UCL Institute of Archaeology ARCL0053 Maya Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Module Handbook 20-21 Term II, Option, .5 Unit Brought to you LIVE on Thursday 2-4 p.m. Be there! Co-ordinator: Dr. Elizabeth Graham ([email protected] ) with the talented TA Panos Kratimenos [email protected] No set office hours for Graham. (Well . . . daytime preferred.) Booking link is: https://outlook.office365.com/owa/calendar/[email protected]/bookings/

Refer to the IoA home page (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students) for links to the IoA Student Handbook & IoA Study Skills Guide. See Section 2, below, for details. Moodle is the main software format for this course. Information will be regularly posted by Liz in the Announcements on Moodle (at the top), and you will receive an automatic email notification with her words of wisdom. You cannot reply to these emails via Moodle but you can e-mail Liz (or Panos) directly if you have a question. Zoom is used for live classes. Highgate Cemetery for dead classes. Cover: Watercolour by H. Stanley Loten of Str. N9-56, Lamanai

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1. MODULE OVERVIEW Module description ARCL0120 is about the culture and history of the Mayan-speaking people of the Yucatan Peninsula, with attention given to Neotropical urbanism, by familiarising students with recent research and developments in archaeology, history, urban studies, epigraphy, iconography, art, and ethnohistory. We focus on the third to seventeenth centuries as seen through art and architecture, rulers and dynastic competition, evolving economies and tribute networks, cities, 'collapse', religious change, and colonial contact.

Aims Overall aims: To provide students with the opportunity to gain insight into the development of within its Mesoamerican context; to gain information about the European conquest of Yucatan and its consequences for the Maya; to become more aware of what we now know about Maya cultural heritage in the context of the aspirations of Mayan-speaking peoples today.

Other learning objectives  You should become familiar with complexity and hierarchy as concepts in understanding social change.  You should be aware of the methods used to acquire knowledge in archaeology, epigraphy, and art history and be critical of their effectiveness.  You should have developed familiarity with the art and architectural styles of the Maya.  You should be able to evaluate patterns of urbanism and models of collapse.  You should be able to apply what has been learned to evaluate contemporary socio-cultural conditions and change.

Learning outcomes in terms of key skills: On completion of the course you should: • Be able to assess theoretical and methodological approaches critically. • Have acquired a range of advanced research and writing skills. • Have learned how to integrate ideas from a variety of sources. • Be assiduous in the practices of source citation and referencing.

Methods of assessment Two written assignments, the first worth 40% (1,500 words) and the second worth 60% (2,500 words). See below under No. 2 ASSESSMENT.

Week-by-week summary

Week Date Topic 1 14 January Introduction to the course 2 21 January Maya thought and culture Maya social organisation, identity, settlement, political organisation, state 3 28 January models 4 04 February Classic Maya kingship, origins, cosmos, royal courts, nobles 5 11 February Deciphering Maya hieroglyphic script 6 15-19 February READING WEEK 7 25 February The Maya built environment: architecture, building terms, urban life 8 04 March Neotropical urbanism 9 11 March The Terminal Classic & collapse 10 18 March The Maya and the Spanish Conquest 11 25 March OPEN

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Weekly module plan Pre-recorded powerpoint lectures (via Lecturecast/Echo360) will be made available (asynchronous) for most weeks. These will be posted on Moodle by week and topic; some will be required but others will be optional—meant to help give you ideas for your second essay. No asynchronous lecture is posted for the first week. Weekly live classes are given via Zoom, which can be accessed each week on the class Moodle page. If you find you need a password, use ajaw. You will also be expected to: • Complete weekly readings and assignments. • Post in Hot Questions if you have questions about the asynchronous materials. . . or anything else. • Attend the Thursday live class from 2 to 4pm • Participate in discussion as most classes will be seminars. • Learn how to select the best quality chocolate. • . . . and if I get the software organised, you will be able to comment on the readings and some visual content.

Workload This is a 15-credit course which equates to 150 hours of learning time including session preparation, background reading, and researching and

writing assignments. • Weekly live-streamed class/seminar (questions, discussion) = 20 hrs. • Self-guided preparation (reviewing weekly pre-recorded lectures) = 30 hrs. • Weekly readings = 30 hrs. • Preparing discussion questions, short assignments, other online activities = 20 hrs. • Required essays = 50 hrs. TOTAL = 150 hrs.

2. ASSESSMENT Methods of assessment Normally there are two essays worth 50% each, with each essay 2,500 words. However, there are changes this term to reduced word counts, so we will discuss this in class. See the following page for the First Assignment of 1,500 words. Provisional due dates are: First assignment: Friday 26th February 2021 (1,500 words, 40%) Second essay: Friday 16th April 2021 (2,500 words, 60%) In addition You are required to post Hot Questions by name. I expect questions for a minimum of 70% of lectures. If it falls below this, you will have 2% deducted from your final mark.

Essay guidance as well as suggested questions for the Second essay will be posted in Moodle in a separate document. You can also come up with your own essay question, but it must be approved by me (EG) or Panos, first. More on this in class.

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FIRST ASSIGNMENT, 1,500 WORDS, 40% OF FINAL MARK Choose one of the following:

Hint: Headings, captions for pictures, in- Sources: Part of the purpose of this first assignment text citations and references do not count is for you to find your own sources. These can be in the word count. Also, I will not count the web-based, online publications, or print sources if short Introduction as I’ve asked you to you have access, but I have tried to ask questions repeat the question there. that involve the web. The word count is only 1,500 Paddler gods: Jaguar paddler & Stingray words, so the number of sources will depend on the paddler topic, and on what you have to say.

No. 1: How does the Maya calendar compare with other kinds of calendrical reckoning? Compare the Maya calendar with a calendar/number system of another civilisation which you have studied. (Could be what is used today.) What are the respective symbols used for counting? What are the cycles used to measure time? (Days? Units longer than days?) How do the units of the two systems differ? Are there elements of similarity? Include a short Introduction which tells the reader how you will lay out the essay. Structure the content with headings. At the end, summarise what you see as the same or different about the systems, and hazard a guess as to why differences may have emerged. Cite all sources with a list of References at the end.

No. 2: Maya people today are involved in an explosion of activities to celebrate their culture & their past. What are some of these activities? Can archaeology contribute to cultural revival? If so, how, and if not, why? View Dr. Genner Llanes-Ortiz’s The Cos-Maya-Politan Maya future here: https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-cos-maya-politan-future/6wXRTHQhmdLGmA?hl=en You will not be able to discuss all, but select those on which you think archaeology can have impact and support your responses. By this I mean cite a source that provides the archaeological example (decipherment of an inscription, discovery of objects at a site, etc.) You can consider, too, any problematic signs to archaeology.

