960-102615960-102615
FFINALINAL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORYINVENTORY SURVEY
TMK: ( 3)(3) 8 8-8-009:141-8-009:141
PPAPAĀPĀ 22 AHUPUNA,AHUPUA‘A, SOUTH KONAKONA DISTRICT
ISLAND OF HAWAI‘IHAWAII
HaunHAUN && AssociatesASSOCIATES ARCHAEOLOGICAL,Archaeological, Cultural,CULTURAL, andAND HistoricalHISTORICAL Resource RESOURCE ManagementMANAGEMENT ServicesSERVICES 7373-1168-1168 KAHUNA Kahuna A`O A‘o ROAD, Road, KAILUA-KONAKailua-Kona HI HI 96740 96740 Phone:PHONE: 808 808-325-2402-325-2402 Fax:FAx: 808 808-325-1520-325-1520
960-102615960-102615
FFINALINAL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORYINVENTORY SURVEY
TMK: (3) (3) 8 8-8-009:141-8-009:141
PPAPAĀPĀ 22 AHUPUA‘AAHUPUNA
SOUTH KONA DISTRICT
ISLAND OF HAWAI‘IHAWAII
Prepared by:
Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S.B.S.
Prepared for:
Miloli‘iMiloli'i Beach Club Association II II P.O. Box 5 Kealakekua, HIHI 96750
July 20142014 (Revised OctoberOctober 2015)2015)
HaunHAUN && AssociatesASSOCIATES ARCHAEOLOGICAL,Archaeological, Cultural,CULTURAL, andAND HistoricalHISTORICAL Resource RESOURCE ManagementMANAGEMENT ServicesSERVICES 7373-1-1168 168 KahunaKAHUNA AA`O‘o Road,ROAD, KAILUA-KONAKailua-Kona HI 96740 Phone:PHONE: 808 808-325-2402-325-2402 Fax:FAx: 808 808-325-1520-325-1520
TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 4A 1 Report No.960-102615No.960 - 1026 15
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Haun & AssociatesAssociates conductedconducted an archaeological inventory surveysurvey ofof thethe 5.977-acre 5.977-acre TMK: TMK: (3) 8-8-009:141,8-8-009:141, located in PapaPāpā 2 Ahupua'a,Ahupua‘a, South South KonaKona District, Island ofof Hawai‘i.Hawai'i. TheThe objectiveobjective ofof thethe survey was to satisfy satisfy historic historic preservation regulatory review inventoryinventory requirementsrequirements of the DepartmentDepartment ofof LandLand andand NaturalNatural Resources-StateResources-State Historic Preservation DivisionDivision (DLNR-SHPD),(DLNR-SHPD), as as contained contained in HawaiiHawaii Administrative Rules,Rules, TitleTitle 13,13, DLNR,DLNR, Subtitle 13, ChaptersChapters 276 and 284,284, State HistoricHistoric Preservation Rules.
The survey identifiedidentified fourfour sitessites withwith 2244 feafeatures.tures. These consistconsist ofof oneone complex ofof 2121 featuresfeatures and 3 single featurefeature sites. Two sites, includingincluding aa portion of the PapaPāpā BayBay ComplexComplex and a stonestone wallwall werewere initiallyinitially identifiedidentified during a previous examinationexamination inin thethe parcel. The identifiedidentified featuresfeatures are 9 terraces, 33 enclosures,enclosures, 33 trailtrail segments,segments, 33 walls,walls, 2 pavements, 2 platforms, 1 lava blister, and 1 historichistoric roadroad.. FeatureFeature functionfunction includes permanent habitation (19),(19), transportation (4) (4) andand livestocklivestock controlcontrol (1).(1).
All ofof thethe sites areare assessed assessed as as significant significant for for their their information information content. content. These These sitessites havehave yielded yielded information information important forfor understanding traditionaltraditional habitation, transportationtransportation and and historic historic ranching ranching activityactivity in thethe area. Recent reviews of archaeologicalarchaeological projectsprojects onon Hawai'i Hawai‘i Island Island indicate indicate that that DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD believes ahupua'aahupua‘a boundary walls should also be significant because because ofof theirtheir associationassociation with with the the broadbroad patternpattern of the MaheleMahele and/orand/or thethe Kuleana Kuleana Act in Hawaii’sHawaii's historyhistory.. The The livestock livestock control control wall wall (Site (Site 28991) 28991),, located located on on the the boundary boundary between between PāpāPapa 1 and 2 is therefore additionallyadditionally assessed asas significantsignificant duedue to its association with important events.events. AlthoughAlthough it is destroyed within the project area,area, aa historic/prehistorichistoric/prehistoric roadroad (Site(Site 30105)30105) that formerlyformerly was present isis additionallyadditionally assessed as significantsignificant for its cultural value.value. DLNR-SHPDDLNR-SHPD also also recommends recommends that that t thehe portionportion of the P5p5Pāpā BayBay Complex inin thethe project area (Site(Site 4185) and an inlandinland platformplatform (Site(Site 30104)30104) are also assessedassessed asas significantsignificant under CriterionCriterion “e”"e" because they are (or(or potentially are) partpart ofof aa significantsignificant habitation complexcomplex located along the shore ofof PapaPāpā Bay.Bay.
The mapping, writtenwritten description andand photography atat two two sitessites (Sites(Sites 28991 and 30105) 30105) adequately document them and and no no further further work work or or preservation preservation is recommended; recommended; however,however, ttoo thethe extent feasible, feasible, thethe wall on the boundary between PapaPāpā 11 and and 2 2 (Site (Site 28991) 28991) willwill be preserved.preserved .The The SiteSite 41854185 PapaPāpā BayBay Complex iiss recommendedrecommended for preservation. The Site 3010430104 platformplatform couldcould bebe mitigationmitigation throughthrough datadata recovery; howeverhowever thethe landowner has agreed to preservepreserve thethe platform.platform. MeasuresMeasures toto protectprotect these these sites sites would would be be described described in in a a Site Site Preservation Preservation PlanPlan prepared for for DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD review review and and acceptance acceptance..
Cover photo: Overview of project area,area, view to north
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Contents MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... ...... ii INTRODUCTION ...... ...... 1 Scope ofof WorkWork ...... ...... 1 Project Area DescripDescriptiontion ...... ...... 1 Methods ...... ...... 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND ...... ...... 7 Historical DocumentaryDocumentary ResearchResearch ...... ...... 7 Previous Archaeological WorkWork ...... ...... 15 PrPreviousevious ArchaeologicalArchaeological WorkWork in Project Area ...... ...... 21 Consultation ...... ...... 22 PROJECT EXPECTATIONS ...... ...... 25 FINDINGS ...... ...... 26 CONCLUSION ...... ...... 57 Discussion ...... ...... 57 Significance AssessmentsAssessments ...... ...... 57 Treatment RecommendationsRecommendations ...... ...... 58 REFEREREFERENCESNCES ...... ...... 62
Figures Figure 1.1. PortionPortion of 7.5’7.5' 1998 USGSUSGS Miloli‘i Miloli'i Quadrangle Quadrangle showing showing projectproject area ...... ...... 2 Figure 2.2. Tax MapMap KeyKey 8 8-8-09-8-09 showing showing project project areaarea ...... ...... 3 Figure 3.3. AerialAerial viewview of of project project areaarea (from Google Earth) ...... ...... 4 Figure 4.4. OverviewOverview of of project project areaarea showing Park Avenue gravelgravel roadroad (view toto west) ...... ...... 5 Figure 5.5. BulldozedBulldozed portion portion of of project project areaarea (view(view toto southwest)southwest) ...... ...... 5 Figure 6.6. EntranceEntrance toto nonnon-cultural-cultural lavalava blisterblister (view(view to to northeast)northeast) ...... ...... 6 Figure 7.7. Ahupua‘aAhupua'a boundaries andand Land Land CommissionCommission Awards ...... ...... 8 Figure 8.8. 19011901 Hawai‘iHawai'i Territory Survey Boundary Study Map of PP5p5āpā 2 ...... ...... 11 Figure 9.9. 19141914 Hawai‘iHawai'i TerritoryTerritory SurveySurvey Map Map of of Okoe, Okoe, H Honomalinoonomalino and and KipahoehoeKipahoehoe GovernmentGovernment Tracts ...... 12 Figure 10.10. PPortionortion of 1925 USGS Milolii Milolii Quadrangle Quadrangle showing showing project project areaarea ...... ...... 14 Figure 11.11. PortionPortion of 1962 USGS Miloli‘i Miloli'i Quadrangle Quadrangle showing showing projectproject area ...... ...... 16 Figure 12.12. PortionPortion ofof 19651965 aerialaerial photographphotograph of project area vicinityvicinity ...... ...... 17 Figure 13.13. PreviousPrevious archaeologicalarchaeological work ...... ...... 18 Figure 14.14. SiteSite locationlocation map ...... ...... 27 Figure 15.15. EstimatedEstimated extentextent of Site 4185 noted byby Hibbard (1993:6) ...... ...... 28 Figure 16.16. ExtentExtent ofof damagedamage to Site 4185 noted byby Hibbard (1993:14) ...... ...... 30 Figure 17.17. CurrentCurrent extentextent ofof SiteSite 4185,4185, with with original original footprint footprint of of features features andand extentextent of previousprevious disturbancedisturbance ...... 31 Figure 18.18. SouthernSouthern portion of Site 4185 ...... ...... 32 Figure 19.19. Current condition of Site 4185, Feature 1.1 enclosure (view to west) ...... ...... 33 Figure 20.20. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 2.12.1 platform platform andand FeatureFeature 2.22.2 terraceterrace (view toto north) ...... ...... 34 Figure 21.21. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Features Features 3.13.1 andand 3.23.2 terracesterraces (view toto east) ...... ...... 35 FiguFigurere 22.22. FeatureFeature 4.1,4.1, 4.24.2 andand 4.34.3 terracesterraces (view toto south) ...... ...... 36
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Figures (cont.)(cont.) Figure 23.23. SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 5 lava blisterblister (view toto east)east) ...... ...... 37 Figure 24.24. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 66 terraceterrace (view toto east)east) ...... ...... 38 Figure 25.25. PlanPlan mapmap ofof SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 7 ...... ...... 39 Figure 26.26. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 7 7 disturbed disturbed wallwall remnant remnant (view(view to to south south-southeast)-southeast) ...... ...... 40 Figure 27.27. NorthernNorthern portion of Site 4185 ...... ...... 41 Figure 28.28. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 88 disturbeddisturbed wallwall remnantremnant (view toto north) ...... ...... 42 Figure 29.29. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Features Features 9 9 and and 1010 disturbed disturbed enclosureenclosure remnantsremnants (view toto south) ...... ...... 43 Figure 30.30. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 9.29.2 terraceterrace (view toto east) ...... ...... 44 Figure 31.31. Site 4185,4185, Feature 9.2,9.2, NorthNorth wall wall profileprofile ofof TU-2TU-2 ...... ...... 45 Figure 32.32. Cellana talcosatalcosa shell scraper fromfrom SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 9.2, 9.2, TU-2, TU-2, Layer Layer II ...... ...... 45 Figure 33.33. Urchin spine file and notched spine spine from from Site Site 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 9.2, 9.2, TU-2, TU-2, Layer Layer 11-2 II-2 ...... ... 47 Figure 34.34. Site Site 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 11 11 disturbed disturbed pavement pavement (view(view to to southsouth-southwest)-southwest) ...... ...... 48 Figure 35.35. SiteSite 4185, 4185, profiles profiles of of shovel shovel tests tests excavated excavated atat FeatureFeature 11 ...... ...... 48 Figure 36.36. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 1212 pavementpavement (view toto east) ...... ...... 49 Figure 37.37. SiteSite 4185, 4185, Feature Feature 13.2 13.2 trail trail remnant remnant (view(view to to southsouth-southwest)-southwest) ...... ...... 52 Figure 38.38. SiteSite 2899128991 wallwall (view(view toto north)north) ...... ...... 53 Figure 39.39. Site 30104 plan map and photograph andand profile profile ofof TU-1TU-1 ...... ...... 54 Figure 40.40. SiteSite 3010530105 trailtrail showingshowing Site 2899128991 wall (view(view toto north)north) ...... ...... 55 Figure 41.41. ExtentExtent ofof Site Site 4185 4185 features features andand formerformer location of pipeline andand sumps ...... ...... 61
Tables Table 1. Summary of previousprevious archaeological work ...... ...... 19 Table 22.. Summary of sitessites ...... ...... 26 Table 3. Summary of culturalcultural material from Site 4185, Feature 9.2,9.2, TU-2TU-2 ...... ...... 46 Table 4. Cultural materialmaterial from Site 4185, Feature 11,11, STsSTs 11-4-4 ...... ...... 50 Table 5. Cultural materialmaterial from Site 30104 ...... ...... 53 Table 6.6. SiteSite significancesignificance and and treatment treatment recommendationsrecommendations ...... ...... 58
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TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 A. 4 1 Report No.960-10261qNo.960 - 1026 15
INTRODUCTION At the requestrequest of of the the Miloli'i Miloli‘i Beach Beach Club Club AssociationAssociation II,II, Haun & Associates completedcompleted an archaeologicalarchaeological inventory survey (AIS)(AIS) of of a a 260,400260,400 sqsq ft (5.977-acre) (5.977-acre) parcel in Papa Pāpā 2 2 Ahupua'a,Ahupua‘a, South South Kona Kona District, District, Island of Hawai'iHawai‘i (TMK:(TMK: ((3)3) 88-8-009:141:-8-009:141: Figure 1 and Figure 22).). The project objective is to complycomply with historic preservationpreservation regulatory review requirementsrequirements of the DepartmentDepartment ofof LandLand and NaturalNatural Resources-Resources- State HistoricHistoric PreservationPreservation Division Division (DLNR-SHPD),(DLNR-SHPD), as as contained contained inin Hawai‘iHawai'i Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle Subtitle 13, 13, State State HistoricHistoric Preservation Preservation Rules, ChaChapterspters 276276 andand 284 284 (DLNR (DLNR 2003).
The survey fieldwork waswas conductedconducted on January 16 and 17,17, 2014,2014, AprilApril 29, 2015,2015, and MayMay 18-1918-19 2015,2015, under the directiondirection ofof Dr.Dr. Alan Haun. ApproximatelyApproximately 14 14 person person days days of of labor labor were were requiredrequired toto complete the fieldwork fieldwork portionportion ofof the project. project. Described Described inin thisthis finalfinal reportreport are the project project scope scope of of work, work, field field methods, background information, surveysurvey findings,findings, andand significancesignificance assessments assessments of of thethe sites with with recommended treatments.treatments.
Scope of WorkWork
Based on DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD rules rules for for inventory inventory surveys surveys the the followingfollowing specific specific tasks tasks were were determineddetermined to constitute an appropriate scopescope ofof work for thethe project:
1. Conduct background review and research ofof existing existing archaeologicalarchaeological and historicalhistorical documentary literatureliterature relating toto the project project area area and and its its immediate immediate vicinity-- vicinity-- including examination of of Land Land Commission Commission Awards, Awards, ahupua'aahupua’a records, historic historic maps, archival materials,materials, archaeologicalarchaeological reports,reports, andand other historical sources; 2. Conduct a high inintensity,tensity, 100%100% pedestrian pedestrian surveysurvey coveragecoverage ofof the the projectproject area;area; 3. Conduct detailed recording recording of of all all potentially potentially significant significant sites including including scale plan plan drawings, writtenwritten descriptions,descriptions, andand photographs,photographs, asas appropriate;appropriate; 4. Conduct limitedlimited subsurfacesubsurface testingtesting (manual(manual excavation)excavation) at at selectedselected sitessites to determine feature function; 5. Analyze backgroundbackground researchresearch and field data;data; and 6. Prepare and submit FinalFinal ReportReport..
Project Area DescriptionDescription
The project area is an irregularly-shapedirregularly-shaped 5.9775.977-acre-acre parcelparcel locatedlocated along the shoreline in coastal PapaPāpā 2 ahupua'aahupua‘a atat elevationselevations rangingranging from approximately 5 to 80 feet ((FigureFigure 3).3). ItIt is borderedbordered along thethe west by the oceanocean oror thethe coastalcoastal escarpment,escarpment, on thethe northnorth byby aa stonestone wallwall on the boundaryboundary between PapaPāpā 1 and 2, on thethe easteast by by Ewalu Ewalu AvenueAvenue andand onon the the south south by by the the Miloli'i Miloli‘i Beach Beach Lots Lots subdivision. subdivision. AA gravelgravel road labeled Park RoadRoad onon GoogleGoogle EarthEarth extends extends toto thethe west fromfrom EwaluEwalu AAvenue,venue, terminatingterminating at a parking area in thethe project area ((FigureFigure 44).).
Approximately 80% 80% (4.78 (4.78 acres) acres) of of the the project project area area hashas beenbeen impacted by bulldozerbulldozer activity priorprior toto the present project. project. TheThe extent of this this disturbance disturbance is is depicted depicted in in Figure 14 in the Findings Findings sectionsection of this report. An overviewoverview ofof the the disturbeddisturbed areaarea is presentedpresented inin Figure 55.. A concreteconcrete boat ramp is llocatedocated in the southwestern portionportion ofof thethe projectproject area.area. This This rampramp isis accessed by two gravel roadroadss that originateoriginate along the northnorth sideside ofof KaiKai Avenue.Avenue. AA modern modern path path extends extends toto thethe northeast from the gravelgravel road (see Figure 1414).).
HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates |11 1
TMK:(3)8-8-009:141T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 9 : 1 4 1 Report No.960-102615No.960 - 1026 15
Project area -
Figure 11.. Portion of 7.5’7.5' 1998 USGSUSGS Miloli‘iMilolig Quadrangle showing project area
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Figure 33.. AerialAerial view view ofof project area (from Google Earth)Earth)
TMK:(3)8-8-009:141T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 9 : 1 4 1 Report No.960-102615No.960 - 1026 15
Figure 44.. OverviewOverview ofof projectproject areaarea showingshowing Park Avenue Avenue gravel gravel road road (view (view toto west)west)
Figure 5 5.. BulldozedBulldozed portion portion of of project project area area (view (view to to southwest) southwest)
A small nnon-culturalon-cultural lava lava blister blister was was noted noted in in the the disturbeddisturbed areaarea inin thethe southwestern portion of the project area at approximately 55 feet elevaiton ((seesee Figure 1414).). This blisterblister waswas carefullycarefully examinedexamined andand no cultural material or evidence of use is present.present. The entrance to thethe blisterblister isis shownshown inin Figure 66..
HAUNHaun & ASSOCIATESAssociates |15 5
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Figure 66.. EntranceEntrance to to nonnon-cultural-cultural lava lava blister blister (view (view toto northeast)northeast)
The terrain in the parcel slopes sligtly toto moderatelymoderately to the west. TheThe majority of the area isis bare lavalava with no vegetation. SparceSparce kiawe (Prosopis (Prosopis pallidapallida),), koakoa haole (Leucaena(Leucaena leucocephala)leucocephala) and ChristmasChristmas berry ((SchinusSchinus terebinthifoliusterebinthifolius)) are growing inin thethe seaward portion of the parcel.parcel. The soil inin thethe project area is classiclassifedfed as a‘a'Sâ lava ((SatoSato et al.al. 1973:1973: SheetSheet 183).183). A'SA‘â lava is classified asas a miscellaneous land type with little or no soilsoil covering. According toto SatoSato et al.,al., "This“This lavalava isis roughrough andand broken. ItIt isis a massmass ofof clinkery,clinkery, hard, glassy, sharpsharp piecespieces piledpiled inin tumbled heaps (1973:34). (1973:34). TheThe lavalava flowflow inin thethe project area was was deposited fromfrom MaunaMauna LoaLoa Volcano betweenbetween 1,500 to 3,000 years agoago (Wolfe(Wolfe and Morris: 2001: Sheet 3 and page 11).11). Annual rainfall inin thethe vicinityvicinity of of the the project project areaarea rangesranges from 750 to 1,350 mm (29.5 to 53 inches –— Giambelluca Giambelluca et et al. al. 2013). 2013). The The mean mean average average temperature temperature in this general area is c. 75 degrees FF ((JuvikJuvik and and JuvikJuvik 1989:51 1989:51).). There There are are no no surf surfaceace water water sources sources on on thethe property.property.
Methods
The project area was examined by a 100% pedestrianpedestrian surveysurvey withwith thethe surveyorssurveyors spacedspaced 1010 mmeterseters apart. Ground surface visibility throughout throughout thethe parcel was excellent. The featuresfeatures identified during the surveysurvey were subjected subjected to to detailed detailed recording recording consisting consisting of preparingpreparing scaled scaled plan plan maps maps and and photographic photographic documentation. StandardizedStandardized formsforms werewere preparedprepared for the sites and features thatthat werewere newly newly identifiedidentified during the project (Sites(Sites 28991, 30104 and 30105). The previousprevious documentationdocumentation of the SiteSite 4185 complex by Hibbard (1993)(1993) was was consulted consulted during during the the fieldfield examination examination and and updated updated descriptionsdescriptions of of thethe featurfeatureses were prepared, reflecting the current condition of thethe features.
The sites and features were flaggedflagged with pink and blue flagging tape tape andand theirtheir locations werewere determined with the aid aid of of a aGarmin Garmin Global Global Positioning Positioning System System (GPS) (GPS) Model 60-series 60-series device using using the WorldWorld Geodetic Survey (WGS) 1984 1984 datum datum.. TheThe accuracyaccuracy ofof thethe GPS devicedevice forfor aa single point is +/-+/- 3-53-5 m. ThisThis accuracy is increased to approximately 22-3-3 meters byby takingtaking multiplemultiple points includingincluding property corners and overlying the plotted pointspoints on on a a scaled scaled map map using using AutoCAD AutoCAD software.software.
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The sites and features in the projectproject areaarea werewere defineddefined basedbased onon proximityproximity and probable age. Features that areare likelylikely of similarsimilar ageage (prehistoric,(prehistoric, historic) historic) and and are are less less than than 15 15 meters meters apartapart areare consideredconsidered toto be one site. An eexceptionxception toto this definition isis aa ranchranch-related-related stonestone wall locatedlocated onon the boundary between PPapaāpā 1 and 2. Several Several featuresfeatures of of thethe Site Site 4185 4185 complex complex exhibitexhibit multiplemultiple tiers. These tiers were assignedassigned sub-featuresub-feature designationsdesignations andand areare describeddescribed asas suchsuch inin thethe FindingsFindings section of thisthis report.report.
Subsurface testingtesting duringduring thethe project coconsistednsisted of excavatinexcavatingg a a 1.01.0 by by 1.0 1.0 meter meter testtest unitunit in aa permanentpermanent habitation terrace (Site(Site 4185, Feature 9.2) andand a 1.0 by 2.0 metermeter test unitunit locatedlocated inin anan historichistoric platform (Site 3010430104).). InIn addition, addition, four four 0.6 0.6 meter meter diameterdiameter shovel teststests were excavated inin the reportedreported vicinity vicinity of a disturbed permanent habitation pavement ((SiteSite 4185, Feature 11). 11). TheseThese unitsunits werewere excavatedexcavated in in stratigraphic layerslayers andand wwereere terminated onon bedrock bedrock or or inin the the underlying underlying a'Sa‘â lava lava flow. flow. StandardizedStandardized excavation recordsrecords werewere preparedprepared after the completioncompletion of each stratigraphic layerlayer forfor thethe test units and shovel testtest forms after the the completion completion of each each shovel shovel test. The The soil soil removed removed during during excavation excavation was screened throughthrough 'A-inch¼-inch meshmesh.. PortablePortable materialmaterial collectedcollected werewere placedplaced inin paperpaper bags labeled with the appropriate provenience information. FollowingFollowing the the excavation,excavation, aa section drawing drawing depicting the stratigraphy was prepared and post-excavationpost-excavation photographs were taken.taken. RecoveredRecovered cultural material was transported to to Ha Haun un && Associates'Associates’ officeoffice for analysis.
