallyrelatedtothesealed ‘well’notedabove,suggestive building ofsomedimension.Therewasevidence foramasonrydrainandpost- this buildingwasalsopickedupinatrenchfurther to theeast.Ifso,thisindicatesa this areamayrepresenttheSaisleofmedieval infirmary. ThepossibleNwallof of thehallhadsmallhearths,suggestiveperhaps individual livingaccommodation; further evidenceforfloorsurfacesandinternalpartitions (Fig2).Thetwowesterly‘cells’ and Master’slodge.Hereevidenceforamasonryhall-like structurewasrecorded,with had beenconstructedovertheremainsofamedieval hearth. ing weretracesofafireplace,partitionwallsandlatrine. TheEwallofthebuilding ran thelengthofbuildingandprobablygaveaccess tothechapel.Insidebuild- the Nendofbuildinghadbeenrestructuredatsomepoint.Aonce-tiledcorridor survived indicatedthatthehousewaspredominantlybrick.Excavationsrevealed the chapel,werelastsurvivingbuildingsonsite.Theelementsoffabricthat Water Lanealmshouseinthe1790s.ThismayalsosuggestthatMaster’slodge,with fabric remaining.Itislikelythatthebuildingmaterialswererecycledtoconstruct the Master’slodgehadbeencarefullyandsystematicallyrobbed,withonlysectionsof enclosed byaprecinctwall.Incontrasttothealmshouserange,foundationsof and themedievalchapeltosouth.Thewholeoncecomprisedan‘H’-shapedplan remains oftheMaster’shouse,whichconnectedtoalmshouserangenorth, Work in2009continuedtheareaofmainhospitalcomplex,focusingon 2009 excavations vallum from the11th/12thcenturies.Theditchmayrepresentoriginalboundaryor revealed partofaditchcontainingsinglearchitecturalfragmentandpotterydating the usethenofhospitalasaprison.Westsitesmallexcavationtrench including ginbottles,horseequipment,pipesandanimalbones—perhapsrelatingto for ademolitionleveltothenorthcomprisedprimarilyrooftileand17th-centurydebris, architectural fragments,datingfromthe12thcenturyonwards,wasrecovered.Evidence early 17thcenturies.Thechapelwallshadbeenextensivelyrobbedbutarangeof levels werefound,datingtentativelyfromthe12thcenturythroughtolate16th/ reflect late14th-andearly15th-centurychangesnotedabove.Threesuccessivefloor century, replacedbyalargerextendedaisleinthelatermedievalperiod.Thismay chapel constructionwereidentified:anearlieraislerelatingtoafoundationinthe12th chapel, whichcomprisedflint-facedwallswithrubblecore.Significantly,twophasesof almshouse, appearedtorepresentafilledwellorsanitationfeature. An earlierfeature,cutintothenaturalchalk,andunderlyingWendof its Ssidemayhavereusedapre-existingmedievalwall,possiblyfromtheinfirmary. was constructedofbrickandflintincorporatedaseriesfireplaceschimneys; 406 Oxford ( Clattercote, Oxon(Markham1997, 1)andpossiblyexcavatedattheformerhospitalofStJohn Baptist, 69 This featuremayrepresentan‘immersion’ poolortankofthesortdocumentedatleperhospital at The excavationsalsoinvestigatedthemedievalbuildings underlyingthealmshouse Excavations tothesouthofalmshousealsorevealedfoundations ofthehospital. Medieval Archaeol

32 (1988),270). fieldwork highlights 69 Southofthehall,andunderlying ad 1600.TheNwallofthealmshouse Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology St MaryMagdalene:viewofsitelookingwest.TheSwallthemedievalhallorinfirmaryrunsdown archaeology/LeperHospital.htm 2012. Furtherinformation, reportsandeventscanbefoundat< few years;anextensiveexcavation focusingspecificallyonthecemeteryisplanned for mary andassociatedearlier buildings,andworkshouldcontinueatthesitefor next contemporary sources. indicate thatsomeofthe clergy werelepersthemselves,afactornotunknown from the medievalhallandchapel,perhapsreservedfor burialofclergy.Ifso,itwould possible thatthislocationoncerepresentedasmall open areaandcemeterybetween for ‘pillowstones’(Fig4).Severaloftheseburialspresented evidenceforleprosy.Itis earliest chapelwall),containedcarvedheadniches, andonehadpossibleevidence Here, fourburials,placedalongsidetheNwallof the chapel(andalignedwith within themainexcavationtrench,underlying late 16th-centuryMaster’slodge. robbed, orindeed‘rescued’,inthe17thcentury.Anumber ofburialswerealsofound including aplaster-linedtombwithPurbeckmarble slab; thetomb’scontentshadbeen dence forleprosy(Fig3).InsidetheSaisleofchapel furthergraveswereexcavated, in thecemetery,tosouthofchapel,withatleast oneindividualpresentingevi- trench toassessthenatureandextentofburials. A seriesofgraveswereuncovered for thetiledhearthrecommendsa14th-centurydate. or aseparatebuilding,possiblyearliermasters’accommodation.Comparativeevidence right sideofthemaintrench.NotepartchapelNwallinleftcornerthisThe Excavations in2010willconcentrate ontheareaofmedievalhallorinfir- Work in2009alsoconcentratedonthechapeland cemetery, withasmalltrial corresponding Swallcanbeseeninthesmallertrenchtoleftofthispicture. Photograph ©theMagdalenHillArchaeologicalResearchProject(MHARP) medieval britainandireland,2009 > ( S RoffeyandP Marter fig 2 ) www2.winchester.ac.uk/ . 407 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 408 St MaryMagdalene:Swallofchapelandcemetery.Noteexcavatedcemeteryburialslinedgravein the chapelinterior. Photograph ©theMagdalenHillArchaeologicalResearchProject(MHARP) fieldwork highlights fig 3 Project (MHARP) Hill ArchaeologicalResearch Photograph ©theMagdalen north ofthechapel. possible clergyburials St MaryMagdalene: fig 4 . . