113

A small Collection of Birds from or Gilolo.

By

NAGAMIGHIKURODA, D. Sc.

An interesting collection of bird-skins, made by Messrs. Washimi, Egawa. Abe. and Watanabe in the Island of Halmahera or Gilolo in the Moluccas during March and April in 1937 and brought me by Mr. K. Kato for examination. A part of the material was since acquired by me and is now preserved in my own collection. The specimens I have referred to are 25 families, 32 genera, and 38 species and subspecies, including an apparently undescribed form of a Large-billed Thickhead which I propose to call by the name of Pachycephalapectoralis gilolonis.

Family Paradiseidae 1. Semioptera wallacii halmaherae Salvadori. 1881-Semioptera wallacii var. halmaherae Salvadori, Orn. Pap. e Mol., vol. ii, p. 573 (Halmahera). Halmahera Standard Wing. Local name: Meron Papua. Six skins including both sexes from Kodoba and Omo. This form is confined to the island of Halmahera and the typical form is des- cribed from Batchian or Batjan.

2. Lycocorax pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus (Bonaparte). 1851-Corvus pyrrhopterus Bonaparte. Consp. Gen. Av., vol. i, p. 384 (Halmahera). Brown-winged Paradise Crow. Two skins from Doro. It is also confined to Gilolo or Halmahera while other two subspecies are known from and Obi Islands. 114

Family Sturnidae

3. Aplornis* metallica metallica (Temm. & Laug.). 1824-Lamprotornis metallicusTamminck & Laugier, Pl. Col. d'Ois., vol. iii, livr. 45, pl. 266 ("Celebes," errore=Amboyna). Shining Starling. One adult skin. Found in the Moluccas and Sula Islands.

Family Meliphagidae 4. Melitograis gilolensis (Bonaparte). 1850-Tropidorhynchus gilolensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., vol. i, p. 390 (Gilolo). Striated Friar-bird. Two skins from Dorekam. This peculiar bird is an endemic species in the Moluccas including Halmahera or Gilolo. Sexes similar.

Family Laniidae

5. Pachycephala pectoralis gilolonis, subsp. nov. One adult male. This specimen is quite similar to the description of mentalis of Wallace from Batchian, but the length of wing, tail and tarsus is decidedly shorter especially in the former two parts. Moreover, the bill, tarsus, toes, and claws are perceptibly weaker than those of female mentalis. Upper tail-coverts are entirely jet-black, without yellow margins to the feathers. Comparative measurements (mm.) of the allied forms are given below:

* Aplornis Gould, Analyst, v, no. 16, p. 152 (Oct. 1, 1836)-syn. Aplonis Gould, P.Z. S., 1836 (Oct. 18), p. 73. Cf. Mathews, Ibis, April, 1938,p. 342. 115

Type.-Adult male, Halmahera, iii.-iv. 1937, N. Kuroda coll. no. 15121. Remarks.-Mr. Mathews has separated mentalis, obiensis, etc. from pectoralis-group and put them all to subspecies of macrorhynchus; but Dr. Stresemann has added all of them to pectoralis-group.

Family Pycnonotidae

6. Criniger affinis chloris Finsch.

1867.-Criniger chloris Finsch, J. f. O., p. 36 (Halmahera). Halmahera Yellow Bulbul. One adult skin. This form is said to be found on Batcian.

Family Campephagidae

7. Coracina* papuensis melanolora (Gray).

1860.-Campephaga melanolora Gray, P. Z. S. London, p. 353 (Oct. 1, 1860) (Batchian and ). Batchian White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike. Two adult skins. This form is distributed in the islands Batchian, Ternate and Halmahera.

* Coracina Vieillot (April 14, 1816) should be used instead of Graucalus Cuvier ("1817"=Dec. 17, 1816); not preoccupied by Coracinus Pallas (1814). 116

Family Dicruridae

S. Dicrurus bracteatus atrocaeruleus Gray. 1860.-Dicrurus atrocaeruleusGray, P. Z. S., p. 354 (Batchian). Batchin Spangled Drongo. Two adult skins. It is originally described from Batchian and recorded also from Halmahera.

