OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR COMPILED BY ERIC FUSELIER PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS 3/23/2021

The following list represents the results of my review of published research and literature. I’m sharing it with the intention of encouraging others to consider using these species for projects located in or near industrial areas, tanneries, smelting operations, agricultural areas, and other locations where remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals is desired.

A hyperaccumulator species is a plant species that can absorb an extremely high level of a specific metal from the soil into their tissues.

An accumulator species can also absorb specific metals from the soil into their tissues, but in lesser quantities than hyperaccumulators. However, accumulators that have a high growth rate and/or produce large quantities of biomass can be just as effective in remediating soil contaminated with heavy metals as hyperaccumulators.

In order for these species to effectively remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals, the plants must be harvested after an adequate period of growth that allows them to accumulate the metal contaminants in sufficient quantities, and then removed and disposed of in a manner that is in accordance with local, state, and/or federal environmental laws and regulations.

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM (Cd)

Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity Common Achillea Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator Yarrow millefolium medium Carex Full sun to Fox sedge Sedge Wet Accumulator vulpinoidea part shade

Canadian Conyza Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator Horseweed canadensis medium

Elodea Pondweed Aquatic Full sun Inundation Accumulator canadensis

Eupatorium Full sun to Dogfennel Forb Medium Accumulator capillifolium part shade

Common Helianthus Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator Sunflower annuus medium

Jerusalem Helianthus Full sun to Dry to Forb Accumulator Artichoke tuberosus part shade medium

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

Full sun to Deciduous holly Ilex decidua Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Full sun to American holly Ilex opaca Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Panicum Full sun to Medium Switchgrass Grass Hyperaccumulator virgatum part shade to wet Coastal plain Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow caroliniana part shade to wet

Heart-leaved Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow eriocephala part shade to wet

Full sun to Medium Sand willow Salix interior Tree Accumulator part shade to wet

Full sun to Prairie willow Salix humilis Tree Medium Accumulator part shade

Full sun to Medium Black Willow Salix nigra Tree Accumulator part shade to wet

Prairie Spartina Full sun to Medium Grass N/A Cordgrass pectinata part shade to wet

Spirodela Full sun to Giant duckweed Aquatic Inundation Accumulator polyrhiza part shade

Full sun to Dry to Johnny jump up Viola bicolor Forb Accumulator part shade medium

Viola Bog white violet Forb Full sun Wet Accumulator lanceolata

Viola Full shade to Missouri violet Forb Medium Accumulator missouriensis part shade

Northern bog Viola Part shade to Forb Wet Accumulator violet nephrophylla full shade

Three lobed Viola Part shade to Forb Medium Accumulator violet palmata full shade Dry to Bird’s foot violet Viola pedata Forb Full sun Accumulator medium Smooth yellow Viola Part shade to Forb Dry Accumulator violet pubescens full shade

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

Arrow-leaved Viola Full sun to Dry to Forb Accumulator violet sagittata part shade medium Common blue Full sun to Viola sororia Forb Medium Accumulator violet part shade

Striped cream Medium Viola striata Forb Part shade Accumulator violet to wet

Palmate-leaved Viola Forb Part shade Dry to medium Accumulator violet subsinuata

Carolina violet Viola villosa Forb Part shade Dry Accumulator

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CHROMIUM (Cr) Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity Full sun to Duckweed Lemna minor Aquatic Inundation Accumulator part shade American water- Nymphaea Acquatic Full sun Inundation Accumulator lily odorata

Persicaria Full sun to Pale Smartweed Forb Medium Hyperaccumulator lapathifolia part shade Coastal plain Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow caroliniana part shade to wet Heart-leaved Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow eriocephala part shade to wet Full sun to Medium Sand willow Salix interior Tree Accumulator part shade to wet Full sun to Prairie willow Salix humilis Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Full sun to Medium Black Willow Salix nigra Tree Accumulator part shade to wet