The laboratory methods utilizedutilized during the projectproject consistedconsisted ofof qualitativelyqualitatively andand quantitativelyquantitatively analyzinganalyzing the recoveredrecovered artifactsartifacts andand foodfood remains. remains. StandardStandard typological typological classificationsclassifications werewere used forfor all artifacts. Food remainsremains werewere identified toto the family family level,level, oror to the the genus genus and and species species level level when when possible. possible. Quantitative analysis includedincluded determdeterminingining totaltotal weightweight andand numbernumber of fragmentsfragments per taxon.
Archival researchresearch was conducted atat the the Hamilton Hamilton Library Library HawaiiHawaii and PacificPacific Collection at the UniversityUniversity of HawaiiHawaii-Manoa,-Manoa, the UniversityUniversity ofof Hawaii-HiloHawaii-Hilo Hawaiian Collection, thethe Land Survey Office andand the ArchivesArchives Division ofof thethe Hawaii DepartmentDepartment of Accounting Accounting and General General Services, Services, the Bishop Bishop Museum Museum Archives, Archives, State HistoricHistoric Preservation DivisionDivision library, State SurveySurvey Division,Division, and the HawaiiHawaii StateState PublicPublic LibrariesLibraries in Honolulu and Hilo. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANDAND HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND Historical DocumentaryDocumentary Research
The project area is located in the ahupua'aahupua’a of PāpāP5p5 2 in thethe district of South Kona. PāpāP5p5 11 andand 2 Ahupua‘aAhupua'a are linearlinear strips of land that extend extend from from the the shoreline shoreline at Papa Pāpā Bay Bay inland more than 8 miles miles to approximatelyapproximately 5,800 ft elevationelevation (Figure (Figure 77).). One of the sites sites identified identified duringduring the project project (Site(Site 28991) 28991) consists of aa stonestone wall locatedlocated onon thethe boundary between Papa 1-21-2 Ahupua‘a.Ahupua'a.
Alika Ahupua Ahupua'a‘a abuts abuts PāpāPapa 11 to to thethe north.north. The seawardseaward portion of PāpāPapa 2 isis borderedbordered along thethe south side by Ho‘opuloaHo'opuloa Ahupua‘aAhupua'a with thethe inland portion abutting AnapukaAnapuka Ahupua‘aAhupua'a.. The inland easterneastern side of PāpāPapa 1 and 2 abut the SouthSouth Kona/KauKona/Kau District boundary,boundary, with Kahuku Ahupua‘a Ahupua'a locatedlocated furtherfurther inland.
PāpāPapa is literally translatedtranslated as "forbidden"“forbidden” (Pukui et al. 1974:179). Kepa MalyMaly translatedtranslated portions of Ka 'ao Ho'onivaHo’oniua Pu'uwai Pu’uwai No No Ka-Miki Ka-Miki (The Heart Stirring Stirring Story of of Ka-Miki)Ka-Miki) a legendary legendary account of two two supernatural brothers, Ka-MikiKa-Miki and Maka-'iole,Maka-’iole, who traveled aroundaround thethe island island ofof Hawai'i. Hawai'i. AccordingAccording to this account, the areaarea waswas namednamed forfor ChiefChief PapauaPapaua and the "...land“…land of PāpāPapa was wellwell populatedpopulated andand therethere were many fisherman...fisherman… (Maly(Maly and MalyMaly 2004:11).
Groza etet al. (2010) provide a comprehensive discussion of historical backgroundbackground researchresearch conducted for the generalgeneral projectproject areaarea vicinity. vicinity. Much of the following isis summsummarizedarized fromfrom theirtheir report.report. The projectproject area
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TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 A. 4 1 Report Nc' No.960 0 g0-102- 10286 15 is locatedlocated in a traditionaltraditional sub-districtsub-district of of South South Kona Kona calledcalled Kapalilua.Kapalilua. According toto Maly andand MalyMaly,, thisthis subsub-- district, “extends"extends from the Kealia-Ho'okena Keālia-Ho‘okena sectionsection of Kona to Kaulanamauna, Kaulanamauna, situatedsituated on the the Kona Kona boundary of Ka'0, Ka‘ū, and includes includes the the lands lands of of Papa, Pāpā, Ho'opuloa Ho‘ōpūloa and and Miloli'i Miloli‘i (2003:1). (2003:1). According According to to Clark, Clark, Kapalilua translates translates asas “the"the double cliff”cliff' andand references aa two-sidedtwo-sided cliff cliff that hashas oneone cliff cliff facingfacing seaward and one facing to the north (2001:164).(2001:164).
The Kapalilua area area isis citedcited inin aa mythologicalmythological referencereference to preparationspreparations for for an an invasion invasion of of Hawai'i Hawai‘i byby ChiefChief Kamalalawalu ofof Maui.Maui. According toto FornanFornander,der, Kamalalawalu's Kamalalawalu’s son Kauhiokalani Kauhiokalani (or Kauhiakama) Kauhiakama) was sent toto HawaiiHawaii toto determine the populationpopulation ofof the island.island. "Kauhiakama“Kauhiakama thencethence traveledtraveled onon fromfrom therethere to Kona Kapalilua,Kapalilua, at at the the boundaryboundary ofof Ka‘uKa'u andand Kona,Kona, not not meetingmeeting manymany people”people" (cited in Fornander 11916-916- 1917:335 cited in Groza et al. 2010:24).
Fornander also states that KapaliluaKapalilua was given toto NapunanahunuiNapunanahunui-a-Umi,-a-Umi, daughterdaughter ofof Umi,Umi, and and thatthat thesethese lands were held held by by her her descendants descendants until until the the arrival arrival of ofKamehameha Kamehameha I (1885:300). I (1885:300). KamehamehaKamehameha's’s love of 'ahi‘ahi fishing apparentlyapparently brought himhim toto thethe Kapalilua Kapalilua area.area. AccordingAccording to Kamakau,Kamakau, "If“If wordword waswas broughtbrought thatthat 'ahi‘ahi were plentiful at KalaeKalae [South Point], offoff wentwent the chief [Kamehameha] to the 'ahi ‘ahi fishing, andand he fished fished also also at at Kaulana, Kaulana, Ka'iliki, Ka‘iliki, Pohue, Na-pu'u-o-Pele, Na-pu‘u-o-Pele, Kapalilua,Kapalilua, and and atat other places along the coast"coast” (Kamakau(Kamakau 1961:203). DuringDuring the latelate prehistoric/earlyprehistoric/early historic historic period, period, Kapalilua Kapalilua was controlled by by Keawe-a-Heulu, Keawe-a-Heulu, “his"his estatesestates were were the the lands lands of of Kapalilua, Kapalilua, Kaawaloa Kaawaloa and and Kealakekua" Kealakekua” ((ibid.310).ibid.310).
Kamakau reportsreports that thethe landslands ofof KapaliluaKapalilua were givengiven to aa displaceddisplaced MauiMaui chief,chief, Keawe-a-heulu,Keawe-a-heulu, for his assistance to Ka-lani-'opu'uKa-lani-‘opu‘u during battles withwith Ka-hekiliKa-hekili betweenbetween 17771777 andand 17791779 (1961:310).(1961:310). DuringDuring this period, "...Ka-lani-'opu'u“…Ka-lani-‘opu‘u returnedreturned to HawaiiHawaii to see CaptianCaptian Cook,Cook, called Lono, allall thethe chiefschiefs returnedreturned with him to Hawaii, Hawaii, and Ke'e-au-moku Ke‘e-au-moku alsoalso leftleft Hana to live live at at Honokua Honokua in in Kapalilua, Kapalilua, and later later moved moved westward withwith hishis wife and children to HonomalinoHonomalino andand Miloli'i"Miloli‘i” ((ibid.:385).ibid.:385).
In 1782,1782, KauKau chiefschiefs bearing bearing thethe corpse of Ka-lani-'opu'uKa-lani-‘opu‘u changed their plansplans toto burybury himhim inin KailuaKailua when they reachedreached KapaliluaKapalilua and learned thatthat Kamehameha Kamehameha had had arrived arrived at at Ke'ei Ke‘ei (I'i (I‘i 1959:13).1959:13). I'iI‘i traveled toto KauKau in 1843 to solve solve a dispute dispute between between Catholics Catholics and Protestants on behalf behalf of the the government. government. He He was was assisted byby residentsresidents of of Kapalilua Kapalilua onon hishis triptrip from from Kahuku Kahuku toto Kainaliu Kainaliu (1959:169). In 1853, I'i,I‘i, traveling with Chiefess VictoriaVictoria Kamamalu Kamamalu stopped stopped at at Pāpā Papa inin KapaliluaKapalilua where where they they learned learned ofof thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof a smallsmall pox epidemicepidemic “about"about 10 ahupua‘aahupua'a awayaway fromfrom Papa"Pāpā” (I'i(I‘i 1959:171).
In thethe 1840s, a political actact of the HawaiianHawaiian Kingdom government government would would change change forever forever the the landland tenuretenure system in Hawai'i Hawai`i and have have far-reaching far-reaching effects. The historic historic land transformation transformation process was an evolution ofof concepts brought about by by fear, fear, growing growing concerns concerns of takeovers, takeovers, and western western influence influence regarding land possession. King King Kamehameha III, inin hishis midmid-thirties,-thirties, waswas persuadedpersuaded by his kuhina nui and other advisorsadvisors to take a coursecourse thatthat wouldwould assureassure personalpersonal rightsrights toto land.land. AllAll lands were segregated into one of three categoriescategories includingincluding the "Crown“Crown Lands”Lands" ownedowned byby thethe occupantoccupant ofof thethe throne, "Government“Government Lands”Lands" controlledcontrolled byby thethe state,state, and "Konohiki“Konohiki Lands”Lands" controlledcontrolled byby the the chiefschiefs andand “w"wereere all subjectsubject toto the rights ofof nativenative tenants”tenants" (Chinen(Chinen 1958:29).1958:29). TheThe Kuleana Act ofof 18501850 allowedallowed forfor feefee simplesimple landland ownershipownership by commoners. In 1846 he appointed appointed a a Board Board of of Commissioners, Commissioners, commonly commonly known as the the Land Land Commissioners, toto “confirm"confirm or reject allall claims toto land arising previously toto thethe 10th day of December,December, ADAD 1845."1845.” Notices were frequently posted in in The Polynesian (Moffat and Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick 1995).1995). However, the legislature diddid not acknowledge acknowledge this act act until until June June 7, 7, 1848 1848 (Chinen (Chinen 1958:16; 1958:16; Moffat Moffat and and Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick 1995:48-49),1995:48-49), known todaytoday as The Great MaheleMahele.. In 1850,1850, thethe Kingdom governmentgovernment passed lawslaws allowingallowing foreigners to purchase feefee simplesimple landslands (Speakman(Speakman 2001:91).
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During the Mahele,Māhele, only one Land Commission Award was awarded within Papa.Pāpā. LandLand CommissionCommission Award (LCA) 89528952 waswas awardedawarded toto Keawehiku (see Figure 77).). The Waihona ‘Aina'Aina (2000) MaheleMāhele Database; which is a a compilation compilation of of data data from from the the Indices Indices of of Awards Awards (Indices (Indices 1929), 1929), Native Native Register Register (NR (NR n.d.), n.d.), Native Native Testimony (NT n.dn.d.),.), Foreign Register (FR(FR n.d.) n.d.) andand ForeignForeign TestimonyTestimony (FT(FT n.d.) n.d.) provides provides information information on the LCA.LCA.
LCA 8952 8952 is is located located along along the the boundary boundary ofof PP5p5āpā 1 1 and and 2, 2, approximately approximately 2,100 2,100 meters meters inland inland ofof thethe projectproject area.area. According toto the claim testimony, Keawehiku claiclaimedmed aa lotlot with sweetsweet potatoes,potatoes, tarotaro andand bananas.bananas. The following Native RegisterRegister (540v8) testimony dateddated JanuaryJanuary 26, 1848 was provided by Keawehiku:
Greetings to the LandLand Commissioners: II hereby describe mymy house lot,lot, as follows: On the north, 7878 feet,feet, onon thethe east,east, 4848 feet, onon thethe south,south, 7272 feet,feet, onon thethe westwest 5454 feet,feet, PapaPapa is the ahupua'a.ahupua‘a. Kaluna isis thethe KonohikiKonohiki fromfrom whomwhom I receivedreceived my ili whichwhich isis namednamed Makakiloia. I cultivate 1 kihapai of taro, 4 of sweet potato andand 11 of bananas.bananas.
Groza etet al.al. (2010)(2010) summasummarizerize information information collectedcollected byby MalyMaly andand MalyMaly (2002)(2002) fromfrom a culturalcultural study they conducted in KapaliluaKapalilua lands. TheThe historichistoric primaryprimary residences werewere clusteredclustered alongalong thethe coast oror inland, adjacent to the highwayhighway (2002:119).(2002:119). Gardens associated withwith the inland residencesresidences werewere present near the highway with more extensively cultivated fields located further inland.inland. OneOne crop cultivated in these inland fields between the 1870s 1870s and 1920 was the narcotic narcotic drink 'awa‘awa (Piper(Piper methysticum). methysticum). The residential gardens werewere oftenoften walled to prevent grazinggrazing cattle from damagingdamaging the crops.
Historic travel through this area was viavia oneone ofof twotwo alaloa (road).(road). One roadroad followedfollowed the coastline and the other, known asas Keala'ehuKeala‘ehu (the(the path of 'Ehu),‘Ehu), was in the vicinity ofof today'stoday’s MamalahoaMamalahoa HighwayHighway (Maly and Maly 2004:37). According toto Maly and Maly, the Keala'ehuKeala‘ehu Trail “was"was modifiedmodified by the 1850s, with improvements continuingcontinuing untiluntil the makai route waswas all but abandonedabandoned byby thethe 1860s1860s (2004:37).
Figure 8 is Wall’sWall's 1901 Hawaii Territory SurveySurvey boundary study map.map. ThisThis map indicates that P5p5Pāpā 2 was conveyed toto J.M. Monsarrat in 18941894 asas Grant 3723. This grant canceled aa previouslypreviously awardedawarded grantgrant toto Kalama KaopuaKaopua (Grant (Grant 3397). 3397). This This map map shows shows that that the the northnorth and south boundariesboundaries of PapaPāpā 2 are marked along the government road.road. TheThe boundary betweenbetween PapaPāpā 1 and 2 is denoted by a “rock"rock marked papa 1 on stone wall”wall" andand the boundaryboundary betweenbetween Papa Pāpā 22 and Anapuka is markedmarked byby anan “ahu”."ahu".
Kinney (1913)(1913) describesdescribes the the coastalcoastal habitations habitations in in thethe vicinityvicinity of the project project area. area. These These include the villages ofof Ho‘opuloaHo'opuloa andand Miloli‘iMiloli'i located to the the south south of of the the project project area area and and smaller smaller fishing fishing villages, villages, including oneone inin Papa:Pāpā:
There a few, very small fishing villages, Alae, Alika andand Papa,Papa, which which aarere reachedreached byby poorpoor trails from the the mauka mauka road. road. It is is necessary necessary toto traveltravel from Hookena maukamauka toto thethe mainmain roadroad toto Papa, andand thencethence byby eithereither road or trail toto Hoopuloa,Hoopuloa, thethe last last steamshipsteamship landinglanding inin Kona.Kona. This is another village whichwhich isis dwindling in population, population, only a a few few Hawaiians Hawaiians and a couple of Chinese storekeepersstorekeepers remaining. remaining. A A fair fair roadroad leadsleads acrossacross a abarren barren a a-a-a flow flow toto Miloli‘iMiloli`i,, the largest and best specimen of anan exclusivelyexclusively HawaiianHawaiian villagevillage onon thethe Island, which isis seldomseldom visited. It is splendidly situatedsituated byby aa sand beach, thethe sea comingcoming rightright upup toto the yard wall, and is inhabited inhabited by a a rather rather large large population population of of Hawaiians, Hawaiians, who prosper prosper through the fishing fishing which is almost phenomenally good (1913:65).
The current Miloli'iMiloli‘i Road Road existedexisted asas early as 1914 asas ddepictedepicted inin Wall’sWall's Hawaii Territory Survey mapmap ofof the area ((FigureFigure 99).). This road extended between the Mamalahoa Mamalahoa Highway Highway (referenced as the Government Government Main Road onon the Wall map) seaward toto the coast, then turning to the the south, south, providing providing access access toto the villagesvillages ofof Ho‘opuloaHo'opuloa andand Miloli‘i.Miloli'i.
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Figure 99.1914. 1914 HawaiiHawai‘i Territory Territory Survey Survey Map Map of of Okoe, Okoe, Honomalino Honomalino and and Kipahoehoe Kipahoehoe GovernmentGovernment TractsTracts
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The village ofof Ho‘opuloaHo'opuloa waswas destroyeddestroyed by a 19261926 lavalava flowflow from Mauna Loa.Loa. Apple (1987) describesdescribes the destruction:
At about 0300 H.s.t. April 18, 18, the the flowflow roderode overover thethe stone wallswalls behind the villagevillage and started burningburning outhouses.outhouses. PigsPigs heard squealing in a pen were released.released. DestructionDestruction of the villagevillage waswas gradualgradual andand complete. As soonsoon asas lava beganbegan falling into into thethe sea,sea, steam shot up in jets. Hundreds ofof deaddead fishfish floatedfloated alongalong the the edge edge ofof the the turbulentturbulent waterwater thatthat spread outout fromfrom thethe contactcontact area area of of hot hot rock rock and and cold cold ocean. ocean. Hawaiians Hawaiians from from Miloli'i Miloli‘i came in their canoes and gatheredgathered thethe dead dead fish fish for for salting salting andand preserving preserving (Apple(Apple 1987 cited in Groza et al. 2010:32).
Handy andand Handy (1972)(1972) describe describe traditionaltraditional agricultureagriculture inin SouthSouth KonaKona based based onon historichistoric documentarydocumentary research and informantinformant interviewsinterviews inin the 1920s1920s toto 1940s1940s asas follows:follows:
…South...South KonaKona was was planted planted inin zoneszones determineddetermined by rainfall andand moisture.moisture. Near thethe dry seacoast potatoes werewere growngrown inin quantity,quantity, and coconutscoconuts where sand oror soilsoil among the lava nearnear the shore favoredfavored theirtheir growth.growth. UpUp to 1,0001,000 feet grewgrew smallsmall bananas whichwhich
rarely fruited,fruited, andand poor cane; from from 1,000 1,000 to to 3,000 3,000 feet, feet, they they prospered prospered increasingly. increasingly. From approximatelyapproximately 1,0001,000 toto 2,0002,000 feet,feet, breadfruitbreadfruit flourished.
Taro was planted dry from an altitude altitude of of 1,000 1,000 to to approximately approximately 3,000 3,000 feet. feet. An An old old method of planting taro in in Kona, Kona, described asas Lakalo atat Ho‘okena,Ho'okena, waswas toto plant the cuttings in the lower, warmer zone where they would would start to to grow grow quickly quickly and then transplant them toto thethe higherhigher forestforest zonezone wherewhere thethe soilsoil was rich and deep and where moisture was ample for their second period of growth, in which theirtheir corms areare said to have developed to an average of 25 pounds each.
At an altitude of about 2,3002,300 feet inin KealiaKealia therethere was in 1931 an old-styleold-style upland taro plantation corresponding exactlyexactly to to descriptionsdescriptions by by thethe early voyagers, voyagers, with the flourishing taro taro plantedplanted inin twostwos andand threesthrees in holes in even lines, spacedspaced aboutabout 4 feet apart, the surfacesurface coveredcovered with a mulch of drieddried ama‘uama'u fern. The bordersborders ofof thethe patches were marked by zones of rock thrownthrown upup throughthrough thethe field, onon top of and along the sides of which werewere clumps ofof nativenative sugarsugar cane.cane. HawaiianHawaiian bananas bananas wherewhere plantedplanted herehere and there betweenbetween the the taro taro fields fields (1972:524-525).(1972:524-525).
Handy andand HandyHandy alsoalso ind indicateicate that that therethere were two methodsmethods ofof drydry tarotaro cultivation. cultivation. TheThe firstfirst is pu'epu'e,pu‘epu‘e, which entailsentails plantingplanting tarotaro in stone mounds in areas with little or nono soilsoil (1972:525). OnceOnce thethe taro was planted in the mounds,mounds, itit waswas coveredcovered withwith importedimported soil.soil. TheThe second is kanu pa‘elipa'eli,, a method utilizedutilized inin areas that diddid containcontain soil.soil. Holes to plant the soilsoil were dug in the soil,soil, then werewere coveredcovered withwith soilsoil and rocks.
Figure 10 is aa portionportion of the 19251925 USGSUSGS Miloli‘i Miloli'i quadrangle quadrangle showing showing the the project project area.area. This mapmap depictsdepicts thethe MiloliMiloli'i‘i Road Road extending extending seaward seaward through through the the area area andand turningturning toto thethe south near thethe shoreline.shoreline. AA trail or road extends from the northnorth wherewhere thethe Miloli'i Miloli‘i RoadRoad turns. This trail/roadtrail/road extendsextends throughthrough tthehe projectproject area intointo AlikaAlika Ahupua‘a.Ahupua'a. AA stone stone wallwall extends extends along along the the northernnorthern boundaryboundary of thethe project area, roughlyroughly following thethe landland divisiondivision between between PāpāPapa 1 and 2.
The project area isis locatedlocated justjust north north of of the the Miloli'i Miloli‘i Beach Beach Lots Lots subdivision.subdivision. This subdivision waswas createdcreated in 1960 by a group ofof investorsinvestors whowho purchasedpurchased 423423 acresacres inin SouthSouth Kona Kona forfor $137,000$137,000 (Cooper(Cooper and DawesDawes 1985:270-271).1985:270-271). ThThee developmentdevelopment abutted the the Hawaiian Hawaiian villagevillage of Miloli‘iMiloli'i,, which which at at that that timetime waswas homehome to
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Figure 1010.. Portion of 1925 USESUSGS Milolii QuadrangleQuadrangle showingshowing project area HaunHAUN && AssociatesASSOCIATES |1 14
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60 to 7070 individuals.individuals. Initially, thethe marketing of the Miloli'iMiloli‘i Beach Lots subdivisionsubdivision waswas toto retired militarymilitary officers withwith aa beachbeach clubclub andand aa 6060 acracree park.park. TheThe present present projectproject areaarea is locatedlocated in thethe proposed 60-acre60-acre park area. Within months,months, 30% ofof thethe lots had been soldsold andand aa communitycommunity associationassociation waswas establishedestablished and run byby active duty militarymilitary officers.
