1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8171 By Mr. HASTINGS: A bill (H.- R. · 12079) granting an in­ sentatives among the several States according to their respec­ crease of pension to Rosa A. Keeth ; to the Committee on Invalid tive numbers; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Pensions. 7184. By Mr. LINDSAY: Petition of the Carl H. Schultz By Mr. JENKINS: A bill (H. R. 12080) granting an increase Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y., protesting against increase of the of pension to Lovenia H. Bryne; to the Committee on Invalid ta~iff on sugar above the 2 cents per pound recommended by Pensions. the Senate; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Also, a bill (H. R. .12081) granting a pension to Jessie 1\fur­ 7185. By Mr. MANLOVE: Petition of J. H. Cox, 675 Harold dock ; to the Committee on Pensions. A venue, and 65 other citizens of Portland, Oreg., urging Con­ By 1\fr. KIESS: A ·bill (H. R. 12082) granting an increase of gress to speedily pass the Manlove bill, H. R. 8976, for the relief pension to Hannah C. Trump; to the Committee on Invalid of veterans and widows and minor orphan children of veterans Pensions. of Indian wars; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. KOPP: A bill (H. R. 12083) granting an increase of - 7186. By Mr. OLIVER of New York: Petition of Tremont pension to Margaret Heiman; to the Committee on Invalid Lodge, No. 380, Independent Order of Brith Abraham, protest­ Pensions. ing against the enactment of proposed legislation providing for By Mrs. LANGLEY: A bill (H. R. 12084) for the relief of the registration of aliens; to the Committee on Immigration W. M. Cornett; to the Committee on Claims. and Naturalization. .By Mr. MAGRADY: A bill (H. R. 12085) granting an increase 7187. By Mr. QUAYLE : Petition of Abraham & Straus Co., ' of pension to Celestia Trivelpiece; to the Committee on Invalid Brooklyn, N. Y., opposing the Vestal copyright bill; to the Com- ! Pensions. mittee on Patents. By Mr. MENGES: A bill (H. R. 12086} granting an increase 7188. Also, petition of Frederick Loeser & Co. (Inc.), Brook­ of pension to Amanda Mann ; to the Committee on Invalid Pen- · lyn, N. Y., opposing the Vestal copyright bill; to the Committee • sions. · on Patents.

By Mr. MORGAN: A bill (H. R. 12087) granting an increase 7189. By Mr. W ATRES : Petition of citizens of Clarks Sum- j of pension to Harriet E. Sims ; to the Committee on Invalid mitt, Pa., favoring the enactment of House bill 8976, for the : Pensions. relief of veterans and; widows and minor orphan children of ' By Mr. PRITCHARD : A bill (H. R. 12088) for the relief of veterans of Indian wars ; to the Committee on Pensions. Sallie E. Hall ; to the Committee on the Civil Service. By Mr. SMITH of Idaho: A bill (H. R. 12089) granting a pension to George W·. Musser; to the Committee on Pensions. SENATE By Mr. SUTHERLAND: A bHl (H. R. 12090) for the relief of William V. Perry; to the Committee on the Territories. FRIDAY, May 93, 1930 By Mr. WOLVERTON of West Virginia: A bill (H. R. 12091) (Legislative day of Wednesday, April 30, 1930) . granting an increase of pension to Anna Madden; to the Com­ mittee on Invalid Pensions. The Senate m·et at 12 o'clock meridian in open executive ses- By Mr. WOOD: A bill .(H. R. 12092) granting a pension to sion, on the expiration of the recess. Estella Unger ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Mr. FESS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum. By Mr. WOODRUM: A bill (H. R. 12093) for the relief of The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. the City Developing Corporation of Roanoke, Va.; to the Com­ The Chief Clerk called the roll, a-nd the following Senators mittee on Claims. answered to their names : to Allen Fess Keyes Smoot By Mr. NELSON of Wisconsin: Resolution (H. Res. 215) Ashurst F'razier McCulloch Steck pay M. Katherine Reinburg $200 for extra and expert services Baird George McKellar Steiwer to the Committee on Invalid Pensions ; to the Committee on Barkley Gillett McNary Stephens Bingham Glass Metcalf Sullivan Accounts. Black Glenn Norris Swanson Also, resolution (H. Res. 216) to pay Amy C. Dunne.$200 for Blaine Goldsborough Nye Thomas, Idaho extra and expert services to the Committee on Invalid Pensions; Blease Gould Oddie Thomas, Okla. Borah Greene Overman Trammell to the Committee on Accounts. Bratton Hale Patterson Tydings Brock Harris Phipps Vandenberg Broussard Harrison Pine Waguer PETITIONS, ETC. Capper Hastings Ransdell Walcott Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid Caraway Hatfield Robinson, Ark. Walsh, Mass. Connally Hawes Robinson, Ind. Walsh, Mont. on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Copeland Hayden Robsion, Ky. Waterman 7177. By Mr. BLACKBURN: Memorial of the Fayette County Couzens Hebert Schall Watson Woman's Club, signed by Frances Coleman, president, and Mrs. Cutting Howell Sheppard Wheeler Dale Johnson Shipstead Charles A. Asbery, secretary, memorializing Congress to enact Deneen Jones Shortrid~ a law for the Federal supervision of the distribution and man­ Dill Kendrick Simmons ufacture of motion pictures ; to the Committee on Interstate Mr. BLAINE. I desire to announce that my colleague the and Foreign Commerce. senior Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. LA FoLLE'I'TE] is necessarily 7178. Also, memorial of the Epworth Auxiliary of the Women's absent. I ask that this announcement may stand for the day. Missionary Society of Lexington, Ky., signed by Mrs. W. K. l\1r. SHEPPARD. I announce that the Senator from Florida Naive, president, and Mrs. Leslie Rue, secretary, memorializing [1\fr. FLEITCHER], the Senator from Utah [Mr. KING], and the Congress to enact a statute for the Federal regulation of the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] are all detained from production and distribution of motion pictures; to the Com­ the Senate by illness. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Mr. BLACK. I desire to announce that my colleague the 7179. By Mr. COLTON:· Petition of United Indian War Vet­ senior Senator from Alabama [1\fr. HEFLIN] is necessarily de­ erans, urging Congress to speedily pass the Manlove bill, H. R. tained in his hom·e State on matters of public importance. 8976, for the relief of veterans and widows and minor children The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-one Senators have answered of veterans of Indian wars ; to the Committee on Pellsions. to their names. A quorum is present. 7180. By Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT: Petition of Sacramento Cham­ ber of Commerce, indorsing joint service pay bill for the entire ORDER FOR RECESS TO MONDAY . personnel of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, 1\fr. McNARY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Geodetic Survey, and Public Health Service; to the Committee when the Senate concludes its business to-day it recess until on Military Affairs. 12 o'clock noon Monday. 7181. Also, petition of Southern Forestry Congress, :1\Iemphis, The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair Tenn., indorsing House bill 3245, Englebright fire prevention hears none, and it is so ordered. bill ; to the Committee on Agriculture. PEn'ITIONS AND MEMORIAL 7182. By Mr. FISHER: Petition of 101 citizens of the tenth As in legislative session, congressional district of the State of Tennessee favoring the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the memorial passage of House bill 6603, known as the Kendall 44-hour week of sundry leading MoroS', being property ·owners residing in bill, and House bill 3087, known as the Kelly bill, granting sick Mindanao and Sulu, P. I., remonstrating against the granting of and annual leave to substitute employees of the Railway Mail independence to the Philippine Islands, if the granting of such Service, etc. ; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post proposed independence should include Mindanao, Sulu, and the Roads. southern islands occupied by the Moros and other non-Christian 7183. By Mr. HUDSON: Petition of citizens of Detroit, Mich., tribes, which was referred to the Committee on Territories and urging the passage of the so-called Stalker amendment, which Insular .Affairs. provides that aliens shall be excluded in counting the whole 1\Ir. SIDPS'l~AD presented resolutions of the Common Coun­ number of persons in each State for apportionment of Repre- cil of the City of Two Harbors, Minn., favoring the passage of 8172 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE legislation dedicating October 11 of each year as General the First National Bank of Billings, Mont.; to the Committee Pulaski's memorial day for the observance and commemoration on Claims. of the death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski, Revolutionary War By Mr. SIDPSTEAD: hero, which were referred to the Committee on the Library. A bill (S. 4343) for the relief of Howland & Waltz Co. (Ltd.); Mr. BLAINE presented a resolution adopted by the Woman's to the Committee on Claims. Christian Temperance Union of Darlington, Wis., favoring the By Mr. METCALF: passage of legislation for the supervision of motion pictures and A