Research Manual
Supervisor: Paul Barry
Student Name: Ilke Uygun
Student ID: C00132721
Date: 17/12/2010
Table of Contents 0 – Abstract ...... 2 1 – Existing Applications that communicate with Embedded Systems ...... 4 Viper ...... 4 Eircom Phonewatch...... 6 2 – Mobile Industry Overview ...... 7 How Did It Become So Popular? ...... 7 The History of Mobile Phones...... 10 Cellular concepts...... 10 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services...... 12 Handheld cell phone...... 14 3 – Current Mobile Platforms (Operating Systems)...... 15 Apple iOS ...... 15 Devices with iOS ...... 17 Feature Comparison of the Devices ...... 18 BlackBerry OS...... 19 BlackBerry Phones ...... 20 BlackBerry Enterprise Server...... 23 Symbian ...... 25 Key Design Features ...... 25 Symbian OS Generic Technology Structure ...... 26 Symbian System Model Layers (from top to bottom) ...... 27 3.3.1 Devices that run on Symbian ...... 30 Linux Based mobile OS...... 34 Android...... 34 Maemo...... 36 webOS...... 38 Windows Phone 7 ...... 40 Windows Phone 7 Devices...... 41 Comparison in Between OS and Market Shares ...... 42 Mobile Applications & Programming Languages...... 43 4 - Apple iOS: How to Create Apps for iPhone/ iPad/ iPod Touch?...... 45 5 - References...... 51
1 0 – Abstract
As you all experience in your daily life, the world is changing faster then ever with the aid of technology. The way we communicate is getting different now, the way we reach information is becoming much faster, even the way we entertain ourselves is getting much different than our elders. Whatever people, the people of 21st century, do, they want to do this right now, without delaying it and want to do this wherever they are, independent of place. This is where the use of mobile devices, smart phones is becoming vital, as it is a perfect solution for the above needs of an individual.
The mobile devices of our times are no longer the cell phones of the history. They are smarter in any sense: They perform much faster, they are capable of storing more information, and they have reliable Internet connectivity. Moreover, the computer in your mobile phone today is a million times cheaper and a thousand times more powerful and about a hundred times smaller than the one computer at MIT in 1965. [1] “So what used to fit in a building, now fits in your pocket, what fits in your pocket now, will fit inside a blood cell in 25 years.” (Ray Kurzweil)
While mobile phones are becoming more favourable, the applications for them are becoming more programmable, more portable and higher quality. This is a “win and win” situation for the whole world. There become more choices available for the end user and they are no longer limited to default applications of their phone. They have wider selection of different programs to choose. On the
2 other hand, this opens up a new field for the programmers to develop mobile applications to serve the needs of the end-users.
This paper attends to discover different mobile platforms currently in existence, the preferred programming languages in different platforms, and the application stores where the developed products meet the consumers. Even if the paper is from a programmer’s perspective, it does not address only programmers. A person with no experience about mobile application development or background information about the field can still learn from it, and have fun doing it. Especially, the first parts on the history of the cell phones and the innovations from then up to now can be interesting for everybody.
Through the end, some brief information about “How to develop iPhone
Applications?” is given; which is the preferred platform for the most of the mobile developers for various reasons. These reasons are included in the part
Comparison of different Mobile Platforms.
The focus is on, and it should be on, developing high quality software that will serve for end user’s need, solve their certain problems, or offer a better solution than the existing ones. There is no point in creating applications, which only carries the webpage of a company into an application. The main concern is making life easier and making “handier” programs, which will be executed on handheld devices. For these reasons, this research also tries to provide information about relatively bigger systems where an embedded system communicates with the mobile application in charge to create more freedom of control, more security and more mobility to the end user.
3 1 – Existing Applications that communicate with Embedded Systems Viper
“Without a doubt, one of the coolest apps I’ve ever seen” Gizmodo
[2]
Viper SmartStart is a suite of an application and a car embedded system which allows you to control your car remotely from anywhere. Through its’ simple interface on your smartphone, you can virtually access your car, use features like locking your car, unlocking it, opening the trunk and starting a sound alert. It is not widely popular yet because of the car system is being sold only in US and Canada, and can only be installed in the garages there. However, once the company becomes more international, it is for sure that people from different parts of the world will get more familiar with Viper SmartStart. It can be a really innovative system that can fill in small gaps of people’s daily lives. For example, let’s assume that you did some shopping and you are on your way back to the huge car park of the mall. It can be a nightmare if you don’t remember
4 where you parked your car but with a virtual car control system like this; all you have to do is to open the Viper application and press the “Alert” button. So, there you go: Your car is just where the noise is coming from. Also, let’s assume a scenario where you are in a rush to arrive your work place, after cutting through the morning traffic, and you don’t remember if you locked the doors or not. (This case doesn’t only happen to the people with OCD1.) You can lock your car via this application.