Figure 11 is aa portion of the 19621962 USGSUSGS Miloli‘iMiloli'i quadrangle. quadrangle. ThisThis map map indicates indicates that that the subdivision roads had been constructed byby thisthis time;time; however,however, by the mid-1980smid-1980s only 1515-20-20 houseshouses hadhad beenbeen constructed inin the subdivision.subdivision. The beachbeach clubclub andand parkpark werewere nevernever constructed.constructed. Figure 12 is anan aeriaaeriall viewview ofof thethe projectproject area vicinityvicinity taken on JanuaryJanuary 17,17, 19651965 byby thethe U.S.U.S. Geological SurveySurvey andand obtainedobtained from the UniversityUniversity of Hawaii atat Manoa online library ((http://magis.manoa.hawaii.eduhttp://magis.manoa.hawaii.edu). This mapmap depicts the subdivision, subdivision, the Miloli‘iMiloli'i Road Road and and two two north north-south-south oriented oriented roadsroads oror trailstrails toto thethe north of the project area. ItIt also indicates that thethe proposedproposed park park area,area, including including most of the project area hadhad beenbeen bulldozedbulldozed byby this time.
The subdivision isis accessedaccessed byby thethe MiloliMiloli'i‘i RoadRoad that that ororiginatesiginates along thethe seaward sideside ofof thethe Ma Mamalahoa malahoa Highway andand extendsextends toto the coastline. coastline. According According toto Groza et al., Miloli'iMiloli‘i RoadRoad waswas pavedpaved in the 1960s 1960s during thethe filming filming ofof "Girls,“Girls, Girls,Girls, Girls",Girls”, an Elvis PresleyPresley film shot in Miloli'iMiloli‘i Village (2010:36).(2010:36).
PrPreviousevious Archaeological Work
A searchsearch ofof thethe DLNR archives archives indicates indicates that that 15 15 archaeological archaeological studies studies have have been been conductedconducted in thethe general vicinity of of the the projectproject area.area. The locationlocation ofof these these studiesstudies areare presented inin Figure 1313.. Not included in ththisis figure are thethe general general studies studies by by Thrum Thrum (1907) (1907) and and Stokes Stokes (reported (reported in in Stokes Stokes and and Dye Dye 1991) 1991) whichwhich focused on majormajor sitessites throughoutthroughout HawaiiHawaii Island,Island, and surveyssurveys along the westwest coastcoast ofof Hawai'iHawai‘i byby BakerBaker (1921) andand Reinecke (1930).(1930). NoNo sitessites werewere noted by Thrum or Stokes in PapaPāpā Ahupua'a,Ahupua‘a, althoughalthough BakerBaker (1921) noted heiau near the villagevillage of Miloli'iMiloli‘i and a holua slide located to thethe south.south. According According to Baker,Baker, "...slight“…slight remainsremains ofof aa heiauheiau just back ofof thethe north endend ofof thethe villagevillage of Miloli'iMiloli‘i maymay bebe seen,seen, and a couple of kuulaskuulas (fish heiau)heiau) areare passedpassed enroute, byby the trail,trail, oror oneone may may comfortablycomfortably visitvisit the slideslide byby Canoe"Canoe” (1921:80). RReineckeeinecke (1930) (1930) identified identified one one site site (Site (Site 61) 61) inland inland of of Pāpā Papa Bay Bay that that hehe interpretedinterpreted as a possible heiau. This sitesite is discussed in more detaildetail inin thethe following following PreviousPrevious ArchaeologicalArchaeological Work in the Project Area section.
The majority ofof thethe modern investigations in the project areaarea vicinity vicinity are summarized inin Table 11.. Excluded from this table isis aa studystudy byby RobinsRobins et al.al. (1994)(1994) that waswas notnot availableavailable forfor reviewreview andand aa HibbardHibbard (1993)(1993) project that is is discussed discussed in more more detail detail in in the the following following section. section. The The Robins Robins et al. al. (1994) (1994) project is summarized in Grozer etet al. (2010:38) and consisted of an approximately 1,250-acre1,250-acre portion ofof Kapu'aKapu‘a inin which 108 sites sites including including heiau, temporary and permanent permanent habitations, habitations, a a burial, burial, and and complexes complexes of of agricultural featuresfeatures and historic ranching featuresfeatures were identified.identified.
The remaining projectsprojects examinedexamined moremore than 7,060 acres at elevationselevations rangingranging from the shorelineshoreline inlandinland to approximatelyapproximately 2,800 ft elevation. These projects identifiedidentified 315 sites withwith nearly 900 features. ToTo aidaid inin reconstructing settlementsettlement patterns,patterns, featuresfeatures werewere quantified byby proprobablebable ageage and function, andand the studies are ordered ordered by by elevation. elevation. Traditional Traditional Hawaiian Hawaiian features were were categorized categorized as as habitation, habitation, agricultural, burial (including possiblepossible burials),burials), ritualritual,, refugerefuge,, ahu and trails. trails. Features not assignable assignable to these categories categories were were categorized categorized as as miscellaneous/indeterminate. miscellaneous/indeterminate. HabitationHabitation sitessites are further further subdivided into temporary and permanent forfor studiesstudies makingmaking this distinction.
Density valuesvalues areare givengiven forfor sites,sites, features,features, and habitation and agricultural agricultural features. The studies have have identified 365365 habitationhabitation features,features, 376 agricultural features,features, 3939 burials, 1414 refuge featuresfeatures,, 1616 ritual ritual features.,features., 2525 trailstrails and 82 ahu. The historichistoric featuresfeatures werewere not segregated by function; although the
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Figure 1111.. Portion of 1962 USGS Miloli‘i MiloIii QuadrangleQuadrangle showing project area
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Figure 1212.. Portion of 1965 aerial photograph of project area vicinity
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Jfk 4ao Oro 90C 1003 ]3C5 I4iC0 101IA 14C3 nal 21te 2,400 2630 Lg 3075 40e 1.2(9 Contr..' 44 lerval= 2313 lcul ; : .. H 'owe!!! Sell hood SFhuffler (2012) 45 6.-- A n ,,,,,,ft,, Alika Da. ', ,- ' AA. I .4A , ' , 1 ...- O 2000n ?-- - -- ,•-1 --c -) A) is- . y 1 '' 4- ' , . ,.. Project Area ) ) 1 ., Schiller etal. 'Ron) Papa I Haun and 41-1V '-,Heriry (2013) Hibbard (1993)-4E . 1-----,--i i r : k ,-1-•••-r1 1 1 - ,. -F- ,----- i •• .,,*1 le + i tr, _ f. i. - I ...-- _ _ , - 4-- - i-, Makahlki Pont ,14, i
1 ,....— . ) n; \ ,.. _ -,, _ 4 _) ••• ill ii i- 7.. - .... \ ,•„, C.. . -,- — - — -. — _ -, _ _ ',. 1- ., I H cro li unto...f- i,_ L sl I ,_ _.'1_ ‘,_ ? -• — 4.- — 1- — —1 — —'1 1_ & . _ - _ _. _ T_ Ei— ' — MlizI14 Da, , 1, ri An, 0, — —16 •••- 1. ppiu •-•••- i* r ? • ---7,- - L...-,L--- %,.. t _. Orpfllaak,ay : ' 1 1_,,,,,,------ I , s.- i \ _ )._, r: ' AA T 1 ,-- ' taci -.' i; 1 i ..._.__,-- t -- "7-- ,,__ • .cl,k,i ALI c !--- r-- ---3— -4- '-- - T _::'- 110:: BarTera (29951-- — -4- - -__- '.------ . - 1::_ ' < 4, — — T — 146noryk:-Pr. Imv ', -.4 -- , _ ,,..._ _ t 1-1 ow o NIP, 0 ,4 0 t_ _ 4- . _ _ 2-__ _ - - -41 -- ':. - - '1-- L. • I - A — ---., — — , ( I , I \ ...!,; ____-- *k."-- _.- Rechtman (200()) -- - - ''-- ' -. t- t --\ ---- e 1. ti ie .'-". f -1 ...e hetmlirlaFhttht 1 i 7, --- - ,,,-- — ..^' - - I- - ii, -4- --7, - 1 t, + HOnorieitt, Pain I ___ 4,- • -11-1 Uwe bay ..--',. •
Hammitt 11984 - Soehren (1988), ''**- - - I •,- s Barrera (19891 Esau ray , • , " • ,
11.44,1-4,- a Key — — • • .-- • 7 Kaupe. Hay ks- \ -
'.. ' ,..,. , .. Ka,,In he R.y - ,._ \,— — - \- ., -1. ----, ..,_ \._ r ,. - t . ,•- ,• , _ \c__ _ __, _ , ii . • / _, ',.,...-- ,• _ .--- z 1 A P k; '1%'' -. z ' k 1- . • ,, / 3./— / ,--• i , .. 7-•• --„, .Z.- , „,• ,..„ 4 \ . ' , -,,,- i'. 4 / • .//. i.-, z ..5 -s:1 - " • ..,' (2, • / ..--"I - / :.,-. 4-6'?"- / ...8.,,s •••fc; '" '4.7••,'"•a-4. ...,, ' - -, _ _,,,, .t-• ii- - t, - / •-, /- \ V ,,, MANIJKA. i5 ..--•. 1,,.-,...,„, i I '7 ../-/- •k-'• 4,.." Rosendahl (2(1i)61 '--•-' Groza et al. (2010)
Rosendahl (1983,1984l, — South Kona Watershed Ra~irs et I. (199,11 Haun and Walker (1983) — — — irrigati,onSyLtum
Figure 1313.. Previous archaeological workwork
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Table 11.. Summary of previous archaeological workwork
w
Burial/Bunal/ 00
Sites Habitation Agricultural -
Study Elevation No. of No of Features Habitation Permanent Temporary Agricultural possible Misc. // Historic 8 Author Ahupua‘aAhupua'a Acreage per features features Refuge Ritual Trails Ahu 00 type* (ft) sites features per acre features features habitations habitations features burial Indeter.Indeter. features -
acres per acre per acre 1 4 1 : 9 0 0 features O O Rosendahl (.0 (1983, 1984), Kapu‘aKapu'a RN 10-1100 6700 286 0.04 792 0.12 347 0.05 278 331 0.05 14 16 39 25 82 90 7 Haun and Walker
(1988)
Hammatt
Hammatt (1980), Soehren Kapu‘aKapu'a RN 20 0.25 1 4.00 2 8.00 2 (1988), Barerra (1989)
Barrera Honomalino AIS 100 0.18 1 5.56 2 11.11 1 5.56 1 (1995)
Papa 1-2, Anapuka,Ana puka, Rosendahl Ho‘opuloa,Ho'opuloa, (2006),(2006) , Miloli‘i,Milol i'i, AIS 1080-2800 212 15 0.07 46 0.22 3 0.01 2 1 15 0.07 28 Grozer et Omoka‘a,Omoka'a, Kalihi, al. (2010) Honomalino, Kapu‘aKa pu'a 0 6 9 . o N t r o p e R Haun & Associates & | Haun Scheffler PapaPapa 1-2 AIS/SPP 2340-2320 1.75 1 0.57 1 0.57 1 (2012) C Scheffler et PapaPapa 1-2 AIS 2400-2600 122 3 0.02 5 0.04 5 al. (2012) Q3 Haun and Henry PapaPapa 2 AIS 1280-1385 25.62 7 0.27 47 1.83 14 0.55 14 30 1.17 3 cn (2013) Rechtman Kapu‘aKapu'a AIS 1200 0.03 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 0 (2000) C) r r r r Total/average 7061.83 315 5.48 896 6.90 365 1.54 16 279 376 0.43 14 16 39 25 82 90 48 -
* - RN = Reconnaissance Survey , AIS - Archaeological Inventory Survey, Reconnaissance 102
111
U) 6 15
19
CO
TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 A. 4 1 Report Nc' No.960 0 g0-102- 10286 15 majority ofof thesethese are historic ranch walls. OverallOverall feature feature densitydensity valuesvalues rangerange fromfrom 0.040.04 toto 33.3333.33 featuresfeatures per acre with an average of 6.96.9 featuresfeatures per acre.
One of the first modern archaeologicalarchaeological investigations inin thethe area was a reconnaissance survey of a 0.25-0.25- acre parcel located inin coastalcoastal Kapu'aKapu‘a conductedconducted byby HammattHammatt inin 1980.1980. ThisThis survey identified a paved coral surface surrounded byby a stonestone wall.wall. Soehren (1988) and Barrera (1989) coconductednducted additional work atat the site. Soehren's Soehren’s (1988) (1988) work correlated the the parcel parcel to to LCA LCA 10527:1,10527:1, indicatingindicating thatthat itit had been occupied occupied prior to the Mahele. Barrera (1989) excavatedexcavated aa testtest unit in the pavement andand extensivelyextensively photographed the site.site. AA varietyvariety ofof middenmidden andand historichistoric artifactsartifacts werewere recoveredrecovered from the excavation.
Between 1982 and 1988, 1988, Paul Paul H. H. Rosendahl, Rosendahl, Ph.D. Ph.D. Inc. Inc. (PHRI) (PHRI) conductedconducted a series series of of archaeological archaeological investigations ofof thethe 6,700—acre6,700–acre Farms Farms of of Kapu‘a Kapu'a project. project. This This parcel parcel extended extended across across the the widthwidth ofof the Kapu‘aKapu'a Ahupua‘aAhupua'a fromfrom thethe coastcoast to 1,100 ft elevation. A reconnaissancereconnaissance ofof thethe area was conducted by Rosendahl (1983),(1983), withwith aa subsequentsubsequent addendum studystudy undertakenundertaken thethe following following yearyear (Rosendahl(Rosendahl 1984).1984). TheThe survey coveredcovered 100100%% of of the the coastalcoastal zonezone andand a 15% sample ofof the inland portion, intended to examine areas of variablevariable environment andand topography.topography. Forty-sixForty-six sites were identified during this project .
In 19871987 andand 19881988 HaunHaun andand WalkerWalker (1988)(1988) conducted conducted aa momorere intensive study of the Farms of Kapu‘aKapu'a area,area, utilizing aerial aerial surveyssurveys and and moremore extensiveextensive ground survey. An additionaladditional 251251 sitessites were identified during this study. study. TheThe combined projects conducted conducted by by Rosendahl Rosendahl (1983, (1983, 1984) 1984) and Haun Haun and and Walker Walker (1988) (1988) identidentifiedified aa totaltotal of 297297 sitessites withwith 951951 componentcomponent features.features. The The 951951 featuresfeatures consistedconsisted ofof 331331 agriculturalagricultural features, 278278 temporary habitations, 69 habitations, 14 14 refugerefuge features,features, 16 16 religiousreligious features, 3939 burialsburials or possible burials, 2525 trails,trails, 8282 cairns,cairns, 5 599 quarries, quarries, 66 livestock livestock control control features, features, 23 23 indeterminate indeterminate featuresfeatures and 9 miscellaneous features comprised of tool preparation (2, recreation (1),(1), water sourcesource (4),(4), rock art (1) andand storage (1). The majoritymajority ofof thethe features are pre-contactpre-contact inin origin,origin, althoughalthough thethe livestocklivestock control and storage featuresfeatures areare historic. historic. TestingTesting atat anan inlandinland cavecave sitesite yieldedyielded charcoalcharcoal andand volcanicvolcanic glass that was dated between AD AD 800 to 1,100.
In 1995,1995, BarreraBarrera (1995)(1995) conductedconducted anan inventory survey ofof aa 0.18 acre parcel in HonomalinoHonomalino Ahupua‘aAhupua'a at approximately 100100 ftft elevation. The surveysurvey identifiedidentified oneone sitesite with two features consistingconsisting of a middenmidden deposit (Feature A) andand a stone wall (Feature B). TheThe midden midden deposit deposit waswas interpretedinterpreted asas a pre-contactpre-contact habitation loci and the wallwall as a portionportion ofof anan historichistoric LCA LCA enclosure.enclosure.
In 2005, PHRI undertook undertook anan archaeologicalarchaeological assessment assessment surveysurvey and and cultuculturalral impactimpact assessmentassessment ofof the c. 15,00015,000-acre-acre South Kona WatershedWatershed Irrigation SystemSystem ProjectProject ((RosendahlRosendahl 2006).2006). This areaarea extends from PāpāPapa 1 in the northnorth toto Kapu'aKapu‘a in the southsouth andand variedvaried inin elevationelevation fromfrom 800800 to 3,0003,000 ft.ft. TheThe 15,000-acres15,000-acres were sample surveyed usingusing aa seriesseries ofof fourteen 100 ft wide wide water pipeline pipeline transects that extended extended through the the area. area. The The survey survey identified identified eight eight sites sites with with 22 22 features features including including livestocklivestock control control walls, walls, permanent habitations, a road and and agricultural agricultural features. According toto Rosendahl,Rosendahl, the the areaarea hashas been, "extensively“extensively modifiedmodified and and developeddeveloped duringduring historichistoric times,times, asas evidenced byby the extensive extensive current current agricultural use of tthehe land and thethe findingsfindings of the archaeologicalarchaeological assessment field field work"work” (2006:ii).(2006:ii).
The South South Kona Kona Watershed Watershed Irrigation SystemSystem projectproject areaarea was subsequently subsequently subjectedsubjected toto an an archaeological inventoryinventory surveysurvey byby CSHCSH in in 2008 2008 (Groza(Groza et et alal.. 2010). ThisThis projectproject includedincluded thethe same transect corridors corridors previously previously examinedexamined byby Rosendahl (2006)(2006) andand additionaladditional sectionssections ofof the proposed proposed irrigation waterwater distribution systemsystem,, totalingtotaling approximately 212212 acresacres.. ThisThis surveysurvey documenteddocumented thethe 8 previously identiidentifiedfied sites sites andand 77 newlynewly identifiedidentified sitessites withwith 2244 features.features. The featuresfeatures consisted of 28 historic andand 18 prepre-contact/early-contact/early post contact features. TheThe historic features consistconsist of four sectionssections of the Old Old Mamalahoa Mamalahoa Road andand 24 24 historic historic livestock livestock control control walls. walls. The remainderremainder are comprised comprised of 15
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TMT M KK:(3)8-8-(1(10•1 : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 9 : 1 4A" 1 Report NoNo.960 960-1026"- 1026 15 agricultural features,features, oneone temporary temporary habitation habitation and two two permanent permanent habitation habitation features. features. ThreeThree non- non- cultural lava tubestubes and a cave were also identified.
Rechtman (2000) undertookundertook aann inventory survey of a small (40 ft by 40 ft) area for a cellcell tower inin Kapu'aKapu‘a Ahupua'aAhupua‘a at approximately 1,200 ft elevation. The parcelparcel waswas locatedlocated in anan activeactive macadamiamacadamia nutnut orchard. No sitessites werewere present in the parcelparcel although anan historichistoric stone wall situated on the boundaryboundary between Kapu‘aKapu'a andand Okoe Ahupua‘aAhupua'a waswas noted.noted.
In 2012,2012, SchefflerScheffler et et al.al. (2012(2012)) conducted conducted anan inventoryinventory surveysurvey ofof 122122 acresacres inin PāpāPapa 11 andand 2 at elevations ranging fromfrom approximatelyapproximately 2,3902,390 toto 2,640 ft. ThisThis survey identified an historic ranch wall,wall, a complexcomplex of three historichistoric agricultural featuresfeatures and anan historichistoric enclosure interpreted asas aa possible possible campcamp oror agriculturalagricultural exclosure.
SchefflerScheffler (2012)(2012) alsoalso documenteddocumented an historichistoric ahupua'aahupua‘a boundary wall (Site 28991)28991) locatedlocated onon the landland division betweenbetween PāpāPapa 11 and 2 2 at at approximately approximately 2,250 to 2,420 2,420 ft. ft. This This project project also also included included a preservation plan for the wall. A seawardseaward portionportion of thisthis wallwall wwasas identified identified during during the the presentpresent project.
Haun & AssociatesAssociates conducted conducted an inventory survey of a 25.62 acre parcel in PapaPāpā 2 (Haun and Henry 2013). The parcel is located on the southsouth side side of of Miloli'iMiloli‘i Road at elevations ranging from approximately 1,280 ft to 1,3851,385 ft.ft. ArchaeologicalArchaeological Consultants ofof the Pacific, Inc.Inc. (ACP)(ACP) had had conducted conducted a a surveysurvey ofof thethe same parcel inin 20122012;; howeverhowever the the workwork waswas nevernever reportedreported becausebecause ofof thethe death of the firm's firm’s owner owner and and principal archaeologist,archaeologist, JosephJoseph Kennedy.Kennedy. The The survey survey identified identified five five single single feature feature sitessites andand two site complexes. TheThe featurefeature functions consists of prepre-contact-contact agriculture (n=30) andand permanent habitation habitation (14) andand historic livestock control (3).
Previous Archaeological WorkWork in Project Area
The general area inin which which thethe project project area area is is located located was was examined examined in in1971 1971 by by DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD during the Statewide Inventory of Historic Places Survey.Survey. This This project project documented documented aa complexcomplex ofof habitationhabitation and burial features designateddesignated as as the the P5p5 Pāpā Bay Bay Complex Complex (State(State InventoryInventory ofof HistoricHistoric Places numnumberber 50-10-65-4185).50-10-65-4185). The history of thethe documentation of of thisthis sitesite isis describeddescribed byby HibbardHibbard asas follows:follows:
Within thisthis defined complex, thethe highest concentration and diversity ofof featuresfeatures are located immediatelyimmediately behind behind the the beachbeach ofof Papa Bay inin thethe ahupuaahupua'a‘a of Papa Papa 1.1. TheThe earliest archaeological descriptiondescription ofof sitessites atat Papa Papa Bay Bay was was by by John John Reinecke Reinecke who who conducted a seriesseries ofof surveyssurveys along portions of the KonaKona coast in 1929 andand 1930 for thethe Bishop MuseumMuseum.. TheThe briefbrief descriptiondescription ofof whawhatt Reinecke labeledlabeled SiteSite 6161 was later summarized by Emory inin 19701970 whenwhen the Bishop Museum compiled an inventory of sites along the Kona Kona Coast for Hawaii Hawaii County. TheThe featuresfeatures described essentially essentially clustered around the five five "modern" "modern" house house platforms platforms that constituted constituted the then then recently recently abandoned settlementsettlement atat Papa. Papa. These These featuresfeatures included included variousvarious walledwalled enclosures,enclosures, an enclosed well, steppingstepping stonestone trails and grave sites. Reinecke speculatedspeculated thatthat a large large structure 64 by 96 ft (20 by 3030 m)m) couldcould havehave been been aa heiauheiau alalthoughthough hehe statesstates thatthat he "could not find aa namename of a heiau connected with Papa".Papa”. As As is apparent fromfrom Reinecke'sReinecke's survey results and from the StateState Inventory,Inventory, this clustering of residential sites in discrete locations alongalong thethe coastcoast is typical ofof thethe settlement settlement pattern pattern for for this this relatively relatively arid arid stretch ofof thethe SouthSouth KonaKona coast. Feasible places forfor canoecanoe landings, ampleample waterwater sources and pockets pockets of older older lava lava flow flow surfacessurfaces helped define preferred settlement areas areas (1993:5)(1993:5)..