bill ( S. 4344) granting an increase· of pension to Sarah the establishment of higher standards in the production of films Shepard (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on that may be licensed for interstate and foreign commerce, which Pensions. was referred to the .Committee on Interstate Commerce. A bill (S. 4345) for the relief of Lillian G. Frost; to the Com­ REPORTS OF COMMITTEES mittee on Foreign Relations. As in legislative session, By Mr. DILL: Mr. CUTTING, from the Committee on Public Lands and S~r­ A bill (S. 4346) granting a pension to Joseph M. Harris; to veys, to which was referred the bill (H. R. 9895) to estab~1sh the Committee on Pensions. the Carlsbad Caverns National Park in the State of New Me:nco, By Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma: and for other purposes, reported it with an amendment and sub­ A joint resolution ( S. J. Res. 173) authorizing an investiga­ mitted a report (No. 589) thereon. tion of the business and industrial affairs of the various Indhin Mr. BLACK, from the Committee on Public Lands and Sur­ tribes ; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. veys, to which was referred the bill (S. 4119). to extend the ?ro­ CHANGE OF REFERENCE visions of section 2455 of the Revised Statutes of the Umted As in legislative session, States ( U. S. C., title 43, sec. 1171), as amended, to coa~ lands in Alabama, reported it without amendment and submitted a Mr. JONES. There was referred to the Committee on Appro­ report (No. 590) thereon. priations the bill ( S. 2588) authorizing the payment for the Mr. CAPPER, from the Committee on the District of Colum­ attendance of the. Marine Band at the Confederate veterans' bia, to which were referred the following bills, reported them reunion to be held at Biloxi, Miss. This is a legislative bill each with amendments and submitted reports thereon: · authorizing a certam appropriation, and I think it should go S. 4222. A bill to authorize the· Commissioners of the District to the Committee on Naval Affairs. I therefore move that of Columbia to sell by private ·or public sale a tract of land ac­ the Coinmittee on Appropriations be discharged from the further quired for public purposes, and for other purposes (Rept. No. consideration of the bill, and that it be referred to the Com­ 591) ; and mittee on Naval Affairs. S. 4226. A bill to authorize the Commissioners of the District The motion was agreed to. of Columbia to sell at public or private sale certain real prop­ AMENDMENT TO LEGISLATIVE APPROPRIATION BILL erty owned by the District of Columbia, and for other purposes (Rept. No. 592). As in legislative session, Mr. CAPPER, also from the Committee on the District of Mr. THOMAS of Idaho submitt€'d an amendment proposing Columbia to which were referred the following bills, reported to increase the compensation of the superintendent of the them se~erally without . amendment, and submitted reports Senate document room from $3,960 to $5,400 per annum, in­ thereon: tended to be proposed by him to the bill (H. R. 11965) making S. 4221. A bill for the disposal of combustible refuse from appropriations for the legislative branch of the Government for places outside of the city of Washington (Rept. No. 593) ; the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, and for other purposes, S. 4224. A bill to provide for the operation and maintenance of which was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and bathing pools under the jurisdiction of the Director of Public ordered to be printed. Buildings and Parks. of the National Capital (Rept. No. 594) ; THE UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION S. 4243. A bill to provide for the closing of certain streets and As in legislative ses ion. alleys in the Reno section of the District of Columbia (Rept. No. 595) ; and · Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have H. R. 9758. An act to authorize the Commissioners of the Dis­ printed in the RECORD an article entitled " Unemployment, Its trict of Columbia to close certain portions of streets and alleys Cause and Cure," by Will Atkinson. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. for public-school purposes (R€'pt. No. 596). The article is as follows : REPORTS OF NOMINATIONS UNEMPLOYMENT, IT'S CAUSE AND CURE--BEING AN OUTLINE OF HENRY As in executive ses ion, GEORGE"S PROGRESS AND POVERTY Mr. PHIPPS, from the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, reported sundry post-office nominations, which were By Will Atkinson placed on the Executive Calendar. " It is the thorough fusion of insight into actual facts and forces, Mr. GREENE, from the Committee on Military Affairs, re­ with recognition of their bearing upon what makes life worth living, ported the nominations of sundry officers in the Army, which that constitutes Henry George one of the world's great social philoso-­ were placed on the Executive Calendar. phers." (John Dewey, professor of philosophy, Columbia University, BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION INTRODUCED New York.) "There was a man sent from God, whose name was Henry George. •• As in legislative session, (Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn.) Bills and a joint resolution were introduced, read the first "Henry George lived only to benefit his fellow men." (John Russell time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred Young, former editor New York Tribune, New York Herald, etc.) as follows : · "The teaching of George is irresistibly convincing in its simplicity By Mr. RANSDELL: and clearness." (Leo Tolstoy.) A bill ( S. 433G) to provide for the appointment of one addi­ The cau e of unemployment and its cure are clearly shown in this . tional district judge for the eastern and western districts of brief outline of Henry George's Progress and Poverty. It is intended Louisiana; to the Committee on the Judiciary. · to induce you to read the book itself. So verbatim extracts are given By Mr. SMOOT: _ in Henry George's own language that you may realize what a rich A bill (S. 4337) to suspend the requirements of annual assess­ intellectual feast he has provided. ment work on mining claims during the years 1929 and 1930 ; to Henry George dipped his pen in life; his words throb with sympathy the Committee on Mines and Mining. · for suffering and thrill with the logic of truth. . He taught that men's By Mr. SWANSON: miseries are due to man-made laws, never to divine law. That the A bill ( S. 4338) for the relief of Roscoe McKinley Meadows ; ignorance which shelters in schools, the crime which lurks in the shadow to the Committee on Naval Affairs. of churches, famine amid full granaries, poverty in plenty, are all due By Mr. KENDRICK: to men's laws which ignore and defy the divine intent. Tbat to abolish A bill ( S. 4339) granting a pension to Truman H. Wilkinson ; poverty and tame the ruthless passions of greed we need only align to the Committee on Pensions. men's laws with the laws of nature and of nature's God. By Mr. COPELAND: The lines from 1\filton which Henry George uses for one section of A bill ( S. 4340) granting an increase of pension to Lellie Dowdney ; to the Committee on Pensions. Progress and Poverty indicate tbe aim and intent of the whole book. - · A bi1l ( S. 4341) for the relief of Grace K. Barber; to the " What in me is dark Committee on Claims. Illumine; what is low, raise and support; · By Mr. WALSH of Montana : That to the height of this great argument A bill (S. 4342) authorizing the Court of Claims to investi­ I may assert eternal Providence gate and determine the facts in connection with the claim of And justify the ways of God to men." 1930 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE 8173

INTRODUCTORY t erns, in density of population, and in social organization, can hardly (Quoted verbatim from Progress and Poverty, by Henry George) be accounted for by local causes. There is distress where large standing • armies are maintained, but there is also distress where the standing The problem armies are nominal; there is distress where protective tariffs stupidly The present century bas been marked by a prodigious increase in and wastefully hamper trade, but there is distress where trade is nearly weaith-producing power. The utilization of steam and electricity, the free; there is distress where autocratic government yet prevails, but introduction of improved processes and labor-saving machinery, the there is also distress where political power is wholly in the bands of the greater subdivision and grander scale of production, the wonderful people; in countries where paper is money and in countries where gold facilitation of exchanges, have multiplied enormously the effectiveness and silver are the only currency. Evidently, beneath all such things as of labor. these, we must infer a common cause. At the beginning of this marvelous era it was natural to expect, and That there is a common cause, and that it is either what we call it was expected, that labor-saving inventions would lighten the toil material progress or something closely connected with material progress, and improve the condition of the laborer; that the enormous increase becomes more than an