No. 3: What significance do particular kinds or classes of artefact have in Maya civilisation? • Select a particular kind or class of artefact such as (but not necessarily limited to, but clear your choice with us if it does not appear below): Censers (incensarios) Shell Polychrome plates/dishes plaque Polychrome cylinder vases from Tula Incised conch (Strombus sp.) shells (McVicker Jade pendants and Palka 2001) Spondylus (Thorny oyster) shells Chert (flint) eccentrics (sculptures) – (can include obsidian) Obsidian prismatic blades Stingray spines Animal or human bones (that are artefacts—that is, carved or incised) • Define the kind of artefact you have selected. For example, look up how a ‘censer’ or ‘pendant’ is defined. For something like polychrome vases or plates, what is meant by ‘polychrome’ and what is a ‘vase’ or a ‘plate’? For the natural objects such as shells or stingray spines, where are they from? Dictionaries can be used. Make sure it is a reliable dictionary though (Cambridge, Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins). If you use Wikipedia, check to see what the source is. If it is a reliable entry, the source will be at the bottom of the page. • Then select a minimum of 3 examples. Lots may show up in Google Images, but only use those that are either in museums or that show up in archaeological publications or web sites. The problem with museum examples is that most are unprovenanced and looted, although museums never admit it. But the photos will be good! Try in any case to use both (musems, archaeological sites) • Provide the museum’s or archaeological description for each example alongside an illustration (photo, drawing, both? Up to you. Quality is important.) 5

• Describe the contexts. If you use museum objects entirely, try to find examples that have been excavated so that you know the sort of context in which the museum objects were likely originally placed. By contexts I mean: e.g., burials, households, tombs, caches, middens. • What about the artefacts make them significant? This will differ, depending on what class of artefact you pick. Some have symbolic meaning. Some, like the polychromes, will be painted with particular themes. • What do the observations you have put together about the class of artefact tell us about Maya life? For example, think about status (wealth, display?), cosmology, religious beliefs, practical concerns?

In the actual 1,500 word essay, briefly state at the start what your question is and how the essay is laid out to address the question. The layout may differ depending on your choice of objects. Under relevant headings, follow the above outline. For the summary or conclusion, consider the last two criteria, above.

Part of the purpose of this exericise is that you find the sources of information yourself, but suggestions to start off: • www.famsi.org (for example, the Justin Kerr Maya vase database, although his interpretations have been updated) • https://sketchfab.com/tokovinin3d (an online resource of 3D models created by our friend and colleague Alex Tokovinine at the University of Alabama) • Various museum web sites in the U.K., Europe, U.S., Canada, Mexico, etc.

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Useful urls for general information on coursework submission, study and writing skills Coursework submission, assessment criteria, & information on late submission can be found in the IoA Student Handbook (Section 12): https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current-students/ioa-student-handbook

The IoA Study Skills Guide https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/current- students/ioa-study-skills-guide focuses on writing support—for example, guidance in preparing different types of assignments. Referencing guidelines can also be found here.

The IoA Academic Writing Moodle page https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id+10959 provides details of the academic writing support resources at the IoA, including tutorials and workshops run by Dr. Julia Shaw and the academic writing PGTA (Postgraduate Teaching Assistant), Rafie Cecilia.

Details on penalties for late submission are in the online UCL Academic Manual, Chapter 4, Section 3.12 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/chapters/chapter-4-assessment- framework-taught-programmes/section-3-module-assessment#3.12

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3. GUIDANCE ON READING, RESOURCES, AND PREPARATION FOR CLASS Basic texts (only in print) The Maya, 9th edition, by Michael D. Coe & Stephen Houston (2015). This is a much less detailed and shorter version than Sharer’s, but Coe is a wonderful writer and it serves well as an introduction. It can be purchased online for anywhere from ca. £7 to £12. Earlier editions are very cheap but I would not go earlier than ca. 2011. The Ancient Maya, 6th edition, by Robert Sharer (with Loa Traxler), 2006. Basic text with lots of detail. Seems to average around £20. Again, earlier editions are cheaper and are okay but my page numbers and chapters will be different. The Classic Maya, by Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata, 2009. The chapters are organised according to themes, which makes this very useful to consult for essays. Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, by Arthur Demarest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004. Ancient Mexico and Central America by Susan Toby Evans, 2004, 2008 or 2013 is the text we used in the 2nd-year course on . It is an excellent reference text for Mesoamerica in general.

Texts geared to those in the discipline (only in print) A Forest of History, ed. by Travis Stanton and M. Kathryn Brown (2020), University Press of Colorado. Deals with kingship; warfare; queens; usurpers or stranger-kings such as the Teotihuacan phenomenon; the sites of Peru- Waka, Yaxchilan, southeast Mesoamerica, Yaxuna; religion in the Early Postclassic; revisited; Mayapan; Copan Stela 11; and a summary by David Freidel, who wrote Forest of Kings with Linda Schele. Continuities and Change in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium, ed. by Charles W. Golden and Greg Borgstede (2004). The print edition is available in the library. It is published as an E-book but the library doesn’t have it yet. The content is directed at Mayanists but it is thematic so useful for particular topics: changes in Maya studies over the years; kingship and polity; elites and non-elites; using historical data; landscapes (Wendy Ashmore); environment; summaries of material studies such as ceramics, lithics, human skeletal material, fauna, residue analyses; contemporary concerns. In the Realm of Nachan Kan, by Marilyn A. Masson (2000). Postclassic, and specific to her excavations in northern Belize. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by and Nikolai Grube (2000), revised edition (2008). This is the definitive work—although probably updated to some extent by Simon’s recent book--on what we know from epigraphy about Maya rulers and Maya cities. It is published by Thames and Hudson and is well laid-out with lots of beautiful photos and drawings, and is well written. The good think is that it is divided into individual sites, so that you can look up individual sites for information. The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, ed. by Geoffrey E. Braswell (2012). Equinox. Different authors. Focuses on the northern lowlands. Examples: the ballgame; NW Yucatan; the Kaan polity (Joyce Marcus on the origins of the Maya state); urbanism in the northern lowlands in the Early Classic; Late Classic States along the Gulf Coast; settlement studies (a summary?); Uxmal; Chichen Itza; interpreting walls; rain and fertility rituals; Mayapan; the Caste War and the Spanish Conquest; summary of studies of the northern lowlands. The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, ed. by James Garber (2004) Focuses on all the different excavations in the Belize valley; all periods except the Postclassic. The Origins of Maya States, ed. by Loa P. Traxler and Robert J. Sharer (2016). University of Pennsylvania Museum. Reading Maya Art, by Andrea Stone and Marc Zender. Thames and Hudson, London, 2011.