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The seaward portion of the projectproject areaarea was was subsequently subsequently examined examined during during a a July July 19931993 fieldfield inspection by the DLNR-SHPDDLNR-SHPD (Hibbard (Hibbard 1993 1993).). The The inspection inspection was was conducted conducted in in response response toto permitpermit violationsviolations incurred during the AprilApril 19931993 constructionconstruction ofof aa concrete boat ramp along the coastline coastline (see (see Figure 3). 3). The construction ofof this ramp and several several previous previous actions potentially damageddamaged historichistoric sitessites inin thethe area. These previous incidents includedincluded thethe installation ofof aa sumpsump andand pipeline inin 19901990 andand thethe removal of the pipeline and the intentional dismantlingdismantling ofof wallswalls between April April and June 1993 (1993:13).
The field inspection was conducted betweenbetween July July 8-10,8-10, 19931993 by by SHPD SHPD personnel MarcMarc SmithSmith andand HollyHolly McEldowneyMcEldowney.. This This project project consisted consisted of of the the documentation documentation ofof 1313 featuresfeatures interpreted asas newlynewly identifiedidentified elements of the the Site Site 4185 4185 P5p5 Pāpā Bay Bay Complex, Complex, thatthat were not recorded recorded during during the the 1971 1971 Statewide Statewide Inventory ofof HistoricHistoric Places Places Survey. Survey. The The 13 13 features features consisted consisted ofof enclosuresenclosures (Features(Features 1, 9, 10), a mound and platform platform (Feature 2), a terraced platform platform (Feature 3), terraces (Features 4 and 6), 6), a a lava lava blister blister (Feature 5), a boulder alignment (Feature 7), a wall (Feature(Feature 8),8), twotwo pavementspavements (Features 11 and 12) and a steppingstone trail (Feature 13). The projectproject consistedconsisted ofof thethe preparation of a schematic site plan mmapap and brief descriptions ofof thethe componentcomponent features.features.
The pportionsortions of the P5p5Pāpā Bay Complex notednoted byby HibbardHibbard (1993)(1993) were were documenteddocumented inin thethe project area during the present survey.survey. The portion of thisthis site within thethe project area, and its current condition are discussed in detail in the Findings sectionsection ofof thisthis report.report.
ConsultationConsultation
Previous consultationconsultation Interviews withwith local residents of the the general general Papa Pāpā Bay Bay area area were were conducted conducted by byDLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD staff staff members MarcMarc SmithSmith and HollyHolly McEldowney inin conjunctionconjunction withwith 19931993 fieldfield inspectioninspection discussed above. These discussions focusfocus primarilyprimarily on on the the sites sites noted noted inin thethe projectproject area and their probable functions.functions. The individuals contactedcontacted werewere Hannah Hannah Grace Grace Kawa'auhau Kawa‘auhau Acia, Acia, Rosilyn Rosilyn Boring,Boring, ShirleyShirley Casuga, Samuel Waa GraceGrace Sr.,Sr., Samuel Grace Jr.,Jr., MonaMona Kapapaokeali'iokaalokaiKapapaokeaIi‘iokaalokai Kapule Kapule Kahele,Kahele, SarahSarah "Kapela" "Kapela" Kaupiko,Kaupiko, CeceliCeceli Kawa‘auhau,Kawa'auhau, Walter Keliiokekai Paulo,Paulo, RachaelRachael RentigradoRentigrado andand VictoriaVictoria WitworthWitworth.. TheseThese interviews are summarized by Hibbard below:
Most of the communitycommunity membmembersers who came forward to discuss these historic sites and their past past use use were were Hawaiian Hawaiian or or Part Part Hawaiian Hawaiian residents residents that that live live in in Milolii, Milolii, the Hoopuloa resettlemenresettlementsts oror alongalong thethe inlandinland highway....Allhighway….All were were raisedraised oror spentspent a major portion of their adult years in the section of South Kona thatthat stretches from Opihihale to Kapua. TheyThey were were familiarfamiliar with with Papa Papa BayBay because, because, over over thethe years,years, theythey had spent considerable time fishing, gatheringgathering seasea foods or hunting wild donkeydonkey andand goatsgoats in the area.area. Some frequentlyfrequently passedpassed through Papa on their way from one locale toto another along the coast coast or or continuedcontinued to to visit visit graves graves of of relatives relatives buried buried in the the abandoned abandoned settlement. Their Their depictiondepictionss ofof family lifelife inin thethe 1920's and 1930's 1930's emphasized emphasized the relatively frequentfrequent movmovementement of familiesfamilies amongamong locations, eithereither temporarily or for for extended periods. ThoseThose with primary residences along the mauka roadroad would move to the coast coast for for weeks weeks or or months months at at a a time time to to fish fish while while those those living living in in the the coastal coastal communities wouldwould gogo inlandinland toto cultivate tarotaro gardens, particularly whenwhen thethe weather was not good forfor fishing.
The older informantsinformants characterizedcharacterized thethe mapped area as having been used for habitation although none witnessed thethe construction oror useuse ofof mostmost ofof thethe features because the settlementsettlement atat PapaPapa BayBay had been abandonedabandoned byby thethe timetime they they were were young. young .All All agreed HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates |122 22
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that byby the midmid 1920's,1920's, there werewere nono standingstanding houses at PapaPapa BayBay as there were, for example, at Kapua,Kapua, Omokaa,Omokaa, Hoopuloa, Alika andand Milolii. TheThe functionfunction andand usesuses they assigned toto the mappedmapped featuresfeatures areare primarilyprimarily interpretations based on how they saw similar featuresfeatures being usedused in the still active settlements.settlements. Most functions attributedattributed to individual features features reflect reflect thosethose that generally generally occur occur near near residences residences in in fishing fishing communitiescommunities.. TheseThese interpretationsinterpretations dodo notnot contradict the general general range range of of functions functions assigned to similar featuresfeatures by archaeologistsarchaeologists whenwhen theythey interprinterpretet site function.
Most recognized FeaturesFeatures 9 and 10 as being a "kahua hale" (house foundations) which,which, together with with the the enclosing enclosing wall wall (Feature 8), constituted a "pahale"''pahale'' (enclosed house site). In justifyingjustifying this this interpretation, interpretation, theythey pointedpointed toto the well-definedwell-defined entry way intointo thethe enclosures andand the 'ili'ili pavement. Rolled Rolled lauhala was placed over the ili'iliiIi'iIi [sic] pavepavementment and covered with mats to makemake thethe floorfloor comfortablecomfortable forfor sleepingsleeping or sitingsiting . The depositsdeposits of middenmidden withinwithin thethe areaarea defineddefined byby FeatureFeature 88 supportsupport thisthis interpretation.interpretation.
Although thethe presencepresence of a house site raises raises the the probability probability that an an unmarked unmarked burial burial ccouldould be near thethe enclosuresenclosures andand inin thethe immediate immediate vicinity, vicinity, nono oneone couldcould identifyidentify withwith certainty anyany burials inin thethe mapped area nor nor did did they they recognize recognize any features as distinctly marking aa gravegrave.. InIn theirtheir lifetimes,lifetimes, burialburial tooktook placeplace inin designateddesignated plotsplots such as those still still visited inin Papa 1 to the the north north or or in in church church cemeteries. cemeteries .Burial Burial in in traditional traditional caves hadhad ceased,ceased, forfor thethe most part, before they were born.
Some informants believed that Feature 1 resembled aa smallsmall pen builtbuilt to confineconfine smaller animals,animals, particparticularlyularly goatsgoats.. OthersOthers notednoted that it was used asas aa fishingfishing koa [sic] (one(one of several landmarks used to locatelocate aa particular,particular, off-shoreoff-shore fishing ground),ground), anan appropriateappropriate use given itsits prominentprominent position on a rise andand the thickness of thethe feature walls.walls.
In addressing religious usesuses of the area, area, these these individuals individuals primarily primarily discussed discussed rituals rituals associated with with fishing. fishing. Kuula stones (a stonestone god god used used to to attract attract fish) fish) belonging belonging to different families andand dedicateddedicated toto particular kinds ofof fish were placed at various various llocationsocations withinwithin thethe mapped area and and along along Papa Papa Bay Bay coastline. coastline. These stones and and offerings werewere witnessed during the 1920's1920's andand 1930's. 1930's. The The familiesfamilies owning owning these stones eventuallyeventually removed or hid them asas thesethese ritualsrituals werewere followedfollowed less frequently or their use of of the the associatedassociated fishing fishing grounds grounds declined. declined. The spring wherewhere the sump had been constructed was also important forfor fishingfishing because the flowflow of fresh water fromfrom this spring influenced thethe location and productionproduction ofof anan off-shoreoff-shore fishingfishing groundsgrounds.. None of tthehe older individualsindividuals knew of a heiau in ththisis localelocale..
They believedbelieved thatthat some of thethe leveled platforms or terraced areas, particularlyparticularly those inin Feature 4, were used toto drydry fish.fish. TheThe example given, was that ofof drying large catches of opelu (mackerel). AfterAfter beingbeing cleaned,cleaned, preparedprepared andand splitsplit inin half length-wise,length-wise, the fishfish were laid onon thesethese flattened areas where the sun dried them from above and the sunsun-- heated stones drieddried thethe fishfish from below.
There was general consensus onon the number and locationlocation of major trails that passed passed through Papa inin aa north-southnorth-south direction.direction. OneOne trail,trail, calledcalled the fisherman'sfisherman's trail,trail, woundwound along the edge of the the coastal coastal bluffs bluffs and crest crest of of the the beaches. beaches. Many Many segments segments were defined primarily byby useuse while othersothers were more more formalized formalized with stepping-stones stepping-stones or bound by stone alignments.alignments. Within the study area,area, thisthis trailtrail isis primarilyprimarily marked by use
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and essentiallyessentially follows thethe edge of the the bluff: bluff: coinciding coinciding frequently withwith the trench trench excavated for the pipeline.pipeline. Portions of it have collapsedcollapsed due to erosionerosion ofof thethe bluff. bluff. ThisThis route allowed a vantage point from which fishermanfisherman couldcould observeobserve thethe waterswaters as they traveled along the coast.
What they considered the majormajor trail,trail, however,however, was that whichwhich passedpassed approximatelyapproximately 130 ft (40(40 m) m) inland inland ofof the mapped mapped area. area. This This was was the the route route taken taken from from Milolii Milolii and Hoopuloa inin thethe southsouth to Alika and and PPahoehoeahoehoe inin thethe northnorth when the main purpose of traveling waswas toto reachreach aa particular destinationdestination andand wwhenhen foodfood andand goodsgoods neededneeded to be transported. Segments of tthishis traitraill are still evidentevident onon aerial pphotographshotographs andand on the ground as theythey runrun inin aa relatively relatively straightstraight coursecourse fromfrom the the 1926 1926 Hoopuloa Hoopuloa Lava Lava Flow;Flow; through segmentssegments ofof thethe Milolii Milolii BeachBeach Subdivision;Subdivision; alongalong thethe mauka edge of the PapaPapa Bay ssettlementettlement and then then parallel parallel to to the the Alika Alika and and Kipahoehoe Kipahoehoe coastline. coastline. The The relative relative straightness andand even widthwidth of some trail trail segments segments suggest that portions portions may may have have been modified during thethe 1800's. AsAs is thethe case elsewhere, these maymay be historic-periodhistoric-period modifmodificationsications of of aa prehistorically defined defined route route.. Portions Portions of of thethe trail are are shown shown bordering two 1853 pahale in the AlikaAlika settlementsettlement (LCA(LCA 8948 8948 toto KahinaluaKahinalua andand 89508950 to Makia), indicatingindicating that that portions portions ofof the the routeroute date at least to thisthis periodperiod (1993:9-12).(1993:9-12).
Recent consultation On April 4, 2014, 2014, Haun Haun & & Associates Associates ProjectProject Supervisor,Supervisor, Shawn Shawn Fackler Fackler conducted conducted interviews interviews with with iindividualsndividuals ofof Hawaiian Hawaiian-descent-descent thatthat livelive nearnear thethe project area andand whowho areare familiar familiar withwith thethe Papa Pāpā Bay Bay Site Complex ((SiteSite 4185). 4185). The The intervi interviewew was was conducted conducted in in a a group group setting setting at at the the projectproject areaarea and consisted of Alan BrownBrown,, Shirley Casuga,Casuga, KamlaKamla Kuahuia Kuahuia,, Gogo Gogo Taetuna Taetuna,, and and ElizabethElizabeth TaetunaTaetuna.. Some Some ofof the information presented belowbelow waswas includedincluded inin thethe previously previously discussed discussed 1993 1993 consultation. consultation. Shirley Shirley CasugaCasuga is aa matriarch inin thethe areaarea andand wwasas thethe person whowho originally reported reported thethe ddamageamage toto thethe area in the early 1990s.
The Site 41854185 PāpāPapa Bay SiteSite Complex Complex was was examined examined by by the the interviewees interviewees and and thethe following interpretations interpretations for some of thethe features was provided:
Feature 1 enclosure isis a landmark forfor fishingfishing grounds called a koko'a.‘a.
Features 22,, 33,, and 4 areare forfor sun-dryingsun-drying fish,fish, specifically mackerelmackerel or opelu.opelu.
Feature 7 is part of an animal pen, supposedly usedused forfor goatsgoats thatthat were raised in the community.
Feature 8 is a wall associatedassociated withwith FeaturesFeatures 99 andand 1010 thatthat made an enclosed househouse-site-site called a pahalepahale..
Features 9 and 10 are house foundations calledcalled kakauhale.uhale.
Feature 13 is the stepping stepping stone stone trail trail used used by by the the community community for for generations. generations. The The majority ofof itit waswas destroyed destroyed byby thethe pipelinepipeline thatthat followedfollowed thethe path’spath's course.
The interviewees alsoalso providedprovided informationinformation on on the the SiteSite 30105 30105 trail/road trail/road that that onceonce extendedextended through the project area. AlthoughAlthough thethe portion of the trail in the projectproject areaarea isis highlyhighly disturbed, an intact section is present outside the project boundaries to the north (see Figure 14 in Finding section).section). ItIt isis thethe consensusconsensus of the group group that that this this represents represents a a portion portion of of the the King's King’s Trail Trail thatthat extended extended around around the the island. island. The The HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates |124 24
TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 A. 4 1 Report Nc' No.960 0 g0-102- 10286 15 segment that ranran throughthrough thethe project project area area was was destroyed destroyed during during development development in in the the 1960s. 1960s. Alan Alan BrownBrown mentioned that his grandfather had told him that hehe usedused toto walkwalk oror useuse donkeysdonkeys on thethe trail,trail, travelingtraveling between SouthSouth Point up to Hookena,Hookena, staying at communities along the way.
The five attendeesattendees were aware thatthat the the Hibbard Hibbard (1993)(1993) field inspection contained mitigation measures for the P5p5Pāpā Bay Site ComplexComplex (Site (Site 4185 4185).). T Theyhey expressed expressed the the importance importance ofof preservpreservinging thethe sitesite,, and wouldwould like toto contributecontribute toto the future sitesite preservationpreservation plan. Specifically Specifically theythey statedstated (a)(a) thatthat the site should be protected by a barrier that acts as a a site site buffer, buffer, with with aa break break inin itit forfor the the steppingstone steppingstone trail's trail’s path path (Feature 13), (b)(b) thatthat all rremnantsemnants of the pump and pipeline be removed, (c) thatthat the steppingstone trailtrail (Feature 13) bebe repairedrepaired andand (d)(d) thatthat allall remnantsremnants ofof thethe concreteconcrete boatboat ramp be removed. PROJECT EXPECTATIONS Based onon previous archaeologicalarchaeological research research andand historicalhistorical documentary documentary evidence,evidence, thethe remnants of coastal habitations are likelylikely to bebe encounteredencountered in in the the project project area. area. Previous Previous work work by by DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD inin thethe parcel (Hibbard 1993)1993) documented documented a a complexcomplex of of habitation habitation features. features. These These features features oror remnantsremnants ofof themthem are probably present. DueDue to itsits coastalcoastal location,location, previouslypreviously undiscovered burials (platforms and caves),caves), ritual sites ((heiauheiau and shrines), agricultural features,features, and sites associated with marine exploitation maymay also be present. Historic periodperiod sitessites couldcould alsoalso bebe present,present, including transportationtransportation infrastructureinfrastructure andand featfeaturesures related to cattlecattle ranchingranching suchsuch asas wallswalls and corrals.corrals.
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FINDINGS
The survey identifiedidentified four sites withwith aa totaltotal ofof 24 24 features. features. TheThe sitessites consist of one complex of 21 features and 3 single feature sites. The identified features areare 99 terraces,terraces, 33 enclosures,enclosures, 3 trail segments,segments, 3 walls, 2 pavements, 2 platforms,platforms, 1 lava blister,blister, and 11 historichistoric road. FunctionallyFunctionally,, thethe features consist ofof permanentpermanent habitation (19),(19), transportation (4)(4) andand livestocklivestock control (1).(1). The The sitessites areare summarized in Table 2 and their locations are presentedpresented inin Figure 1414..
Table 2.2. Summary of sites
Feature Type Function
ion l
t
tro
t ion Temp. d
t bita
SIHP Site No. of ter ta ll Site Type Site Function Age il € Field Site Type Site Function Age ha Field
k con or Number Features blis t
losure
il/roa Trail
Tra Wall Wa % Number toc
Terrace Terrace
EPlatform Enc
Pavemen Tra
Enclosure Trail/road Pavement
Lava
Lava blister Lava Transportation Transp ives
L Livestock control Livestock
Permanen Permanent habitation Permanent Permanent habitation/habitation/ Pre-contact to early 4185 Complex 21 9 3 3 2 2 1 1 18 3 960.1 Transportaiton post-contact 28991 Wall Livestock controlcontrol 1 Historic 1 1 960.2 Pre-contact to early 30104 Platform Permanent habitationhabitation 1 1 1 960.3 post-contact Pre-contact to early 30105 Trail/Road Transportation 1 1 1 960.4 post-contact Total 24 9 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 19 4 1
OOnene site was identifiedidentified during previous archaeological work work inin thethe seaward portionportion of the projectproject areaarea (Site 4185)4185).. OneOne sitesite (28991)(28991) was was initially initially identified identified duringduring a surveysurvey inlandinland ofof thethe project area, east ofof the Mamalahoa HighwayHighway,, andand ttwowo sites werewere newlynewly identified during the presentpresent project.project. SubsurfaceSubsurface testing during the project consistedconsisted of excavating aa 1.01.0 byby 1.01.0 meter meter testtest unitunit in a permanent habitation terrace (Site 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 9.2)9.2) and and a a 1.0 1.0 by by 2.0 2.0 meter meter test test unit unit inin aa permanentpermanent habitationhabitation platform (Site(Site 30104). In addition, fourfour 0.60.6 metermeter diameterdiameter shovelshovel teststests werewere excavatedexcavated in the vicinity ofof thethe Site Site 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 11 permanent habitation pavement.pavement. TheThe results of ththeseese excavationexcavationss are are incorporated incorporated intointo thethe followfollow site descriptions.
Site 4185 is a complex ofof 13 features locatedlocated inin the seaward portionportion of thethe projectproject area.area. TheThe site was first recordedrecorded duringduring the the Statewide Statewide Inventory Inventory of of Historic Historic Places Places survey survey in in 1971 1971 and and designated designated as as thethe PapaPāpā Bay Complex. TheThe sitesite waswas subsequentlysubsequently documented during aa 19931993 fieldfield inspection inspection by by DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD staffstaff members MarcMarc Smith and Holly McEldowney (Hibbard 1993).1993). ThisThis inspectioninspection recorded recorded 13 features features including enclosures (Features(Features 1, 1, 9, 9, 10), 10), a a mound mound andand platformplatform (Feature 2),2), aa terracedterraced platform (Feature 3), terraces (Features 44 andand 6)6),, aa lavalava blisterblister (Feature 5),5), aa boulderboulder alignment (Feature 7), a wall (Feature 8), two pavements (Features(Features 11 and 12) and a steppingstonesteppingstone trailtrail (Feature 13).
The majority of this complexcomplex is located inland of thethe beachbeach atat PapaPāpā Bay. AlthoughAlthough thethe 13 featuresfeatures notednoted by Hibbard (1993) werewere not individually described during the 1971 survey, theythey werewere defined as partpart ofof the complex. The estimatedestimated originaloriginal footprintfootprint ofof thethe featuresfeatures asas notednoted byby HibbardHibbard (1993)(1993) is depicted in Figure 1515.. This mapmap appearsappears to to depictdepict aa schematicschematic representation representation of of the the features features with with wallswalls ofof uniformuniform width and condition.
Additional impacts toto the site occurred occurred in 1990 1990 in association association withwith the installation of a a sump sump and and a a pipeline, in April of 1993 during the construction of thethe adjacentadjacent boatboat ramp,ramp, andand betweenbetween AprilApril andand JuneJune HAUNHaun & ASSOCIATESAssociates |126 26
Papa Bay —Edge of cnetal mcerpmpnr 8 ) 3 ( : K M T N - Intact section Site 28991 / Site 3010S
- - Project area boundary
/ • „ - 8
Site 30104 - - - - - 1 4 1 : 9 0 0
Undisturbed coastal escarpment h-- 5 5 \ II
1
Park Avenue — 1 Shoreline —_-11
- -1-I1 I I
Ocean
1 4 41- I 1 4 k Undisturbed coastal es: r orient 1 •;.•,.."". --- -I 4 ,- s' - ., k. S_ '..'.:,--... -,I - - N. •- -- d • 'i, ', -,...„ \ lit 0 6 9 . o N t r o p e R Haun & Associates & | Haun
Gravel road i 4 I ) 7/ I I ro s , _ i ••••-. .._ s 'a _L nvH O
N ,,-, ." 1'. .4 -- ------\. t _ 1., r rt 9
7 fr
, . Nan-cultural lava blister ., i Modern path 'i y (post-2993) O " Feature of 54c 4185 \ ? s 0 I \ / Euralu Avenue -- 01 0 possv y 80 - 102
vi Bulldozed area 4i y B Mi 0 I 1 0 SO meter.; 6 saL 01 15 I
Contour interval = 40 feet Mi
27 Site numbers pre-fixed by 50-10-65- j - — !Avenue Ur
LZ
r- Bulldozer track
Figure 1414.. Site locationlocation map
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Ms. 'Virginia Goldstein P- 6
Frit
11\ Mapped with Teltmcopic Transit er.i Sim/a 10 'KAY 93 14. McgtclOwney M. Smith, %\
Figure 1515.. EstimatedEstimated extentextent of Site 4185 noted byby HibbardHibbard (1993:6) HaunHAUN && AssociatesASSOCIATES | 128 28
TMT M KK:(3)8-8-(1(10•1 : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 9 : 1 4A" 1 Report NoNo.960 960-1026"- 1026 15 of 1993 during thethe removal of the pipeline (and sump) and dismantling of stone walls. The extentextent of this disturbance, noted byby HibbardHibbard (1993) is presentedpresented in Figure 1616..
The current condition of the overall site is presented in in Figure 117.7. This mapmap also prepresentssents the the original original footprint of the features notednoted byby HibbardHibbard and the extent ofof the previousprevious disturbance. The featuresfeatures of thethe complex areare described below.