inference when it is noted that tbe pnenomena in the power of producing wealth would make real poverty a thing of we class together and speak of as industrial depression arc but intensi­ the past. Could a man of the last century-a F ranklin or a Priestley­ fications of phenomena which always accompany material progress, and have seen, in a vision of the future, the steamship taking the place of which show themselves more clearly and strongly as material progress the sailing vessel, the railroad train of the wagon, the reaping machine goes on. Where the conditions to which material progress everywhere of the scythe, the threshing machine of the flail; could he have heard tends are most fully realized-that is to say, ·where population is densest, the throb of the engines that in obedience to human will, and for the wealth greatest, and the machinery of production and exchange most satisfaction of human desire, exert a power greater than that of all highly developed-we find the deepest poverty, the sharpest struggles for the men and aU the beasts of burden of the earth combined ; could he existence, and the most of enforced idleness. have seen the forest tree transformed into finished lumber-into doors, It is to the newer countries-that is, to the countries where material sashes, blinds, boxes, or barrels-with hardly the touch of a human progress is yet in its early stages-that laborers emigrate in search of han(] ; the great workshops where boots and shoes are turned out by higher wages and capital flows in search of higher interest. It is in the the case with less labor than the old-fashioned cobbler could have put older countries--that is to say, the countries wbere material progress has on a sole ; the factories where, under the eye of a girl, cotton becomes reached later stages-that widespread destitution is found in the midst cloth faster than hundretiger ; the man with the muck rake drinking in the glory of the toward which material progress tends-proves that the social difficulties stars. Foul things fled, fierce things tame; discord turned to har­ existing wherever a certain stage of progress bas been reached do n-ot mony ! For how could there be greed where all had enough? How arise from local circumstances, but are, in some way or another, engen­ could the vice, the crime, the ignorance, the brutality that spring from dered by progress itself. poverty and the fear of poverty exist where poverty had vanished? And, unpleasant as it may be to admit it, it is at last becoming evident Who should crouch where aU were free men; who oppress where all that the enormous increase in productive power which has marked the were peers? ptesent century and is still going on with accelerating ratio has no More or less vague or clear, these have been the hopes, these the tendency' to extirpate poverty or to lighten the burdens of those com­ dreams born of the improvements which give this wonderful century pelled to toil. It simply widens the gulf between Dives and Lazarus, its preeminence. They have sunk so deeply into the popular mind as and makes the struggle for existence more intense. The march of inven­ radically to change the currents of thought, to recast creeds and dis­ tion has clothed mankind with powers of which a century ago the boldest place the most fundamental conceptions. The haunting visions of higher imagination could not have dreamed. But in factories where labor­ possibilities have not merely gathered splendor and vividness, but saving machinery has reached its most wonderful development little their direction has changed-instead of seeing behind the faint tinges children are at work; wherever the new forces are anything like fully of an expiring sunset all the glory of the daybreak has decked the utilized, large classes are maintained by charity or live on the verge skies before. of recourse to it; amid the greatest accumulations of wealth men die of It is true that disappoi.ntment bas followed disappointment, and that starvation and puny infants suckle dry breasts ; while everywhere the discovery upon discovery, and invention after invention, have neither greed of gain, the worship of wealth, shows the force of the fear of lessened the toil of those who most need respite nor brought plenty to want. The promised land flies before us like the mirage. The fruits of the poor. But there have been so many things to which it seemed this the tree of knowledge turn, as we grasp them, to apples of Sodom that failure could be laid that up to our time the faith has hardly weaken'ed. crumble at the touch. We have better appreciated the difficulties to be overcome, but not the It is true that wealth bas been greatly increased, and that the average less trusted that the tendency of the times was to overcome them. of comfort, leisure, and refinement has been raised; but these gains are Now, however, we are coming into collision with facts which there not general. In them the lowest class do not share. (It is true that can be no mistaking. From all parts of the civilized world come com­ the poorest may now in certain ways enjoy what the r ichest a century plaints of industrial depression ; of labor condemned to involuntary idle­ ago could not have commanded, but this does not show improvement or ness; of capital massed and wasting; of pecuniary distress among busi­ condition so long as the ability to obtain the necessaries of life is not ness men; of want and suffering and anxiety among the working classes. increased. The beggar in a great city may enjoy things from which the All the dull, deadening pain, ari the keen, maddening anguish, that to backwoods farmer is debarred, but that does not prove the condition of great masses of men are involved in the words "hard times " afflict the the city beggar better than that of the independent farmer.) I do not world to-day. This state of things, common to communities differing so mean that the condition of the lowest class has nowhere nor in any­ widely in situation, in political institutions, in fiscal and financial sys- thing been improved, but that there is nowhere any improvement which -. 8174 CQNGRESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE MAY 2 can be credited to increased productive power. I mean that the tendency ration, have the same certainty. In this sense It is as exact a science of what we call material progress is in nowise to improve the condition as geometry, which, from similar truth.J relative to space, obtains its of the lowest class in the essentials of healthy, happy, human life. Nay, conclusions by similar means, and its conclusions when valid should be more, that it is still further to depress the condition of the lowest class. as self-apparent. And although in the domain of political economy we The new forces, elevating in their nature though they be, do not act can not test our theories by artificially produced combinations o·r condi­ upon the so<;ial fabric from underneath, as was for a long time hoped tions, as may be done in some of the other sciences, yet we can apply and believed, but strike it at a point intermediate between top and tests no less conclusive, by comparing societies in which difl'erent bottom. It is as though an immense wedge were being forced, not conditions ·exist, or. by, in imagination, separating, combining, adding, or underneath society, but through societY. Those who are abOve the eliminating forces or factors of known direction. point of separation are elevated, but those who are below are crushed I propose in the following pages to atte.mpt to solve by the methods of ; down. political economy the great problem I have outlined. I propose to seek ; This depressing effect is not generally realized, for it is not apparent the law which associates poverty with progress, and increases want with where there has long existed a class just able to live. Where the lowest advancing wealth ; and I believe that in the explanation of this paradox class barely lives, as bas been the case for a long time in many parts we shall find the explanation of those recurring seasons of industrial and 1 of Europe, it is impossible for it to get any lower, for · the next lowest commercial paralysis which, viewed independently of their relations to step is out of existence, and no tendency to further depression can more general _phenomena, seem so inexplicable. Properly commenced readily show itself. But in the progress of new settlements to the con­ and carefully pursued, such an investigation must yield a conclusion ditions of older communities it may clearly be seen that material that will stand every test, and as truth, will correlate with all other progress does not merely fail to relieve poverty-it actually produces it. truth. For in the sequence of phenomena there is no accident. Every In the United States it is clear that squalor and misery, and the vices effect has a cause and every fact implies a preceding fact. and crimes that spring from them, everywhere increase as the villages That political eco-nomy, as at present taught, does not explain the grow to the city, and the march of development brings the advantages persistence of poverty amid advancing wealth in a manner which of the improved methods of production