Family Muscicapidae 9. Rhipidura leucophrys amboynensis (Mathews). 1928.-Leucocirca leucophrysamboynensis Mathews. Bull. B. O. Club, vol. xlviii, p. 92, April 24, 1928 (Amboyna). Moluccan Black-and-White Fantail. Two adult skins from Gamhara. It is known from Amboyna, Ceram, Goram, , Waigou, Salawatti, Gilolo, Misol, and Batchian.

Family Pittidae 10. Pitta rufiventris rufiventris (Cabanis & Heine). 1859.-Coloburis rufiventris Cabanis & Heine, J. f. O., p. 406 ("New Guinea"=Batchian). 1860.-Pitta inornata Gray, P. Z. S., p. 350 (Batchian and Gilolo). Red-bellied Pitta. One adult male skin from the mountainous region along the upper basin of the River Tokosi. This fine Pitta is known from New Guinea, Batchian and Halmahera.

11. Pitta maxima Muller & Schlegel. 1839.-Pitta maxima Muller & Schlegel, Verh. Nat. Ges. Ned. Zool. Pitta, p. 14 (Halmahera). Great Pitta. Four adult skins from Baja and Sama on Halmahera where it is 117

an endemic species. This splendid Pitta has black , white, blue, green,

and red colours. Sexes similar and size enormously large .

A pair of the specimens measures: total length about 255 (•‰•Š);

wing •‰ 148.5 (153.5 in flat), •Š 151 (155 .5 in flat); tail •‰ 71.5, •Š 73;

tarsus •‰ 61.5. •Š 60.5; exposed culmen •‰ 29.5, •Š 29.5; entire culmen

•‰ 34.5. •Š 35.5mm.

Remarks.-Although P. L. Sclater (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., xiv. p. 414,

1888) used the genus Calopitta for this species for his convenience' sake,

on page 419 he put it in the ordinary genus Pitta and described. The

characters for Calopitta pointed out by him as follows: "Size large:

upper surface black; breast white; crissum scarlet: sexes alike.

(Calopitta)."I think Calopitta is separable merely subgenerically and

not generically.

Family Meropidae

12. Merops ornatus Latham. (ƒnƒ`ƒNƒq)

1801.-Merops ornatus Latham, Index Ornith., Suppl., p. xxxv (New

South Wales).

Australian Bee-eater.

Ten skins of both sexes from Akeramo on Halmahera. The species

is widely distributed from Australia to New Guinea the Moluccas,

Malay Archipelago, etc. even reaching to Miyako Island in the South

Riu Kiu Islands, Japan, where it has been collected as a straggler

from the south.

Family Bucerotidae

13. Rhyticeros plicatus plicatus (Forster).

1781.-Buceros plicatus Forster. Indische Zool., p. 40 (Ceram).

1816.-Buceros ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., vol. iv, p. 600 (Waigou).

Wreathed Hornbill. Local name: Brontan. 118

Two adult females and one juvenile male from Patank and Wamaras on Halmahera. This form is widely distributed in the Northern Moluc- cas, the Western Papuan Islands, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and New Britain. In the Moluccas, it is recorded from Morty (or Morotai). Halmahera (or Gilolo), Batchian (or Batjan), Ceram, and Amboyna (or Amboina); in the Western Papuan Islands, it is known from Waigou (or Waigiou or Waigeu), Ravak, Guebeh, Batanta, Salwatti (or Salawati in Dutch map), and Mysol (or Misol or Misool in Dutch map). Remarks.-Mr. Mathews (1927) has separated typical form from Ceram from ruficollis of Waigou; but Dr. A. Dubois (1911) has already united both forms into plicatus.

Family Coraciidae

14. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linnaeus) . 1766.-Coracias orientalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 159 (India). Indian Broad-billed Roller. One adult male from the mountain-range along the upper basin of the River Tokosi. It is a typical orientalis and not waigiouensis. The typical form distributes from India (type locality) through the Malay Archipelago into Celebes including the Halmahera group.