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology following StAugustine’smissionof established withintheheartlandofAnglo-SaxonkingdomKentingenerations 114. KENT century) thatitwasfoundedin has castdoubtonthepost-Conquesthagiographicaltradition(revivedin19th ably welldocumentedbetweenthelate7thandmid-9thcenturies,recentscholarship (Fig 5). church inthegraveyardimmediatelysouthofpresentedificebyCanonJenkins thanks tothediscoveryandpiecemealexcavationin1850s–60sofanAnglo-Saxon ‘halls’ ofpostholeconstruction,butalsoincludes two sunken-featuredbuildingsof St Mary,Reculver. of the‘Kentishgroup’Anglo-SaxonchurchesincludingStPancras,Canterbury,and ern apse,andprojectingporticus—drawuponthesametraditionsasothermembers of boundariesparalleledatthemonasticsettlement Hartlepool. internal enclosuresdefinedbysmallerpalisadetrenches andopenspaces—ahierarchy ning evidentinasequenceofexternalditched-and-banked boundariesaccompaniedby precincts ofthemonasticcomplex.Thesettlementdisplays clearsignsofformalplan- cultural processingandlightindustrialactivity,consistent withthemiddleandouter century) occupation,comprisingazonedarrangement ofdomesticaccommodation,agri- across this140×100mwindowisaswatheofmiddle-Anglo-Saxon (7th-to9th- including paddocksbelongingtotheadjoining‘Old Rectory’(Figs6and7).Spread Trust –CAT)in2005,havebeentargetinganarea tothesouthofchurchyard, the DiocesanarchaeologistPaulBennett(DirectorofCanterburyArchaeological Ongoing excavationsbytheUniversityofReading,triggeredaninitialevaluation Uncovering themonasticsettlement:excavationssince2008 to thisproblem. vey, tobecompletedundertheaegisofcurrentexcavations,mayprovideasolution monastic buildingoverastructureofRomanorigin. illusory basilicanstructure—butrecentre-investigationfavoursafurtherAnglo-Saxon conflated theseremainswiththoseoftheearlychurchtocreateagrandandequally in thegraveyardtosouth-westofpresentchurchtower—Jenkinserroneously locality bythe6thcentury. ing acontingentofrichlyfurnishedburialsdemonstratinganelitepresencewithinthe the siteofanAnglo-Saxoninhumationcemeteryonoutskirtsvillagecontain- expressed bytheplace-nameitself(literallymeaning‘territoryofLimenpeople’)and — inthisinstance,lathecentre. Viking kingdomofKent:adoublehouseestablishedonroyalestateandterritorial and Minster-in-Sheppey,epitomisesthepatternofmonasticfoundationinpre- aside, Lyminge,alongwithcoevalinstitutionsatMinster-in-Thanet,Dover,Folkestone thumbria, onlandgiftedbyherbrotherKingEadbaldofKent. 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 Daniels 2007,157–62. Fernie 1983,39. Taylor 1969;and1965, 408–9;1978,742,1074,1082;Cambridge1999. Jenkins 1874;1875;1889. Warhurst 1955;Richardson2005, 48–9. Tatton-Brown 1988;Brooks1989, 67–74. Kelly 2006. The epicentreofthemonasticcommunitycanbepinpointedwithsomeaccuracy The builtenvironmentattestedatLymingeisdominated byground-leveltimber lyminge 73 Theattributesofthisstructure—heavyreuseRomanbrickandtile,east- BRINGING ALOSTANGLO-SAXONMONASTERYTOLIFE (TR161409).Lymingeformsoneofanetworkmonastichouses medieval britainandireland,2009 74 Rathermoreambiguitysurroundsstructuralfoundationsunearthed 72

ad ad 633byÆthelburh,widowofKingEdwinNor- 71 Evidenceforapre-Christiancentral-placeroleis 597.Althoughthereligiouscommunityisreason- 75 Aground-penetratingradarsur- 70 76 Foundationlegends

409 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 410 Lyminge: location anddetailofexcavatedfeatures 2008–09. fieldwork highlights fig 5 Drawings ©University ofReading . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Lyminge: viewof2009excavationlookingeast.Thechurchcanbeseenontheleftandfarright Lyminge: aselectionofthecopper-alloy andsilverpinsofmiddleAnglo-Saxondaterecoveredfrom the the outlineoflargemiddleAnglo-Saxontimberbuilding(markedwithmodernposts)excavatedin medieval britainandireland,2009 excavations. 2008. Photograph ©UniversityofReading Photograph ©University ofReading fig fig 6 7 . . 411 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology few siteswithsimilardensitiesbeingBishopstone,EastSussex, Bucks, inental ‘barns’sharinganupperstoreysupportedoninternalalignmentofposts. has beenprovisionallyinterpretedasathreshingbarn,partlyontheevidenceofcont- an exteriormetalledyardmadeofcrushedflintcompressedintothesurfacechalk, supporting thefloor-joistsofanupperstorey.Thisunusualbuilding,accompaniedby a furtherlongitudinalalignmentwhichmostprobablyfunctionedasSampsonposts, building measuring19 × classic Anglo-Saxonform.Thebestpreservedoftheformercategoryisanimposing 6.5 m constructedofeightpairsouterwallpostsenclosing to parallelamongsttherepertoireofmiddleAnglo-Saxonsettlementsoutside so farbeenexcavated),manyindefinedspatialclusters.Suchaconcentrationisdifficult under singleoccupancy,couldbelegitimatelyentertainedasaworkinghypothesis. modation; giventheirdiminutiveproportionsandclosespacing,aclusterofcells,each pits foundwithinthesamezoneshowsthatthesebuildingsprovideddomesticaccom- Saxon/early post-Conquestboundary.However,thedenseconcentrationoflatrine these aremoredifficulttoresolvestructurallyduetruncationbyasubstantiallate- Fragments ofsmallerpostholebuildingswerefoundclosertothemonasticnucleusbut charters andtheexcavatedsiteof daily foodprovisioning—atenuriallinkotherwise documentedinAnglo-Saxon and molluscsdemonstrateasystematicexploitationofestatesonRomneyMarshfor in comingunderstrongmonasticimpetus. of thewoolindustryonNorthDownsmayhavefollowedotherpartsEEngland heavily weightedtowardssheephusbandry,ahintthatthepre-Conquestdevelopment Among provisionalinsightsonemaynotethatLyminge’szooarchaeologicalsignatureis riors, craftworking,personalattire,etc—tobeplacedundertheanalyticalspotlight. daily lifewithinthemonasticsettlement—diet,provisioningnetworks,domesticinte- The prodigiousdatasetsgeneratedbytheexcavationsareallowingfulldiversityof The economyandcultureoftheAnglo-Saxonmonastery bioarchaeological assemblages. result ofsoilmicromorphologyandongoinganalysestheirrichartefact functional episodescharacterisingthelife-cyclesofpits,willhopefullyemergeasa and industrialfacilities.Suchdistinctions,combinedwiththechangingdepositionary/ square andovalforms)suggestsmultiplefunctionsspanningcommunallatrines,storage, that thepitsfallintoaconsistentanddeliberaterange(coveringregularcylindrical, quarrying mayhaveprovidedtheinitialstimulusforpitdigging,atLymingefact ment. prior tothe‘fish-eventhorizon’of a high-statusormonasticnature,displayingelevated consumptionofmarinespecies binding thecommunitywithoutsideworld.The appearanceoflocalcoarsewares vated southoftheThames,providesitsownperspective onthewebofinteractions indicates thatsurroundingarablewasfarmedbythe monks. were bredfordairyproducts;anddetritusfromtheprimary stagesofcerealprocessing record: domesticfowl(includinggeese)wererearedon site,atleastsomeofthecattle balanced byindicationsofself-sufficiencyinother aspects ofthebioarchaeological 412 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 Barrett etal2004. Brooks 1988;Gardineretal2001. Sykes 2006. Lucy etal2009. Foreman etal2002. Thomas 2010. Hamerow 2002,37–8,fi g2.15. A notablefeatureofthesettlementcomplexisprofusionpits(over100have The potteryassemblage,largebycomparisontoother contemporarysitesexca- 82 79 LymingethusjoinsasmallnumberofmiddleAnglo-Saxon sites,mostofeither andCarltonCoalville,Suffolk. fieldwork highlights Sandtun ad 1000. 80 which formedpartofthecommunity’sendow- Unlikethelasttwosites,however,where 81 Abundantcollectionsofmarinefishbone 83 Evidenceforexternalprovisioningis 78 LakeEnd,Dorney, wics , the 77