Texts available digitally:

The Maya World, ed. by Scott R. Hutson and Traci Ardren (2020). Routledge. http://libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351029582 Ancient Maya Politics: A political anthropology of the Classic Period 150-900 CE, by Simon Martin (2020) https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ancient-maya- politics/79198DCC0C42845FFEF1939A99B31461 7

A Lexicon for Maya Architecture, by H. Stanley Loten & David M. Pendergast. Royal Ontario Museum Archaeological Monograph 8. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 1984. Available on the ROM digitised archive: https://archive.org/stream/lexiconformayaar00lote#page/4/mode/2up Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs by Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke. See Moodle page to download. Latest edition can also be accessed via the Wayeb site https://www.wayeb.org/ Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology, ed. by Maxine Oland, Siobhan M. Hart, & Liam Fink (2012). Web sites www.famsi.org is a wonderful on-line resource. It contains reports by archaeologists on a variety of topics including art history and epigraphy as well as archaeology. It also has resources such as the Kerr Vase Book which displays rollouts of the paintings on Maya vases. www.mesoweb.com contains reports by Maya and Mesoamerican scholars in the fields of archaeology, epigraphy, art history and ethnography. It also has an encyclopedia as well as lists of publications. English & Spanish. http://decipherment.wordpress.com is a site that focuses on Maya iconography and epigraphy. It is coordinated by David Stuart, a professor and Maya epigrapher at the University of Texas at Austin. It is a site that Maya epigraphers use to report on interim research. It has lots of up-to-date information on Maya writing and on developments in the field. Great pictures as well but make sure to acknowledge the artist and source. The website describes itself in the following way: ‘Maya Decipherment is a weblog devoted to ideas and developments in ancient Maya epigraphy and related fields. We welcome contributions and the participation of colleagues and students from around the world.’ http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/ Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs by Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke. This is a Mesoweb resource available to anyone wishing to learn Maya hieroglyphs. http://www.instituteofmayastudies.org www.wayeb.org European Association of Mayanists web site. https://brucelove.com/ Contributions to Mesoamerican Studies. Bruce Love posts a range of information. He is best known for the work he did on the Paris Codex, one of the four remaining Maya books. His website is relatively new and he tries to report on research and fieldwork as well as epigraphy & iconography, much of it current. http://www.maya-ethnobotany.org/ https://dloc.com/ This is the Digital Library of the Caribbean but has sources for Belize and the ancient Maya. For example, here you can find the Papers of the Belize Archaeology Symposium. https://classicmayan.kor.de.dariah.eu The Maya Image Archive (royalty-free download). This site is relatively new to me. It was established at the Department for the Anthropology of the Americas at the University of Bonn, and is part of a major project directed by Nikolai Grube, a Maya epigrapher. I find it a little hard to navigate. It mostly hosts materials and records provided by various Maya scholars. Some images are excellent; some are not so good. There are, however, original field photos of Maya monuments, such as the Yaxchilan hieroglyphic stair.

Journals: Ancient Mesoamerica, Latin American Antiquity, Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Estudios de Cultural Maya, Arqueología Mexicana, Journal of Captive at Tonina Field Archaeology, Journal of Archaeological Science, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., PlosOne. All accessible online through our library. Encyclopedias and Handbooks hard copy or online but not yet available through UCL Library Services:  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilisations of Mexcio and Central America, edited by David Carrasco. We have the book in the library; at the time of writing (5th January), Katie has subscribed so it should be available soon.  There is an Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya edited by Walter Witschey (2016). Again only available in our library in book form. It’s mixed quality but covers a lot. I’ll see if I can get the library to purchase an E-copy, but as of now we don’t have it.

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Encylopedias or Handbooks online and available through our library NOTE that the links below may not always work. You likely will have to go through the UCL Library Services.  The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, edited by Timothy Insoll is available through our library. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232444.001.0001/oxfordhb- 9780199232444 This is the URL but you may still have to go through the UCL library to access it. There is a chapter on the Maya by Rosemary Joyce.  Cambridge World Prehistory, eds. Colin Renfrew, Paul Bahn. (2014) Has a section on the Americas. Accessing this particular work is easiest through the UCL Library Services. I found that sometimes the link works; other times it asks me to sign in through my institution, which is possible—just a bit more complicated. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139017831  Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, ed. Deborah L. Nichols (2012) Accessible online via the library. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390933.001.0001/oxfordhb- 9780195390933  Encyclopedia of Archaeology, ed. Deborah M. Pearsall. (2008) Elsevier https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123739629/encyclopedia-of-archaeology

4. CLASS SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS Week 1 14 January Theme: INTRODUCTION: Chronology, setting, natural resources, Maya people and languages. Reading: None required but basic information can be found in Coe & Houston, Introduction, pp. 11-31 and Sharer & Traxler, Ch 1, pp. 23-56. If you have time, take a look at: https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-cos-maya-politan-future/6wXRTHQhmdLGmA?hl=en No asynchronous lecture required this week Hot Questions: See Moodle for opportunity to post questions here. Liz will assign Readings for Week 2. Remind her if she forgets. Further reading, optional: Animals and plants • Arianne Boileau, Nicolas Delsol, Kitty F. Emery (2020). Human-animal relations in the Maya world. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 165-182, Ch. 10. E-book is accessible. • Cameron L. McNeil (2020) Favored plants of the Maya. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 183-202, Ch. 11. E-book is accessible. • https://mayadecipherment.com/2021/01/05/maya-animals-v-the-peccarys-teeth-the-jaguars-bone/ Further reading: Agriculture, Managed forests • Dunning, N., T. Beach, S. Luzzadder-Beach (2020) in The Maya World, Ch. 27, pp. 501-518. • Ford, Anabel, (2020) in The Maya forest: a domesticated landscape in The Maya World, Ch. 28, pp. 519-539. ______Week 2 21 January Theme: Maya thought and culture. Reading required: Coe & Houston, Ch. 9 (or Coe’s 9th, 8th or 7th edition); see below. If not Coe, try The Maya World, which is available digitally. Kettununen and Chelmke’s Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs has information on Maya writing and culture. Asynchronous lecture: Will post lectures that cover last week and this, for your reference. All under Wk2. Class assignment: Coe’s chapter 9 in each of the editions deals with the topics of: • Gods, spirits, supernatural entities: The universe and the gods/the earth and the gods/ordering the universe/gods & spirits; the 8th and 7th editions have ‘The Classic Maya underworld’ which I will leave optional but it does discuss some gods • Ritual: Being religious/Rites and ritual practitioners • The universe, the world, creation: Ordering the universe (only the ninth and last edition; this information may occur under other chapters in the 8th and 7th edition) • The calendar and astronomy: Numbers and the calendar/the sun and moon/ the celestial wanderers and stars • Maya writing: The nature of Maya writing • History of decipherment & the subject of inscriptions: ‘History graven in stone’ • The Classic Maya political system: The Great Game/Maya superstates • Ownership: A possessed world/Name-tagging (cont’d on next page, important) 9