Family Alcedinidae 15. Halcyon diops (Temm. & Laug.).

1824.-Alcedo diops Temminck & Laugier, Pl. Col. d'Ois ., pl. 272 ("Moluccas"). Four adult skins. One of the most beautiful ultramarine King- fishers with a white nuchal patch and a broad white collar on the hind neck in males and without the latter collar in females . It is known from Halmahera, Ternate , Batchian, Morotai, , Motir, Dammar, and Obi Lattou. Remarks.-Mathews' Lazulena seems impossible to be maintained . 119

16. Halcyon funebris (Bonaparte).

1850.-Todiramphus funebris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., vol. i, p. 157 ("Celebes"). Four specimens of adult skins. One of them in the collection has its wings, tail and upper parts which are more or less abraded and faded. becoming more brown nearly wanting a greenish shade, while others have those with distinct dark bluish green edgings to the feathers. Only known from Halmahera and Ternate. Remarks.-Mathews' Mclanalcyon cannot be maintained for the genus of this species and capable of subgeneric one.

17. Tanysiptera sabrina doris Wallace.

1862.-Tanysiptera doris Wallace, Ibis, p. 349 (Morty Island).

Two specimens of the magnificent Kingfishers in the collection, but unfortunately have lost their labels. From the examination I have referred these birds to doris of Morty (Morotai in Dutch map) than to sabrina of Kaioa (Kajoa in Dutch map) and emiliae of Raou (Raoe in Dutch map); the last form is also in my collection. The present form, doris, differs from emiliae in having the upper tail-coverts and tail- feathers (except the two central ones which are blue with a white spatula at tip) white, broadly margined with blue, while emiliae has very narrow edges to these feathers. The typical form, sabrina, has these parts almost entirely white without a blue border. The present form, doris, is only known from Morty Island in the Moluccas, just north of Halmahera proper where the species has not yet been recorded.

Family Cuculidae

18. Centropus goliath Bonaparte.

1850.-Gentropus goliath Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., vol. i, p. 108 (Gilolo). 120

Seven skins including summer and winter plumages. Enormously large species, nearly black throughout in the plumage of summer dress with a very prominent white wing patch. Bill and feet black and extraordinarily strong. It is only known from Halmahera and Batchian. Remarks.-Some authors separate it with several other species from Centropus and put them into Nesocentor Cabanis & Heine (1864); but in my opinion the latter is merely a subgeneric one.

Family Loriidae*

19. Eos squamata guenbyensis (Scopoli).

(コ ム ラ サ キ イ ン コ)

1786.-Psittacus Guenbyensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.,

fasc. 2. p. 87 ("Gebe." errore=Halmahera).

178 8.-Psittacus variegata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. i, p. 319 (Halma- hera).

Violet-necked Lory.

One adult male from the mountain-range along the upper basin

of the River Tokosi. This form is known from Morotai, Halmahera,

Ternate, Tidore, and Batchian.

20. Lorius•õ garrulus garrulus (Linnaeus).

(シ ヤ ウ ジ ヤ ウ イン コ)

1758.-Psittacus garrulus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 100

(" Asia."=E. Indies=Halmahera).

Chattering Lory.

Nine skins of adult birds. The typical form is confined to Halma- hera or Gilolo and the Weda Islands. It seems to be rather common.

* Syn . Trichoglossidae. The genus Lorius (1825) is older than Tricho-

glossus (1826). •õ Lorius Vigors (1825), syn. Domicella Wagler (1832); not Larius Bod- daert (1783). 121

Family Psittacidae

21. Kakatoe alba (P. L. S. Muller).

(タ イ ハ ク ア ウ ム,ム ヂ ア ウ ム)

1776.-Psittacus albus Muller, Natursyst., Suppl. , p. 76 (Moluccas). Great White-crested Cockatoo. Thirteen adults. This famous Cockatoo for cage birds is found in the Halmahera Group, Ternate, Tidore , Batchian, and Obi Islands in the Moluccas.