and exchange. It is in the older accords with the deep-seated perceptions of men; that the u.nquesti.on­ and richer sections of the Union that pauperism imd distress among the able truths -which it does teach are unrelated and disjointed; that it has working classes are becomrng most painfully apparent. If there is less failed to make the progress in popular thought that truth, even when deep poverty in San Francisco than in New York, is it not because San unpleasant, must make; that, on the contra1·y, after a century of culti· Francisco is yet behind New York in all that both cities are striving for? vation, during which it has engrossed the attention of some of the most When San Francisco reaches the point where New York now is, who can subtle and powerful intellects, it should be spurned by the statesman, doubt that there will also be ragged and barefooted children on her scouted by the masses, and relegated in the opinion of many educated streets? and thinking men to the rank of a pseudo-science in which nothing is This association of poverty_ with progress is the great enigma of our fixed or can be fixed-must, it seems to me, be due not to any inability times. It is the central fact from which spring industrial, social, and of the science when properly pursued, but to some false step in its prem­ political difficulties that perplex the world, and with which· states­ ises, or overlooked factor in its estimates. And as such mistakes are manship and philanthropy and education grapple in vain. From it generally concealed by the respect paid to authority, I propose in this 1 come the clouds that overhang the future of the most progressive and inquiry to take nothing for granted, but to bring even accepted theorjes ! self-reliant nations. It is the riddle which the Sphinx of Fate puts to to the test of first principles, and should they not stand the test, treshly 1 our civilization, and which not to answer is to be destroyed. So long as to interrogate facts in the endeavor to discover their law. all the increased wealth which modern progress brings goes but to build I propose to beg no question, to shrink bom no conclusion, but to up great fortunes, to increase luxury, and make sharper the contrast follow truth wherever it may lead. Upon us is the responsibility of between the House of Have and the House of Want, progress is not real seeking the law, for in the very heart of our civilization to-day women and can not be permanent. The reaction must come. The tower leans faint and little children moan. But what that law may prove to be is from its foundations and every new story but hastens the final catas­ not our afl'air. If the conclusions that we reach run counter to our trophe. To educate men who must be condemned to poverty is but to prejudices, let us not flinch; if they challenge institutions that have make them restive ; to base on a state of most glaring social inequality long been deemed wise and natural, let us not turn back. political institutions under which men are theoretically equal is to HENRY GEORGE. sta.nd a pyramid on its apex.. WAGES, CAPITAL, POPULATION, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH .All important as this question is, ,pressing itself from every quarter "Why in spite of increase in productive power, do wages tend to a painfully upon attention, it has not yet received a solution which minimum which will give but a bare Jiving?" Current political economy 1 accounts for all the facts and points to any clear and simple remedy. says wa-ges are fixed by the ratio between the number of laborers and 1 This is shown by the widely varying attempts to account for the PTe­ the amount of capital devoted to the employment of labor, and con- 1 vailing depression. They 'exhibit not merely a divergence between vulgar stantly tend to the lowest amount on which laborers will consent to live · notions and scientific theories but also show that the concurrences which and reproduce ; because the increase in the number of laborers tends , should exist between those who avow the same general theories breaks naturally to follow a.nd overtake any increase in capital. This argu- 1 up upon practical questions into an anarchy of opinion. Upon high ment is inconsistent with the general fact that wages and interest rise 1 economic authority we have been told that the prevailing depression is and fall together. Wages, instead of being drawn from capital, are ~ due to overproduction; while the wastes of war, the extension of rail­ drawn from the product of the labor for which they are paid. 1 roads, the attempts of workmen to keep up wages, the demonetization The three factors in production are land, labor, and capital, and that i of silver the issues of paper money, the increase of labor-saving ma­ part of the produce which goes to the second of these factors is wages. chinery, 'the opening ·of shorter avenues to trade, etc., are separately Land embraces all natural materials, forces, and opportunities, and pointed out as the cause by writers of reputation. therefore nothing that is freely supplied by nature. can be properly A.nd while professors thus disagree, the ideas that there is a necessary classed as capital. Labor includes all human exertion, and hence human conflict between capital and labor, that machinery is an evil, that com­ powers, whether natural ·or acquired, can never be properly classed as petition must be restrained and interest abolished, that wealth may be capital. created by the issue of money, that it is the duty of government to Capital consists of those things which are nejther land nor labor, but furnish capital or to furnish work are rapidly making way among the which have resulted from the union of these two original factors of pro­ great body of the people, who keenly feel a hm·t and are sharply con­ duction. Nothing can be capital whlch is not wealth ; only such things scious of a wrong. Such ideas, which bring great masses of men, the can be wealth the production of which increases, and the destruction of repositories of ultimate political power, under the leadership of charla­ which decreases, the aggregate of wealth. Increase in land values does tans and demagogues, are fraught with danger; but they can not be not represent any increase in the common wealth, for what land owners successfully combated until political economy shall give some answer to gain by higher prices, the. renters or buyers of land lose. the great question which shall be consistent with all her teachings and All wealth is not capital. Capital is only that part of wealth which is which shall commend itself to the perceptions of the great masses of used to produce more wealth. It is wealth in the course of exchange, men. for production includes both making things a-nd bringing them to the It must be within the province of political economy to give such an consumer. Wherever we analyze the facts we find that without produc­ answer. For palitical economy is not a set of dogmas. It is the tion wages would not and could not be paid. As labor precedes the explanation of a certain set of facts. It is the science which, in the payment of wages and as labor in production implies the creation of sequence of certain phenomena, seeks to trace mutual relations and to value, the employer receives value before he pays out value so be but identify cause and effect, just as the ,physical sciences seek to do in exchanges capital of one form for another form. Hence the payment of other sets of phenomena. It lays its foundations upon firm ground. wages in production never involves the advance of capital or even tem­ The premises from which it makes its deductions are truths which have porarily lessens capital. the highest sanction ; axioms which we all recognize ; upon which we Nor is it true that the maintenance of labor is drawn from capital, safely base the reasoning and actions of everyday life, and which may and that therefore population regulates _itself by the fonds which are to be reduced to the metaphysical expression of the physical law that employ tt, for that would involve the idea that labor can .not be exerted· motion seeks the line of least resistance, viz, that men seek to gratify until the products of labor are saved, thus putting the product before their desires with the least exertion. Proceeding from a basis thus the producer, which is absurd. Capital, therefore, does not limit in· assured, its processes, which consist simply in identification and sepa- dustry, the only limit to industry being the access to natural raw mate- 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-BENATE 8175 rial. Capital may limit the form of industry, and the productiveness of upon a.n implied ·or suggested qualification-a truth relaUvely, which. industry by IimWng the use of tools and the division of labor. The taken absolutely, becomes a nontruth. For that man can not exhauf!t functions of capital are to assist labor in production with tools, seeds, or lessen the powers of nature follows from the indestructibility of etc., and with the wealth required to carry on exchanges. matter and the persistence of force. Productio.n and consumptio.n are All remedies, whether proposed by profesi?Ors of political