Pick one of the above topics from the chapter you have read. Then search on either www.mesoweb.com or www.famsi.org (or any other academic sites) or http://decipherment.wordpress.com for one other reading on the selected topic. There might be something in The Maya World. Submit a summary of what you have read. Length should be 2 pages (double- or 1 ½-spaced) (.5%). I will ask you to summarise briefly in class. ______Week 3 28 January Theme: Introduction to Maya social organization and identity. Reading required: Sharer, Ch. 12, pp. 665-718.; Restall, Matthew. 2004. Maya Ethnogenesis. Jour. Latin American Anthropology 9(1): 64-89. If you can’t read the entire article now, make sure you read it at some point. Even reading a few paragraphs will give you an idea of how problematic the term ‘Maya’ can be. Asynchronous lecture: Wk 3 Class assignment: Sharer’s chapter deals with the topics of: • Maya society, pp. 665-677 Personal appearance, Birth and early childhood, Puberty, Life and Death; Marriage and the family. • Households, pp. 677-682: Ancient Maya households • Settlement, pp. 682-690: Settlement in the Maya lowlands, Chronological control, population reconstructions. • Residence & descent, pp. 692-696: Residential and descent groups, residential groups and the house model. • Social stratification & hierarchy: pp. 690-692; 696-702: Social divisions, kings, kingship and power. • Maya polities and state organizational models, pp. 703-718: Maya polities, Location and power, Size and power, Number and size of polities, Cycles of growth and decline, state organizational models, The basis of political power (more theories of states) • Maya identity (Restall, M. and in same issue, Castaneda) Pick a topic in class. In addition to the information from Sharer Chapter 12, I will ask you to use one or more sources, either from his lists on pp. 806-808 or which you find on your own. When you submit the summary, make sure to list the sources you used. Be prepared to present information in class. The Maya World will be useful.

Topic 1: Maya society - Familiarise yourself with the basic information on personal appearance, birth, childhood, puberty, life, death, marriage & the family. How might we learn about these aspects of Maya society through the archaeological record? Given the ethnography you have looked at, what knowledge about the society might be difficult to ‘get at’ via archaeology and why? (Sharer & Traxler + 1 source + ethnography.) Let me know if you have problems finding an ethnography on line. Reliable ethnographic information might well be available on the web. Topic 2: Households How do archaeologists learn about households and inhabitants from the archaeological record? (Sharer & Traxler + 1 source + ethnography) Again, this will depend on if you can access an ethnography on line, but try! Nancy Gonlin has a chapter on household archaeology in The Maya World, Ch. 21. Topic 3: Settlement How do archaeologists learn about settlement and settlement patterns? (Sharer & Traxler + 1 source). Topic 4: Residence, descent, and the house model Familiarise yourself with the information on residence and descent but give particular attention to the house model and explain its significance. (Sharer & Traxler + Gillespie 2000): Gillespie, Susan D. 2000. Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing “Lineage” with “House.” American Anthropologist 102: 467-84. Topic 5: Social stratification & hierarchy – social divisions, rulers and rulership What were the main social divisions? How were the Maya ruled? (Sharer & Traxler + 1 source; could try Simon Martin’s new book on Ancient Maya Politics as it is available as an E-book). Topics 6,7: Maya polities and state organizational models – 1) What was a Maya polity? How do we know about polities in the glyphic record? 2) What models have been used to reconstruct ancient Maya states and how are they characterized? How was authority enforced? Does the Classic period differ from the Postclassic period? (Sharer & Traxler + for polities (No. 6), pick from the list below + for state organizational models (No. 7), pick from the sources below.) Maya polities The only source available online is Simon Martin’s new book Ancient Maya Politics; it is available as an E-book. RCL00120, Maya, Page 10

He does have a chapter, though, in The Maya World. The sources below are excellent but print books: Martin, S. & N. Grube 2008, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, pp. 14-21. Lacadena García Gallo, Alfonso & Andrés Ciudad R. 1998. Reflexiones sobre la estructura politica Maya classica. In Ciudad Ruiz, A., Y. Fernández M., J.M. García C., M.J. Iglesias Ponce de León, A. Lacadena G., and L.T. Sanz C., eds. Anatomia de una civilización: Aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura Maya. Madrid: SEEM. Sharer, R.J. & C. Golden. 2004. Kingship and Polity: Conceptualizing the Maya Body Politic. In Golden, C.W. & G. Borgstede, eds. Continuity and Change in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium. Routledge, New York. State organizational models: Iannone’s is accessible online, so this plus Sharer would work. Simon Martin also has something to say about states in Ancient Maya Politics. See above also that he has a chapter in The Maya World. Iannone, Gyles. 2002. Annales History and the Ancient Maya State: Some Observations on the “Dynamic Model”. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104(1): 68-78. Chase, Diane Z. 1986. Social and political organization in the Land of Cacao and Honey: Correlating the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Postclassic Lowland Maya. In Sabloff, J.A. & E.W. Andrews V, eds., Late Lowland Maya Civilization, pp. 347-377.