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology to gainabroaderspatio-temporal contextfortheexcavations.GivenLyminge’s evident Looking tothefuture,there isanexcitingopportunitytotargetotherpartsofthe village Lyminge beyondthemonastery: the archaeologyofanAnglo-Saxonroyalvill particular geo-culturalcontextofAnglo-SaxonKent. Lyminge clearlyhasthecapacitytoaddressthese broader conceptualissuesinthe between maleversusfemalebrethren)structuredin theirorganisationandlayout? divisions withinamonasticcommunity(betweenlay-brethren andtheordained of sacredspaceinapre-VikingenvironmentSEEngland? Howrigidlyweresocial medieval monasticoccupation.Towhatextentisit appropriate toapplyconceptions think criticallyaboutthewaysinwhicharchaeologists goaboutcharacterisingearly- early medievalBritain(Hartlepool,Hoddom,Portmahomack, andWhithorn),willbeto informed byexcavationsatcomparablesitesinNorthumbria andtheCelticregionsof full topographiccomplexity. first coherentimageofapre-Vikingmonasticcommunityinsomethingapproachingits (monastic orotherwise),thenewlyunearthedremainshavepotentialtogenerateour day. Nevertheless,becausethereisnosignificantpost-Conquestdevelopmentonthesite by the‘OldRectory’andSWexpansionofgraveyardsinceCanonJenkins’ complex: significantportionsoftheAnglo-Saxoncorewillhavebeenswallowedupboth acknowledged thattherearefactorspreventingatotalreconstructionofthemonastic ornate silverdress-accessoriesfromCanterburyandotherEKentishsitesshow, fairly narrowrangerepeatedatotherdouble-housesinKent(Fig7).Asaselectionof personal attirearedominatedbypinsincopperalloyandsilvertweezers—a balance) representingthemorespecialisedendofcraftworkspectrum.Items smithing (prodigiousquantitiesofslag),withfinemetalworking(cruciblesandafolding tools), textilemanufacture(spindlewhorls,loomweights,andpin-beaters)iron Craft productionisattestedbyartefactsrelatedto,variously,bone-working(offcuts, green; fragmentsofimportedglassvessels(decoratedconebeakers)arealsopresent. window glassfromKent,includinggrozedquarriesintranslucentpaleblueanddark monopoly. LymingealsohasthedistinctionofproducingfirstfindsAnglo-Saxon lend supporttothehypothesisthatproductionofsuchvesselsfellunderamonastic jars ofatypedistinctivetoEKent;theconcentrationfromLymingemightverywell Frankish greywares.Thelocalwaresincludeanimpressiverangeofboss-decorated interestingly theratioofimportsatLymingeissmallerandmorenarrowlyfocusedon centres ofCanterburyandDoveratleast)havebeenlamentablyfew. opportunities forinvestigatingmiddleAnglo-Saxonsettlements(beyondtheurban scale insystematicfashion.Theresultsareallthemorewelcomegivenfactthat ment attachedtoanAnglo-SaxonKentishmonasteryhasbeenexcavatedonalarge CAT intheouterprecinctsofStAugustine’sAbbey,thisisfirsttimethatsettle- With theexceptionofmiddleAnglo-Saxonoccupationexcavatedin1990sby Wider signifi cance of theresults impoverished institutions? in, forexample,Northumbriancommunities,or,alternatively,weretheygenuinely members ofKentishdouble-housesboundbyatightercodeausteritythantheirsisters kingdom bythosewithspendingpower.Thisimbalancebegsthequestion:werefemale luxurious itemsofmetalworkcouldclearlybeacquiredinthemiddleAnglo-Saxon alongside regionalandcontinentalimportsisacombinationseenat 86 85 84 Welch 2007,201. Graham-Campbell 1982. Gardiner etal2001. A majorthrustoftheLymingepost-excavationand publicationprogramme, medieval britainandireland,2009 Sandtun 86 Itshouldbe , 84 although 85 more 413 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Dorchester byBirinusinc century. ThefirstbishopricintheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessexwasestablishedat period, indicatingthatelementsofRomanidentitysurvivedtheturmoilearly5th combination oflate-RomanandGermanicdressitemsintheimmediatepost-Roman town (the‘DykeHills’)andonetothenorth. covered thereinthe19thcentury:twoIron-AgerampartstosouthofRoman a probableRomanfort.Threenationallyimportantearly5th-centuryburialsweredis- on-Thames. DorchesterisoneoftwowalledRomantownsinOxfordshireandoverlies SW partoftheRomantown,whichliesbeneathpresentvillageDorchester- — continuedinJuly2009withasecondseasonofexcavationallotmentswithinthe School ofArchaeology,DorchesterMuseumandthepeopleDorchester-on-Thames Dorchester scale workundertakentherebyProfessorFrerein1963; allotments wereknowntohaveconsiderablearchaeologicalpotentialthankssmall- the late-Romantoearly-Anglo-Saxonsequenceina30×20mexcavationarea.The priests and,later,anAugustinianabbey.Thecurrentfocusofworkistoelucidate was transferredtoLincolnin1071,leavingtheformercathedralasaminsterofsecular 174. OXFORDSHIRE animal boneandstone,orwheretheycuttheunderlying roadandadjacentsurfaces. soils areidentical,pitswereonlyidentifiedwhenindicated bymarkedconcentrationsof selves. Thedarkearthsseemtohavebothoverlainand beencutbypits,but,sincethe an extendedperiod,althoughnoverticaldifferentiation isevidentinthesoilsthem- a possiblebuildingplatformidentifiedin2008)indicate thattheyhadaccumulatedover substantial inthecentralarea,wheresuccessivespreads ofstonewithinthem(including deposits whichoriginallycoveredmostofthesite. These depositswereparticularly a late-Romanorlaterdateseemslikely.Somearerelated tothesequenceofdarkearth been placeduponthemetalledsurface.Mostof pits haveyettobeexamined,but and theroadwasalsocutbyaN–Srowofpostholes,suggestingthatstructurehad tinuous withitssurfaces.Bothroadandadjacentsurfaceswerecutbyanumberofpits, through thetownwereremoved.GravellayersatWmarginofroadcon- taken placetheresincethattime. emergence ofLymingeasadynasticpower-centre.