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF COPPER (Cu) Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity False Indigo Amorpha Medium Shrub Full sun Accumulator Bush fruticosa to wet Andropogon Dry to Big Bluestem Forb Full sun Accumulator gerardii medium Bouteloua Dry to Sideoats Grama Grass Full sun Accumulator curtipendula medium Carex Full sun to Fox Sedge Sedge Wet Accumulator vulpinoidea part shade Elodea Pondweed Aquatic Full sun Inundation Accumulator canadensis Common Helianthus Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator sunflower annuus medium Common Full sun to Lemna minor Herbaceous Inundation Accumulator duckweed part shade American Nymphaea Aquatic Full sun Inundation Accumulator Water-lily odorata Pale Persicaria Full sun to Forb Medium Hyperaccumulator Smartweed lapathifolia part shade Coastal plain Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow caroliniana part shade to wet

Heart-leaved Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow eriocephala part shade to wet

Full sun to Medium Sand willow Salix interior Tree Accumulator part shade to wet Full sun to Prairie willow Salix humilis Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Full sun to Medium Black Willow Salix nigra Tree Accumulator part shade to wet Schizachyrium Dry to Little Bluestem Grass Full sun Accumulator scoparium medium Prairie Spartina Full sun to Medium Grass N/A Cordgrass pectinata part shade to wet

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (Pb)

Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity Annual Ambrosia Full sun to Forb Dry to medium Hyperaccumulator Ragweed artemisiifolia part shade Amorpha Medium Leadplant Shrub Full sun Accumulator fruticosa to wet

Sideoats Bouteloua Dry to Grass Full sun Accumulator Grama curtipendula medium

Carex Full sun to Fox sedge Sedge Wet Accumulator vulpinoidea part shade Elodea Pondweed Aquatic Full sun Inundation Accumulator canadensis Gleditsia Honey locust Tree Full sun Medium N/A triacanthos Full sun to Duckweed Lemna minor Aquatic Inundation Accumulator part shade Pale Persicaria Full sun to Forb Medium Hyperaccumulator Smartweed lapathifolia part shade Panicum Full sun to Medium Switchgrass Grass Hyperaccumulator virgatum part shade to wet

Eastern Tripsacum Full sun to Grass Medium Accumulator gamagrass dactyloides part shade

Broadleaf Typha Grass Full sun Wet Hyperaccumulator Cattail latifolia

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF NICKEL (Ni)

Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity Canadian Conyza Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator horseweed canadensis medium

Eupatorium Full sun to Dogfennel Forb Medium Accumulator capilifolium part shade

Common Helianthus Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator sunflower annuus medium

Full sun to Duckweed Lemna minor Aquatic Inundation Accumulator part shade

Robinia Dry to Black locust Tree Full sun Hyperaccumulator pseudoacacia medium

Coastal plain Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow caroliniana part shade to wet

Heart-leaved Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow eriocephala part shade to wet

Full sun to Medium Sand willow Salix interior Tree Accumulator part shade to wet

Full sun to Prairie willow Salix humilis Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Full sun to Medium Black Willow Salix nigra Tree Accumulator part shade to wet Balsam Packera Full sun to Forb Medium Hyperaccumulator groundsel pauperculus part shade Hairy Dry to Solidago hispida Forb Full sun Hyperaccumulator goldenrod medium

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OZARK NATIVE PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS BY ERIC FUSELIER

NATIVE SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ZINC (Zn) Common Scientific Vegetation Sunlight Soil moisture Accumulation Name Name Type requirements requirements Quantity Bouteloua Dry to Sideoats Grama Grass Full sun Accumulator curtipendula medium Canadian Conyza Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator Horseweed canadensis medium Common Helianthus Dry to Forb Full sun Accumulator Sunflower annuus medium Coastal plain Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow caroliniana part shade to wet

Heart-leaved Salix Full sun to Medium Tree Accumulator willow eriocephala part shade to wet

Full sun to Medium Sand willow Salix interior Tree Accumulator part shade to wet

Full sun to Prairie willow Salix humilis Tree Medium Accumulator part shade Full sun to Medium Black Willow Salix nigra Tree Accumulator part shade to wet Tripsacum Full sun to Eastern gamagrass Grass Medium Accumulator dactyloides part shade

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