********************************* I made an effort one year to put together a list of foundational Maya ethnographies. They were accessible in UCL libraries, but since the libraries are closed owing to covid, you cannot access hard copies. I haven’t yet done the research, but because many are quite old (being foundational and all), they may be web accessble. I will list them in case any of you would like to give it a try. Obviously, you are not expected to read a whole book in a week, but you can glean information on, for example, rituals or the life cycle, or households, or on what the ethnographer thought important to record. ______Maya foundational ethnographies Annis, Sheldon. 1987. God and Production in a Guatemalan Town. Blaffer, Sarah C. 1972. The Black-man of Zinacantan: A Central American Legend. Boremanse, Didier. 1998. Hach Winik: The Lacandon Maya of Southern , Mexico. Bricker, Victoria R. 1981. The Indian Christ, The Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual. Bricker, Victoria & Gary H. Gossen, eds. 1989. Ethnographic Encounters in Mesoamerica: Essays in Honor of Evon Zartman Vogt, Jr. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 3. Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, University at Albany, State University of New York. Bunzel, Ruth. 1952. Chichicastenango: A Guatemalan Village. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 22. Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Augustine. Burkhart, Louise M. 1993. The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico. In Southern and Meso-American Native Spirituality: From the Cult of the Feathered Serpent to the Theology of Liberation, ed by Gary H. Gossen, 198- 227. London, SCM Press. Burns, Alan. 1983. An Epoch of Miracles. Cancian, Frank. 1965. Economics and Prestige in a Maya Community: The Religious Cargo System in Zinacantan. Carlsen, Robert S. 1997. The War for the Heart and Soul of a Highland Maya Town. Cruz, Pacheco. 1984. Estudio etnográfico de los mayas del ex Territorio Quintana Roo. Merida, Yucatan:. Colby, Benjamin N. and Pierre L. van den Berghe. 1969. Ixil Country: A Plural Society in Highland . Deuss, Krystyna. 2007. Shamans, Witches, and Maya Priests: Native Religion and Ritual in Highland Guatemala. Hill, Robert M. and John Monaghan. 1987. Continuities in Highland Maya Social Organization: Ethnohistory in Sacapulas, Guatemala. Ingham, John M. 1986. Mary, Michael , and Lucifer: Folk Catholicism in Central Mexico. LaFarge, Oliver. 1947. Santa Eulalia: The Religion of a Chuchumatan Indian Town. Maurer Avalos, Eugenio. 1993. The Tzeltal Maya-Christian Synthesis. In Southern and Meso-American Native Spirituality: From the Cult of the Feathered Serpent to the Theology of Liberation, ed. by Gary H. Gossen, 228- 50. Monaghan, John D. 1995. The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation in Mixtec Sociality. Nash, Manning. 1958. Machine Age Maya: The Industrialization of a Guatemalan Community. Oakes, Maud. 1969. The Two Crosses of Todos Santos. 11

Redfield, Robert. 1941. The Folk Culture of Yucatan. Redfield, Robert and Alfonso Villa Rojas. 1934. Chan Kom: A Maya Village. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 448. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Reina, Ruben E. 1966. The Law of the Saints: A Pokomam Pueblo and Its Community Culture. Sandstrom, Alan R. 1991. Corn is Our Blood: Culture and Ethnic Identity in a Contemporary Aztec Indian Village. Siegel, Morris. 1941. Religion in Western Guatemala: A Product of Acculturation. American Anthropologist, n.s., 43(1): 62-76. Tedlock, Barbara. 1982. Time and the Highland Maya. Vogt, Evon Z. 1976. Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals. Wagley, Charles. 1949. The Social and Religious Life of a Guatemalan Village. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, no. 71. American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin. Wasserstrom, Robert. 1983. Class and Society in Central Chiapas. Watanabe, John. 1992. Maya Saints and Souls in a Changing World. ______Week 4 04 February Theme: Classic Maya Kingship, origins, cosmos, royal courts, nobles Asynchronous lecture: Wk4 Class assignment: Prepare a 2-page summary (1 ½ or double-spaced) of the suggested reading(s). You can read more or even write (a bit) more but only two pages are required. If you cannot get hold of the texts listed, it’s fine to look elsewhere for information. The Maya World is a good start. Topic 1: The Classic Period: Chapter 4 in Houston, Stephen D. & Takeshi Inomata, 2009, The Classic Maya, pp. 105-127. Sharer & Traxler, Chapter 7, pp. 287-305. 1) When is the Classic period? 2) Are both the highlands and the lowlands involved? 3) Does Teotihuacan play a role? 4) What sites dominate in the Early Classic? 5) What is the system of governing? Topic 2: Kings and queens: Chapter 5 in Houston & Inomata, 2009, pp. 131-150; Chapter 7 in Sharer & Traxler, pp. 296-297. 1) What titles are relevant to rulership? 2) What does the ‘emblem glyph’ mean? 3) Who is eligible to rule? (What are the ‘rules’?) 4) What is one of the accoutrements that would identify a ruler on a stela or in other imagery? 5) Can women be rulers? Topic 3: Courts and palaces: Chapter 5 in Houston & Inomata, 2009, pp. 150-158; also ‘Peopling the Classic Maya Court’ by S. Houston and D. Stuart, 2001, in Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Vol. 1, ed. by Inomata and Houston, pp. 54-83 IF YOU CAN GET HOLD OF THE TEXT but if not, Houston & Inomata is fine. You might also check The Maya World or try the web. 1) How is the ‘court’ defined? 2) Have palaces been identified securely? 3) Who would be members of the court? Topic 4: Chapter 6 in Houston & Inomata, 2009. 1) What do we mean when we refer to ‘nobles’ among the Classic Maya? 2) Can anyone be a noble? 3) Do we know of any titles that apply to nobles? What are they? 3) What do we think nobles did in Maya society? What were their roles? (Digitally, Simon’s book Ancient Maya Politics might have something on nobles; also check The Maya World). Topic 5: Preclassic origins of Classic Maya society and kingship Chapter 3 in Houston and Inomata 2009, pp. 65-104. Or, Coe & Houston or Sharer & Traxler discuss the topic. Check The Maya World, and there is also: Freidel, D. A. and L. Schele. 1988a. Kingship in the Late Preclassic Maya Lowlands: The Instruments and Places of Ritual Power. American Anthropologist 90 (1988): 547-567. 1) What important features of Classic society are rooted in the Preclassic? 2) What material culture, including the material culture of kingship, is shared between the Preclassic and Classic periods. 3) What Preclassic sites exhibit monumental architecture: 4) What Preclassic stelae/monuments or other imagery display symbols of kingship? Topic 6: The cosmos: gods, supernaturals, ancestors: Chapter 7 in Houston and Inomata 2009, pp. 193-217. (See also Ch.3, Figs. 3.13 & 3.14). If you have Coe & RCL00120, Maya, Page 12

Houston, this has information on gods and supernaturals. Or The Maya World. 1) What is the significance of k’uh’? 2) Was k’uh applied to non-elites? 2) Who is the ‘Principal Bird Deity’? 3) Who is Chahk? 4) What were the roles of gods as opposed to ancestors? (If there was a difference.)