economy or only relative terms. working men, which look to the alleviation of poverty either by the "Speaking absolutely, man neither produces .nor consumes. The incr ease of capital, or the restriction of the number of laborers, or whole human race, were they to labor to infinity, could not make this efficiency of their work, must be condemned as useless and ineffective. rolling sphere one atom heavier or one atom lighter, could .not add to or The argument that wages are determined by the ratio between capital diminish by one iota ·the sum of the forces whose everlasting circling and labor finds its strongest support in the Malthusian doctrine, and on produces all motion and sustains all life. As the water that we take both is based the theory that past a certain point the application of from the ocean must again return to the ocean, so the food we hike capital and labor to land yields a diminishing return. The Malthusian from the r eservoirs of nature is, from the moment we take it, on itl' doctrine is that the tendency to increase in the number of laborers must way back to those reservoirs. What we draw from a limited extent of always tend to reduce wages to the minimum on which laborers can land may temporarily reduce the productiveness of that land, because reproduce. the return may be to other land, or may be divided between that land Whmt subjected to analysis this theory is untenable. and other laud, or, perhaps, all land; but this possibility lessens with Everywhere are striking and conclusive evidences that the production increasing area, and ceases when the whole globe is considered. That and consumption of wealth have increased with even greater rapidity the earth could maintain a thousand billions of people as easily as a than the increase of population, and that if any class obtains iess than thousand millions is a necessary deduction from the manifest truths its due share it is solely because of the greater inequality of distribu­ that, at least so far as our agency is concerned, matter is eternal and tion. The denser the population the more minute becomes the subdivi­ force must forever continue to act. Life does not use up the forces sion of labor and the greater the economies of production and distribu­ that maintain life. We come into the material universe bringing noth­ tion, and hence, the reverse of the Malthusian doctrine is true. ing; we take nothing away when we depart. The human being, physi­ The following is quoted verba tim from Progress and Poverty : cally considered, is but a transient form of matter, a changing mode of " Of all living things, man is the only one who can give play to the motion. The matter remains and the force persists. Nothing is les­ reproductive forces, more pow~rful than his own, which supply him sened, nothing is weakened. And from this it follows that the limit to with food. Beast, insect, bird, and fish take only what they find. Their the population of the globe can be only the limit of space. increase is at the expense of their food, and when they have reached " Now, this limitation of spac~thls danger that the human race may the existing limits of food, their food must increase before they ca.n increase beyond the possibility of finding elbow room-is so far off' as increase. But unlike that of any other living thing, the increase of to have for us .no more practical interest than the r ecurrence of the man involves the increase of his food. If bears instead of men had glacial period or the final extinguishment of the sun. Yet remote and been shipped from Europe to the North American continent, there would shadowy as it is, it is this possibility which ~ves to the Malthusian now be no more bears than in the time of Columbus, and possibly fewer, theory its apparently self-evident character. But if we follow it, even for bear food would not have bee.n increased nor the conditions of the this shadow will disappear. It, also, springs f1·om a false analogy. bear life extended by the bear immigration, but probably the reverse. That vegetable and animal life tend to press against the limits of space But within the limits of the United States alone there are .now 45,000,- does not prove the same tendency in human life. 000 of men whet·e then there were only a few hundred thousand, " Granted that man is only a more highly developed a.nimal; that the and yet there is now withl.n that territory much more food per capita ring-tailed monkey is a distant relative who has gradually d~veloped for the 45,000,000 than there was then for the few hundred thousand. acrobatic tendencies, and the humpbacked whale a far-off connection It is not the increase of food that has caused this i.ncrease of me.n, who in early life took to the sea-granted that back of these he is kin but the increase of me.n that has brought about the increase of food. to the vegetable, and is still subject to the same laws as plants, fishes, There HI more food simply because there are more men. birds, and beasts. Yet there is still this difference between man and all "Here is a difference between the animal and the man. Both the other animals-he is the only animal whose desires increase as they are jayh.nwk and the man eat chickens, but the more jayhawks the fewer fed; the only animal that is .never satisfied. The wants of every other chickens, while the more men the more chickens. Both the seal and the living thing Are uniform and fixed. The ox of to-day aspires to .no man eat salmon, but when a seal takes a salmon there is a salmon the more than did the ox when ma.n first yoked him. The sea gull of the less, and were seals to increase past a certain point salmon must dimin­ English Channel, who poises himself above the swift steamer, wants no ish; while by placing the spaw.n of the salmon rmder favorable condi­ better food or lodging than the gulls who circled round as the keels of tions man ca.n so increase the number of salmon as more than to make Cresar's galleys first grated o.n a British beach. Of all that nature offers up for all he may take, and thus .no matter how much men may them, be it ever so abundant, all living things save man can take and Increase; their increase .need .never outrrm the supply of salmon. care for only enough to supply wants which are definite and fixed. " I.n short, while all through the vegetable and animal kingdoms the The only u~e they ca.n make of additional supplies or additional oppor­ limit of subsistence is i.ndependent of the things subsisted, with man tunities is to multiply. the limit of subsistence is, within the final limits of earth, air, water, "But not so with man. No sooner are his animal wants satisfied and sunshine, dependent upo.n man himself. A.nd this being the case, than new wants arise. Food he wants first, as does the beast; shelter the analogy which it is sought to draw between the lower forms of life next, as does the beast ; and these given, his reproductive instincts and man mantestly fails. While vegetables and animals do press against assert their sway, as do those of the beast. But here man a.nd beast the limits of subsistence, man can .not press against the limits of his part company. The beast never goes further ; the man has but set his subsistence until the limits of the globe are reached. Observe, this is feet on the first step of an infinite progression-a progression upon .not merely true of the whole but of all the parts. As we can not reduce which the beast never enters ; a progression away from and above tho the level of the bay or harbor without redueing the level .not merely of beast. the ocea.n with which it communicates, but of all the seas and oceans "The demand for quantity once satisfied, he seeks quality. The very of the world, so the limit of subsistence in any particular place is .not desires that he has in common with the beast become extended, refined, the physical limit of that place, but the . physical limit of the globe. exalted. It is not merely hunger but taste that seeks gratification in Fifty square miles of soil will in the present state ot the productive arts food ; in clothes, he seeks not merely comfort but adornment ; the rude yield subsistence for only some thousands of people, but on the 50 shelter becomes a house; the undiscriminating sexual attraction begins square miles which comprise the city of London some three and a hall to transmute itself into subtle influences, and the hard a.nd commo.n millions of people are mai.ntained, and subsistence i.ncreases as popula­ stock of animal life to blossom and to bloom into shapes of delicate tion increases. So far as the limit of Stlbsistence is concerned, Londo.n beauty. As power to gratify his wants increases, so does aspiration may grow to a population of a hu.ndred millio.ns or five hundred millions grow. Held down to lower levels of desire, Lucullus will sup with or a thousand millions, for she draws for subsistence upo.n the whole Lucullus; 12 boars turn on spits that Antony's mouthful of meat may globe, and the limit whieh subsistence sets to her growth i.n populatio.n be done to a turn; every kingdom of nature be ransacked to add to is the limit of the globe to furnish food for its inhabitants. · Cleopatra's charms, and marble colonna des