( the villageformsbutonepartofabroaderculturallandscapedirectlyrelatedto in 2007.Whatisalreadyevidentthattheinhumationcemeteryexcavatednorthof within thehistoriccoreofvillage,mostrecentlyduringacampaigntest-pitting isolated glimpsesofearly-Anglo-Saxonoccupationandburialspreviouslyencountered and apossibleearliersecularcomponent,thelocationofwhichmaybehintedatby royal villstatus,onedimensioncouldbetherelationshipbetweenmonasticfocus the RobertKilnCharitableTrust. the RoyalArchaeologicalInstitute, theSocietyofAntiquariesLondon,KentArchaeological and ducing theplansaccompanyingthis report.Financialsupportfortheexcavationswasgenerouslyprovided by J Cotterarethankedforprovisional statementsonthefaunalremainsandpottery,MMatthews forpro- N MullinsofWoodlandsFarm.Along withtheexcavationsupervisors,RReynoldsDBrown,BJervis and thanks areduetotheRoland-Paynes oftheOldRectory,HBurrWellCottage,RevdPAshman, and 414 87 89 88 The authorisgratefulforthetremendoussupportofexcavations bythelocalcommunityandespecial Frere 1964;1984. Kirk andLeeds1953. At theEendoftrench,depositsoverlyingprincipalN–SRomanroad dorchester, theallotments,watlinglane project—acollaborationbetweenOxfordArchaeology,University’s DARK EARTHSINTHEDORCHESTERALLOTMENTS ad fieldwork highlights 630,makingitacentreofnationalimportance.Thesee 88 Theseindividualswereinterredwitha Gabor Thomas (SU577941).The 89 noresearchexcavationshave ) 87 Discovering Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology for understanding eventsattheveryend oftheRomanperiodinBritain. Asingle les, includingyetanotherof TypeIB—theyunderlinetheimportanceofDorchester together withtheDykeHills burials—bothofwhichcontainedlate-Romanbelt buck- (Fig 8).Therecoveryoftwo ofthesebucklesfromasmallexcavationareaisremarkable; the componentsofdark earthdeposits;anunstratifiedexamplewasfound in 2008 object wasasecondlate-Roman buckleofHawkesandDunningTypeIBfrom oneof combs ofeitherlate-Roman orearly-Anglo-Saxondate.Themostsignificantindividual included afurther80Romancoinsandatleastthree fragmentsofdouble-sidedantler recovered, alongwithtworing-shapedloomweightfragments. Thenumeroussmallfinds drilled holes.Hand-madepotteryofearly-Anglo-Saxon charactercontinuedtobe was notable,andabowlofYoungtypeC77hadbeen piercedwithnumerouscarefully relief. The—potentiallypost-Romanreuseofsherds, particularlyoftrimmedbases, unrecorded formandabeakerfragmentwithpartof afigure,probablyofMercury,in products oftheOxfordindustry.Thelatterincluded thepedestalbaseofapreviously wares complementingtherangeoflocalcoarsewares, andfinewaresdominatedby with AliceHolt,Tilford/Overwey,Midlandslateshell-tempered andblack-burnished elements ofthedarkearth.Theseincludeanimportant late-Romanpotteryassemblage, itself, canhavebeenaslatemid-Saxonindate. which incorporatebothRomanandearlyAnglo-Saxonmaterial),orthedarkearth ture inthisstratigraphicposition(betweenlate-Romandepositsandthedarkearths, material fromtheupperfills.ItseemsincreasinglyunlikelythatanyAnglo-Saxonstruc- substantial steep-sidedditch.ThelatterwaspossiblyofRomandate,withAnglo-Saxon features wereinfactverydifferentcharacter:onewasashallowslot,theother N–S-aligned Anglo-Saxonbuilding.Re-examinationdemonstrated,however,thatthese curving north-westwardsawayfromthelineofRomanroad. is stillobscuredbyremainingdarkearthdeposits)tolinkupwithanotherlinearfeature S marginofthe‘floor’andmayhaveextendedthroughcentresite(whereit so theinterpretationisuncertain.AnE–Walignedfeature,probablyaditch,layat 2.5 mandalignedN–S.Noclearlyrelatedstructuralfeatureswereidentified,however, rectangular patchofgravelmayhaveformedthefloorabuildingmeasuringc5× revealed mixedgraveldeposits,againcutbypitsinplaces.Onewell-definedsub- Dorchester-on-Thames: lateRomanbuckleofHawkesandDunningTypeIB,foundin2008. As in2008,largequantitiesoffindswererecovered,particularly fromcomponent The darkearthsalsosealedtwofeaturesidentifiedbyFrereaswalltrenchesfora Removal ofthedarkearthsinNWpartsite,wheretheywerethinner, medieval britainandireland,2009 Photograph ©OxfordArchaeology fig 8 . 415 sceat

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 180. second yearoftheAHRC-funded understanding ofthetown’s emergenceasaplannedandsubstantiallate-Saxon complex. TheProjectoverall isaimingforadetailedarchaeologicalinvestigation and extensive andprovidesubstantial indicationoftheformergrandeurmedieval area (CastlePark),therelated earthworksofbanks,ditchesandotherfeatures are seeing theCastleMeadows (Fig9),andwiththeTownCounciloverseeingS bailey to enhanceaprivateestate.Nowlargelypublicspace, withtheNorthmoorTrustover- additional lossesintotheVictorianperiodwhenmuch landscapingwasundertaken above-ground builtremains,followingsubstantialslighting aftertheCivilWarandwith 6090 8970)—oneofthelargestroyalcastlesinEngland, yetonealmosttotallylacking emphasis wasplacedonexploringtheprominentearthwork remainsofthecastle(SU with theWallingfordHistoricalandArchaeological Society(TWHAS),particular articulated betweentheUniversitiesofLeicester,Exeter andOxfordinconjunction and itsexpansion anddeclineacrossthe periodc surface willbesampledforradiocarbondating.