It sounds like Marketing words but the emphasis I am trying to make is the functionality of the application. It surely brings some convenience to people’s life, something new and innovative which was illustrated with the specific examples above. Viper SmartStart is a perfect example of how a useful solution can be created by building an embedded system and controlling it with a simple application.
The second point of the Viper SmartStart is that it is platform- independent. This means you do not need to worry about if they have an application for your preferred mobile operating system. They have developed iPhone (which also means iPad and iPod Touch), BlackBerry and Android versions. This also proves that these platforms are the most-preferred ones2 in the mobile industry, so it is no coincidence that the company decided to develop for them.
The application is free for download and the embedded car system costs in between $400-$600, depending on the features requested.
1 OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 2 See the section 3.6 for detailed comparison of the mobile platforms 5 Eircom Phonewatch
[3]
Phonewatch is a service of Eircom, largest telecommunications company of Republic of Ireland, which consists of a property alarm installation and monitoring unit. It provides burglar alarm and home monitoring services. It is not an iPhone application, or any other mobile application, but it is one of the best home security systems currently being used in the country.
It has the main functionalities that a home security system should have: setting the alarm on/off, notifying relevant phone numbers and emergency services when the alarm is broken. So, it is a good example to show how a home security system works. Be aware that there is a communication again, but it is not from door to the mobile phone of the user directly. Instead, it is from door to the personnel office, and then from the trained personnel to the user manually.
This communication with the user for notifying alarms should be bettered. 6 2 – Mobile Industry Overview
How Did It Become So Popular?
“Change alone is unchanging” Heraklietos of Ephesos
There is one true fact about the world: “The only thing that doesn’t change is the change itself. This change is happening faster in our times, especially in 21st century, in terms of technology. If you look at the way we interfere with technology, the way we, both developers and consumers, manipulate information in order to make use of it, has already changed a lot and is actively changing. According to figures, more than 1.3 billion people were connected to the Web, across the globe in 2006. [4] That year, 161EB (Exabyte is estimated as Thousand Terabytes) of information was created/replicated worldwide. IDC (International Data Corporation), a subsidiary of IDG
(International Data Group) who is the world's leading media, events and research company, estimates over 988EB by the end of 2010. This number is roughly 1ZB (Zettabyte is rounded as Thousand Exabytes) and the figures show that the amount of information on the Web grew 6 times in 4 years period.
Simply, this shows how fast the world is changing with the Internet and the way we use “online” information.
The acceleration of the change has to do with mainly the way people interact with the Web. After the successful development of server-side technologies (such as PHP, ASP.NET, and many others) and development of Web
2.0, end-users became the content creators of the web pages, which they used to stare at before. The contribution of the end-users evolved rapidly since then.
7 After these evolutions in web, our time witnesses the era of social networking and online community building. There are dozens of websites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, where people get connected with the world and socialize with each other. There are pages, where you can upload your music, your photos, and your preferences of any field and entertain yourselves. This environment became mature after the development of the web as explained above. This is no surprise because like Linus Torvalds mentions in his book, every “thing” in the world follows the same structure after it is introduced to the world: “Survival, social order, entertainment.”[5] This pattern counts for wars,
TV, credit cards or every other thing in the world. First, it is for survival, it is an actual necessity to hold on to life. After, it becomes a sign of social order, social status. Finally, after all the pain and suffer is gone, the thing is there just for fun.
The Internet is at a stage between social order and entertainment, very close to the beginning of entertainment era. All these getting more connected and virtually socializing are examples of this stage.
As a result, people became more connected to each other, no matter how far away they are located from each other physically. The information became more reachable and it became very easy process to gather information, do your research or work on your subject. We moved from spending hours in a library trying to find the right book in order to get the desired information to reaching same resources that are one click away, such as Wikipedia, iBook App of iPhone,
Google Scholar, CiteSeerx.com, and so on.