and hanging gardens and " But here will arise another idea from which the Malthusian theory pyramids that rival the hills arise. Passing into higher forms of desire derives great support-that of the diminishing productiveness of land. that which slumbered in the plant and fitfully stirred in the beast As conclusively proving the law of diminishing producti-veness, it is said awakens i.n the man. The eyes of the mind are opened, and he longs t~ in the current treatises that were it not true that beyond a certain know. He braves the scorching heat of the des ert and the icy blasts of point land yields less and less to additional applicatio.ns of labor and the polar sea, but not for food ; he watches all night, but it is to trace capital, i.ncreasing populatio.n would not cause a.ny extensio.n of cultiva­ tbe circling of the eternal stars. He adds toil to toil to gratify a tion, but that all the i.ncreased supplies needed could and would be hunger no animal has felt; to assuage a thirst no beast ca.n k.now. raised without taki!lg into cultivation any fresh ground. Assent to this " Out upon nature, in upon himself, back through the mist s that seems to involve assent to the doctrine that the difficulty of obtaining shroud the past, forward into the dark-ness that overhangs the future, subsistence mUBt increase with increasing populatio.n. turns the restless desire that arises when the animal wants slumber in " But I think the necessity is only in seeming. If the proposition be satisfaction. Beneath things he seeks the law ; he would k.now how the analyzed it will be seen to belong to a class that depend for validity globe was forged and the stars were hung, and traee to their origins 8176 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-8ENATE MAY 2 the springs of life. And, then, as the man develops his nobler nature, crease of rent. This leads to speculation: to holding land for a higher there arises the desire higher yet-the passion of passions, the hope of price than it would otherwise bring. This force tends to increase rent hopes-the desire that he, even he, may somehow aid in making life in a greater ratio than progress increases production, and tends to reduce better and brighter, in destroying want and sin, sorrow and shame. He wages, not merely relatively but absolutely. masters and curbs the animal ; he turns his back upon the feast and renounces the place of power; he leaves it to others to accumulate THE COMMON RIGHT TO LAND wealth, to gratify pleasant tastes, to bask themselves in the warm The fact that the speculative advance in land values cuts down the sunshine of the brief day. He works for those he never saw and never earnings of labor and capital, and checks production, leads iiTesistibly to can see ; for a fame, or maybe but for a scant justice, that can only the conclusion that this is the main cause of those periodical industrial come long after the clods have rattled upon his cofiln lid. He toils in depressions to which every civilized country seems increasingly liable. the advance, where it is cold, and there is little cheer from men, and Robbed of all the benefits of the Increase of productive power, labor the stones are sharp and the brambles thick. Amid the scoffs of the is exposed to certain effects of advancing civilization which, without the present and the sneers that stab like knives he builds for the future; advantages that naturally accompany them, are positive evils, and of he cuts the trail that progressive humanity may hereafter broaden into themselves tend to reduce the free laborer to the helpless and degraded a high road. Into higher, grander spheres desire mounts and beckons, condition of the slave. As land is necessary to the exertion of labor in and a star that rises in the east leads him on. Lo ! the pulses of the the production of wealth, to. own land is to command all the fruits of man throb with the yearning of the god-he would aid in the process labor save enough to enable labor to exist. of the suns! But there is also an active, energetic power, a power that in every " Is not the gulf too wide for the analogy to span? Give more food, country writes laws and molds thought, the power of a vast and domi­ open fuller conditions of life, and the vegetable or animal can but multi­ nant pecuniary interest. The great cause of the inequality of the dis­ ply ; the man will develop. In the one the expansive force can but ex- tribution of wealth is the inequality in the ownership of land. The . tend existence in new numbers; in the other, it will inevitably tend to ownership of land is the great fundamental fact which ultimately deter­ extend existence in higher forms and wider powers. Man is an animal ; mines the social and political, and consequently the intellectual and but he is an animal plus something else. He Is the mythic earth tree, moral condition of a people. The tendencies and measures at present whose roots are in the ground, but whose topmost branches may blossom relied on or advocated as calculated to relieve poverty and distress in the heavens I " among the masses are insufficient. The true remedy is to substitute for THE LAW OF WAGES individual ownership, common ownership of land through taxing land To find why while population increases and the productive arts ad­ values. vance, there is an increase in poverty of the lowest class, we must find As man bel11ngs to himself, so his labor when put in concrete form the law which determines what part of the produce is distributed to labor belongs to him. As nature gives only to labor, the exertion of labor as wages, what part to capital as interest, and what to landowners as in production is the only title to exclusive possession. When non­ rent. . producers can claim as rent a portion of the wealth created by the Rent Is the price of monopoly arising from the reduction to individual producers, the right of the producers to the fruits of their labor is to ownership of natural elements which human exertion can neither produce that extent denied. nor increase. Interest is not properly a payment made for the use of The equal right of all men to the use of land is as clear as their equal capital. It comes from the power of increase which the reproductive right to breathe the air; it is a right proclaimed by the fact of their forces of nature and the analogous capacity for exchange give to capital. existence. The right of individual proprietorship of land is the denial Men seek to gratify their desires with the least exertion, and this effects of the natural rights of other individuals; it is a Wl'Ong which must an equilibrium between wages and interest. show Itself in the inequitable division of wealth. Ownership of land This relation fixed, it is evident that interest can not be increased always gives ownership of men to a degree measured by the necessity, without increasing wages nor wages lowered without depressing interest. real or artificial, for the use of land. And when that nece sity is The law of interest is that the relation between wages and interest is absolute, when starvation is the alternative to the use of land, then determined by the average power of Increase which attaches to capital does the ownership of men involved in the ownership of land become from its use in reproduction'. The law of wages is that they depend absolute. upon the margin of production, that is upon the produce which labor can Private ownership of land is the nether millstone. Material progress obtain at the highest point of natural productiveness open to it without is the upper millstone. Between them, with an Increasing pressure, the payment of rent. the worldng classes are ground. Historically, as ethically, private This law of wages accords with and explains universal facts. Where property in land is robbery. It has everywhere bad its birth in war and land is free, and labor is unassisted by capital, the whole produce will conquest and in the selfish use which the cunning have made of super­ go to labor as wages. Where land is free and labor is. assisted by capi­ stition and law. tal, wages will consist of the whole produce, less that part necessary to THE REMEDY FOR SOCIAL ILLS induce the storing up of labor as capital. Where land is subject to Private property in land is inconsistent with the best use of land. ownership and rent arises, wages will be fixed by what labor can secure What is necessary for that is security for impl'ovements. Where land from the highest natural opportunities open to it without the payment is treated as public property it will be used and improved as soon as of rent. Where natural opportunities are all monopolized, wages must be there is need for its use or improvement, but, being treated as private forced by the competition among laborers to the minimum at which property, the individual owner is permitted to prevent others from laborers will consent to reproduce. The failure of wages to increase using, or improving, what he can not, or will not, use or improve with increasing productive power is due to the increase of rent. himself. I do not propose to purchase or to confiscate private property The value of land depending wholly upon the power which its owner­ in land. The first would