( articulated animalbonesfoundwithindarkearthdepositsandontheRomanroad removing theremainingdarkearthlayersandresolvinglate-post-Romanplan; testifies totheelusivemiddleAnglo-Saxonoccupation.Objectivesfor2010include (Series Q),datingfromthesecondquarterof8thcenturywasalsorecoveredand 416 wallingford, burhtoboroughresearchproject MAPPING WALLINGFORDCASTLE fieldwork highlights Wallingford BurhtoBoroughResearchProject P Booth,CGosdenandHHamerow ad 850–1400,and clearlythecastle’s (SU60738950).Inthe Environmental Agency Image courtesyofthe to theleftofphoto. castle earthworks;northis Wallingford: airphotoof fig 9 , aproject . ) burh , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology War anditssubsequentmaterialdispersal. tant, andinterestalsoliesinthesite’sstatusremodelling17th-centuryCivil and whatroletheriverplayedinservingsite.Originsprecursorsareasimpor- economic value,whetheraroyalpresenceenhancedthetown’sstatusandprospects, chronologies ofthecastle,butalsoitsrelationshiptotownandpopulation, economic contentofthetown. imposition, roleandimpactarecrucialforunderstandingthefortunessocio- of c3ha. ‘suburban’ spacetothenorth-west,andinCastleParkeast,mappingatotalarea in theEasterseasonsof2008and2009castlespacesnorthmotte, A substantialandhighlyrewardingprogrammeofgeophysicalsurveywasundertaken Geophysical andtopographicsurvey north-west. highlight theresultsofsurveyandexcavationsin2009atcastletoitsimmediate and asoutherninnerbaileycob-builtkitchenofthe13thcentury.Belowwebriefly spaces inthecastlearea—respectivelylate-SaxontomedievalNgateandrampart, tigations inthemid-1960sandearly1970s,bothunpublishedofwhichtackled together theresultsandfindsfrompreviousexcavations,mostnotablytwolargeinves- programmed for2010,bothincastle-relatedspaces).Inaddition,theProjectisbringing Meadows (Trench1),andafurtherthreeweremadein2009;twofinaltrenches three trencheswereopenedin2008, ance forplacementoftrenchesopenareaexcavationinkeypointsWallingford; and analysisofoldcurrentmapsLIDARdata.Thesecombinetoprovideguid- exploring largerprivategardenspaces—notablyinthecastlearea),andassessment this isalliedwithdetailedtopographicsurveyofallearthworktraces(wherepossiblealso (both resistivityandmagnetometer)ofalllargeopenspaceswithinaroundthetown; ponents oftheoriginal as anornamentalappendagetoasuccessionofhigh-statusproperties.Additionalcom- ment, includingitspost-medievaluseduringtheCivilWarandsubsequentlandscaping enables ustoformulateamoredetailedunderstandingofthecastle’sphaseddevelop- the extantearthworktracesthanprovidedbyOSmaps.Thelatterstudycertainly topographic surveyworkledbyMichaelFradleytoteaseoutmuchfullerdetailfrom challenging taskfortheteam!Thegeophysicalsurveywenthandinwithdetailed inner baileyinparticularcontainskeyfeaturestoexplore, someofwhichmaycourse the WandSsidesofcastle. been surveyedonitsNside,butitiscurrentlyuncertain whetherthiscontinuedaround in the13thcentury:aperimeterwallandfortifieddam studdedwithcirculartowershas north arecurrentlyunderinvestigation.Stilltoresolve istheextentofcastleexpansion symbols ofsocialstatus—whilepotentialelements anelitehuntingpreservetothe breeding offishandfowlstocks—importanteconomic activitiesaswellprominent management systemshavebeenrecordedwhichwill havefacilitatedmillingandthe in theareaeastofcastleriversidezonewhere alargepoolandotherwater on howweinterprettheoveralllate-Saxonperimeter. Ofparticularnotearefindings and earliesthistoryofmedievalWallingford. ‘barbican’ toitswest, provingdeepdepositsofrobbed orinsitumasonryfeatures. 91 90 93 92 A majoroutputistheeditedvolume byKeats-Rohan&Roffe2008exploringvariousfacetsoftheorigins On projectaims,methodsandearly results,seeCreightonetal2009. To note,GPRsurveywasalsoundertaken inApril2010onasectoroftheinnerbaileyandpresumed Summary inSpeedetal2009plus < In termsofmethodologies,theProjecthasinvolvedextensivegeophysicalsurvey Both magnetometerandresistivitycoverageidentified that,notunexpectedly,the 93 Theslopeanddepthoftheditchescastlemadethisadauntingbut medieval britainandireland,2009 burh defensivealignmenthavebeenrecognisedwhichimpacts 90 www2.le.ac.uk/departments/archaeology/research/projects/wallingford Validquestionsconcernnotjusttheconfigurationand 92 includingoneoveraCivilWarbastioninCastle 91

> 417 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology late-Saxon the medievalcomplex.Thereisalsoscopetounderstandbettercourseof (as aroyalcastlethesiteiswellservedbyrecords)toclarifyinternalcomponents to finaldemolitionduringtheCivilWar.Scopeexiststieindocumentaryevidence being addedontoexistingonesinmultiplephasesofmodificationandadditionrightup and makinguseofthewaterfromditchinordertofillitsmoats,withnewworks out themedievalperiod,incorporatingpartofformerAnglo-Saxonrampartditch defensive configurationofthecastlecannowbeseentodynamic,changingthrough- relate toVictorianperiodlandscaping(formalgardensandrouteways).Thecomplex trench willbe cutintheQueen’sArbour, betweencastleinner bailey andtheriver providing securedatingevidence fromtherampartmake-up.Forsummer2010 afinal gate. Thiswasinvaluable in clarifyingtheformatoframpartconstruction andin also withtwooftheboxtrenches cutinthe1960sexcavationsnearformer town N In April2010Trench7was openedoverthelineoflate-Saxonrampart,coinciding Final stages the outermostrampartandreflectingamomentwhen thetownNgatewasshifted. before beingsupplantedbythelineofmodernroad; thisnoticeablycurvinground struction. Theassumptionisthattheroad(andquarry) servedbothtownandcastle, running inthesamedirection.Nodatingevidencewas recoveredfromitsgravelcon- metalled surfacethatcoulddenoteanearlier,more consistentandmuchwiderroad exposed areaofthisloamandunderlyingthepresumed medievalroadandditchwasa tile andpotteryfragments,allpredominantlymedieval. Intriguingly,beneaththe loam layereastoftheditch(andbetweenthisand modern roadway)containedbone, ated ditchontheroad’sEflanksuggestrecuttingin the12thor13thcenturies.The the lowerlayerofgravelledsurfacing/make-upsurvived. Limitedfindsfromtheassoci- close dateforthisquarryandfill,however,itlayalongside theN–Sroad,ofwhichonly to havebeenthefillofadeepgravelquarry;lackfindspreventeddetermining road andditchsystem,alayerofmediumbrownloam.Thechalkymarlisthought topsoil: runningfromwesttoeast,thezonescomprisedagreyishchalkymarllayer, and magnetometersurvey(seeFig10).Threedistinctzoneswererevealedbeneaththe to specificallyinvestigatealinearanomalythatappearedinthespring2009resistivity