Feature 1 is anan enclosureenclosure with an adjoined platform.platform. ItsIts condition inin 1993 was described asas follows:follows:
Feature 1 is a large enclosureenclosure with adjoining pavedpaved platformplatform locatedlocated onon toptop ofof the a'a pressure ridge. Overall dimensionsdimensions areare 4242 ft (13 m, E/W), E/W), by 39 ft (12(12 m, m, N/S).N/S). TheThe enclosure is situatedsituated on the east endend ofof thethe platform,platform, withwith exteriorexterior dimensionsdimensions of 26 ft (8 m, E/W), E/W), andand 39 ft (12(12 m,m, N/S).N/S). The platform along thethe west (makai)(makai) sideside ofof the enclosure isis 16 ftft widewide (5(5 m,m, E/W)E/W) by 39 ft long (12 m, N/S).
The enclosure wall isis approximatelyapproximately 3.5 3.5 ft ft highhigh (1(1 m),m), andand 2.52.5 ft wide (0.8 m). It is constructed primarilyprimarily of angular a'a bouldersboulders andand cobblescobbles andand the the wall wall is is core core filled. filled. AnAn interior wawallll trendingtrending EE/W/W bisectsbisects thethe interior area into two nearly nearly equal equal spaces. spaces. The The bisecting wall isis ofof similarsimilar size size to to the the exteriorexterior walls, andand is alsoalso corecore fifilled.lled. TheThe northnorth and south wallswalls of the enclosureenclosure areare slightly slightly convex,convex, creating a somewhat ovaloval planplan viewview of the feature.feature.
The platform onon the west side of the enclosureenclosure is created byby aa lowlow stone alignmentalignment of a'a bouldersboulders approximately approximately 11.5.5 ft highhigh (0.40 (0.40 cm). cm). The platform surface and enclosure enclosure interior are paved with sub angular a'a pebbles and smallsmall cobbles.
Bulldozing has has occurred occurred along along the the south, south, east east andand northnorth sidessides ofof the feature, feature, and and appears to have have caused caused some some collapse collapse of of the the exterior exterior walls. walls. There There is is an alignment alignment of small a'aa'a boulders alongalong thethe north side of the feature feature which which may have been part of of another low low enclosure.enclosure. If this is the case, case, bulldozing bulldozing hashas removedremoved thisthis portion of the feature. ThisThis damage probablyprobably occurredoccurred whenwhen thethe subdivision subdivision waswas initiallyinitially established and the greatergreater part part of o fthe the "Park "Park Site" Site" was was bulldozedbulldozed (Hibbard(Hibbard 1993:7).
Hibbard’sHibbard's (1993)(1993) FeatureFeature 11 waswas relocatedrelocated duringduring thethe presentpresent project, although the platform platform is more more accuratelyaccurately describeddescribed asas aa terrace. The southern portion of of the the site, site, including including Feature 1, isis depicted depicted in in Figure 118.8. For discussiondiscussion purposes purposes the the structurestructure is subdivided intointo twotwo subfeaturessubfeatures:: the large enclosure ((FeatureFeature 1.11.1)) andand the adjoining terraceterrace (Feature 1.2). TheThe subsubfeaturesfeatures areare described below.
Feature 1.1 is aa large rectangularrectangular enclosureenclosure thatthat has been impactedimpacted alongalong the easterneastern side.side. ThisThis side of the featurefeature isis collapsedcollapsed and bulldozerbulldozer track marks areare present. The fefeatureature isis 12.7512.75 meters longlong (north-(north- south) and 9.79.7 metersmeters widewide withwith aa wallwall built of stacked a'aa‘a bouldersboulders andand cobblescobbles withwith aa core-filledcore-filled cobble interior. The wallswalls are are 1.11.1 to to 1.71.7 metersmeters thick,thick, 0.80.8 toto 1.21.2 metersmeters inin heightheight,, andand thethe sides ofof thethe structure have ccollapsedollapsed outward.outward. TheThe majoritymajority ofof thethe interior ofof the enclosure is uneven cobbles and boulders boulders although there are paved areas in the northwest andand southeastsoutheast corners.corners. TheThe northwest paved area is 2.1 meters long (north(north-south)-south) byby 1.41.4 metersmeters widewide andand thethe southsouthwesternwestern pavement isis 3.0 meters long (north(north-- south) and 2.62.6 meters side.side. NoNo cultural material is presentpresent on thethe surface.surface. AA kiawe tree isis growinggrowing out of the interior in thethe northnorth-central-central portion. Figure 1199 depicts the current conditioncondition of Feature 1.11.1..
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Mc Viiginia Goldstein p. 14
Figure 3. Papa 1 ? Ap a Ai, • Damage to Papa Bay Complex 0' 12
Pump FT 11 -FT.8
F T .9
FT.8 ' ; Parking Lo ....,Y, L t, --.:-. I Kainokii Point ,..,\" :- On ..tz." ...,...:" ‘...... : ( — ,z.:- -- ...;.:.". ir. _•::. • ... ---___7-',--- '--. 7,2-9 •----.-Y ..,..'..V1 \f's 's ....=.M.... %,,...t -').-- FT.1 ..." -:-.. ,
,:.• —.j....--Tr..-----;1:, .4,74 n \. 7-77i., ---f" :":, -:.9,- '''' • -,:•,.:'-..._, r.... St 1_2 ...... 4.-11 FT.2 N.,.% -7...,
:1
*', ‘ :s ---m, ...... 1.5:;. #•.--:ti A Fre ,••-1., .....z...... ,1...... ,..-.:, -:-.;.. , ,- i.. ..f..._-... 71,1' J.•. _,---7.., 1 .7-1.:11-'::.; J -,...,... .„ :7,, of .. :,:' I --4.... 1, Bunduzinu 'Perk Site .7 ...,,,-.1.4.\- --:;.:. I. (0)4970) . ~ X11 -.: 4 ,3,----- \. 441'1114km PI Sump orK1Piperme -1 11111101M 2- -.7-• \#;;:P-14 (1991) L.: •,, -r' 4.,
.7.* '-,' 1 Corairuaion trf Bud Rump •%••• -Z.- r -.,1-...1. ,- \ ' CAP11 ' P93) ▪ 4\-
4. Removal of Pipeikte lond • '''''' ImentianalVerrciellern of Features (.4.11- June 1903) \ • ' 6 6 • I Fl 13 S
18 METERS w3pot..d)•l!,-, rmvi end Stsc:53 M.NORT in JULY 93 M, .UlrE1downey M Srn tt rn
Figure 1616.. ExtentExtent ofof damagedamage to Site 41418585 noted byby HibbardHibbard (1993:14) HaunHAUN & AssociatesASSOCIATES |130 30
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E•dgg of zwzryr Ocean Coar.a I escarpreit Pap, nay
lrIg Fon-pili r..Ffsn.1,5.rrnml•l'hh.ird (1993) Si Le 28991 wall {aunt r diaturhance g4rdlilalaard I15EZ I I II I= Bulldwer ups's. /
• = Sloping tabbies; p=ible wavt damage Feature 13.2
F.:71vrk.., 1? o Lewd cubtlr End Tnc.bla pumnen, Par ling Area = siap• diracrinn U nd in urbed •se ♦ - Koa fizole canna! elrerprnens Feature 11.3 9! . Mame ••• err eatur@ 8 *=C-krixtrnaa berry Approximate — !oration of 9; • = A'atur vrurn Lrimalh feature 11 1' I 14.2.'tIK. =Ca:lapsed anulders and cobbles 11/4. Afg remnant saL feature 9.2 Feature
feature 9.1 81.11 dorfidursra
fro ore 8 Par II.A4eno.2
EilldsoeJann
Feature rb
4 1, ,,
UndisturbEd ti \
\ \
Grawel road 5 1 , ,
\ ri'Lire \
1.1 90 rod , Fee ture 13.1 \.
31IITIete15
Figure 1717.. Current extentextent of Site 4185,4185, with original footprint of features andand extentextent ofof previousprevious disturbance HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates |131 31
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1167:
Tap of cliff [100) • '.Feature
Pushpile ti
5 5
a .1/Ater:mom basair Kinwe rr,Fe
1511.11 Heiet in centimeters • * = auistrrms berry
C011a pitied boulders and dibbles
Feature 13.1
Figure 1818.. Southern portion of Site 4185
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Figure 1919.. Current condition ofof SiteSite 4185,4185, Feature 1.1 enclosureenclosure (view(view toto west)
Feature 1.2 is a terrace locatedlocated alongalong the westernwestern sideside ofof thethe FeatureFeature 1.11.1 enclosure.enclosure. ItIt is not a platform as described by Hibbard (1993)(1993) because because itit isis notnot a free-standing free-standing structure with all sides raised above the adjacent ground surface. There is aa stone retaining wall alongalong thethe westernwestern downslope side thatthat retains a level areaarea onon the upslopeupslope sideside (0.7(0.7 m high).high). TheThe terraceterrace isis 9.89.8 metersmeters long (north(north-south)-south) andand 4.1 metersmeters wide. ThThee retainingretaining wall isis comprised comprised ofof aligned aligned boulders boulders and and stackedstacked cobblescobbles wiwithth aa collapsedcollapsed areaarea in the center. The north and south sidessides of the featurefeature havehave collapsedcollapsed outwardoutward andand thethe surface surface isis aa levellevel cobble pavement. No cultural materialmaterial isis presentpresent on the surface.
The current examination of Feature 1.1 indicates it has been been impacted impacted by by bulldozer bulldozer activity activity along the eastern side side since since Hibbard's Hibbard’s 1993 examination. FeatureFeature 1.21.2 isis in relatively relatively thethe same same condition condition as previously noted, noted, althoughalthough thethe boundariesboundaries ofof FeaturesFeatures 1,1, 22 andand 33 are not as wellwell defined as they are inin Figure 15. This maymay bebe partiallypartially due due toto thethe schematic nature of the HibbardHibbard (1993) map.
Feature 2 is describeddescribed as a mound and terraceterrace by by HibbardHibbard (1993)(1993) asas follows:follows:
Feature 2 is aa lowlow moundmound andand platformplatform locatedlocated justjust westwest andand below FeatureFeature 1 on the a'a pressure ridge. The mound is generally rectangular,rectangular, 1313 ft square (4 m), and facedfaced withwith angular a'a boulders.boulders. The top ofof thethe moundmound isis slightlyslightly domed.domed. Along thethe south side of the platformplatform is a narrow terrace, approximatelyapproximately 5 ftft widewide (1.5 m), formed by a boulderboulder alignment with paved fill.fill.
Bulldozing has has damaged damaged the the north north and and easteast sidessides ofof thethe platform, andand appears to have pushed additional rocks ontoonto the top ofof the platform.platform. ThisThis probably occurredoccurred whenwhen the "Park"Park Site" was initially bulldozedbulldozed (1993:7).
FeaturFeaturee 2 is similar inin conditioncondition toto tthathat described byby HibbardHibbard (1993); however,however, reexamination indicates it is more accurately describeddescribed asas platformplatform andand aa terrace (see(see Figure 18). 18). For discussion purposespurposes the structure has been been subdividedsubdivided iintonto two subfeatures: subfeatures: a platform platform (Feature 2.1) andand an adjacent terrace (Feature 2.2). The subfeaturessubfeatures are described below.
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Feature 2.1 is a rectangular-shapedrectangular-shaped platform locatedlocated belowbelow thethe FeatureFeature 1.21.2 terraceterrace to the west.west. ItIt isis 4.6 meters long (n(north-south)orth-south) and 4.1 meters wide with a convex surface of a‘aa'a boulders and cobbles ((FigureFigure 2020).). There is a 0.45 meter deep void void between the rocks rocks in the southern southern portion. portion. TheThe west, south and portions of thethe east side are bordered byby roughly stacked bouldersboulders andand cobblescobbles thatthat average 0.350.35 meters in height.height. TheThe northnorth andand northeastnortheast sidessides havehave collapsed outward. No cultural materialmaterial is present.present.
Figure 2020.. SiteSite 4185,4185, Feature 2.12.1 platform andand FeatureFeature 2.22.2 terraceterrace (view to north)
Feature 2.2 is aa rectangular terraceterrace situatedsituated adjacent toto Feature 2.1 to the south.south. ItIt isis 6.06.0 metersmeters longlong (east(east-west)-west) and 0.8 to 2.2 meters wide. The northnorth side abutsabuts Feature 2.1 and the south side is bordered by an alignment of boulders (see Figure 2020).). The west sidsidee has collapsed outwardoutward and the east sideside isis buried beneath rubblerubble fromfrom Feature 1.2.1.2. TheThe surface is a roughrough pavementpavement ofof cobblescobbles withwith nono culturalcultural materialmaterial present.
Feature 3 is describeddescribed as terrace platformplatform byby HibbardHibbard as follows:
Feature 3 is a terrace platform located along thethe spine of the a'a pressurepressure ridgeridge below and south ofof FeatureFeature 1.1. The The platformplatform isis approximatelyapproximately 1616 ftft (5(5 m,m, E/W),E/W), by 19.5 ft (6 m., N/S)N/S).. TheThe platform's platform's west west and and southsouth facesfaces areare constructedconstructed of large angularangular aa'a‘a boulders stacked 3.5 ft high (1 m). The northnorth andand east sides of the platformplatform are levellevel with the natural ground surfacesurface.. Along the the easteast side of the paved surface is a stonestone alignmentalignment approximately 2.5 ft high (80 cm)cm).. Also on on toptop ofof thethe paved platform surface,surface, inin thethe NENE and SE corners,corners, areare twotwo largelarge waterwornwaterworn boulders. Paving onon thethe surface of the platform is angularangular a‘a'aa cobbles and pebbles. Midden composed of marine shell, bonebone and some charcoal flecks isis erodingeroding fromfrom thethe basebase of thethe feature's SWSW corner (1993:7).(1993:7).
The examination ofof FeatureFeature 33 during thethe present project indicates it is inin similar similar condition toto that described aboveabove,, although its eastern side side hashas been been impacted impacted by by subsequent subsequent bulldozer bulldozer activity. activity. TheThe feature isis more accuratelyaccurately describeddescribed asas multimulti-tiered-tiered terraceterrace,, ratherrather thanthan a terrace platformplatform (see Figure
HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates |134 34
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1717).). For discussiondiscussion purposes purposes thethe structure is subdivided into two subfeatures, consistingconsisting of two adjoined terraces (Features(Features 3.1 and 3.2). A pushpilepushpile of bouldbouldersers and cobbles is locatedlocated adjacentadjacent toto Feature 3.1 to the southeast. TheThe subfeatures areare describeddescribed below.
Feature 3.1 is a rectangular terraceterrace located toto the south south ofof Features Features 1.1 1.1 and and 1.2. 1.2. It It is is 8.4 8.4 meters meters long long (north(north-south)-south) and 6.8 meters wide ((FigureFigure 221).1). The easterneastern half of the feature is a rough cobble pavement with scattered fragments of sun bleached marine shell and waterworn basalt present on thethe surface.surface. TheThe western half is comprised of sloping cobblescobbles withwith nono cultural materialmaterial.. This portion portion ofof thethe feature may have been impacted by wave activity. TheThe twotwo halveshalves ofof thethe featurefeature are defined by a rough alignment of cobbles. ThereThere isis aa collapsed cobblecobble andand boulderboulder retainingretaining wallwall alongalong the the westwest andand south sides that averages 0.45 metermeterss high. The easterneastern side has been partially buried beneath a bulldozed pushpile.pushpile.
Feature 3.2 is aa rectangularrectangular terraceterracess thatthat abuts Feature 3.1 toto thethe west and Feature 2.2 toto the south (see Figure 221).1). ItIt isis 9.09.0 metersmeters long (north(north-south)-south) and 7.6 meters wide.wide. TheThe surfacesurface consistsconsists of sloping cobbles and boulders that appearappear toto have have been been impacted impacted by by wave wave activity. activity. NoNo culturalcultural material is present. TheThe east and south sidessides are collapsedcollapsed rubble that rangerange inin heightheight fromfrom 0.550.55 to 1.67 meters high.
Figure 21 21.. SiteSite 4185, 4185, FeatureFeaturess 3.13.1 andand 3.23.2 terracesterraces (view(view toto east)
Feature 4 is describeddescribed by HibbardHibbard (1993(1993)) asas aa seriesseries ofof adjacentadjacent terraceterraces.s. AccordingAccording to Hibbard:
Feature 4 is aa series of adjoiningadjoining paved paved terraces terraces builtbuilt alongalong the the spinespine ofof thethe a'aa'a pressure ridge belowbelow FeatureFeature 3. The ridge has been modifiedmodified byby aa lowlow stackedstacked rockrock wallwall built of angular a'a bouldersboulders toto aa height height of of approximately approximately 2.52.5 ftft (40 (40 cm). cm). AlongAlong thethe makaimakai (W)(W) side of the wall threethree paved terraces were constructed.constructed. TheThe terrace edgesedges werewere builtbuilt of a'a boulders, boulders, with with the the middle middle terrace terrace outlined outlined by by several several waterworn waterworn boulders, boulders, with with what appears to be be a a waterworn waterworn boulder boulder paving paving on the surface surface of of the the platform. platform. The The overall dimensions of the featurefeature is is approximatelyapproximately 16 16 ft ft (5 (5 m, m, E/W), E/W), byby 4545 ftft (14(14 m,m, N/S).N/S).
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Individual terraces are generally rectangular,rectangular, rangingranging inin sizesize between between 9.5 9.5 ft ft toto 1616 ftft (3 m to 55 m) (1993:8).(1993:8).
Inspection ofof Feature 44 duringduring thethe presentpresent projectproject indicatesindicates itit isis inin similar conditioncondition to that observedobserved in 1993.1993. For discussion purposespurposes the the structurestructure isis subdivided intointo three subfeatures, subfeatures, consisting ofof three adjoined terraces (Features 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3). The subfesubfeaturesatures areare describeddescribed below.below.
Feature 4.14.1 is a rrectangularectangular terraceterrace locatedlocated at at thethe northnorth end ofof the feature. It is 5.6 meters long (north(north-- south) and 3.6 meters wide. It is bordered by a stacked a‘aa'a andand waterwornwaterworn boulder and cobble wall along the easteast side thathatt extendsextends along the inland side of thethe threethree FeatureFeature 44 terraces.terraces. This wallwall is 1.0 to 1.51.5 meters wide, 0.0.5555 to 0.650.65 meters high on the west side and 0.7 to 1.2 meters on the east.east. The north, south and west sidessides of Feature 4.1 are collapsed, averaging 0.40.4 mmeterseters in height. TheThe surface is a rough cobble and boulder pavement that slopes slightlyslightly toto the south ((FigureFigure 222).2). ScatteredScattered waterworn basaltbasalt stones are present on the surface.
Feature 4.2 abuts Feature 4.14.1 toto the south. It isis 3.7 meters long (east-west)(east-west) and 2.5 meters wide with aa roughly paved cobble and boulder surface that slopes slopes to the the south. south. The The surface surface contains contains scatteredscattered waterworn basaltbasalt stones.stones. TheThe easteast side abuts the wallwall discusseddiscussed above and the west andand south sidessides have collapsed outward (see Figure 222).2). The northernnorthern side is coveredcovered withwith collapsed rubblerubble fromfrom Feature 4.14.1
- e at u r,
•"-^
•a- •pHigippr zerlik:.,. I
Figure 2222.. Feature 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 terraces (view to south)
The Feature 4.3 terrace adjoins featurefeature 4.2 to thethe south.south. ThisThis terrace is 5.25 meters long (north(north-south)-south) and 3.0 meters wide. TheThe easteast side abuts the wallwall discusseddiscussed above and the westwest andand southsouth sidessides havehave collapsed outward.outward. The northern side is covered with collapsedcollapsed rubblerubble fromfrom FeatureFeature 4.2.4.2. TheThe surfacesurface is mostly exposed bedrock with scatteredscattered cobblescobbles (see Figure 222).2). No cultural material is presentpresent..
Feature 5 is aa smallsmall lavalava blisterblister locatedlocated betweenbetween FeaturesFeatures 3 and 44.. IItt is described byby HibbardHibbard as follows:follows:
Feature 5 is aa shallowshallow lavalava blister,blister, modifiedmodified with lowlow stackedstacked rock wall acrossacross its mouth. The area enclosed byby thisthis naturalnatural cavity is approximatelyapproximately 3 ft high (1 m), and 6.5 ftft wide (2 m). It
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appears that aa nownow tumbled,tumbled, stackedstacked wallwall of angular a‘a'aa and waterwornwaterworn bouldersboulders may have formed a wall across thethe shelter's mouth. TheThe shelter's floorfloor is covered with a shell andand bone midden, with ash and charcoal stained soilsoil (1993:8)(1993:8).
Inspection ofof FeatureFeature 55 duringduring thethe presentpresent project indicates it is iinn the same condition as that describeddescribed by Hibbard (1993).(1993). The The entrance entrance toto thethe blister isis 2.95 meters long (northeast by southwest) and 0.4 0.4 meters highhigh ((FigureFigure 223).3). This opensopens ontoonto a small, roughly ovaloval chamber chamber thatthat isis 3.83.8 metersmeters long (northeast(northeast by southwest) andand 1.4 to 2.2 2.2 meters meters wide. wide. The The ceiling ceiling height averages 0.0.99 meters. A piled a‘aa'a and and waterworn basalt boulder and cobble wall isis locatedlocated outsideoutside thethe entrance (3.3 meters long, 1.05 meters wide, 0.5 meters high).high). The floor ofof thethe blister is a dark soil withwith scatterescatteredd marine shell and small mammal bones.
Figure 2323.. SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 55 lavalava blisterblister (view(view toto east)east)
Feature 6 a small terraceterrace located to the west of the Feature 5 lava blister andand toto the southwest of Feature 3. According toto Hibbard:
Feature 6 is a small small paved terrace located located below below Feature 5. The The SW SW corner of the platform is constructedconstructed of an angular a'aa‘a boulderboulder alignment,alignment, andand isis 11 footfoot highhigh (30(30 cm). The north and east edges edges of of the the paved paved area area are are level level with with the the natural natural surface. surface. The The terrace isis generallygenerally square, beingbeing 6.56.5 ftft (2(2 m) on a side. Midden containing somesome marine shell, withwith abundantabundant unburned kukui nutnut shells isis erodingeroding from from the the basebase ofof thethe feature (1998:8).
Inspection ofof FeatureFeature 66 duringduring thethe present project indicates that itit isis inin similar conditioncondition toto thatthat observed in 1993. FeatureFeature 66 isis aa smallsmall ovaloval-shaped-shaped terrace terrace located located to to thethe southsouth ofof FeatureFeature 3.23.2 andand toto the west ofof Feature 5. It is 2.5 meters long (east-west)(east-west) and 1.9 meters widewide withwith a levellevel cobble and pebblepebble pavedpaved surface. The north,north, southsouth and west sides are collapsed andand the east side abuts the slopingsloping terrain. Marine shell and kukui nutshells are present. TheThe terrace isis depicted inin Figure 224.4.