be needless, the second unjust. It is only ship gives of appropriating wealth created by labor, the increase of land necessary to confiscate rent. values is alwa.ys at the expense of labor. Increase in productive power The sovereign remedy which will raise wages, increase the earnings does not increase wages because it does increase the value of land. It is of capital, extirpate pauperism, abolish poverty, give remunerative em­ universally true that where the value of land is high the greatest luxury ployment to whoever wishes it, atrord free scope to human powers, is associated with the most piteous destitution. Three things cause lessen crime, elevate morals and taste and intelligence, purify govern­ material progress-increase In population, improvement in production, ment, and carry civilization to yet nobler heights is to appropriate and exchange and improvement in knowledge, government, and morals. rent by taxation and to abolish all taxation save that upon land The effect of increase of population upon the distribution of wealth is values. to increase rent, and consequently to d:iminish the proportion of the pro­ The great class of taxes from which revenue may be derived without duce which goes to capital and labor in two ways : First, by lowering the interference with production are those upon monopolies. But all other margin of cultivation and, second and more important, by bringing out monopolies are trivial in extent as compared with the monopoly of in land special capabilities otherwise latent, and by attaching special land. Taxes on the value of land not only do not check production but cupabilities to particular land. tend to increase it by destroying speculative rent. Inventions and improvements in productive arts, including division of The whole value of land may be taken in taxation, and the only labor between individuals, save labor-that is, enable the same result to etrect will be to stimulate industry, open new opportunities to capital, be secured with less labor, or a greater result with the same labor, and and to increase the production of wealth. A tax on land values does hence increase production of wealth. not add to prices, and is thus paid directly by the persons on whom it Without any increase in population the progress of invention con­ falls. Land is not a thing of human production and taxes upon rent stantly tends to give a larger and larger proportion of the produce to can not check supply. On the contrary, by compelling those who hold the owners of land, and a smaller proportion to labor and capital; and land on speculation to sell or rent it for what they can get a tax on therefore, to decrease wages and interest. And, as we can assign no land values tends to increase the competition between owners and thus limit to the progress of invention, neither can we assign any limits to to reduce the price of land. the Increase of rent short of the whole produce. A tax on land values, while the least arbitrary of taxes, possesses in Another cause of the influence of material progress upon the distribu­ the highest degree the element of certainty. It may be assessed and tion of wealth is the confident expectation of the future enhancement of collected with a definiteness that partakes of the immovable and un­ land values which arise in all progressive countries from the steady in- concealable character of the land itself. It is the most just and equal 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8177 of all taxes, because It falls only on those who receive from society a " Shortsighted is the philoso_phy which counts on selfishness as the peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to tbc bene­ master motive of human action. It is blind to facts of which the world fit they receive. The division of land now held on speculation would is full. It sees not the present and reads not the past aright. If you much increase the numbeL· of landowners. would mo•e men to action, to what shall you appeal? Not to their A single tax on the value of land would so equalize tbe distribution pockets but to their patriotism, not to selfishness but to sympathy. . of wealth as to ra ise even the poot·est above that abject poverty in which Self-interest is, as it were, a mechanical force, potent, it is true, capable public considerations have no weight, while it woulu at the same time of large and wide results. But there is in human nature what may be cut down those overgrown fortunes which raise their possessors above likened to a chemical force, which melts and fuses and overwhelm , to concern in government. which nothing seems impossible. 'All that a man bath will he give for The following is quoted verbatim from Progress and Poverty: his life '-that is self-interest. But in loyalty to higher impulses men THE CANONS OF TAXATION will give even life. " The best tax by which public revenues can be raised is evidently " It is not selfishness that enriches the annals of ever·y people with that which will closest conform to the following conditions: heroes and saints. It is not selfishness that on every ·page of the world's " 1. That it bear as lightly as possible upon production, so as least _ history bursts out in sudden splendor of noble deeds or sheds the soft to check the increase of the geneml fund from which taxes must be paid radiance of benignant lives. It was not selfishness that turned Gau­ and the community maintained. tama's back to his royal home or bade the Maid of Orleans lift the " 2. Tba t it be easily and cheaply collected and fall as directly as may sword from the altar; that held the 300 in the pass of Tbermopylre be upon the ultimate payers, so as to take from the people as little as or gathered into Winkelried's bosom the sheaf of spears; that chained po ·sible in addition to what it yields the Government. Vincent de Paul to the bench of the galley or brought little starving " 3. Tha t it be certain, o as to give the least opportunity for tyranny children during the Indian famine tottering to the relief stations with or corruption on the part of officials and the ieast temptation to law­ yet 'weaker starvelings in their arms. breaking and evasion on the part of the taxpayers. "Call it religion, patriotism, sympathy, the enthusiasm for humanity, "4. That it bear equally, so as to give no citizen an advantage or put or the love of God- give it what name you will; there is yet a force any at a disadvantage as compared with others. which overcomes and ·drives out selfishness, a force which is the "Let us consider what form of taxation best accords with those con­ electricity of the moral universe, a force beside which all others are ditions. Whatever it be, that evidently will be the best mode in which weak. Everywhere that men have lived it has shown its power, and the public revenues can be rai ·ed." to-day, as ever, the world is full of it. To be pitied is the man who has neveL' seen and never felt it. Look around among common men and EFFECTS OF THE REMEDY women, amid the care and struggle of daily life, in the jaL' of the noisy This remedy would lift the whole enormous weight of taxation from street and amid the squalor where want hides, every here and there is productive indu try. It would open new opportunities, for no one would the darkness lighted with the tremulous play of its lambent tlames. He care to hold land idle, and land now withheld from use would every­ who has not seen it has walked with shut eyes. He who looks may see, where be thrown open to impro•ement. The selling price of all land as says Plutarch, that 'the soul has a principle of kindness in itself, would fall. '!'be bonus that wherever labor is most productive must and is born to love, as well as to perceive, think, or remember.' now be paid as rent before labor can be exerted would disappear. Com­ "And this force of forces-that now goes to waste or assumes per­ petition in the labor market would no longer be one-sided. Rent instead verted forms-we may use for the strengthening and building up and of causing inequality would promote equality. Labor and capital would ennobling of society if we but will, just as we now use physical forces r eceive the whole produce, minus only that portion taken by the state that once seemed but powers of destruction. All we have to do is but in the tnxation of land values, which, being applied to public purposes, to give it freedom and scope. The wrong that produces inequality, the would be equally distributed in public benefits. The equalization in the wrong that in the midst of abundance tortures men with want or harries Oistribution of wealth would react upon production, everywhere prevent­ them with the fear of want, that stunts them physically, degrades them ing waste, everywhere increasing power. intellectually, and distorts them morally is what alone prevents harmo­ Simplicity in the legislative and executive functions of government nious social development. For ' all that is from the gods is full of would become possible. It would at the same time and in the same providence. We are made for' cooperation-like feet, like bands, like degree become possible for it to realize socialist dreams, not through eyelids, li]{e the rows of the upper and lower