READINGS RELATED TO COSMOS, KINGSHIP, COURTS, PALACES These were assembled when you would have had access to print books in the library. The few journal articles are in bold, although there may well be more recent journal articles of use. I have listed the relevant journals above in No. 3 GUIDANCE ON READING. I nonetheless kept the list in case one of you plans to write about kingship or courts for your Second Essay, in which case you may want to order one of the books. Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya is probably the most useful. Cosmos and kingship/rulership: • Fields, Virginia M., Dorie Reents-Budet and Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle. 2005. Lords of Creation: The origins of sacred Maya kingship. Scala Books. • Ch 5, Kings & Queens, Courts and Palaces, in The Classic Maya by Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata, pp. 131-146, 158-162, 2009. [kings & kingship] • Martin & Grube, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 2008. [kings & kingship] • Houston, S. & D. Stuart (1996). Of gods, glyphs, and kings: Divinity and rulership among the Classic Maya. Antiquity 70(268): 289-312. • Freidel, David A., Linda Schele and Joy Parker. Centering the World. In Maya Cosmos: Ten Thousand Years on the Shaman’s Path, ed. by D.A. Freidel, L. Schele and J. Parker, pp. 123-172. William Morrow and Company, New York, 1993. [kings & cosmos] • Freidel, D. A. and L. Schele. 1988a. Kingship in the Late Preclassic Maya Lowlands: The Instruments and Places of Ritual Power. American Anthropologist 90 (1988): 547-567. [early kingship] • Freidel, D.A., K. Reese-Taylor and D. Mora-Marín. 2002. The Origins of Maya Civilization: The Old Shell Game, Commodity, Treasure, and Kingship. In Masson, M. & D. Freidel, Ancient Maya Political Organization, pp. 335-64. [origins of kingship] • Gillespie, Susan D. 1989. The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. • Watanabe, J.M. 1983. In the World of the Sun: A Cognitive Model of Mayan Cosmology. Man 18: 710-28. [cosmos] • Buikstra, Jane E, Wright, L.D., Burton, J.A. 2003. Tombs from the Copan Acropolis: A Life History Approach. In Bell, EE, CAnuto, MA, Sharer, R (eds), Understanding Early Classic Copan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. • Tiesler, Vera & Andrea Cucina (eds). 2006. Janaab’Pakal of : reconstructing the life and death of a Maya ruler. INST ARCH DFB 10 TIE • Schele, Linda & Mary Ellen Miller. 1986. The Blood of Kings. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. Read the Preface and the chapter on ‘The Royal Person’, pp. 63-102. • Looper, Matthew. 2003. G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art & Kingship at Quirigua. Austin: University of Texas Press. • McAnany, Patricia. 1995. Living with the Ancestors: Kinship & Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin: University of Texas Press. • Stuart, David. Ideology and Classic Maya Kingship. 2005. In A Catalyst for Ideas: Anthropological Archaeology and the Legacy of Douglas W. Schwartz. School of American Research, Santa Fe, ed. by Vernon Scarborough. (I don’t know the page numbers.) Royal courts, palaces • The Classic Maya, Houston and Inomata 2009, Ch 5, pp. 150-158. • Clark, John E. and Richard D. Hansen. The Architecture of Early Kingship: Comparative Perspectives on the Origins of the Maya Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen Houseton, 2001, pp. 1-45 • King’s People: Classic Maya Courtiers in a Comparative Perspective, by Takeshi Inomata. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen Houston, pp. 27-53, 2001. • Peopling the Classic Maya Court, by Stephen Houston and David Stuart. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houseon, pp. 54-83. 13

• Spatial Dimensions of Maya Courtly Life: Problems and Issues, by David Webster. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houston, pp. 130-167. • Court and Realm: Architectural Signatures in the Classic Maya Southern Lowlands, by Simon Martin. in Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by Inomata and Houston, pp. 168-194. • Classic Maya Concepts of the Royal Court: An Analysis of Renderings on Pictorial Ceramics, by Dorie Reents- Budet. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1, ed. by T. Inomata and S. D. Houston, pp. 195-236. • Palaces and Thrones Tied to the Destiny of the Royal Courts in the Maya Lowlands, by Juan Antonio Valdés. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houston, pp. 138-164. • Life at Court: The View from Bonampak, by Mary Miller. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houston, pp. 201-222. • The People of the Patio: Ethnohistorical Evidence of Yucatec Maya Royal Courts, by Mathew Restall. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2, ed. Inomata and Houson, pp. 335-390. ______Week 5: 11 February – Panos Kratimenos, lecturer and high priest of decipherment. Theme: Deciphering Maya hieroglyphic script Asynchronous lecture: Wk. 5 Reading required: • Download Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs by Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke. https://www.wayeb.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/wh2019english.pdf READ pp. 6-13, which is the first part. The eager can go on to read about grammar and other details. • Stuart, David and Stephen D. Houston. (1989) Maya Writing. Scientific American 261(2): 82-89. • Houston, Stephen, John Robertson, David Stuart ( 2000) The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions. Current Anthropology 41(3): 321-356. • At the time of writing, we do not know if we will have a version of the annual workshop. Suggestion only: If you are interested in the history of decipherment, possibly for an essay, these are print books: • Coe, Michael D. 2012. Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames and Hudson • Stuart, George E. 1992. Quest for Decipherment: A Historical and Biographical Survey of Maya Hieroglyphic Investigation. In New Theories on the Ancient Maya ed. by Elin C. Danien and Robert J. Sharer. University Museum Symposium Series, Vol. 3. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