Most of the collective knowledge (articles, books, plays, musical content and so on) that shapes our culture since ancient times are deployed electronically and served for people’s good in a fast way. 8 While, the number of users and amount of content in web is growing faster and faster, the Internet is departing from computers. [3] People feel the need to use computers and Internet more and this increases the demand for smaller devices, which can perform the same operations of the desktop computer. This is how the notebook PCs became so big in the industry and the variations of having a mobile PC followed on after. We have seen the introduction of PDAs, netbooks and tablet PCs, which actually was another form of hardware suites around the same idea. However, the development of smart phones meanwhile, had more to offer to the users, in terms of portability and usage. It had what old-fashioned cell phones used to have, allow users to communicate, and in addition to that, it served users the major capabilities of a computer, to use applications and to access the Internet.
When we check the figures in 2009, more than 1 billion users of mobile phones already had the opportunity to access the Internet. And, this number will grow to 4 billion within next years according to STI International. [4]
It is fair to say; almost every single person who has a standard modernized living has at least one mobile phone. This is making the communication in between people lot easier and faster. It is the future.
9 The History of Mobile Phones3
The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop mobile telephony concepts using two-way radios and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald
Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radiotelephony, through the Second World War with military use of radiotelephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations
(first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.
Cellular concepts
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles. Philip T.
Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions into three adjacent hexagon cells. At this stage the technology to implement the ideas did not exist nor had the frequencies had been allocated and it would be some years until Richard H.
3 This section has been summarized from the History of Mobile Phones wiki [6] 10 Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics to achieve this in the 1960s.
In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the
1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer, invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without interruption.
In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in 1982 for Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824–894 MHz band. Analog AMPS was eventually superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and
Nussbaum in 1973, and a cellular telephone data signalling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.In 1979 a U.S. Patent 4,152,647 was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of Las Vegas for an emergency cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular service.
11 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services
Alongside the early developments outlined above, a different technology was also growing in popularity. Two-way mobile radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones, because they were not connected to the telephone network.
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1960. Named MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to determine which base station the phone was currently at. Sture
Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator developed it.
Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and
Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success. The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.
The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science
Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project
Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was 12 deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.
In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola
Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.
13 Handheld cell phone
"People want to talk to other people - not a house, or an office, or a car. Given a
choice, people will demand the freedom to communicate wherever they are,
unfettered by the infamous copper wire. It is that freedom we sought to vividly
demonstrate in 1973," Martin Cooper
On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first analogue mobile phone call using a heavy prototype model. He called Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.
There was a long race between Motorola and Bell Labs to produce the first portable mobile phone. Cooper is the first inventor named on "Radio telephone system" filed on October 17, 1973 with the US Patent Office and later issued as US Patent 3,906,166. John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products (and Cooper's boss) was also named on the patent. He successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.
Martin Cooper demonstrates the first portable cellular telephone.
14 3 – Current Mobile Platforms (Operating Systems)
Apple iOS
iOS (known as iPhone OS prior to June 2010) is Apple's mobile operating system. Developed originally for the iPhone, it has since been used on the iPod
Touch, iPad and Apple TV as well. Apple does not permit the OS to run on third- party hardware. As of October 20, 2010, Apple's App Store contains more than
300,000 iOS applications [7], which have collectively been downloaded more than 7.5 billion times. As of May 2010, it had a 15.4% share of the smartphone operating system market in terms of units sold, third behind Symbian and RIM's
Blackberry [8], but accounted for 59% of mobile web consumption (not including the iPad) in North America. [9]
The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).
iOS is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system by nature.
15 In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core
Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The operating system uses roughly 500 megabytes of the device's storage, varying for each model. [10]
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld
Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year. [11] At first, Apple marketing literature did not specify a separate name for the operating system, stating simply that the "iPhone uses OS X". [12] Initially, third- party applications were not supported. Steve Jobs argued that developers could build web applications that "would behave like native apps on the iPhone".
[13][14] On October 17, 2007, Apple announced that a native SDK was under development and that they planned to put it "in developers' hands in February".
[15] On March 6, 2008, Apple released the first beta, along with a new name for the operating system: iPhone OS.
Rising sales of Apple mobile devices increased interest in the SDK. The previous September, Apple had released the iPod touch, which had most of the non-phone capabilities of the iPhone. Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season. [16] On January 27, 2010, Apple announced the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading iBooks. [17]
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as iOS. The name IOS had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its IOS used on Cisco routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the "IOS" trademark from Cisco. [18]
16 Devices with iOS
Apple’s iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and Apple TV run on iOS. There will be no information on Apple TV as it is not a mobile handheld device. The iPhone is a multimedia smartphone, while the iPod Touch has no cell phone hardware. The iPad is a multimedia tablet. All three devices function as digital audio and portable media players and Internet clients. It is easy to upgrade the operating system, and is completed through iTunes. A new version tends to be released once a year, and is normally free, although iPod touch users were previously required to pay a fee. Apple upgrades its products' hardware periodically
(approximately yearly), and each model is known as a "generation". There have been four generations of the iPhone, four for the iPod Touch, and one for the iPad. [19]
Dimension of iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch [20]
17 Feature Comparison of the Devices
[19]
18 BlackBerry OS
BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system, developed by
Research In Motion (RIM), Canadian company, for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by RIM for use in its handhelds, particularly the track wheel, trackball, and most recently, the track pad and touch screen.