HAUNHaun & ASSOCIATESAssociates |137 37
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Figure 2424.. SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 66 terraceterrace (view(view toto east)east)
Feature 7 is describeddescribed byby HibbardHibbard asas bothboth aa freefree standingstanding wallwall andand aa retainingretaining wallwall situated situated toto thethe northwestnorthwest ofof Feature 1:
Feature 7 is aa stacked a'a boulder alignment thatthat appears both asas aa freefree standingstanding wallwall and a retaining wall.wall. TheThe retaining retaining wall wall portion portion of of the the featurefeature runsruns perpendicularperpendicular fromfrom thethe edge of the seasea bluffbluff due easteast forfor approximatelyapproximately 32 ft (10 m). AtAt thisthis pointpoint itit turnsturns toto runrun due north and becomes aa freefree standing standing wall wall approximatelyapproximately 25.525.5 ftft longlong (8(8 m).m). The dimension of the wallwall is approximately 22 fftt high (60 ·-cm)cm) andand 33 ftft wide (100 cm)cm).. TheThe wallwall appears appears toto have been corecore-filled.-filled. InIn disturbeddisturbed areas along the edge ofof thethe bluff,bluff, shellshell andand bonebone midden midden is is visible visible inin the disturbeddisturbed areasareas alongalong thethe edgeedge ofof thethe seasea cliff.cliff.
Much ofof thisthis featurefeature appears to havehave beenbeen recentlyrecently disturbed.disturbed. InstallationInstallation ofof the pipelinepipeline inin 1990 and its recent removal has resulted in the dismantlingdismantling of the makai end of the feature wall. InIn addition,addition, itit appearsappears that mauka portions of the wall wall have also also been been intentionally intentionally dismantled. Bulldozing of of the the "Park "Park Site" Site" parcel parcel may may have have disrupted disrupted the the eastern eastern edgeedge of the feature (1993:8).(1993:8).
HHibbardibbard indicatesindicates thethe feature waswas significantlysignificantly impactedimpacted by the removal of a pipeline and potential vandalismvandalism that occurred occurred between between April April and June of 1993 1993 (see (see Figure 1616 and 17).17). Inspection ofof FeatureFeature 7 during the present project indicates it is in roughly thethe same condition to that observedobserved inin 1993.1993. Feature 77 isis depicted inin Figure 2525.. Remnants of the original northnorth-south-south wall are visible amidamid thethe rubble ((FigureFigure 2626).). This portionportion of the feature isis 11.511.5 meters long,long, 1.0 meters widewide and 0.650.65 metersmeters high.high. AnAn alignmentalignment ofof bouldersboulders isis presentpresent toto the east of the wallwall remnant, measuringmeasuring 0.550.55 to 0.70.7 meter high.high. TheThe north andand westwest sidessides ofof this wall are collapsed.
The retaining wallwall portion portion of of the the featurefeature is 20.820.8 metersmeters long (east(east-west),-west), 1.41.4 toto 1.81.8 metersmeters wide and 0.8 to 0.895 m high onon the north side. Remnant stackingstacking is is present present amid amid the the rubble.rubble. The The area area to to thethe north of the retaining wallwall andand toto thethe west of the free-standingfree-standing wall isis anan areaarea of sloping cobblescobbles that that appearsappears to have been impacted by wave activity.activity. AA UU-shaped-shaped modernmodern sheltershelter built of stacked cobbles andand boulders is presentpresent in this area,area, the constructionconstruction ofof whichwhich has damaged Feature 7. It is 3.4 meters long,long, 2.0 metersmeters wide and 1.1 meters high. No culturalcultural materialmaterial isis present.present. HaunHAUN && AssociatesASSOCIATES |138 38
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Figure 2525.. Plan map of Site 4185,4185, Feature 7 HaunHAUN & AssociatesASSOCIATES 1| 39
T M KK :: (( 33 )) 88 -- 88 -- 00 00 99 : 1 4 1 Report No.960-102615No.960 - 1026 15
.....-__;;n7or_ . oh_ • • - •
fl4r.,,t. ,,--. ..- - :,1_., . , •!.,.:1„..J .1- ...,lise•----Viws- 7- . ,...-_,r-e- • .g-- igi. , . .• —.. ."- -Arlor _. .,.. --147 '2 ,51:- f A -I1SGI,-- ==-7•,,,, :r- , 41 *-7.- • , - - ' ..F-, -.1-1F - • _ ./.1: "r0 --. , , 5.r.t. . -:-. 4-2F•t— ,91•:r --, - • ;sAir • •_40-.;,4, . _ 7,—;--- ';'•' Pirro•- „rooD- :.
Figure 26 26.. SiteSite 4185, 4185, FeatureFeature 7 7 disturbed disturbed wall wall remnant remnant (view (view to to south south-southeast)-southeast)
Feature 8 was a free-standingfree-standing wall locatedlocated inin the the northwesternnorthwestern portionportion of thethe site that enclosed Features 9, 10 and 11.11. The northernnorthern portion of the site is presented inin Figure 27 and the currentcurrent conditioncondition of the wall is depicteddepicted in Figure 2828.. According toto Hibbard:
Feature 8 is a free standing, core-filledcore-filled wall enclosingenclosing what what isis probably probably a a habitation habitation areaarea.. The wall isis approximatelyapproximately 240240 ftft long (75(75 m),m), averagingaveraging 2.52.5 ftft wide (80 cm) andand 1.5 ft high (60 cm)cm).. Construction waswas primarilyprimarily angularangular a'aa'a boulders with some waterworn waterworn boulders.
Approximately 6 6 ftft (2(2 m)m) of the wall's wall's makai (W) endend has been dismantled dismantled by the installation andand removalremoval ofof thethe waterwater pipeline.pipeline. InIn addition, addition, area area residentsresidents reportedreported thatthat approximately 6 ft (2 m), of thethe wall waswas recentlyrecently removed to allow vehicular access into the enclosedenclosed area. Also, Also, they reported thatthat muchmuch ofof the easterneastern portionportion ofof thethe wallwall has recently been vandalizedvandalized asas well.well. VisualVisual inspectioninspection duringduring thethe July 99 sitesite visit supportedsupported the residents'residents' claim.claim. The tutumbledmbled rocks hadhad been thrown some distance from the wall,wall, and fine sediments and plant remains remains that accumulate accumulate in stacked rocks appeared to have been recently exposed, but unweathered atat thethe time time of of thisthis inspectioninspection (1993:8-9).(1993:8-9).
Hibbard’sHibbard's 19931993 examinationexamination ofof FeatureFeature 88,, alongalong withwith FeaturesFeatures 99 andand 10, indicates that large portions of thesethese featuresfeatures werewere impacted impacted between between April April and and June June of of 1993. 1993. AccordingAccording toto Figure 1616,, only thethe west end of the south wallwall of Feature 8 and the north endend ofof thethe easteast wall wall werewere undisturbed.undisturbed. TheThe present surveysurvey inspection indicatesindicates thatthat minor additional disturbancedisturbance toto Feature 8 has apparently occurred. The entirety of the feature isis currentlycurrently comprisedcomprised ofof aa linearlinear pilepile of cobbles and boulders withwith remnantremnant stacking stacking visiblevisible amid the rubble. rubble. ThisThis suggests thatthat the intact intact sections sections noted noted by by Hibbard Hibbard (1993) (1993) have been disturbed, disturbed, potentially byby thethe expansion ofof thethe parking areaarea and road, road, which has bisected the FeatureFeature 8 8 wall. wall. Bulldozer tracks tracks are are present present onon thethe groundground surfacesurface toto thethe south and east ofof the wall.wall.
HAUNHaun & ASSOCIATESAssociates |140 40
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Figure 2727.. NorthernNorthern portion of Site 4185
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Figure 2828.. SiSitete 4185,4185, Feature 88 disturbeddisturbed wallwall remnantremnant (view(view to north) Currently, thethe southern portion of the wallwall is 13.5 meters long (east-northeast(east-northeast byby west-southwest),west-southwest), 1.4 meters wide and 0.6 meters high. TheThe wallwall thatthat waswas locatedlocated toto thethe southeast of Features 9 and 10 (discussed below)below) isis nownow incorporatedincorporated intointo aa large irreirregular-shapedgular-shaped pilepile ofof boulderboulderss and cobbles, that potentially representsrepresents the remnantsremnants ofof allall three features.features. The The easterneastern portion portion of of the the wall wall is is aa linearlinear pilepile of cobbles and boulders that is 25.5 meters long (north(north-south),-south), 5.0 metersmeters wide and 0.7 to 0.8 meter high.high. No culturalcultural materialmaterial isis present.present.
Portions ofof thethe Feature 8 wall asas mappedmapped by Hibbard,Hibbard, are are locatedlocated onon thethe boundaryboundary betweenbetween PapaPāpā 1 and 2 (see Figure 1515).). Hibbard doesn’tdoesn't describe this portion of the wall; wall; however its examination examination during the present project indicatesindicates it is comprised of the inland-seawardinland-seaward Site 28991 (discussed below)below) thatthat extends to the easteast fromfrom SiteSite 4185, alongalong thethe northernnorthern boundary of thethe projectproject area.area.
FeatureFeaturess 9 and 10 are describeddescribed by Hibbard asas twotwo enclosures thatthat are enclosed byby the FeatureFeature 88 wall.wall. Hibbard describesdescribes thesethese features asas follows:follows:
Features 9 and 10 are twotwo adjacentadjacent enclosuresenclosures that occuroccur withinwithin the largerlarger enclosureenclosure created byby FeatureFeature 8.8. FeatureFeature 9 9 is is approximatelyapproximately 1616 ftft (5(5 m,m ,E/W) E/W) byby 22.522.5 ftft (7(7 m,m, N/S),N/S), and Feature 1010 measuresmeasures approximately approximately 16 16 ft ft (5 (5 m, m, E/W) E/W) by by 12.5 12.5 ft ft (4 (4 m,m, N/S).N/S). TheThe walls appear to be be core-filled core-filled and approximately approximately 33 ft wide (1 m) m) and and of of unknown unknown height. height. Waterworn stones appear toto havehave beenbeen used used extensively extensively inin wallwall construction based on theirtheir abundance inin the wallwall rubble. The interiorinterior ofof eacheach featurefeature had been paved withwith 'iii‘ili iiiili pebbles and some waterworn coral.coral. An entryway paved with flatflat waterwornwaterworn boulders was constructed inin the northnorth facingfacing wall of eacheach enclosure.
Reports thatthat these two two featuresfeatures were were recently recently vandalized vandalized are supported supported by by severalseveral observations.observations. Fine,Fine, unweatheredunweathered sedimentssediments thatthat normally occuroccur inin thethe interior of the
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stacked rock walls areare now exposed on thethe remainingremaining wallwall bases.bases. MuchMuch ofof thethe rockrock lyinglying to either either side side of of these these walls walls obviously obviously came from the wall wall because of their sizes sizes and shapes are comparable comparable to those those used used in in the the construction construction of of the the walls. walls. Their Their uniform uniform distribution, however,however, resemblesresembles thatthat which which occurs occurs when when rocks rocks are are systematically systematically thrown or knocked fromfrom thethe wawallll insteadinstead ofof aa moremore unevenuneven oror heapedheaped patternpattern that occurs when rocks fall from walls naturallynaturally oror whenwhen the wall slumps. Many ofof these dislodged rocks lielie onon piecespieces ofof unweatheredunweathered plastic and aluminum trash, indicating thatthat this damage diddid not occuroccur longlong agoago (1993:9).
As statedstated above, Features 9 and 1010 werewere extensivelyextensively disturbed betweenbetween AprilApril and June 1993 (see Figure 1616).). The recentrecent examination ofof thesethese features suggestssuggests that additionaladditional disturbance has occurred since the 1993 impactsimpacts.. Currently, the the areaarea formerly occupiedoccupied by by these these featuresfeatures andand the southeast wallwall of Feature 8,8, isis aa largelarge irregularly-shaped irregularly-shaped pilepile ofof boulderboulder andand cobbles thatthat is 24.0 24.0 meters meters long, long, (northeast (northeast by by southwest), 15.0 meters widewide and 0.7 to 0.75 meters in height ((FigureFigure 229).9). BulldBulldozerozer tracks tracks are are presentpresent at the southeasternsoutheastern corner corner of of the the pile, pile, representing representing post-1993 post-1993 impacts. impacts .The The expansionexpansion ofof thethe gravelgravel parkingparking areas and road road throughthrough the the Feature Feature 8 8 wall wall has has also also impacted impacted Features Features 9 and and 10. 10. Two Two modern hearth featuresfeatures are located adjacentadjacent to this pile toto thethe north.
Feature 16
- .-
`Moder niier4.
Figure 29 29.. SiteSite 4185,4185, FeaturesFeatures 99 andand 1010 disturbeddisturbed enclosure enclosure remnantsremnants (view(view toto south) AlthoughAlthough disturbed,disturbed, remnantsremnants ofof Features 9 and and 10 10 are are visible visible within within the the irregularly-shaped irregularly-shaped pile. pile. Remnants ofof FeatureFeature 99 consistconsist ofof thethe possiblepossible remainsremains ofof thethe southernsouthern wall ofof thethe enclosureenclosure andand a terrace located along thethe westernwestern side. side. For For discussion discussion purposes thethesese features are are subdividedsubdivided into two two subfeatures, consistingconsisting of ththee enclosure (Feature 9.1) andand thethe terrace (Feature 9.2). TheThesese subfeaturessubfeatures are described below.
Feature 9.1 consists of the FeatureFeature 99 enclosureenclosure identifiedidentified byby HibbardHibbard (1993).(1993). Currently all thatthat remains of the enclosure enclosure is a linear berm of boulders and cobbles thatthat may be the remnant remnant ofof Feature Feature 9.1 9.1 and and Feature 10 (discussed below). This bermberm maymay alsoalso bebe the result of bulldozer activity in the area. ThisThis berm is 10.510.5 metersmeters long (east(east-west),-west), 1.0 toto 1.5 meters wide and 0.6 to 1.3 meters high.high. Hibbard noted an 'iii‘ili iiiili HAUNHaun & ASSOCIATESAssociates |143 43
TMK:(3)8-8-0^T M K : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 90 :• 1 A. 4 1 Report Nc'No.960 (3 0-10261- 1026 15 pavement insideinside thethe enclosureenclosure andand aa cluster of waterworn stonesstones toto the north north of of the the wall wall likely likely represents aa remnantremnant ofof thisthis pavement.pavement. AnAn 'iii‘ili iiiili pavement is presentpresent adjacentadjacent toto thethe featurefeature to the north, in an area 9.59.5 metersmeters longlong (east-west)(east-west) byby 3.5 meters wide.wide. NoNo cultural materialmaterial,, otherother than waterwornwaterworn stones are present on the surface.
Feature 9.2 is an oval-shaped oval-shaped terraceterrace builtbuilt alongalong thethe westernwestern side ofof the feature. feature. This This feature is not described by Hibbard (1993).(1993). ItIt isis 3.0 3.0 meters meters longlong (north(north-south)-south) andand 2.2.55 meters wide with a low retaining wall (0.2(0.233 metersmeters high) alongalong thethe west side ((FigureFigure 3030).). The eastern side is bordered byby collapsedcollapsed rubble that maymay representrepresent thethe westernwestern sideside ofof thethe Feature Feature 9.19.1 enclosure.enclosure. TheThe surface of the feature isis aa roughrough cobble pavement with no cultural materialmaterial present.present.
Figure 30 30.. SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 9.29.2 terraceterrace (view(view toto east)east)
A 1.0 by 1.0 meter test unitunit (TU-2)(TU-2) waswas excavatedexcavated intointo thethe centercenter of the FeatureFeature 9.19.1 terrace,terrace, revealingrevealing three layerslayers ((FigureFigure 331).1). Layer II is is a a 0.16 0.16 to to 0.260.26 metermeter thick architectural layer of boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Cultural materialmaterial fromfrom LayerLayer I Iconsist consist of of white white earthenware earthenware plateplate and bowl fragments, a Cellana talcosa shell scraper (Figure(Figure 332),2), waterworn coral, marine shell, dodogg bonebone and unburned kukui nutshell. The cultural material fromfrom TU-2TU-2 is summarized in Table 33..
Layer IIII is is 0.07 0.07 toto 0.170.17 meters ofof veryvery darkdark grayishgrayish brownbrown (10YR(10YR 3/2)3/2) silt with 90% boulderboulder cobble and pebble inclusions. CulturalCultural material material from from thisthis layerlayer consconsistsists ofof marinemarine shells, anan urchin spine file and a notched urchin spine ((FigureFigure 333),3), volcanic glassglass andand basalt flakes, waterworn coral, coral, urchinurchin exoskeletonexoskeleton fragments and spines, fish, bird and unidentified mammalmammal bonebone,, burned and unburned unburned kukui nutshell, charcoal, aa white earthenwareearthenware plate fragment, bottle glass,glass, metal can fragments, a ceramic buttonbutton and a modern metal swivel.swivel. LayerLayer III consists consists ofof pocketspockets ofof thethe underlying a'Sa‘â lava flow. No cultural material is present in this layer. TheThe excavationexcavation was terminatedterminated on bedrock throughout the majoritymajority of the unit, and in aa pocket of the culturallyculturally sterilesterile LayerLayer III soil soil along along the the westernwestern side.
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TU-2 - North wall profile 0 Datum
Layer I
_...„1----r----, —.+7,-....-7( --.) , ..p.• 'I ( .,-... ..------.. ,,TI - • ,----.C.-- ....,--- ...._,Z / --)--,-- ,. •7 -/y ,4 J::••-•,...."-•.- --,Q y.' ..5-% .4-- 4 )/. ..2.- ,...‘.-----_,,- _,.. I , 1.----c \ 7- ',,,,-_-_-f',
P' L._ Layer
Bedrock Layer Ill
U rtiexcavated 0 100cm
— 80ern Layer I Architectural layer of boulders, cobbles and pahble.s; cultural material present Layer H - Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3f2 silt with 90% boulder, cobble and pebble inclusions.; cultural material present Layer Ill - A`a lava flow; no cultural remains
Figure 3131.. Site 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 9.2,9.2, NorthNorth wall profile of TUTU-2-2
Figure 3232.. Cellana talcosa shellshell scraperscraper from from SiteSite 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 9.2, TU-2,TU-2, Layer I
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Table 33.. Summary ofof culturalcultural materialmaterial from Site 4185, Feature 9.2, TUTU-2-2 Layer 1-1I-1 Layer 11-2 II-2 Type Description Material 33-67 cm cmbd bd 54-74 cmbd 4111r- INFTNF WT INFTNF WT m_ White earthenware-12earthenware - 12 inchinch diameterdiameter plate rim fragment with transfer Plate fragment 1 24.5 - - printed blue scallop decoration on plate rimrim White earthenware bowl fragment with transfer printed green grid lines Bowl fragment 1 4.4 in diagonal pattern PIPlate ate fragmentfragment White earthenware rim sherd 1 0.2 Historic material Colorless Bottle Glass 6 4.1 Amber Bottle Glass 1 1.0 Can Fragment Steel 2 0.2 Fishing Line Swivel Clip Steel (modern) 1 0.3 Prosser Button Ceramic - 1/21/2 inch diameter 4 hole sunken panel sew throughthrough button 1 0.6 Shell scraper Cellana talcosa Scraper 1 13.5 Heterocentrotus mammillatus Notched Spine Urchin Spine 1 2.4
Heterocentrotus mammillatus File Urchin Spine 1 0.8 Tertiary Flake Basalt 1 2.5 Tertiary Flake Basalt 1 0.6 Tertiary Flake Basalt 1 0.7 Tertiary Flake Basalt 1 0.1 Expedient tools Utilized Primary Flake Volcanic Glass 1 1.0 Utilized Tertiary Flake Volcanic Glass 1 0.2 Utilized Tertiary Flake Volcanic Glass 1 0.3 Core Volcanic Glass 1 0.8 Primary Flake Volcanic Glass 1 0.2 Secondary Flake Volcanic Glass 6 2.5 Tertiary Flake Volcanic Glass 3 1.5 Tertiary Flake Volcanic Glass 1 0.4 Porites sp. Pebble Coral 4 28.6 62 209.8 Manuport PodlloporaPocillopora sp. Pebble Coral 14 24.3 Cypraeidae Cypraea maculiferamawlifera Gastropod Shell 4 15.7 16 156.3
Cypraeidae Cypraea sp. Gastropod Shell 3 4.8 95 119.0 Cypraeidae Cypraea caputserpentis Gastropod Shell 30 59.0 Cypraeidae Cypraea mauritiana Gastropod Shell 5 13.1 Neritidae NaritaNerita picea Gastropod Shell 2 0.8 333 127.0
Patel!Patellidae i da e Cellana sp. Gastropod Shell 86 217.7 627 385.0 ThaiThaididae di dae Drupa ricinaridna Gastropod Shell 4 9.3 58 78.2 ThaiThaididae di dae Purpura aperta Gastropod Shell 4 43.6 6 55.1 Thaididae Drupa morum Gastropod Shell 7 41.6
Thaididae Drupa rubusidaeus Gastropod Shell 49 43.0 ThaiThaididae di dae Thais intermediaintennedia Gastropod Shell 3 12.3 Thaididae Gastropod Shell 130 103.1 Conidae ConuscatusConus catus Gastropod Shell 6 9.0
Conidae ConConus us rattusrattus Gastropod Shell 1 1.0 Conidae Conus sp. Gastropod Shell 15 26.7 UttorinidaeLittorinidae Littoraria pintado Gastropod Shell 43 19.4
PIPlanaxidae anaxi dae Planaxis labiosa Gastropod Shell 5 0.9
Ranellidae Charonia tritonis Gastropod Shell 2 4.2 Subsistence remains Strombidae Gastropod Shell 1 0.1 Trochidae Trochus intextus Gastropod Shell 2 3.0 IndeterminateIndeterminate Marine ShellShell Gastropod Shell 105 42.2 Echinometridae Urchin Exoskeleton 105 16.9 Echinometridae ColobacentrotusColobocentrotus atratus Urchin Spine 4 0.5 Echinometridae Heterocentrotus mammillatus Urchin Spine 48 41.4 Echinometridae Urchin Spine 3 0.4 Crustacea Ci Cirripedia rri pedi a Exoskeleton 4 1.7 Crustacea Exoskeleton 2 0.2 Cirrhitidae Fish Bone 1 0.3 Scaridae Fish Bone 1 0.2 Fish, Cranial Fish Bone 5 1.2 Fish, Post Cranial Fish Bone 8 1.5 Avian Bird Bone 2 0.8
CaCanidae ni dae Canis familiaris Mammal Bone (dog) 4 3.4 Indeterminate Mammal Mammal Bone 7 1.9 Aleurites moluccana Nutshell (unburned) 1 1.0 2 0.2 Aleurites moluccana Nutshell (burned) 54 49.2 Charred Wood Charcoal 2 0.2 anbdnentimeterscmbd=centimeters below below datum, datum, TNF=Total TNF=Total number number of of fragments,fragments, WT-WeightWT=Weight in in grams grams (values (values lessless thanthan 0.1 gram rounded up)
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Figure 3333.. Urchin spine file and notched spine from SiteSite 4185, FeatureFeature 9.2, 9.2, TU-2, TU-2, Layer Layer 11-2 II-2
The remnants ofof Feature 10 consist of an area of level 'iii‘ili iiiili pavement and a berm which may represent the remnants of thethe southsouth sideside of thethe originaloriginal structure.structure. ThisThis bermberm isis the samesame feature that extendsextends along the southsouth side side of of thethe previously previously discussed discussed FeatureFeature 9.1. 9.1. The paved area isis approximately 1.41.4 meters in diameter and potentially representsrepresents the interiorinterior paved paved surfacesurface ofof FeatureFeature 10 cited byby HibbardHibbard (1993). No cultural material, otherother than the waterwornwaterworn stonesstones is present at the feature.