WEEK 6, 15th to 19th February: READING WEEK

Week 7: 25 February Theme: The Maya built environment: Architecture, building terms, construction—everything you wanted to know about Maya architecture but were afraid to ask! Asynchronous lecture: Wk 7 Required download to review or view online Lexicon for Maya Architecture by H.S. Loten and David M. Pendergast, available on-line at: https://archive.org/stream/lexiconformayaar00lote#page/4/mode/2up This has way more information than you need, but have a look at the asynchronous lecture, where I emphasise the terms that I think are important at this stage. Required reading: ‘Rats and bats and fluffy stuff’. E. Graham. 1993. Antiquity 67(256): 660-65. Pay particular attention to the section on Volume 1. This is a review I did a long time ago of William Coe’s excavations of the North Acropolis at . Class assignment: Each person come up with 1-3 questions on Maya architecture. In addition, I would like your thoughts on my assessment of constructional history (building sequence) versus real history in my review, above. For anyone interested in Maya architecture, suggested readings for the future, as these are only available in print, unless there is a miracle and the library opens, and you can come to London: RCL00120, Maya, Page 14

• Proskouriakoff, Tatiana. 1963. An Album of Maya Architecture (Wonderful architectural drawings.) • Pendergast, David M. Excavations at Altun Ha, Volumes 1,2,3. 1979 for Vol. 1. Royal Ontario Museum Archaeological Monographs. Toronto [or] • Coe, William. 1990. Excavations in the Great Plaza, North Terrace, and North Acropolis of Tikal. Tikal Report No. 14, vol. III. • Pendergast’s and Coe’s excavation reports are worth leafing through as a guide to how excavations are reported. More interpretive readings on architecture: • Harrison, Peter D. Tikal: Selected Topics, pp. 45-71, in City-States of the Maya: Art and Architecture, ed. by Elizabeth P. Benson. Rocky Mountain Institute for Precolumbian Studies, 1986. Peter used comparative trait analysis to infer room or building function (because we don’t know what rooms were used for!) • Houston, Stephen D., ed. 1998. Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. • Webster, David. 1998. Classic Maya Architecture: Implications and Comparisons. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, ed. by Stephen Houston, pp. 5-47. ______Week 8: 04 March Topic: Neotropical urbanism Liz: Assign topics for Week 9! Asynchronous lecture: If we have one, it will be under Wk8. Reading: Required: • ‘Neotropical Cities as Agro-Urban Landscapes’ by E. Graham & Christian Isendahl. 2018. In The Resilience of Heritage—Cultivating a Future of the Past—Essays in Honour of Professor Paul J.J. Sinclair, ed. by Anneli Ekblom, Christian Isendahl and Karl-Johan Lindholm, pp. 165-180. Studies in Global Archaeology 23 (series editor, Paul Lane). Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Sweden. Either:  Fletcher, R. 2009. Low-density, agrarian-based urbanism: A comparative view. Insights 2(4): 1–19, or  Fletcher, R. 2011. Low-density, agrarian-based urbanism: Scale, power, and ecology. In: Smith, M.E. (ed.), The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies, 285–320. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Class assignment: Read the assigned readings. Write your reaction to the arguments in Graham & Isendahl, and to Fletcher’s case for low-density, agrarian-based urbanism; the usual 2pp to discuss in class. Other readings on urbanism available online in case as an essay choice: • Smith, Michael E. and Katharina J. Schreiber. 2006. New World States and Empires: Politics, Religion, and Urbanism. Journal of Archaeological Research 14(1): 1-52. (NOTE: Mike Smith has written a lot more on urbanism, although he works in Central Mexico, but you can google him.) • Isendahl, Christian and Michael Smith. 2013. Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and . Cities 31, 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.012 • E. Graham. 1999. Stone Cities, Green Cities. In Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World, edited by Elisabeth A. Bacus and Lisa J. Lucero, pp 185-194. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 9. AAA, Arlington, Virginia. • E. Graham. 1996. Maya Cities and the Character of a Tropical Urbanism. In The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective, edited by Paul Sinclair. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Published online in 1996, now available via Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265667556_Maya_cities_and_the_character_of_a_tropical_urbanism Other readings, but available only in print: • Urbanism in Mesoamerica/El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica, Volume 1. 2003. Edited by William T. Sanders, Alba Guadalupe Mastache, Robert H. Cobean. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and The Pennsylvania State University. Mexico, D.F. and University Park, PA. • Urbanism in Mesoamerica/El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica, Volume 2. 2008. Edited by Alba Guadalupe Mastache, Robert H. Cobean, Ángel Garcia Cook, & Kenneth G. Hirth. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and The Pennsylvania State University. Mexico, D.F. and University Park, PA. • Barnhart, Edwin L. 2008. Palenque, Urban City of the Ancient Maya. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. 2, eds. Alba Guadalupe Mastache, Robert H. Cobean, Ángel Garcia Cook, Kenneth G. Hirth, pp. 165-195. Instituto 15

Nacional de Antropología e Historia and The Pennsylvania State University. Mexico, D.F. and University Park, PA. • Hirth, Kenneth G. 2003. The Altepetl and Urban Structure in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. 1, ed. William T. Sanders, Alba Guadalupe Mastache, and Robert H. Cobean, pp. 57-84. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and The Pennsylvania State University. Mexico, D.F. and University Park, PA. (About altepetls but relates to Maya urbanism) • Cowgill, George. 2003. Some Recent Data and Concepts about Ancient Urbanism. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. 1, ed. William T. Sanders, Alba Guadalupe Mastache, and Robert H. Cobean, pp. 1-19. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and The Pennsylvania State University. Mexico, D.F. and University Park, PA. • Smith, Michael E. and Katharina J. Schreiber. 2006. New World States and Empires: Politics, Religion, and Urbanism. Journal of Archaeological Research 14(1): 1-52. (NOTE: Mike Smith has written a lot more on urbanism, although he works in Central Mexico, but you can google him.) • Isendahl, Christian and Michael Smith. 2013. Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs. Cities 31, 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.012 • E. Graham. 1999. Stone Cities, Green Cities. In Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World, edited by Elisabeth A. Bacus and Lisa J. Lucero, pp 185-194. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 9. AAA, Arlington, Virginia. • E. Graham. 1996. Maya Cities and the Character of a Tropical Urbanism. In The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective, edited by Paul Sinclair. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Published online in 1996, now available via Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265667556_Maya_cities_and_the_character_of_a_tropical_urbanism ______Week 9 11 March Theme: The Terminal Classic and collapse Asynchronous lecture: Wk9 Reading required of everyone:

• Coe and Houston, Chap ter 7 on the Terminal Classic, pp. 174-198.