The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email, through MIDP 1.0 and, more recently, a subset of MIDP 2.0, which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft
Exchange, Lotus Domino, or Novell GroupWise email, calendar, tasks, notes, and contacts, when used in conjunction with BlackBerry Enterprise Server. The operating system also supports WAP 1.2.
Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry OTASL (over the air software loading) service.
Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API
(application programming interface) classes, although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed. [21] This signing procedure guarantees the authorship of an application but does not guarantee the quality or security of the code. RIM provides tools for developing applications and themes for BlackBerry. Applications and themes can be loaded onto BlackBerry
19 devices through BlackBerry App World, Over The Air (OTA) through the
BlackBerry mobile browser, or through BlackBerry Desktop Manager. [29]
Outline of major properties of BlackBerry OS [21]
BlackBerry Phones
BlackBerry is a line of mobile e-mail and smartphone devices developed and designed by Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM) since 1999. [22]
20 BlackBerry functions as a personal digital assistant with address book, calendar, memo pad and task list capabilities. It also functions as a portable media player with support for music and video playback and camera and video capabilities.
BlackBerry is primarily known for its ability to send and receive (push) Internet e-mail wherever mobile network service coverage is present, or through Wi-Fi connectivity. BlackBerry has the ability to use wireless data efficiently while using less power than other phones, three BlackBerrys use the same wireless spectrum as only one other smartphone. BlackBerry is a powerful messaging phone with a large array of messaging features in a smartphone today, including auto-text, auto-correct, text prediction, support for many languages, keyboard shortcuts, text emoticons, push email, push Facebook, Twitter and Myspace notifications, push EBay notifications, push instant messaging with BlackBerry
Messenger, Google Talk, ICQ, Windows Live Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger and Yahoo Messenger; threaded text messaging and a customizable indicator light near the top right of all BlackBerry devices. All notifications and conversations from applications are shown in a unified messaging application, which third party applications can access. BlackBerry's push gives BlackBerry devices a long battery life. All data on the phone is compressed through
BlackBerry Internet Service (BIS).
BlackBerry commands a 14.8% share of worldwide smartphone sales, making it the fourth most popular platform after Nokia's Symbian OS, Google's Android, and Apple's iOS. [23] The consumer BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries worldwide on over 500 mobile service operators using various mobile technologies. [24]
21 Modern GSM-based BlackBerry handhelds incorporate an ARM 7, 9 or ARM 11 processor, [25] while older BlackBerry 950 and 957 handhelds used mudit
80386 processors. The latest GSM BlackBerry models (8100, 8300 and 8700 series) have an Intel PXA930 624 MHz processor, 256 MB (or 4 GB in case of the torch 9800) flash memory and 265 MB SDRAM. [26] CDMA BlackBerry smartphones are based on Qualcomm MSM6x00 chipsets, which also include the
ARM 9-based processor and GSM 900/1800 roaming (as the case with the 8830 and 9500) and include up to 256MB flash memory. [27] The CDMA Bold 9650 is the first to have 512MB flash memory for applications. All currently manufactured BlackBerrys support up to 32GB microSD cards.
The first BlackBerry device, the 850, was introduced in 1999 as a two- way pager. In 2002, the more commonly known smartphone BlackBerry was released, which supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, Internet faxing, Web browsing and other wireless information services. It is an example of a convergent device. The original BlackBerry devices, the RIM 850 and 857, used the DataTac network.
BlackBerry first made headway in the marketplace by concentrating on e- mail. RIM currently offers BlackBerry e-mail service to non-BlackBerry devices, such as the Palm Treo, through its BlackBerry Connect software.
The original BlackBerry device had a monochrome display, but all current models have color displays. All models except for the Storm Series had a built-in
QWERTY keyboard, optimized for "thumbing", the use of only the thumbs to type. The Storm 1 and Storm 2 include a SureType keypad for typing, and are the two models that are full touch-screen devices with no physical keyboard.