Trench 6wassitedintheEpartofWallingfordSchoolplayingfieldsandopened Medieval roadandquarry—Trench6 surviving withinthebailey. be twoormoremetresofstratifiedarchaeologicaldeposits,includingextantwalling,still ished inthe17thcentury.Mostimportantly,resultsindicatethatthereislikelyto levelling episodes,probablyinanattempttolandscapetheareaofbuildingsdemol- immediately belowtheturflinewhichcanbeinterpretedasrepresentingaseriesof bailey walls.Sealingallofthiswasathicklayerdemolitionrubbleencountered bailey. Alloftheselaterfeaturesweresetwithin,andparallelto,thecircuitinner edge ofthetrenchandmayrepresentfurthersubstantialbuildingswithininner cellar (orundercroft)andassociatedrobbedwallwastentativelyidentifiedalongtheE series ofwalls,stonebasesandrobbertrencheswereconstructed.Alargebackfilled centuries (seeFig11).Thiswassealedbyanumberoftippedlayersontowhichlater earliest featurefoundwasapossibleovenordryer,datedbyitsfilltothe11th12th bailey andittargetedanumberofdistinctivegeophysicalanomalies(Fig10).The Trench 4wasthefirstrecordedarchaeologicalexcavationlocatedwithininner Inner bailey—Trench4 although onlywithwiderexcavationmaythisbeconfirmed. 418 burh defencespriortothecastle’simpositionandrampart’sincorporation, fieldwork highlights Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology (castle innerbailey,CastleMeadows, CastleGardensandWallingfordSchoolplayingfields)with revised Wallingford: compositeresistivity plotsforallareassurveyedin2008–09theNWzoneofWallingford wider earthworksurveybyMichael Fradley. medieval britainandireland,2009 fig Image ©WallingfordBurhtoBorough ResearchProject 10 419 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology the DiscoveryProgramme’s 214. CO ROSCOMMON (N Christieetal) side ongoingdocumentarystudywhichwillbringWallingford’s castlefurthertothefore. extensive mappingnotedabove,provideavastarray ofnewinformationtoputalong- way associatedwiththecastle.Alltold,theseadditional trenches,combinedwiththe interpreted aseitherarevetmentfordam,quay,orcombinationofunits, (discovered throughresistivitysurveyandinvestigatedwithasmalltrenchcutin2003), Thames, exploringpartofanelongatedchalk-builtstructurelikely13th-centurydate site of‘TulskCastle’builtin 1406andclosetoaDominicanPrioryfoundedin1446/7. Anglo-Norman settlementin theeastofcountry.Theexcavationliesadjacent tothe the natureofGaeliclordship inNRoscommonasacounterpointtoitsexamination of Gerard Latham(TWHAS). (ULAS), PatriciaBaker(University ofKent),OliverCreighton,MichaelFradley(UniversityExeter) and 420 94 Report compiledbyNeilChristie, MattEdgeworth,JeremyTaylor(UniversityofLeicester),Andy Hyam Wallingford: Trench4viewedfromsouth.Theovenordryerisinthebottomright;likely FROM RINGFORTTOFORT:TULSKEXCAVATIONS ANDSURVEY2009 tulsk cellar/undercroft isinthetopright. (M8341081080).Thesiteof‘TulskFort’isbeinginvestigated aspartof 94 fieldwork highlights Medieval RuralSettlementProject Photograph ©WallingfordBurhtoBoroughResearchProject IRELAND fig 11 (2002–10),whichisstudying Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Archaeol Archaeological excavationhasbeenconductedseasonallysince2004(see a centralresidencefortheO’ConorRoelordsfromendof14thcentury. Situated atthecentreofTulskvillage,Fortisaraisedringfortwhichservedas 15 mlong S cornersofthetowerremainoutsideexcavated area. Afterthetowercollapsed,a the towerwasnotbatteredandNWcornerisformed asasimpleright-angle.The retains aroundedNEcornerandgarderobechute. In contrast,theinnerorEwallof side werejoinedbytheconstructionofawell-madeandbatteredstonefaçade,which added totheNsideoftower,andthatboththisadditionalareamainE courses ofroughlylaidstonework.Itappearsthatasecondstagewallfoundationwas trench thatwascutdowntofirmboulderclay.Theisfilledwithupeight and deeperfeaturethanitspredecessor.Thetowerretainsasubstantialfoundation shallower thanitspredecessor.Reworkingoftheinternalditchalsoestablishedawider The latermedievalexternalditchwasU-shapedinprofileandbothwider ditch andafilling-inrecuttingoftheouterassociatedwithringfort. series ofphases(Fig14).Thebuildingthetowerledtoarecuttinginternal for abuildingthatmeasuredc20mlong×10wideexternally,constructedin of amasonrytower,whichstraddlestheEsidesite;ruinedfoundationssurvive pre-existing earlymedievalhorizons(Fig13).Thislateractivityincludedconstruction an importantdatingopportunityforthistransitionalphaseonthesite. occupation depositbutisitselfburiedbytheraisingevent.Theburialshouldserveas An infantburialwasrecoveredfromapointthatiscutintotheprimaryearliermedieval separating anddistinguishingthisnarrowspacefromtherestofenclosedarea. a c1mhighplatform,andaninternalditchwascutthroughtheEsideofsite, with aformercorn-dryingkiln.Theinterioroftheringfortcametoberaised,creating series ofoccupationlevelsisrecognised,whiletwofire-pitsarethoughttobeassociated façade, whiletheouterditchdrops3mtoanarrowV-shapedbottom.Internally of activityrepresentedintheinterior.Thebankisrevettedinternallybyastonewall close oftheexcavation. graphic profile.Thefollowingaccountsummarisestheprincipalobservationsat deposits observedinthecourseofpreviousseasons,andreaffirmingprincipalstrati- pair ofparallelbanks.The2009seasonwasdedicatedtobottoming-outthemedieval while asingleshorttrenchwasopenedofftheNWsideofmoundtoinvestigate ringfort’s interior;anextensionwasmadetoincludemuchoftheNEcornersite, survey ofthesite(Fig12):a6mwide×55longtrenchwasopenedacross 2009. Thelocationoftheexcavatedareawasinformedbyacomprehensivegeophysical long. ( the lateMiddleAges—subjects thathavebeeninneedofarobustdatasetfor fartoo discussions relatingtothe environment andagrarianpracticeinGaelicIreland during the widerdiscussionsoflordship inmedievalIreland,thedatawillparticularly inform recovered farmorethananticipated. Inadditiontobeingablemakecontributions to rural assemblagesinWIreland. Inmanyrespects,theexcavationatTulskFort has artefactual materialisbeing processedandanalysed,representsoneoffew large continued outsidetheexcavatedareatosouth.A veryrichbodyofecofactualand foundations, whilethetrendobservedinflagstones oftheearlymodernperiodis The stonetoweristheonlysubstantialbuildingconstructed onthesitewithdeep which hasprovidedfurtherinsighttotheimmediate contextofthefeaturesexposed. significant way. but therubblewhichfilledouterditchfromthis eventwasnotreusedinany running acrossthepartiallyfilled-inouterditch.The hallalsocollapsedinduecourse, A distinctlate-medievalstratumwasobservedaboveandcuttingthroughthe The ringfortisdefinedbyanearthenbankandexternalditch,withseverallayers A ground-penetratingradarsurveywasundertaken followingtheexcavation, Niall Brady