• Houston and Inomata, pp. 288-321, Ch. 10 on The End of an Era. Class assignment: Read one or both of the above chapters plus at least one other publication on a topic below, and prepare to discuss in class: Topic 1: What do Sharer & Traxler say transformed in the Terminal Classic? What happened to the great rivals, Tikal and Calakmul? Sharer & Traxler, Chapter 9 on ‘Transformations in the Terminal Classic’, pp. 499-533. The chapter actually goes to p. 587 if you want to cover the whole thing but perhaps concentrate on the southern lowlands. See Sharer & Traxler, Ch. 8, pp.413-421 for the ends of Calakmul and Tikal. Topic 2: A Terminal Classic transition? What is Yaeger’s view? Yaeger, Jason (2020) Collapse, transformation, reorganization: the Terminal Classic transition in the Maya world. In The Maya World, ed. by Scott Hutson and Tracie Ardren, pp. 777-793, Ch. 40. Topic 3: What collapse? Another view. . . Aimers, J.J. 2007. What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 15, pp. 329-377. Topic 4: Chichen Itza • Sharer & Traxler, Ch. 9, pp. 558 to 570. • Stanton, Travis W., Taube, Karl A. and Jeremy D. Coltman. Rough draft. Social Mobility in the City of the Sun: The Legacy of Chichen Itza at the Turn of the Postclassic period. (If this is not posted on Moodle or available through the Library Readings, ask me, because it is still a draft and Travis gave me permission to use it in class, so I don’t want it widely available.) Topic 5: Tollan – Uxmal, Chichen as the ‘Place of Reeds’ Ringle, William R. (2020) The northern Maya Tollans, in The Maya World, Ch. 39, pp. 752-772. Topic 6: What about the Usumacinta? (This region was first hit by collapse.) • Golden, Charles, Andrew K. Scherer, A. René Muñoz and Rosaura Vasquez. 2008. Piedras Negras and RCL00120, Maya, Page 16

Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19(3): 249-274. • See also Topic 7: Is there continuity to the Postclassic? Where and how do we know? • Ting, Carmen (2017) Continuity and change in fine-ware production in the eastern Maya lowlands during the Classic to Postclassic transition (AD 800-1250) • Graham, E. 2004. Lamanai reloaded: Alive and well in the Early Postclassic. In Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands, ed by Jaime Awe, John Morris, & Sherilyne Jones, pp. 223-241. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 1. Institute of Archaeology, NICH, Belize. • Bey III, George J., Craig A. Hanson and William Ringle (1997) Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatan: Architectural and ceramic evidence for defrining the transition. Latin American Antiquity 8(3): 237-254 Topic 8: War in the Petexbatun – How does this compare to Classic period warfare? • Demarest, Arthur A., Matt O’Mansky, Claudia Wolley, Dirk Van Tuerenhout, Takeshi Inomata, Joel Palka, & Hector Escobedo. (1997) Classic Maya Defensive Systems and Warfare in the Petexbatun Region: Archaeological Evidence and Interpretations. Ancient Mesoamerica 8(2): 229-253. Sharer & Traxler also discuss this on pp. 403-412. Topic 9: A fortified centre at Aguateca – like No. 8, how does this compare to war in the Classic period? • Inomata, Takeshi (1997) The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 8(2): 337-351. Also discussed by Sharer and Traxler, pp. 403- 412. Topic 10: A new-ish view of warfare • Graham, E., S.E. Simmons & C.D. White. 2013. The Spanish Conquest and the Maya Collapse: How ‘religious’ is change? World Archaeology 45(1): 1-25. • Aoyama, Kazuo and Elizabeth Graham. 2015. Ancient Maya warfare: exploring the significance of lithic variation in Maya weaponry. Lithics: the Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 36: 5-17. • Graham, E. (2019) "This Means War!" In Seeking Conflict in Mesoamerica: Operational, Cognitive, and Experiential Approaches. S.G. Morton and M.M. Peuramaki-Brown, eds., pp. 220-247. University Press of Colorado. Topic 11: Any indications of changes in diet or health? • Wright, Lori E. (1997) Biological Perspectives on the Collapse of the Pasion Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 8(2): 267-273. • Lori has written more recently on this topic; check Google Scholar. Topic 12: What does the art at Chichen tell us about the times? • Ringle, William (2009) The art of war: imagery of the upper temple of the Jaguars, Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 20(1): 15-44 • Ringle, William (2004). On the political organization of Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 15(2): 167-218. Assignment: Your reactions to the readings. Key reading on the Terminal Classic but a print book: • Demarest, A., Rice, P. and Rice, D. (eds.) 2004. The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation. U. Press of Colorado. For initial insight, read the Introductory chapter and the concluding chapter. ______Week 10 18 March Theme: The Maya and the Spanish Conquest: Archaeology & ethnohistory Asynchronous lecture: Wk10 Reading and Class Assignment: Read: • Coe & Houston, Ch. 7, pp. 227-229 (only two pages). • Sharer & Traxler, Epilogue: The Conquest of the Maya, pp. 757-778. • Graham, Elizabeth. 2011. Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize. Obviously you can’t read a book in a week. What I’d like you to do is have a look at my book, which is available digitally through our library and Project Muse. Have a look at the chapter headings and read what you can. I guess the main question is: o Does archaeolgy help in illuminating conquest and contact in the Maya area? 17

But given the perspective of my book, I’ll ask another question: o Can personal experience be used to help understand Christianisation and the Conquest? If bias is inescapable, can it also be useful? Then pick ONE other reading as a supplement: • McAnany, Patricia, Adolfo Ivan Batun Alpuche, & Maia Dedrick (2020) Colonial entanglements at Tahcabo, Yucatan. In The Maya WorldI, Chapter 42. • ‘On the fringes of conquest: Maya-Spanish contact in colonial Belize’. Graham, E., D.M. Pendergast and G.D. Jones. 1989. Science 246 (4935): 1254-1259. This I wrote with David and Grant when I first started at Tipu, so my book is the most up-to-date. But it will show the integration of archaeology & ethnohistory. • ‘Contact and Missionization at Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala,’ by Timothy Pugh, Jose Romulo Sanchez and Yuko Shiratori. 2012. Journal of Field Archaeology 37(1): 3-19. • ‘A Chak’an Itza Center at Nixtun-Ch’ich’, Peten, Guatemala. Timothy Pugh, Prudence Rice, Evelyn Chan Nieto & Don S. Rice. 2016. Journal of Field Archaeology 41(1): 1-16. • Masson, Marilyn A. and Timothy S. Hare (2020) The structures of everyday life in the Postclassic urban setting of Mayapan. In The Maya World, Chapter 41. ______Week 11: 25 March Theme: OPEN

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