Feature 1111 was a pavement borderedbordered byby thethe Feature 88 wallswalls toto the north andand west.west. It isis describeddescribed by Hibbard as follows:follows:
Feature 1111 isis aa pavedpaved areaarea approximately approximately 12.5 12.5 ft ft (4(4 m,m, E/W)E/W) byby 2525 ftft 8 In, N/S), withinwithin the enclosure enclosure created byby Feature Feature 8.8. The The paving paving consists ofof large flat waterworn waterworn boulders. The extensiveextensive middenmidden ofof marine shell, bone, fish and mammal bone, basalt flakes inin a charcoal stainedstained matrix,matrix, suggests thethe areaarea waswas used used for for habitationhabitation ((1993:9).1993:9).
The examination ofof the Feature 11 areaarea duringduring thethe presentpresent projectproject indicates thatthat the feature has been buried beneath the gravelgravel fill usedused toto createcreate thethe parking parking area area atat the the seaward seaward end end of of Park Park Avenue.Avenue. TheThe areaarea is level and comprised of crushed a'aa‘a pebbles, cobbles and boulders ((FigureFigure 334).4). Scattered waterwornwaterworn boulders are present in the area,area, although none of the waterworn boulder boulder pavement pavement as as describeddescribed byby Hibbard (1993) remains.
Subsurface testingtesting waswas conductedconducted in in andand adjacentadjacent toto thethe reported location of of FeatureFeature 11 11 (see (see Figure 227).7). Testing consisted ofof excavating four 0.6 meter diameterdiameter shovel shovel tests tests (STP (STP 1-4).1-4). STP 2 2 and and 33 areare locatedlocated withinwithin the reportedreported locationlocation ofof Feature Feature 11.11. STP-1STP-1 is locatedlocated 5.05.0 metersmeters toto the northwest andand STP-4STP-4 4.04.0 metersmeters toto the southeast. These excavationsexcavations revealedrevealed identicalidentical stratigraphystratigraphy ((FigureFigure 335).5). Layer I in these tests consisted of 0.03 to 0.080.08 meters of crushed basalt fillfill material with nono culturalcultural materialmaterial present.present. LayerLayer II is 0.020.02 toto 0.1 metermeter of very dark brown (10YR(10YR 2/2)2/2) silt.
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Figure 3434.. Site 4185,4185, FeatureFeature 1111 disturbed pavementpavement (view to south-southwest)south-southwest)
ST-3 - North wall profile ST-1- North wall profile 0 0 Layer I Layer I — - Layer II - -I
Bedrock 60cm Layer II 0 —11111101!il 1 i I - _ -20cm Bedrock 0
30cm ST-2 - North wall profile 5T-4 - North wall profile -o Layer I I Layer I _ Layer II Bedrock 60cm 0 17- „ . 20cm 20cm Bedrock 60cm 0
Layer I - Crushed basalt fill; no cultural material
Layer II - Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt; cultural material present
ink = waterworn basalt
Figure 3535.. Site 4185,4185, profiles of shovel teststests excavatedexcavated atat FeatureFeature 1111
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Cultural materialmaterial waswas recoveredrecovered fromfrom all four shovel tests. This This material material consists consists of marinemarine shell, shell, waterworn coral, urchin spine, unburned kukui nutshells, an aluminum pull tab and bottlebottle glass glass from from STP- STP- 1;1; marinemarine shell, shell, waterwornwaterworn coral, coral, and and an an aluminum aluminum pull pull tabtab from from STP-2, STP-2, marine shell andand waterworn coral from STP-3STP-3 andand marinemarine shell and a sea urchinurchin spinespine fromfrom STP-4 STP-4 ((TableTable 44).). The presence of cultural material outside the boundary boundary of the the pavement pavement as as defined defined by by Hibbard Hibbard (1993) (1993) indicates indicates habitationhabitation useuse of the vicinity.vicinity. ThThee results results of of subsurface subsurface testing testing indicate indicate that that whilewhile the the surfacesurface pavementpavement has been disturbeddisturbed and covered with gravel, anan intactintact cultural depositdeposit remainsremains..
Feature 12 is aa pavementpavement located inin the northernnorthern portion portion of of the the site site complex. complex. According According to Hibbard:Hibbard:
Feature 1212 is a paved paved surface surface located inin a small small gully justjust easteast ofof the Feature Feature 8 enclosureenclosure.. The area is generally square, being 112.52.5 ft (4 m) onon a side, and paved with a'a gravel andand pebblespebbles.. No facing oror alignmentsalignments werewere observedobserved aroundaround thethe edges of the paved surface (1993:9).
Inspection ofof FeatureFeature 12 indicates thatthat it is larger than describeddescribed byby Hibbard (8.0(8.0 metersmeters long [east[east-west]-west] by 3.5 meters wide). The surface is alsoalso moremore iirregularrregular and uneven than previouslypreviously described, suggesting that it it may may have have been been impacted impacted during during post-1993 post-1993 bulldozing. bulldozing. NoNo culturalcultural materialmaterial isis presentpresent onon the surface ofof thethe feature, although aa ttruckruck tiretire isis locatedlocated adjacentadjacent toto thethe featurefeature toto the west. west. Figure 3366 illustrates thethe current conditioncondition of Feature 12.
Feature 13 is aa section ofof steppingstonesteppingstone trailtrail thatthat waswas notednoted by HibbardHibbard at at thethe southernsouthern end of the site complex; however,however, hishis mapmap ofof thethe area (see Figure 115)5) depicts another section of the FeatureFeature 1313 trailtrail inin the northernnorthern cornercorner of of thethe site. site. The The featurefeature is is describeddescribed asas follows:follows:
Figure 36 36.. SiteSite 4185, 4185, FeatureFeature 12 12 pavement pavement (view(view toto east)
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Table 44.. Cultural material from SiteSite 4185, FeatureFeature 11,11, STsSTs 11-4-4 Layer 11-2 II-2 Type Description Material 8-20 cmbdcmbd TNF WT ST-1 Amber Bottle Glass 2 0.8 Historic material Pull Tab AAluminum uminum 1 0.2 PodlloporaPocillopora sp. Pebble Coral 3 20.2 Manuport PodtesPorites sp. Pebble Coral 21 39.0 Conidae Conus sp. Gastropod Shell 2 4.9 Cypraeidae Cypraea maculiferamacuhfera Gastropod Shell 7 57.7 Cypraeidae Cypraea mauritianamaudbana Gastropod Shell 7 175.3 Cypraeidae Cypraea sp. Gastropod Shell 36 43.6 LittorinidaeUttorinidae Littoraria pintadopintail° Gastropod Shell 2 0.5 Neritidae NaritaNerita picea Gastropod Shell 8 2.9 PatellidaePa tel I i da e Cellana sp. Gastropod Shell 138 89.3 Thaididae DrupeDrupa morum Gastropod Shell 2 10.7 Subsistence remains Thaididae DrupeDrupa ricinaridna Gastropod Shell 5 8.5 Thaididae Drupa rubusidaeus Gastropod Shell 6 3.6 ThaiThaididae di da e Purpura aperta Gastropod Shell 6 49.7 Thaididae Gastropod Shell 29 57.7 IsognomonidaeI sognomonidae Isognomon californicumcahlomicum Bivalve Shell 1 0.1 Indeterminate Marine ShellShell Mixed 31 16.3 Echinometridae Heterocentrotus mammillatus Urchin Spine 1 0.8 Aleurites moluccana Nutshell (unburned) 1 0.4
Layer 11-2 II-2 Type Description Material 8-10 cmbdcmbd TNF WT ST-2 Historic material Pull Tab AAluminum uminum 1 0.2 Manuport PodtesPorites sp. Pebble Coral 1 0.8 Conidae Conus sp. Gastropod Shell 2 1.1 Cypraeidae Cypraea sp. Gastropod Shell 9 17.1 PatellidaePatellidaeCellana Cellana sp. Gastropod Shell 8 5.5 Subsistence remains Thaididae DrupeDrupa ricinaridna Gastropod Shell 1 2.2 Thaididae Gastropod Shell 10 7.2 Indeterminate Marine ShellShell Gastropod Shell 9 3.2
Layer 11-2 II-2 Type Description Material 5-12 cmbd
.M. = TNF WT ST-3 Manuport PodtesPorites sp. Pebble Coral 1 0.2 Cypraeidae Cypraea maculiferamacuhfera Gastropod Shell 2 9.8 Cypraeidae Cypraea sp. Gastropod Shell 22 32.7 Neritidae NaritaNerita picea Gastropod Shell 2 0.8 Subsistence remains PatellidaePatellidaeCellana Cellana sp. Gastropod Shell 2 0.4 Thaididae DrupeDrupa morum Gastropod Shell 1 9.2 Thaididae Gastropod Shell 3 2.4
Layer 11-2 II-2 Type Description Material 8-19 cmbdcmbd TNF WT ST-4 Cypraeidae Cypraea caputserpentis Gastropod Shell 2 5.3 LittorinidaeUttorinidae Littoraria pintadopintail° Gastropod Shell 1 0.3 PatellidaePatellidaeCellana Cellana sp. Gastropod Shell 3 0.8 Subsistence remains Thaididae DrupeDrupa ricinaridna Gastropod Shell 1 3.2 Thaididae Gastropod Shell 4 3.6 Indeterminate Marine ShellShell Gastropod Shell 6 3.2 Echinometridae Heterocentrotus mammillatus Urchin Spine 1 0.3 cmbd.:entimeterscmbd=centimeters belowbelow datum,datum, INF=Total TNF=Total number number of of fragments, fragments, WT=Weight WT=Weight in in grams grams (values (values lessless thanthan 0.1 gram rounded up)
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Feature 13 is aa short segment of steppingstepping-stone-stone trailtrail atat the south end ofof thethe site.site. TheThe trailtrail remnant isis approximately 41 ft long (13 m),m), andand consists ofof largelarge waterwornwaterworn boulders set inin a'a gravel. gravel. Both ends of the trail trail terminate terminate inin bulldozedbulldozed areasareas.. The western end was cut when the accessaccess roadroad to to the the ramp ramp was was bulldozing bulldozing in in April April 1993 (1993:9).
TheThe two segments of the FeatureFeature 1313 trailtrail identifiedidentified byby Hibbard (1993) were relocated during the project.project. AA third section of trail trail was was also also identified. identified. For discussidiscussionon purposespurposes thesethese trailtrail segments havehave been designated as Features 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3. TheseThese segments are irregularly irregularly spaced waterworn boulders set into into ground ground surface.
Feature 13.1 is locatedlocated atat the southsouth endend ofof thethe sitesite complexcomplex (see Figure 1818).). This segsegmentment is comprised of 14 waterworn stones in an area 12.012.0 metersmeters longlong (east-west)(east-west) by 3.0 meters wide. Feature 13.2 is situatedsituated atat the north end of the site.site. ItIt consists of 8 waterworn stones in an area 7.5 meters longlong (north-south)(north-south) by 2.4 meters wide (see FFigureigure 2727).). This sectionsection extends extends up up a a slopeslope toto thethe north, adjacent toto the seaward end of the SiteSite 28991 wall wall ((FigureFigure 337).7). Feature 13.3 is located 8.78.7 metemetersrs to the south south of of Feature Feature 13.2 13.2 (see(see Figure 2727).). It consists of 99 waterwornwaterworn stones in an area 4.4 meters long (north(north-south)-south) by 2.1 meters wide.
No surfacesurface cultural materialmaterial was found in association with the trailtrail features;features; however,however, STP-1, STP-1, discussed above was located among the Feature Feature 13.3 13.3 stones. stones. Cultural Cultural material recovered from this shovel shovel test pitpit included included marine shell, waterworn coral, urchin spine, unburned kukui nutshells, an aluminum pull tabtab and bottle glassglass (see Table 44).).
Site 4185 4185 was was previouslypreviously interpretedinterpreted as as a aprehistoric prehistoric habitation habitation complex. complex. According According to to individuals individuals knowledgeable aboutabout the area, the FeatureFeature 99 andand 1010 enclosuresenclosures likelylikely served as house foundations or kauhalekauhale and the the Feature Feature 8 8 enclosure enclosure wall wall likely servedserved toto encloseenclose thethe house sitesite.. They interpretedinterpreted thethe Feature Feature 1 enclosure as aa fishingfishing ko'ako‘a and believe thatthat the surfaces ofof Features 2,2, 33 andand 44 were used to dry fish. TheThe Feature 1313 trailtrail segmentssegments representrepresent a a transportationtransportation route route throughthrough the the areaarea thatthat hashas been used by the community for generations. The otherother features likelylikely servedserved asas associated actactivityivity oror work,work, oror storagestorage featuresfeatures associated with the habitationhabitation ofof thethe site.site. TheThe presencepresence of of historic historic artifactsartifacts inin TU-2TU-2 at Feature 9.2 and shovelshovel tests atat FeatureFeature 1111 indicatesindicates thethe site site waswas alsoalso usedused historically.historically.
Hibbard (1993)(1993) suggestssuggests thatthat Site 41854185 hhasas been impacted byby various episodes of disturbance (1993:13).(1993:13). The area was initially disturbeddisturbed inin thethe early 1960s duringduring bulldozingbulldozing for for the the proposedproposed “park"park area”area" of the Miloli‘iMiloli'i BeachBeach LotsLots subdivision.subdivision. This This disturbance disturbance is is confirmed confirmed by by reviewreview ofof aa January January 1965 1965 aerial aerial photograph of thethe area that depicts extensive disturbance toto the area (see Figure 1212).). Additional impacts to thethe sitesite occurredoccurred inin 19901990 inin associationassociation withwith thethe installationinstallation ofof aa sumpsump andand a a pipeline, pipeline, in in April April of 1993 during thethe construction ofof the adjacent boat ramp, ramp, and and between between April April and June June of 1993 1993 during during the removal ofof thethe pipeline andand the intentionalintentional dismantlingdismantling of stone walls.walls.
Major disturbance ofof Features 77-10-10 appears to have have occurred occurred during during the the April-June April-June 1993 1993 period. period. Additional impactsimpacts toto thesethese features also occurred during the subsequent expansionexpansion ofof thethe gravelgravel parkingparking area in the northwestern portion portion of of the the site, site, including including ofof the wideningwidening of the road throughthrough FeatureFeature 8.8. ThisThis activity alsoalso disturbeddisturbed andand buriedburied thethe surface pavementpavement at Feature 11. Minor disturbancedisturbance toto the Feature 12 pavement may have also occurred at this time.
Feature 1.1 has also been impacted sincesince the 19931993 inspection,inspection, evidencedevidenced byby bulldozerbulldozer disturbance along the easterneastern side.side. TheThe surfaces of thethe nearby Features 3.1,3.1, 3.23.2 andand 77 appear to havehave been disturbeddisturbed byby wave activity, asas evidencedevidenced byby theirtheir slopingsloping surfaces surfaces of of scattered scattered cobblescobbles andand boulders.boulders. TheThe remainingremaining features ofof thethe sitesite dodo not not appear appear to to have have significantly significantly impactedimpacted since since thethe Hibbard Hibbard (1993)(1993) inspection.inspection. TheThe remnants ofof SiteSite 4185 are alteredaltered and and in in poor poor to to fair fair condition. condition. The The site site is is assessed assessed as as significant significant per per HAR HAR §13-284-6§13-284-6 under Criteria d ((informationinformation contentcontent)) and CriteriaCriteria e (cultural(cultural value).value).
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;7-14.9f1"4 - ,44-110.g.71
ad •
Figure 37 37.. SiteSite 4185, 4185, FeatureFeature 13.2 13.2 trailtrail remnant remnant (view (view to to south south-southwest)-southwest)
Site 28991 is a stone wall wall that extends extends along thethe northern project project area boundary boundary on the boundary boundary between PapaPāpā 1 andand 2.2. TheThe seaward portionportion ofof thisthis wallwall was recorded by Hibbard as part of Feature 8 of the SiteSite 41854185 complexcomplex (see Figure 1616).). As discussed in the PreviousPrevious ArchaeologicalArchaeological WorkWork sectionsection of this report, the the wall wall was assigned assigned its site number number during during a surveysurvey ofof a a parcel parcel inland inland of of the the Mamalahoa Mamalahoa Highway by by Scheffler Scheffler (2012 (2012:5).:5). The The portion portion of of the the wall wall in in the the project project area area originates originates at at the the edgeedge of the coastal cliff at at 10 10 ft ft elevation. elevation. It It extends extends to to the the northeast northeast for for 3.5 3.5 meters, meters, then then turns turns to to the the easteast-southeast,-southeast, continuing inlandinland onon the land division betweenbetween PāpāPapa 1 and 2.2. TheThe wall extends in this direction for 154 meters wherewhere itit exits the parcel at approximatelyapproximately 75 ft. The wall continuescontinues outsideoutside thethe project area in this direction.direction.
The 1925 USGS Miloli‘i Miloli'i Quadrangle Quadrangle map map shows shows the the Site Site 28991 28991 wall wall extending extending to to the the 1,5001,500 ftft elevationelevation and beyond, roughly parallelingparalleling the the boundaryboundary betweenbetween PāpāPapa 1 and 2 (see Figure 1010).). The majority of the wallwall is built ofof stacked a‘aa'a cobblescobbles andand smallsmall boulders,boulders, withwith aa core-filledcore-filled cobble interior. Waterworn cobblescobbles and boulders are incorporated into the seaward end of the wall.wall. It is 0.80.8 metersmeters widewide aatt thethe base and 0.7 meters at the top,top, rangingranging in height from 0.8 toto 1.1 meters ((FigureFigure 338).8). The majority of the wall is intact, although a collapsed collapsed portion is present in in the the vicinity vicinity of of the the Site Site 30105 30105 road, road, discussed discussed below. below. The The presence of this wall acrosacrosss thethe Site 30105 roadroad (discussed below)below) suggestssuggests itit postpost-dates-dates the construction of the road.road. NoNo culturalcultural materialmaterial isis present.present. The The site site is is assessed assessed as as significant significant per per HAR HAR §13-284-6§13-284-6 under Criteria aa (association(association withwith importantimportant eventsevents)) and Criteria dd ((informationinformation content)content)..
Site 30104 is a platform platform located in the north-centralnorth-central portion of the the parcel parcel at at approximately approximately 55 ft elevation. The platformplatform isis locatedlocated onon anan intact a‘a'aâ lavalava flow, althoughalthough thethe area surrounding it has been impacted by bulldozer activityactivity.. TheThe platform platform isis oval oval in in shape shape and and is is 4.6 4.6 meters meters longlong andand 2.52.5 toto 4.14.1 metersmeters wide ((FigureFigure 339).9). The sides of the structure areare collapsedcollapsed and thethe surfacesurface isis unpavedunpaved cobblescobbles andand smallsmall boulders. An exposedexposed outcropoutcrop is visiblevisible along along the the northwestern northwestern side ofof thethe structure. No cultural material is presentpresent on the surface of the site.
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A 2.02.0 byby 1.01.0 meter meter testtest unit was excavatedexcavated inin thethe central portion of thethe site (see Figure 339).9). Layer I isis 00.43.43 to 0.57 0.57 meters meters of of boulders, boulders, cobblescobbles and pebbles. pebbles. The majority ofof thethe stones in this layer are a'Sa‘â lava,lava, although several waterworn cobbles andand boulders are also present. Cultural Cultural material from this unit is summarized inin Table S.5. Material from Layer II consist consistss of of marine marine shell,shell, waterworn waterworn coral,coral, unburnedunburned kukui
Figure 3838.. SiteSite 2899128991 wallwall (view(view to north)
Table 55.. Cultural materialmaterial fromfrom SiteSite 3010430104
Layer II Layer IIII Type Description Material 0-50 cmbd 50-60 cmbd TNF WT TNF WT Historic materimaterial a I Plate fragment White eaearthenware rthenwa re fragment 1 7.9 - - Expedient toolstools Tertiary fl flake a ke Volcanic glass - - 2 0.5 Pocillopora sp. Pebble Coral 1 12.9 7 6.8 Porites sp. Pebble Coral 1 0.5 5 3.2 ManuportMa nuport Waterworn Marine ShellShell Reef Rubble - - 2 1.4 Waterworn Pebble Basalt - - 129 148.8 Cypraeidae Cypraea maculifera Gastropod ShellShell 1 4.3 - - Cypraeidae Cypraea sp. Gastropod ShellShell 3 6.5 23 15.9 Conidae Conus sp. Gastropod ShellShell - - 2 0.8 PatellidaePatel I i da e Cellana sp. Gastropod ShellShell - - 1 0.6 Thaididae Purpura aperta Gastropod ShellShell 1 6.1 - - Subsistence remairemains ns Thaididae Gastropod ShellShell - - 7 3.2 EchinometridaeEchi nometridae Urchin Exoskeleton - - 2 0.3 Crustacea Crab Exoskeleton - - 1 0.5 Aleurites moluccana Nutshell (unburned) 25 63.9 16 21.9 Bovidae Bos taurus Butchered cow bone 1 5.9 - - Charred Wood Charcoal - - 1 0.5 ombd=:entimeterscmbd=centimeters below datum, 7NF=TotalTNF=Total number of fragments, WT=Weight inin gramsgrams (values less than than 0.10.1 gram rounded up)
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1,1 • .,' , % • (70) ExpOSi-.0 0 JI.Cror, ..,-_-, - -_ ,._,, Lave) but unpaved ccbtlesEric oc:.‘ble.5
1,...' • '"(-,_ i
,,z..,;.,..›..., i 44% c. -,,-., ."--, 'CZ..AY. .: . : '...... .)27'. ...c c..„,,,l. .
' . ,_ Unevei ea lava , ., ...... . Ti.,-.1 • / , p.., : -(10) Uneven a'a lava __... ,/' ,-. -'1 ..,. 5,:,.1 •" / /., ./ / .. ••,..: .....1.).x..-..•
'. i.,".- 1,--i7'.?/,.;3' coilliaSPri r.lbblF! • .1_41,4;•,,, 7i.-e('f- ''-}-- (70)= height in centimeters •-.-- „_ • = S upe directio, • \ 10feet - , i'• • t80) D 3 metnrs
TU-/ west wall profile WaLervverri boulder Lyer I • 0 -f-'-----L--)-'7-.(--f..,!-- - ----yrr. ---..--,---:•••- ,----. ----,- •-,..),5 ..,.., -., - ---(r '..---.---._,f ._ .. A --.-----. .. --r.j.--:Allii. t, L.,;:,..,c,„._...i y ..,.. , ,-, , , qmr_17.7-" 1,. ---'Le-.17:::-- _.. IC L_ r:-.:: i •-'77- ' , 1 1 ; _Lk •• C 1 _1 • r- I -' -'-4.6 Layer II . ":•.-,..... ,-**. ri."F••••••-"--i-••- -.-- - '---..."---,1:: *Y."-A.: -,., (.....,....,- - ••• •• • • *****- • • •• • Bedrock • - '..-..,_.._, ,,,..., .__ ._j -Laytr III 80 Unexcavated 0 100 2,00cm
Layer I - Architectural layer of boulders, cobbles and pebbles; cultural material present Layer II - Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt with 70% boulder, cobble and pebble inducians; cultural material present Layer III - A'a lava flow; no cultural material
- '..=,-.., , ...... ,_ - - - ...... -....ilb.- - --.