22 Originally, system navigation was achieved with the use of a scroll wheel mounted on the right side of phones prior to the 8700. The trackwheel was replaced by the trackball with the introduction of the Pearl series, which allowed for 4 way scrolling. The trackball was replaced by the optical trackpad with the introduction of the Curve 8500 series. Models manufactured for use with iDEN networks such as Nextel and Mike) also incorporate a push-to-talk (PTT) feature, similar to a two-way radio. [28]
BlackBerry Enterprise Server
BlackBerry handhelds are integrated into an organization's e-mail system through a software package called BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). Versions of BES are available for Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino and Novell
GroupWise. Google has made a Connector for BES, which makes BES available for
Google Apps as well. While individual users may be able to use a wireless provider's e-mail services without having to install BES themselves, organizations with multiple users usually run BES on their own network. Some third-party companies provide hosted BES solutions. Every BlackBerry has an ID called a BlackBerry PIN, which is used to identify the device to the BES.
BlackBerry now provides free BES software called BES Express. [29]
BES acts as an e-mail relay for corporate accounts so that users always have access to their e-mail. The software monitors the user's local Inbox, and when a new message comes in, it picks up the message and passes it to RIM's
Network Operations Center (NOC). The messages are then relayed to the user's wireless provider, which in turn delivers them to the user's BlackBerry device.
This is called push e-mail, because all new e-mails, contacts, task entries, memo pad entries, and calendar entries are pushed out to the BlackBerry device 23 automatically and instantaneously (as opposed to the user synchronizing the data manually or having the device poll the server at intervals). BlackBerry also supports polling email, which is how it supports POP. Device storage also enables the mobile user to access all data off-line in areas without wireless service. When the user reconnects to wireless service, the BES sends the latest data.
One of the latest models: BlackBerry Torch 9800 [30]
24 Symbian
Symbian is an open source operating system (OS) and software platform designed for smartphones and maintained by Nokia. The Symbian platform is the successor to Symbian OS and Nokia Series 60; unlike Symbian OS, which required an additional user interface system, Symbian includes a user interface component based on S60 5th Edition. The latest version, Symbian^3, was officially released in Q4 2010, first used in the Nokia N8. [31]
Originally, Symbian OS is an open operating system produced by Symbian
Ltd and licensed by lots of leading mobile phone manufacturers. It is a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. It is designed for the specific requirements of advanced 2G, 2.5G and 3G mobile phones. [32]
User interfaces designed for Symbian OS include Nokia’s S60, NTT
DoCoMo’s MOAP user interface for the FOMA™ 3G network and the UIQ platform, designed by UIQ Technology.
Key Design Features4
• Performance – Symbian OS is designed to make minimal demands on
batteries and to have low memory.
• Multitasking – telephony and universal messaging are fundamental
components. All applications are designed to work seamlessly in parallel.
4 Information from Nokia Forum’s Wiki Page [32] 25 • Standards – the use of technologies based on agreed-upon standards is a
basic principle of Symbian OS, ensuring that applications are robust,
portable, and interoperable
• Object-oriented software architecture.
• Memory management optimized for embedded software environment.
• Runtime memory requirements are minimized – very small executable
sizes and ROM-based code that executes in place.
• Security mechanisms for enabling secure communications and safe data
storage.
• Application support for international environment with built-in Unicode
character sets.
• A rich and varied API allowing access to reusable components in
developer applications.
Symbian OS Generic Technology Structure
[32]
26 Symbian System Model Layers (from top to bottom)
• UI Framework Layer
• Application Services Layer
o Java ME
• OS Services Layer
o Generic OS services
o Communications services
o Multimedia and graphics services
o Connectivity services
• Base Services Layer
• Kernel Services & Hardware Interface Layer
The Base Services Layer is the lowest level reachable by user-side operations; it includes the File Server and User Library, a Plug-In Framework, which manages all plug-ins, Store, Central Repository, DBMS and cryptographic services. It also includes the Text Window Server and the Text Shell: the two basic services from which a completely functional port can be created without the need for any higher layer services.
Symbian has a microkernel architecture, which means that the minimum necessary is within the kernel to maximise robustness, availability and responsiveness. It contains a scheduler, memory management and device drivers, but other services like networking, telephony and filesystem support are placed in the OS Services Layer or the Base Services Layer. The inclusion of device drivers means the kernel is not a true microkernel. The EKA2 real-time
27 kernel, which has been termed a nanokernel, contains only the most basic primitives and requires an extended kernel to implement any other abstractions.