51 (2007),292–6)withtheassistanceofmanyvolunteersandwasconcludedin × 9mwidehallwasrebuiltfromthefallenrubbleagainst thetower’sEside, ) medieval britainandireland,2009 Medieval 421 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 422 fieldwork highlights Discovery Programme. right. façade, seeninthetop internally withastone which wasrevetted existing ringfortbank, cut throughthepre- medieval towerthatwas foundation forthelater the left,masonry-filled excavation showing,on Tulsk: viewduring fig Programme. Image ©theDiscovery excavation trench. showing locationof model ofTulskFort Tulsk: digitalterrain fig 13 12 Photograph ©the Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Research. London, OrkneyIslandsCouncil, theRussellTrustandMcDonaldInstituteforArchaeological clues regardingtherelationship betweenpoliticalorganisation,religionandmobility. Scotland andtheIrishSea province.Thesesiteshavethepotentialtoofferimportant ontory andstacksettlementsknownfromtheNorthern Isles,otherpartsofcoastal belongs toagroupofearlyhistoric(definedasthe6th to12thcenturies managed bytheOrkneyIslandsCouncil.Although unique inmanyrespects,thesite is ascheduledmonumentandformspartofmuch visited naturereserveownedand evidence forViking-periodChristianityintheScandinavian NAtlanticregion.Thesite 251. ORKNEY ( have atimberphasethatprecededtheextantstone structure,withacoinofEadgar associated buildings.Thechapelwasexcavatedin the 1970s,whenitwasfoundto the ruinsofac10th-to12th-centurychapeland earthworksofapproximately30 stack inOrkney’sEmainland(Figs15–16). new excavationsatthewell-preservedViking-Agesettlement setatopac30mhighsea ad 95 96 The 2009seasonwasfundedby theSocietyofAntiquariesScotland, of Morris andEmery 1986. 959–75) stratifiedbetweenthetwo. AN ENIGMATICVIKING-AGENUCLEATEDSETTLEMENTINORKNEY brough ofdeerness medieval britainandireland,2009 (HY59550873).Summer2009sawthesecondseason of SCOTLAND 96 Thischapelisthusamongtheearliestknown 95 Thesummitofthestackiscrownedby Programme. Photograph ©theDiscovery the bottomofpicture. medieval tower.Northisto foundation ofthelater highlighting theruined side ofthesiteand excavation showingtheE Tulsk: aerialviewof fig 14 ad ) islet,prom- 423 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology copper-alloy andbonepins. Onthebasisofthesefindsbuildingswouldappear to gold-and-glass beadof11th-centurydate,spindle whorls, aloomweightandboth tic’ findsassemblage,whichincludedasteatitevessel sherdofNorwegiantype,a constructed fromrubble,drystonewallingandturf.They producedasmallbut‘domes- A andBrespectively)thatprovedtobeViking-period housesofScandinavianstyle (Fig 16). to investigatethesettlementassociatedwithchapel attheBroughofDeerness partners includingOrkneyCollegeandtheFriends ofStNinian’s,beganaproject In 2008theMcDonaldInstituteforArchaeologicalResearch, incollaborationwithlocal Previous workin2008 potentially materialiseelementsofpower,ideologyand long-rangeinterconnections. tially overlapping)culturalandfunctionalcategories. Inanyoftheseeventualitiesthey that formedpartofthesettlementhierarchywithineitherthesebroad(andpoten- Isle inMan, 101 100 This issowhethertheywerecentresoflordshipasatBirsayinOrkney 424 99 98 97 Barrett andSlater 2008;2009. Eg hermitages—seeDumville2002. Yeoman 2009. Freke 2002. Crawford 2005. 101 Thefirstseasonexaminedtwoearthworks(Structures 23and20,inAreas Brough ofDeerness:thesitefromairwith2008seasontrenchesopen. 98 monasticcommunitieslikeIonaandtheIsleofMay, Photograph ©theBroughofDeernessProject fieldwork highlights fig 15 . 99 orsmallersites 97 andStPatrick’s 100

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 103 102 recovered asresidualfindsfromlaterViking-periodcontexts. A ‘Pictish’pinandapieceofimportedvesselglass of 6th-or7th-centurydatewere which islikelytobecontemporarywiththoseradiocarbon-dated tothePictishperiod. that appearstounderlietheentirebuilding.Structure 25wascutintothismidden, a thickmiddencontainingmuchanimalbone,marine shell,burntstoneandpeatash house, withmanyphasesofuseandmodification.The earliestdepositencounteredwas cut. However,Structure25wassooninsteadrevealed tobeanotherViking-period ‘Pictish’ style—perhapsthesourceofmiddendeposits intowhichStructure23was results ofgeophysicalsurvey,itwasthoughtthismight beafigure-of-eightbuildingof In 2009afurthertrench(AreaC)wasopenedtoinvestigateStructure25.Followingthe The 2009Viking-periodbuilding radiocarbon-dated tothe6th-9thcenturies. remain unexcavatedandStructure23wasbuiltintoextensivemiddendepositsnow have beenabandonedbythe12thcentury.However,earliestphasesofStructure20 or braceletofalternating jet-like (lignite?)andbonebeadswererecoveredfrom the gable. Acopper-alloyand lead weight,asteatitevesselsherdandanunusualnecklace the S(downhill)endof buildingwasroughlypavedandenteredbyadoorin theS (with hearth)edgedbyverticallysetstoneswhichdemarcated sideaislesorbenches; (Figs 17–18)whosemainlivingspacewasdividedinto threezones,withacentralaisle E Campbellpers comm. Barrett andSlater2009,87. In itsearliestexcavatedphases,Structure25was a semi-subterraneanhouse medieval britainandireland,2009 102 103