22. Larius* roratus vosmaeri Rothschild.

(ア カ ム ラ サ キ イ ン コ) 1922.-Larius roratus vosmaeri Rothschild, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9. vol. ix. p. 412 (Northern Moluccas). Halmahera Parrot. One adult male and five adult females from Sawai in the Halma- hera Island. Sexes dissimilar. The single male in the collection has a yellow primary-covert in the left wing, possibly an abnormal example. This marked form is found in Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Mare, Kaisa, Batehian, Damar, and Obi in the Northern Moluccas, while the typical form, roratus, is known from Buru, Ceram, Amboyna (type locality), , and Haruku in the Southern Moluccas.

23. Geoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis (S. Muller).

1841.-Psittacus cyanicollis S. Muller, Verh. nat. gesch. Ned., Land- en Volk., pt. 4, p. 108 ("Menado," errore=Moluccas). Gilolo Parrot. Five skins of both sexes from Akeramo on Halmahera. Sexes dissimilar, the female has no red on the head. It is known only from Morty, Halmahera and Batchian.

* The well known genus Eclectus Wagler (1832) has antedated by Larius Boddaert (1783). 122

Family Falconidae

24. Accipiter novaehollandiae griseogularis (G. R. Gray).

1860.-Astur griseogularis G. R. Gray. P. Z. S. London, p. 343 (Bat- chian. Gilolo and Ternate). 1884.-Astur halmahera Meyer, Sitz. Ges. Isis, Dresden, Abh. i, p. 11 (Halmahera). Two adult skins from Akeramo on Halmahera. The female in the collection has distinct dark bands on the under surface of rectrices except the outermost one which has no bands at all. It is found in the islands of Tidore, Ternate. Halmahera, Batchian and Gebe. Remarks.-The genus Leucospiza Kaup (1844) cannot be maintained, merely a subgenus of Accipiter. Dr. Stresemann considers that all the forms in the subgenus Leucospiza are to subspecies of A. novaehollandiae (Gmelin)(Falco novaehollandiae Gmelin, 1788).

Family Ardeidae

25. Ardeola ibis coromanda (Boddaert). (ア マ サ ギ)

1783.-Cancroma Coromanda Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. enlum., p. 54 (Coromandel). Indian Cattle Egret. One juvenile. It distributes from the Palaerctic to the Oriental Region; the Moluccas are the easternmost limit of the latter region in the distribution of the Egret

. Family Anatidae

26. Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel. シ ラ ボ シ リウ キ ウ ガ モ(新 稱)

1866.-Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas , Anseres, p. 85 (restricted type locality: Celebes). Spotted Tree Duck. Local name: Bebi toraga. 123

Sixteen examples of adults and juveniles from Goero and Sawai in the Halmahera. The species no doubt breeds in the island as the collection contains several fiedgeling young with the pin feathers of primaries just appearing. This duck is found in Basilan and Mindanao in the Philippines , Celebes. the Moluccas (Halmahera , Batchian, Buru, Ceram, and Am- boyna), Kei, Aru, and Tenimber (or Timor Laut) , New Guinea, and Gunantambu Island in Bismarck Archipelago . Remarks.-In the Moluccan Islands we have also Javanese D. arcuata which has been recorded only from Amboyna (Finsch , New Guinea, p. 183, 1865).

Family Columbidae

27. Ducula perspicillata perspicillata (Temminck).

1824.-Columba perspicillata Temminck, Pl. col. d'Ois., livr . xlii, pl. 246 (Philippines, errore=Halmahera). Two adults from Bobanko in the Halmahera Island. This magni- ficent Pigeon is one of the largest of the family. It is known from the Moluccas: Morty, Gilol Weda, Batchian, Obi and Buru.

28. Ducula rufigaster basilica Bonaparte.

1854.-Ducula basilica Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. xxxix, p. 1076 (Gilolo). Local name: Kom-kom. Three adult specimens of both sexes from Waroen on Halmahera. This fine Band-tailed Pigeon is found in Halmahera, Morty, Ternate and Batchian and in the Obi Island it is replaced by another form, obiensis. Remarks.-Zonophaps seems to be a subgenus of Ducula.