Symbian is designed to emphasise compatibility with other devices; especially removable media file systems. Early development of EPOC led to adopting FAT as the internal file system, and this remains, but an object-oriented persistence model was placed over the underlying FAT to provide a POSIX-style interface and a streaming model. The internal data formats rely on using the same APIs that create the data to run all file manipulations. This has resulted in data-dependence and associated difficulties with changes and data migration.
There is a large networking and communication subsystem, which has three main servers called: ETEL (EPOC telephony), ESOCK (EPOC sockets) and
C32 (responsible for serial communication). Each of these has a plug-in scheme.
For example, ESOCK allows different ".PRT" protocol modules to implement various networking protocol schemes. The subsystem also contains code that supports short-range communication links, such as Bluetooth, IrDA and USB.
There is also a large volume of user interface (UI) Code. Only the base classes and substructure were contained in Symbian OS, while most of the actual user interfaces were maintained by third parties. This is no longer the case. The three major UIs — S60, UIQ and MOAP — were contributed to Symbian in 2009.
Symbian also contains graphics, text layout and font rendering libraries.
All native Symbian C++ applications are built up from three framework classes defined by the application architecture: an application class, a document class and an application user interface class. These classes create the
28 fundamental application behaviour. The remaining required functions, the application view, data model and data interface, are created independently and interact solely through their APIs with the other classes.
Many other things do not yet fit into this model — for example, SyncML,
Java ME providing another set of APIs on top of most of the OS and multimedia.
Many of these are frameworks, and vendors are expected to supply plug-ins to these frameworks from third parties (for example, Helix Player for multimedia codecs). This has the advantage that the APIs to such areas of functionality are the same on many phone models, and that vendors get a lot of flexibility. But it means that phone vendors needed to do a great deal of integration work to make a Symbian OS phone.
Symbian includes a reference user-interface called "TechView". It provides a basis for starting customisation and is the environment in which much Symbian test and example code runs. It is very similar to the user interface from the Psion Series 5 personal organiser and is not used for any production phone user interface. [31]
29
[31]
3.3.1 Devices that run on Symbian
Devices based on Symbian accounted for 43.5% of worldwide smartphone sales in 2010 Q2 [33]. Some estimates indicate that the cumulative number of mobile devices shipped with the Symbian OS up to the end of Q2 2010 is 385 million [34].
30 On 16 November 2006, the 100 millionth smartphone running the OS was shipped. [35] As of 21 July 2009, more than 250 million devices running Symbian
OS had been shipped. [36]
The Ericsson R380, in 2000, was the first commercially available phone based on Symbian OS. As with the modern "FOMA" phones, this device was closed, and the user could not install new C++ applications. Unlike those, however, the R380 could not even run Java applications, and for this reason, some have questioned whether it can properly be termed a 'smartphone'.
The UIQ interface was used for PDAs such as Sony Ericsson P800, P900,
P1, W950 and the RIZR Z8 and RIZR Z10.
The Nokia S60 interface is used in various phones, the first being the
Nokia 7650. The Nokia N-Gage and Nokia N-Gage QD gaming/smartphone combos are also S60 platform devices. It was also used on other manufacturers' phones such as the Siemens SX1 and Samsung SGH-Z600. Recently, more advanced devices using S60 include the Nokia 6xxx, the N-series (except Nokia
N8xx and N9xx), the E-series and some models of the Nokia XpressMusic mobiles.
The same phone as the Nokia 6600 was Siemens SX1 with Symbian s60 but it has had FM radio, and special keyboard around the display from both left and right side. It was the best of Siemens for a long time.
The Nokia 9210, 9300 and 9500 Communicator smartphones used the
Nokia Series 80 interface.
31 The Nokia 7710 is the only device currently using the Nokia Series 90 interface.
Fujitsu, Mitsubishi, Sony Ericsson and Sharp developed phones for NTT
DoCoMo in Japan, using an interface developed specifically for DoCoMo's FOMA
"Freedom of Mobile Access" network brand. This UI platform is called MOAP
"Mobile Oriented Applications Platform" and is based on the UI from earlier
Fujitsu FOMA models.
User interfaces that run on or are based on Symbian OS include:
• S60 (formerly Series 60, used by Nokia and others)
• Series 80 (previously used by Nokia)
• Series S90 (previously used by Nokia)
• UIQ (previously used by Sony-Ericsson)
• MOAP (Mobile Oriented Applications Platform) (used by NTT DoCoMo's
FOMA service)
Versions that are actively marketed as of January 2011 are
Symbian^3/Symbian^4, Symbian^2, Symbian^1 (Series 60 5th edition), and
Series 60 3rd edition Feature Pack 2. Note that the operating system supporting a certain feature does not imply that all devices running on it have that feature available, especially if it involves expensive hardware, such as HDMI output. [31]
32
[37]
Symbian ^3 Home Screen v2.0 [38]
33 Linux Based mobile OS
Android
Android Inc initially developed Android mobile operating
system. In 2005, Google bought it. [39] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the
Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release. [40]
The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. [41] Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010, [42][43][44] with a third quarter market share of 43.6%.