-%. •,--.'..1.-r,t--. L-Sor--,.....-"t' ''' 'Irr** _. - _ - - -...e, ,,_ •'•. 7.,-.. .,.,---- - 1.- '--)4' .,.-,,,:,::_tAr- f : •;:-• '..- .---:". ..1s. ,.'..... , 4 -- tr: -'3:'X ' , - • - .7 '11 4" . rd'b' • .i.....1.1..- .- — „..._,,,,,• I_ el' ' . — . -4 •V-i— ..i. -. - ,_.....• , •''''' -.A.--1-0-.,..-....',-,thk " AAr —A-0,7411Q ge, __ ' ' , .--_ - -:,.,,,,-.,:e • c -.. - _ ,.., : -....., ' -.:X Photograph of modified outcrop -- --, -,_ ,'""._„._.114-E - .e,.;---, i • ' ar4-011' - ' • (view to south) --- -- -- ---1 .,,p4.4411"",...„,-..-•47'''. -----"'"541- ._-..4 .4.-7.,....-'' 7.,"- •- 21'30-4 - ...,..--- 'll,..x' - _lx - ' -1-.7:-...... ,. '' ...- , . -•• lit7. - ' •ie;_i.- _ _ i ....,,,...!,..... ...._ --, ,. . 7`,:i,..„ ...,. „-.11,e1,61-.•4&-. - ;c" •ft-_. ' ,,,,r,4e.s.-- 4--,,-;..,,, •._,, ' -% ...- ..i''. '-'-,-":"--;., •—• ..,,, ,..,,,,,, a.a., .., , ...,a, ,,-f... 4.7 . ." .1 - ..illfffl'' -4akre., .. . -. 41$1:„1S,.. :laNer,e- -114.4:' . '7' --"N;',. • -- • .... 4111/-. ..e. 4...,firy , . . .ei , a. .....- r, li • _ — „ . ..4-1.5-_ Vt.'. '''. -- ..,.
Figure 3939.. Site 30104 planplan mapmap andand photographphotograph andand profileprofile ofof TU-1TU-1 HaunHAUN & ASSOCIATESAssociates 1| 54
TMT M KK:(3)8-8-(1(10•1 : ( 3 ) 8 - 8 - 0 0 9 : 1 4A" 1 Report NoNo.960 960-1026"- 1026 15 nutshell, aa butchered cow bonebone,, and a a whitewarewhiteware ceramic ceramic plate fragment. fragment. BedrockBedrock is present beneath Layer I Iin in the the southwestern southwestern cornercorner ofof thethe unit, with thethe Layer IIII soil soil present present throughout throughout thethe remainder.remainder.
Layer IIII is is 0.0 0.066 to to 0.110.11 metersmeters of a veryvery dark grayishgrayish brown (10YR(10YR 3/2)3/2) siltsilt withwith 70%70% boulder,boulder, cobble and pebble inclusions. Cultural material from LayerLayer II isis marine shells, volcanic glass flakesflakes,, wwaterwornaterworn coral pebbles, sea urchin exoskeletonexoskeleton,, unburned kukui nutshells and charcoal. Bedrock isis presentpresent beneath LayerLayer II inin thethe western half half of of the the unit, unit, with with the the underlying underlying a'Sa‘â lava lava flow flow (Layer (Layer III) presentpresent throughout the remainder of the unit.unit. TheThe excavationexcavation continuedcontinued 0.10.1 metersmeters into into the the culturally culturally sterile sterile Layer Layer III, III, comprised of a‘a'Sâ lava cobblescobbles andand pebbles.pebbles.
Site 30104 isis interpretedinterpreted as a probablprobablee house foundation. It is possible thatthat the platform was constructed prehistorically basedbased onon itsits formalformal typetype andand sizesize (18.8(18.8 square square meters),meters), witwithh aa subsequentsubsequent historic period of use, based on the presencepresence ofof thethe plateplate fragment. fragment. The The sitesite isis unalteredunaltered andand in in fairfair condition.condition. TheThe site is assessed asas significantsignificant per HARHAR §13§13-284-6-284-6 under under CriteriaCriteria dd ((informationinformation contentcontent)) and CriteriaCriteria e (cultural(cultural value).
Site 30105 is thethe disturbed remnant of an historic roadroad or trail locatedlocated inin thethe northern portion of the project areareaa at approximately approximately 4242 ftft elevation. TheThe portionportion ofof thethe site in the the project project area area is is highly highly disturbed, and is visible onlyonly as as a a levellevel,, worn worn are areaa thatthat extends 8.0 meters into the parcel.parcel. TheThe road is visible andand intactintact outsideoutside thethe projectproject areaarea toto the north ((FigureFigure 4040).). The portion ofof thethe site outside the parcel is 2.02.0 toto 2.22.2 metersmeters wide and is borderedbordered on the inlandinland and seawardseaward sidessides byby linear pilespiles of cobbles and boulders. No remnantremnant of the site is visible inin thethe southernsouthern portion of thethe parcel or in the adjacent Miloli‘iMiloli'i BeachBeach LotsLots subdivisionsubdivision..
Figure 4040.. SiteSite 3010530105 trailtrail showingshowing SiteSite 2899128991 wall (view(view to north)
This sitesite waswas observedobserved by Hibbard duringduring thethe 1993 field inspectioninspection of the Site 4185 complex. AccordingAccording to Hibbard, thisthis trailtrail passedpassed 130130 ftft (40(40 meters)meters) inland ofof thethe area that waswas mappedmapped in in 1993. 1993. LocalLocal informants indicate thatthat the road road was was the the former former path path ofof a a trail trail that that was was the the "....route “….route taken taken from from Milolii Milolii and and
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Hoopuloa inin thethe southsouth to Alika and and PPahoehoeahoehoe inin thethe north when the mainmain purpose ofof travelingtraveling was to reach a particular destinationdestination andand wwhenhen food and goods neededneeded to be transported"transported” (1993:11).(1993:11). HibbardHibbard also states that the the straightness straightness and and width width of of the the trail trail suggest suggest that that is is was was modified modified in in the the 1800s. 1800s. The The historic useuse of the transportation route route is is indicated indicated by by its its presence presence on on the the 1925 1925 USGS USGS Miloli'i Miloli‘i Quadrangle map (see Figure 1010).). According to to thisthis mapmap thethe road originated at thethe seawardseaward endend of of the the Miloli'i Miloli‘i RoadRoad and extended toto thethe north north through through Papa Pāpā 1 1 and and into into Alika Alika Ahupua'a.Ahupua‘a. Recent consultation with residents of the areaarea indicatesindicates thatthat the the trail trail is is a a portion portion of of the the King's King’s Trail.Trail.
Site 30105 isis interpretedinterpreted asas the disturbed remnants of a trailtrail that waswas subsequentlysubsequently used as anan historichistoric road. This is is based based on on the the intactintact sectionsection outsideoutside thethe projectproject area,area, informant interviews andand itsits appearanceappearance on a 1925 map of the area.area. TheThe portion of the sitesite inin thethe projectproject areaarea isis inin veryvery poor conditioncondition and has been all but destroyed. TheThe destruction of this portion of the sitesite likelylikely occurred in the 1960s during the bulldozing forfor thethe proposed park area for for the the Miloli'i Miloli‘i BeachBeach Lots Lots subdivision. TheThe ssiteite isis assessed as significant per HAR §13 §13-284-6-284-6 under under CriteriaCriteria d d ( information(information content)content) and Criteria e (cultural value).
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CONCLUSION Discussion
The archaeological inventoryinventory surveysurvey results results indicate indicate that that thethe majority of the property waswas previouslypreviously disturbed by heavy equipmentequipment.. Multiple periodsperiods ofof disturbancedisturbance hhaveave been observed in the parcel, dating back to the early 1960s when the area area was was bulldozed bulldozed forfor the the proposed proposed "park “park area" area” of ofthe the Miloli'i Miloli‘i Beach Beach Lots Lots subdivision. subdivision .Additional Additional impacts to the sitesite occurredoccurred inin 19901990 inin associationassociation withwith thethe installationinstallation ofof aa sumpsump andand a a pipeline, pipeline, in in AprilApril of 1993 during the constructionconstruction of the adjacent boatboat ramp,ramp, andand betweenbetween April April and JuneJune of 1993 during the removal of the pipeline (and(and sump) and dismantling dismantling of stone walls. walls. Figure 16 depicts thethe extent of the disturbance disturbance noted by Hibbard in 1993.
Despite this prior disturbance, evidence for traditional Hawaiian useuse of ththee parcelparcel survives.survives. A portionportion of the SiteSite 4185 PāpāP5p5 BayBay Complex Complex is is located located in in the the seaward seaward portion portion of of the the projectproject area,area, with additionaladditional componentscomponents of the site located to the northnorth ofof thethe parcelparcel inin PapaPāpā 1.1. These These additionaladditional componentscomponents outside the projectproject areaarea includeinclude habitation platforms, enclosures, aa well,well, graves and a possible heiau.
The initial disturbancedisturbance toto Features 77-10-10 at Site Site 4185 4185 occurred between between April-June April-June 1993, 1993, with with minor minor impacts impacts occurring duringduring thethe extension of the gravel parking areaarea in thethe northwestern portionportion ofof thethe site. site. This This activityactivity has also removed the surface pavement at Feature Feature 11, althoughalthough the subsurface subsurface extents of the the site site remain. remain. Minor Minor disturbance to the FeatureFeature 1212 pavement maymay have also occurred at this time.
Feature 1.1 also appears to havehave beenbeen impactedimpacted sincesince thethe 1993 1993 inspection, inspection, evidencedevidenced byby bulldozerbulldozer disturbancedisturbance along the eastern side.side. The surfaces of thethe nearby FeaturFeatureses 3.1, 3.2 andand 7 appear to have been disturbeddisturbed byby wave activity evidencedevidenced byby theirtheir slopingsloping surfaces surfaces of of scattered scattered cobblescobbles and and boulders. boulders. The remaining featuresfeatures of thethe site do not appear toto have have significantly significantly impacted since the HibbardHibbard (1993) inspection.
A secondsecond prehistoricprehistoric habitationhabitation structure (Site(Site 3010430104)) with evidence of historichistoric rere-use-use isis presentpresent 65 meters inlandinland of Site 4185. SHPDSHPD believes believes that that Site Site 30104 30104 may may have have been been an an inlandinland feature feature ofof thethe Site 4185 complex,complex, priorprior toto thethe disturbance.
The path of aa transportationtransportation route route once once extended extended through through the the project project area, area, providing providing access access between between Miloli'i Miloli‘i Village and and areas areas toto thethe north (Site 3010530105).). TThehe portion portion of of this this site site in in the the projectproject areaarea hashas beenbeen all butbut destroyed, althoughalthough an intact section isis presentpresent justjust outsideoutside thethe parcelparcel toto thethe north.
The Site 2899128991 rockrock wallwall likely likely functioned functioned to to restrict restrict the the movement movement ofof livestocklivestock based based onon itsits heightheight andand method of construction. ThThisis wallwall is is situated situated o onn thethe boundaryboundary betweenbetween PPapaāpā 11 andand 2 and also served as a land land boundary boundary marker.
Significance AssessmentsAssessments
Pursuant to DLNR DLNR (2003)(2003) HAR HAR §13 §13-284-6-284-6 the the sites sites documented documented duringduring thethe survey are assessed assessed for for significance significance based on on the the criteria criteria outlined outlined in inthe the Rules Rules Governing Governing Procedures Procedures for for Historic Historic Preservation Preservation Review Review (DLNR (DLNR 2003:Chapter 284).284). AccordingAccording to to these these rules,rules, aa site must possess integrityintegrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, andand association and shall meetmeet one or more ofof the followingfollowing criteria: 1. Criterion "a":"a": Be associatedassociated withwith eventsevents thatthat havehave mademade an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; 2. Criterion "b":"b": Be associatedassociated withwith thethe lives ofof persons persons importantimportant in ourour past;past; 3. Criterion "c":"c": Embody thethe distinctivedistinctive characteristicscharacteristics ofof a a type, type, periodperiod,, oror methodmethod of construction; represent thethe workwork ofof a master; oror possesspossess highhigh artistic value;
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4. Criterion "d":"d": Have yielded,yielded, oror isis likelylikely to to yield, yield, information information important important forfor researchresearch onon prehistory or history; 5. Criterion "e":"e": Have anan importantimportant traditional cultural valuevalue toto the native Hawaiian peoplepeople oror to another ethnic ethnic group group of the the state state due due to to associations associations with with traditional traditional cultural cultural practices practices once once carried out, or still carried out,out, at the the property property or or due due to to associations associations with with traditionaltraditional beliefs, beliefs, events or oral accounts—theseaccounts―these associations being importantimportant to the group'sgroup’s historyhistory andand culturalcultural identity.
Sites 41854185,, 28991 and 30104 possesspossess integrityintegrity ofof location,location, design,design, setting,setting, materials, materials, workmanship,workmanship, feeling,feeling, and association. TThehe portionportion of SiteSite 3010530105 inin the the projectproject areaarea has been destroyed althoughalthough itit stillstill possesses integrity of location. AllAll of of the the sitessites areare assessedassessed as significant underunder Criterion “d”"d" basedbased on the above criteriacriteria ((TableTable 66).). The sites have yielded yielded information important for understanding prehistoric habitation, transportation and ranching ranching activity in the area.area. RecentRecent reviews reviews of of archaeological archaeological projects projects on on Hawai'i Hawai‘ iIsland Island by by DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD indicate indicate that that thethe Division now now considersconsiders ahupua'aahupua‘a boundary walls as significant uundernder Criterion “a”"a" becausebecause of their association with the MaheleMahele and/orand/or the the Kuleana Kuleana Act. Act. Therefore,Therefore, SiteSite 2899128991 isis additionallyadditionally assessedassessed asas significantsignificant underunder CriterionCriterion "a".“a”. AlthoughAlthough destroyed,destroyed, Site 3301050105 isis alsoalso assessedassessed asas significantsignificant under under CriterionCriterion “e” "e" as as it it represents represents thethe path of a prehistoric andand historichistoric transportation transportation routeroute thatthat once extended through the area.area. SiteSite 41854185 andand SiteSite 30104 are also assessed as significant underunder Criterion “e”"e" becausebecause they are (or potentially are) part ofof aa significantsignificant habihabitationtation complex located along the shore ofof PapaPāpā Bay.Bay.
Table 66.. Site significancesignificance andand treatmenttreatment recommendationsrecommendations Significance Treatment SIHP Site Site NumberNumber Site Type Site Function No. of features criteria* recommendation Permanent habitation/ 4185 Complex 21 d, e Preservation Transportation 28991 Wall Livestock controlcontrol 1 a, d No furtherfurther work
30104 Platform Permanent habitation 1 d, e Preservation
30105 Trail/road Transportation 1 d, e No furtherfurther work
* - a=a= Associated Associated withwith importantimportant events* -- dd == Information content, ee == Cultural valuevalue Treatment Recommendations
The proposed use of the project area isis for a beach park.park. The mapping, writtenwritten descdescriptionription and photography of the Site 2899128991 ranchranch wallwall and and the the poorlypoorly preserved preserved remnant remnant ofof thethe SiteSite 3010530105 road road adequatelyadequately documentdocument themthem and no further workwork or preservation isis recommended. A A draft draft of of this this report report and and a aletter letter were were sent sent to toDLNR's DLNR’s Na Na Ala Ala HeleHele PProgramrogram and the AlaAla Kahakai NationalNational Historic Historic Trail Trail unit unit requesting requesting information information on on whether whether thethe Site 4185, Feature 13 and SiteSite 30105 trails are eligibleeligible for incorporation into the StateState trailtrail system,system, and/orand/or the the Ala Ala Kahakai Kahakai NationalNational Historic Trail.Trail. The The letters letters were were sent sent on on June June 26, 26, 2015 2015 and and no no response response hashas beenbeen received.
The Site 41418585 PāpāP5p5 BayBay ComplexComplex is is recommended recommended for for preservation. preservation. SiteSite 3010430104 couldcould bebe mitigation throughthrough data recovery; howeverhowever the the landownerlandowner hashas agreedagreed toto preservepreserve thethe platform. MeasMeasuresures toto protect ththeseese sites would be described inin a SiteSite Preservation Plan Plan preparedprepared for for DLNR-SHPD DLNR-SHPD review review and and acceptance acceptance..
Detailed recommendationsrecommendations forfor thethe preservation ofof this site were were previously previously presented in in the the July July 1993 1993 field field inspection byby thethe DLNR-SHPDDLNR-SHPD (Hibbard (Hibbard 1993) 1993).. These These recommendations recommendations are are listedlisted belowbelow::
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1. Removal of the BoatBoat Ramp.Ramp. The plan should describe howhow the concrete-slabconcrete-slab boat rampramp willwill be removed andand should justifyjustify whywhy thethe chosenchosen approachapproach willwill no nott causecause furtherfurther damagedamage toto the neighboring sites.sites. TheThe removalremoval mustmust bebe monitored to reduce the the possibility possibility that construction construction equipment willwill directly oror indirectly endangerendanger any historic site.site. StrongerStronger considerationconsideration should be given toto methodsmethods that cause the leastleast amount ofof ground vibration. 2. Stabilize Bluff Face.Face. The bulldozer cutcut which undercutundercut the bluffbluff face seaward of Feature 4 should be stabilized inin somesome mannermanner to prevent further collapse of the bluff and thus additional damage to the historichistoric sites located behind the bluff.bluff. 3. Restore Stepping-stoneStepping-stone Trail.Trail. Once thethe ramp is removed,removed, anan efforteffort shouldshould bebe mademade toto returnreturn the bulldozed accessaccess roadroad area to something resembling itsits original appearance.appearance. The steppingstepping-stone-stone trail toto the beach that onceonce crossed the boulderboulder beach should be reconstructed in aa manner that approximates its original routeroute andand appearanceappearance.. 4. Restore Historic SitesSites Damaged by Installation and Removal of Pipeline. Pipeline. To repair damage caused by the pipeline,pipeline, the trenchtrench shouldshould bebe filledfilled withwith stonestone debrisdebris thatthat was was initially initially removedremoved when the trenchtrench waswas excavatedexcavated andand whenwhen thethe pipelinepipeline waswas removed.removed. InIn retrievingretrieving the fill,fill, the intact ground surfacessurfaces toto eithereither sideside ofof thethe trench must not bebe brokenbroken oror disturbed.disturbed. IfIf there isis not sufficient debrisdebris toto fill thethe trench trench flush flush with the adjoining adjoining ground surface, then small small a'a a‘a chunks shouldshould bebe taken from a previously designateddesignated source,source, preferablypreferably from from an an areaarea thatthat has already been disturbed. This materialmaterial mustmust be consistent with that occurring occurring in areas through through which the trench passes.passes. ThisThis would include reconstructionreconstruction of the walls at Feature 7 and 88 whichwhich were breached by the pipeline. 5. Removal of Concrete Spoil.Spoil. All thethe spoilspoil leftleft fromfrom mixingmixing the the concreteconcrete forfor thethe sump, should be removed inin aa mannermanner thatthat does notnot cause additionaladditional damage to the midden deposits that covercover a portion of the ground surface enclosed by Feature 8. 6. Removal of Concrete-Encased Concrete-Encased Sump. Sump. As the sump was was apparently apparently not not successful successful at drawing drawing usable water, the sump,sump, piping within thethe concrete casing and aallll traces of the concrete shouldshould be removed from the bluff.bluff. The mitigation plan should specify howhow thethe concrete willwill be removed in aa mannermanner that minimizesminimizes defacing or scarring the bluff.bluff. 7. Restoration of Deliberately Damaged Walls.Walls. The plan should specify hohoww thethe walls ofof FeaturesFeatures 8, 9 and 10 will bebe restoredrestored to their original height and formation. Identifying the the stonesstones thatthat were knocked oror thrown from the walls and retrieving them should be feasible.feasible. In doing so, however, the underlyingunderlying ground surface shoulshouldd not be disturbed. When addressing how the stones willwill be placed back onon the walls, the plan should clearly statestate that their their placement placement will will replicate the structure ofof thethe remaining remaining wall wall bases.bases. ForFor example,example, mostmost appearappear to to be be core-filled core-filled walls walls which which willwill enentailtail recreating the outerouter stackedstacked facingsfacings ofof thethe wallwall andand thenthen filling filling the wallwall core with rubble (1993:15(1993:15-16).-16).
Hibbard’sHibbard's (1993)(1993) recommendations recommendations for for the the area area werewere nevernever implemented andand shouldshould bebe updated updated and and incorporated intointo thethe futurefuture Site Site PreservationPreservation PlanPlan forfor SiteSite 414185.85. The presentpresent survey did notnot identify anyany remnantsremnants of the pipeline trench ((ItemItem 44),), the sumpsump (Item(Item 66),), the concreteconcrete spoilsspoils ((ItemItem 55)) and no undercut areas on the bluffbluff below Feature 4 ((ItemItem 22).).
Regarding Item 77,, the originaloriginal wall heightsheights ofof FeaturesFeatures 9 or 10 areare unknown as reported byby Hibbard,Hibbard, who described the wallswalls as core-filledcore-filled andand aboutabout 3 feet wide.wide. HibbardHibbard doesdoes indicate thatthat the FeatureFeature 88 wallwall waswas onlyonly 1.5 ft inin height, which seemsseems very lowlow givengiven that that thethe wallwall is is interpreted interpreted asas aa househouse enclosure or pahalepahale..
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Figure 40 depicts the current extent of the SiteSite 41854185 features and the former path of the pipelinepipeline and the sumps taken fromfrom Hibbard'sHibbard’s (1993) sitesite map (see Figure 1616).). This mapmap indicatesindicates thatthat the top edge ofof the cliffcliff has eroded or collapsed collapsed in in several several places places since since Hibbard's Hibbard’s 1993 1993 examination, examination, altering altering the the landscape. landscape. This This collapse collapse likely likely removed thethe undercut area belowbelow FeatureFeature 4,4, mentionedmentioned inin Item 2 and potentially thethe sump areasareas to the west of Feature 7. Additionally, it it is is probable probable thatthat the pipeline trench filledfilled in naturally during the intervening 21 years. The planned development of the projectproject areaarea forfor aa parkpark includingincluding a parking area and halau,halau, will havehave nono effect on the historichistoric propertiesproperties if thethe treatmenttreatment recommendationsrecommendations areare followed.followed.
Five individualsindividuals who who are are familiarfamiliar with with the the sitesite andand thethe area were were recently recently consulted consulted regarding regarding Site 4185 4185 (see Consultation section). AlanAlan Brown, Shirley Casuga,Casuga, KamlaKamla Kuahuia, Kuahuia, Gogo Gogo Taetuna, Taetuna, and and ElizabethElizabeth Taetuna Taetuna expressedexpressed the importanceimportance ofof preserving the site and would likelike toto contributecontribute toto thethe future site preservation plan.
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Riir M txf,5s1M Asti, rompre Papa Play ,:Lena 511e 28991 wall
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PianraFigure 41Al .Fichant Extent of CitaSite Alfac4185 fa:km.1.11mmfeatures and fnrmarformer Inratinnlocation of ninalinapipeline andand curnricsumps
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