29. Ducula bicolor melanura (G. R. Gray).

1860.-Carpophaga (Myristicivora) melanura G. R. Gray. P. Z. S. Lon- don, p. 361 (Batchian, ex Cat. B. Brit. Mus.). 124

Two adults from Akeramo on Halmahera. It is found in the Moluccas: Halmahera Batchian, Obi, Ceram, Buru, Amboyna and Goram. Remarks.-Myristicivora seems to ba a subgenus of Ducula. Several authors consider that it is a distinct species; but in my opinion sub- flavescens of New Ireland, melanura of the Moluccas, and luctuosa of Celebes and Sula Islands are all subspecies of bicolor together with spilorrhoa of Aru, New Guinea and Australia.

Family Scolopacidae

30. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieillot). (キ ア シ シ ギ)

1816.-Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., vol. vi, p, 410 (no locality=Timor). Asiatic Wandering Tattler. One adult in winter plumage. Migrant, breeding in Alaska and reaching to the Moluccas, even to Australia.

31. Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus. ( イ ソ シ ギ)

1758.-Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 149 (Sweden). Common Sandpiper. Two skins. Cosmopolitan and migrant.

32. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli) . (チ ウ シ ヤ ク シ ギ)

1786.-Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun . Insubr., fasc. ii, p. 92 (Luzon). Eastern Whimbrel. Three adults. Migrant.

33. Pisobia ruficollis ruficollis (Pallas) . (ト ウ ネ ン)

1776.-Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs , vol. iii, p. 700 (Siberia). Eastern Little Stint. 125

Two skins of summer and winter dresses. Migrant; winter visitor to Australia.

34. Pisobia acuminata (Horsfield). (ウ ヅ ラ シ ギ)

1821.-Totanus acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii, pt. 1, p. 192 (). Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper. One adult in winter plumage. Migrant; winters in Australia, New Zealand, etc.

Family Charadriidae

35. Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas.

(メ ダ イ チ ド リ)

1776.-Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, vol. iii,

p. 700 (Mongolia). Mongolian Plover. Three adults in winter plumage. Migrant; winters in Australia.

Family Laridae

36. Sterna hirundo longipennis Nordmann.

(ア ヂ サ シ)

1835.-Sterna longipennis Nordmann, in Erman's Verz. Thieren u. Pflanzen, p. 17 (mouth of Kuchtui, near Ochotsk, Siberia). Nordmann's Tern. Five specimens in winter dress from Tabolas on Halmahera. One of the specimens is a juvenile in the second winter (?) which has unusually much darker rump and blacker primaries, but otherwise not distinguishable from the winter examples in my collection. It is also a migrant, reaching to New Guinea in winter. 126

Family Rallidae

37. Amaurornis olivacea moluccana (Wallace).

1865.-Porzana moluccana Wallace, P. Z. S. London, p. 480 (Amboyna and Ternate). Local name: Meron Papua. Unique female adult from Boli on Halmahera. This simple coloured Water-hen is found in the Islands of Sangir and Siao; the Northern and Southern Moluccas (Peters).

Family Megapodiidae

38. Megapodius freycinet freycinet Gaimard.

1823.-Megapodius freycinet Gaimard, Bull. Gen. Univ. Annon. Nouv. Sci. vol. ii, p. 451 (Waigeu). 1861.-Megapodius quoyi Gray, P. Z. S., p. 289, pl. 32 (Gilolo).

Local name: Morio. (俗 稱 ヤ マ ニ ハ ト リ) Seven adults of both sexes from Goero on Halmahera. Plumage is nearly all black. It seems to be common and distributes in the Northern Moluccas (Morty, Gilolo. Ternate, Tidore, Kaioa, and Batchian), Waigeu, Batanta, Salawatti Misol, and small islets north of Northen New Guinea (Peters).