[45]
Android has a large community of developers writing apps that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android. [46] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third party sites. Developers write primarily in the
Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. [47]
Python, Ruby and other languages are also available for Android development via the Android Scripting Environment.
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open
34 standards for mobile devices. [48][49] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license. [50]
The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation.
Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore [51] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc.
The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++. [52]
Usage Share Some figures on the current (data retrieved on two weeks ending January 4,
2011) choice of API, application programming interface, and the versions of the
Android are as follows:
[53]
35 Maemo
Maemo was a software platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and
Internet tablets. It is based on the Debian Linux distribution.
The platform comprises the Maemo operating system and the Maemo
SDK. Maemo is mostly based on open source code, and has been developed by
Maemo Devices within Nokia in collaboration with many open source projects such as the Linux kernel, Debian, and GNOME. Maemo is based on Debian
GNU/Linux and draws much of its GUI, frameworks, and libraries from the
GNOME project. It uses the Matchbox window manager, and the GTK-based
Hildon as its GUI and application framework.
The UI in Maemo 4 is similar to many handheld interfaces, and features a
"home" screen, which acts as a central point from which all applications and settings are accessed. The home screen is divided into areas for launching applications, a menu bar, and a large customisable area that can display information such as an RSS reader, Internet radio player, and Google search box.
The Maemo 5 UI is slightly different: The menu bar and info area are consolidated to the top of the display, and the four desktops can be customized with shortcuts and widgets.
At the Mobile World Congress in February 2010, it was announced that the Maemo project would be merging with Moblin to create the MeeGo mobile software platform. [54]
36 Devices
As being developed by Nokia, The Maemo operating system is designed for Nokia Internet Tablets, which feature very similar specifications to Nokia's high-end N-series and E-series cellphones, with TI OMAP ARM SoCs, large screens, and expandable internal storage. [55] Although the highly optimized, hardware-specific nature of Maemo means running all of it on non-Internet
Tablet hardware would be very difficult, most of the important non-proprietary parts of the OS and some of the available 3rd party applications are actively being packaged for Debian and are available for use on other distributions, which will open up a large range of other hardware options. [56] Nokia N900 is running on the Maemo operating system.
37 webOS
HP webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm and purchased by Hewlett Packard (HP) in
2010. [57]
From 1992 to 2002, personal digital assistant maker Palm Computing
(later renamed Palm, Inc.) owned and developed the Palm OS software platform.
In 2002, Palm created a wholly owned subsidiary for its software division, naming it PalmSource. PalmSource was later spun off as an independent company, which was subsequently purchased in 2005 by Japanese developer
ACCESS Co. Ltd. Palm licensed Palm OS and Windows Mobile until developing webOS as a new platform to replace both. [58]
webOS was introduced to the public at the Consumer Electronics Show in
Las Vegas on January 8, 2009, along with the Palm Pre smartphone. The Palm Pre and webOS were commercially released on June 6, 2009. webOS version 1.4.5 runs on the majority of webOS phones: Palm Pixi, released on November 15,
2009, as well as the Pre Plus, Pixi Plus, and Pre2.
HP purchased Palm in spring 2010. HP webOS 2.0 was "officially released" in October 2010, and is used by Pre 2 phones available to consumers in
France and Canada, as well as developer phones in the U.S. Although a Verizon consumer phone in the U.S. has been mentioned for many months, it is unclear when that potential consumer webOS 2 phone will actually be released. It is also unclear when a webOS version 2 will be released for existing phones, although several sources have suggested March 2011. [59]
38 Devices (Palms)
The Palm Pre, released June 6, 2009 on the Sprint network, was the first device to run webOS. Devices running webOS version 1.4.5 include the Palm Pre and
Palm Pixi on Sprint, "Plus" versions on Verizon Wireless and AT&T, and some international carriers. [60] webOS version 2 has been announced[61] and its features outlined but is not yet available for these consumer devices. Release of webOS 2 for the consumer devices presently running webOS version 1.4.5 was earmarked on HP websites as "available in the coming months" in 2010 October.