Project © theBroughofDeerness of theearthworks. excavation areasandplan Brough ofDeerness:the fig 16 . Drawing 425 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology reused fromaScandinavianovalbrooch,filledwith lead. for metalworking)isparticularlyinteresting,comprising acopper-alloyboss,possibly earliest investigatedfloorsurface.Theweight(presumably forbullion,butalsousable was replacedwithanewentrance intheSEcornerofbuilding.Anexternalpathway this, thebuildingwasdivided intoNandSroomsbyastonecross-wall,the Sdoor containing afragmentaryantler combof10th-orearly11th-centurydate; of Structure25wasshortened(possiblyfollowingpartial collapse),withtheresultingfill stratigraphy remainstobeexcavated. of thebuildinghadbeenlaterrobbedforstone.A considerabledepthofinternal unexcavated phasesofhousefloorwasevidentincut features andwheretheSWcorner 426 105 104 S Ashbyperscomm. J Graham-Campbellperscomm. The followingphasemarkedasignificantchangeinbuilding function:theNend fieldwork highlights the BroughofDeernessProject building asadwelling. Phase P:thelatestuseof Brough ofDeerness:Structure25, fig 104 17 Theexistenceofearlier 105 Drawing © following . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology sides. end forsuspensionorattachment,withunintelligiblerunicinscriptionsonboth ingly, theSroomofStructure25producedasmallcopper-alloyobject,piercedatone domestic functionwasevidentduringtheexcavationofHouse20in2008. be expectedinadomesticdwelling.Asimilartransformationfromtonon- N roomwasalsopavedandneitherdisplayedanyfeatures(eghearth)thatwould of stoneslabsledtothisentranceandintotheSroomwhichwasroughlypaved.The refuge. interpreted asachieflystronghold,ratherthananecclesiastical centreoratemporary Viking-period buildings,whichtogethercompriseasubstantial nucleatedsettlement. possible totentativelysuggestthatmanyoftheearthworks representcontemporary excavated threebuildingswithdifferingalignments and indifferentlocations—itis approximately E–WorN–S.Inlightofthesurveyevidence —andhavingnowpartly a palimpsest,mostofthebuildingsconformto regularpattern,beingaligned location oftheoriginalentranceinSWcorner the stack.Althoughclearlyinpart Geophysics Unit As partoftheprojectahigh-resolutiontopographic surveybytheOrkneyCollege Deerness asaVikingchieftain’ssite Scandinavia, Scotland,theIrishSearegionandAnglo-SaxonEngland. century date.Overall,thefindsandarchitectureimplylong-rangeconnectionswith deposit ofrubble.Unstratifiedfindsfromfillsincludedmetalwork10th-to12th- partly dismantledtoreusethestone,andcoveredbyathickcollapseordemolition room —andperhapstheSwasrepaved.Eventuallybuildingabandoned, 109 108 107 106 cf MorrisandEmery 1986;BarrettandSlater2009. Saunders 2010. M Barnesperscomm. Barrett andSlater2008;2009. 107 It nowseemsclearthatthemainViking-periodphase ofsettlementshouldbe The useofStructure25asanon-domesticspacecontinuedforsometime;theN 109 Thejustificationsforthis interpretationincludetheevidenceforlong-lived 108 medieval britainandireland,2009 helpedtoclarifythelayoutofsettlementand to confirmthe Project © theBroughofDeerness from thesouth. Structure 25,PhaseP Brough ofDeerness: fig 18 . 106 Interest- Photograph 427 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology Dumville, DN2002,‘The North Atlantic Daniels, R2007, Brooks, N,1988,‘RomneyMarshintheearly Creighton, O,Christie,N,Hamerow,Hand Crawford, BE2005,‘Thorfi Cambridge, E1999,‘Thearchitectureofthe Brooks, N,1989,‘Thecreationandearly Barrett, JH,Locker,AM,andRoberts,CM Barrett, JandSlater,A2009,‘Newexca- Barrett, JandSlater,A2008,TheBroughof Deerness/>. at thesite.Forfurtherdetailsandannualreportssee:< early historicScotlandandEurope,remainsthemostcriticalgoaloffurtherexcavation and theirwiderimplicationsintermsofsocial,politicalecclesiasticalchange story mayultimatelyprovetobemorecomplex.Understandingthesetemporaltrends, excavations arealsodemonstratingthatthesite’sfunctionchangedthroughtimeso of spacewithinthesettlementandlackecclesiasticalsculpture.However, at leastaspirationstohighstatus,thedefensivelocation,ahierarchicalorganisation domestic settlement,thesmallnumberofburials(includinginfants),objectsimplying 428 E Crawford(ed), in earlymedievalinsularspirituality’, inB monastic thalassocracy:sailing tothedesert Tees Archaeology. ogy oftheAnglo-SaxonMonastery Foundations ofEnglishChristianity.AnArchaeol- Monogr Reclamation (eds), Middle Ages’,inJEddisonandCGreen Antiquity Archaeol Edgeworth, M2009,‘Wallingford’, 88–110. 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106 , Leicester:LeicesterUniversity 78 24 ( , OxfordUnivCommArchaeol J GerrardandBarrett , 618–36. , 90–104.

(May/June 2009),36–41. 2 The OriginsoftheAnglo-Saxon , 81–94. , Kirkwall:TheOrcadian, Anglo-Saxon Hartlepoolandthe The PaparintheNorth n, Christianity nn, fieldwork highlights ad , Hartlepool: The Worldof 600–1600’, ) BIBLIOGRAPHY Brit J , Fernie, E1983, Frere, S1964,‘ExcavationsatDorchester Freke, D(ed)2002, Foreman, S,Hiller,JandPetts,D2002, Frere, S1984,‘ExcavationsatDorchester Gardiner, M2001,‘Continentaltradeand Gallagher, B2002,StMaryMagdalenHospi- Gilchrist, R1995, Gerrard, JandBarrett,2010,TheBrough Hampshire RecordOffi ce, StMaryMagdalen Hamerow, H2002, Graham-Campbell, JA1982,‘Somenewand St. John’sHousePapersNo Atlantic: EnvironmentandHistory on Thames,1962’, Liverpool UniversityPress. Viking, MedievalandLater Isle, Peel,IsleofMan,1982 Archaeological Unit. Anglo-Saxon toPost-Medieval Archaeology ofaMiddleThamesLandscape— Gathering thePeople,SettlingLand:The Saxons on Thames,1963’, Kent’, land: excavationsat non-urban portsinMid-Anglo-SaxonEng- Time Team,archiverep. tion byTimeTeam,L-PArchaeologyfor tal, Winchester:anarchaeologicalevalua- unpubl rep. Archaeological Research,Cambridge, structure report,McDonaldInstitutefor of DeernessExcavations2009:Annualdata 26 Archive HRO51M48/2/2. Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress. ornamental metalwork’, neglected fi nds of9th-centuryAnglo-Saxon University Press. Other Monasticism , 144–50. , London:Batsford. Archaeol J www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/projects/ The ArchitectureoftheAnglo- Contemplation andAction.The

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