[63] Pre 2 phones with webOS 2 were released to consumers in 2010 October in
France by SFR[64] and 2010 December by Rogers in Canada. Unlocked phones intended for developers using webOS version 2 are available from HP.[66][67]
The Palm Pre, first webOS smartphone
39 Windows Phone 7
Windows Mobile is a mobile operating
system developed by Microsoft that was for use in
smartphones and mobile devices, but is being
phased out to specialized markets. [68]
The current and last version is "Windows
Mobile 6.5", and is superseded by Windows Phone
7. It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, and
features a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile.
Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most
Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen. [69] Microsoft announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress in
Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to version 7.[70]
Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has fallen year-on- year, [71] decreasing 20% in Q3 2009. [72] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone). [73] In the United
40 States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use
(after BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise users.
[74] Microsoft is phasing out Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7. [68]
Windows Phone 7 Devices
Current Smartphones with Windows Phone 7 OS as of December 2010 are outlined below.
[75]
41 Comparison in Between OS and Market Shares
The following data are the figures for Q3 2010, cited from Gartner
You can see that Symbian was the first amongst with the highest market share. Android became the closest rival to Symbian for that period. The introduction of iPhone 4 was not enough for Apple to have more sales than
Android phones. However, it was still more than the RIM’s BlackBerry’s.
42 Mobile Applications & Programming Languages
All the different mobile platforms have its’ own essence of mobile applications served to the clients via mobile application stores. In each of these platforms, a certain programming language(s) was used to develop the operating system and a development SDK to standardize the development procedure. In this section, you will find a brief summary of these choices, which varies in between the major platforms of the market. In addition to that, the way of selling/sharing applications also differs from a platform to another.
Development languages of the major mobile operating systems [39]
For native application development in these mobile platforms, the approaches are as follows:
• As of 2010, C++ with is being used for Symbian Application development.
Alternative methods are Python, Flash and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro
Edition)
• For Android Application development, the officially supported IDE is
Eclipse with the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plug-in and Java SDK.
It is also a good alternative to use Python for developing native Android
Apps.
43 • BlackBerry uses Java as the preferred application development language
and has its own SDK and tools for developers. There are plug-ins for
Eclipse IDE to make things easier.
• Apple has a more unique approach then others. It uses a unique language
Objective-C, C with extra stuff added; a unique IDE called Xcode; and has
its own SDK, which is upgraded on a regular basis. Thus, application
development on iOS is more sophisticated and more mature then others.
More information about the development environment is detailed in next
chapter.
Number of Applications in AppStore since its commencement
44 4 - Apple iOS: How to Create Apps for iPhone/ iPad/ iPod Touch? “Imagination rules the world.” Napoleon Bonaparte
This part is for the people who are intending to develop applications for iPhone/ iPad/ iPod Touch devices, or in short for iOS platform. The things to bear in mind are the SDK, Cocoa Touch API, Objective-C language, XCode IDE and the required steps for testing on an actual device. I have created a selection of images to guide you through this process.
First of all,
[76]
45 Second thing is the Objective-C language:
Evolution of Objective-C over the past 30 years
To demonstrate with an example, the two functions below does the same job, return square roots of an integer value. Uppermost one is Objective-C code and the below one is C code.
Objective-C code (above) & C code (below)
46 When you download the iOS SDK from Apple’s iOS Dev Center
(http://developer.apple.com/devcenter/ios/index.action) it comes with the
XCode, the IDE with a variety of tools for building the applications. The most important tools are Interface Builder for the UI design, Simulator to test the applications on a virtual emulator. These tools are no longer external applications to the XCode after the introducing of iOS 4.
The anatomy of an iPhone app inside Xcode is as follows:
[76]
47 In addition, the elements of an application in XCode will be the following:
[76]
48 There is a need to mention about the Cocoa Touch API, which follows the
MVC (Model View Control) pattern and sits in the middle of XML code we have written and the actual views created.
Cocoa Touch framework creates actual Cocoa Touch objects
Cocoa Touch API can be demonstrated as a super set of the included frameworks and the kits like the below illustration.
Cocoa Touch API
49 The last thing to bear in mind is the testing. You can test your applications via the Simulator application, which is a reliable emulator of Apple that lets you even test the movement gestures. However, in the end you will need to test it on an actual device. Unfortunately, this means you have to sign up for the development program of Apple to gain this privilege. After following the steps, and yes making the payment, on Apple Developer website, you have to follow the steps outlined below:
Steps to complete in order to test on an actual device – Step I
Step II [77] 50 5 - References
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56