teeth.' " governmental r epression but because government would become the ad­ If the conclusions at which we have arrived are correct, they will fall ministration of a great cooperati.e society-merely the agency by which under a larger generalization. However man may have originated, man the common property will be administered for the common benefit. Give as man, no matter how low in the scale of humanity, has never yet labor a free field and "its full earnings, take for the benefit of the whole been found destitute of the power of improvement. Everywhere and at · community that fund which the growth of the community creates, and all times he has made some use of this power. The vat·ying degrees in want and the fear of want would be gone. which the faculty iS used can not be ascribed to differences in original The following is quoted verbatim from Progress and Poverty: capacity. They are eviden-tly connected with social development. A " That under present circumstances men are not more grasping, more survey of history shows diversities in improvement, halts, and retro­ unfaithful, more selfish than they are proves the goodness and fruitful­ gression; and the law which will explain all these is that as ociation in ness of human nature, the cea eless flow of the perennial fountains from equality is the law of human progress; that men t end to progress as which its moral qualities are fed. All of us have mothers; most of us they come together, and by cooperation with each other increase the have children; and so faith and purity and uRselfishness can never be power that may be devoted to improvement. utterly banished from the world, howsoever bad the social adjustments. "But whatever is potent for evil may be ·made potent for good. The But just as confiict is provoked or association develops inequality of condition and power, this tendency to progression is lessened, checked, change I h~ve proposed would destroy the conditions that distort im­ pulses in themselves beneficent and would transmute the forces which and finally reversed. As society develops there arise tendencies which now tend to disintegrate society into forces which would tend to unite check development. The process of the specialization of functions and and purify it. powers is accompanied by a constant liability to inequality and lodges " Gi>e labor a free field and its full earnings; take for the benefit of collective power and wealth in the hands of a few, which tends to pro­ the whole community bat fund which. the growth of the community duce greater inequality, since aggression grows on what it feeds. creates, and want and the fear of want would be gone. The springs of The following is quoted verbatim from Progress and Poverty : production would be set free and the enormous increase of wealth would " The poverty which in the midst of abundance pinches and imbrutes give the poorest ample comfort. Men would no more worry about find­ men, and all the manifold evils which flow from it, spring from a denial ing employment than they worry about finding air to breathe ; they need of justice. In permitting the monopolization of ·the opportunities which have no more care about physical necessities than do the lilies of the nature· freely offers to all, we have ignored the fundamental law of field. The progress of science, the march of invention, the diffusion of justice, for, so far as we can see, when we view things upon a large knowledge would bring their benefits to all. scale justice seems to be the supreme law of the universe. But by "With this abolition of want and the fear of want the admiration of sweeping away this injustice and asserting the rights of all men to riches would decay and men would seek the respect and approbation of natural opportunities we shall conform ourselves to the law-we shall their fellows in other modes than by the acquisition and display of remove the great cause of unnatural inequality in the distribution of wealth. In this way there would be brought to the management of wealth and power ; we shall abolish poverty, tame the ruthless passions public affairs and the administration of the common funds the skill, the of greed, dry up the springs of vice and misery, light in dark places the attention, the fidelity, and the integrity that can now be secured only lamp of knowledge, give new vigor to invention and a fresh impulse to for pri>ate interests, and a railroad or gas works might be oper­ discovery, substitute political strength for political weakness, and make ated on public account, not only more economically and efficiently tyranny and anarchy impossible. than as at present under joint-stock management but as economically ·~The reform I have proposed accords with all that is politically, and efficiently as would be possible under a single ownership. The soc1a1ly, or morally desit·able. It bas the qualities of a true reform prize of the Olympian games, that called forth the most strenuous for it will make all other reforms easier. What is it but the carryin~ exertions of all Greece, was but a wreath o( wild olive ; for a bit of out in letter and spirit of the truth enunciated iu the Declaration of ribbon men have over and over again performed services no money could Independence-the ' self-evident ' truth that is the heart and soul of have bought. the Declaration-' That all men a1·e created equal; that they are en- 8178 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 2 dowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among they should be theoretically equal before the law. They must have these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' liberty to avail themselves of the opportunities and means of life; they "These rights are denied when the equal right to land--on which and must stand on equal terms with reference to the bounty of nature. by which men alone can live-is denied. Equality of political rights will Either this or liberty withdraws her light! Either this or darkness not compensate for the denlal of the equal right to the bounty of nature. comes on, ana the very forces that progress has evolved turn to powers Political liberty, when the equal right to land is denied, becomes, as that work destruction. This is the universal law. This is the lesson population increases and invention goes on, merely the liberty to compete of the centuries. Unless its foundations be laid in justice the social for employment at starvation wages. This is the truth that we have structure can not stand. ignored. And so there come beggars in our streets and tramps on our "Our primary social adjustment is a denial of justice. In allowing roads, and poverty enslaves men whom we boast are political sovereigns; one man to own the land on which and from which other men must and want breeds ignorance that our schools can not enlighten ; and live we have made them his bondsmen in a degree which increases as citizens vote as their masters dictate ; and the demagogue usurps the material progress goes on. This is the subtle alchemy that in ways they part of the statesman ; and gold weighs in the scales of justice; and in do not realize is extracting from the masses in every civilized country high places sit those who do not pay to civic virtue even the compliment the fruits of their weary toil; that is instituting a harder and more of hypocrisy ; and the pillars of the Republic that we thought so strong hopeless slavery in place of that which has been destroyed; that is already bend under an increasing strain. bringing political despotism out of political freedom, and must soon " We honor liberty in name and in form. We set up her statues and transmute democratic institutions into anarchy. sound her praises. But we have not fully trusted her. And with our "It is this that turns the blessings of material progress into a curse. growth so grow her demands. She will have no half service! It is this that crowd!! human beings into noisome cellars and squalid "Liberty! It is a word to conjure with, not to vex the ear in tenement houses; that fills prisons and brothels; that goads men with empty boastings. For liberty means justice, and justice is the natural want and consumes them with g1·eed; that ,robs women of the grace law-the law of health and symmetry and strength, of fraternity and and beauty of perfect womanhood ; that takes from little children the cooperation. joy and innocence of life's morning. " They who look upon liberty as having accomplished her mission "Civilization so based can not continue. The eternal laws of the when she has abolished hereditary privileges and given men the ballot, universe forbid it. Ruins of dead empires testify, and the witness that who think of her as having no further relations to the everyday affairs is in every soul answers that it can not be. It is something grander of life, have not seen her real grandeur-to them the poets who have than benevolence, something more august - than charity-it is jus!;ice sung of her must seem rhapsodists, and her martyrs fools ! As the herself that demands of us to right this wrong. Justice that will not snn is the lord of life, as well as of light ; as his beams not merely be denied; that .can not be put off-justice that with the scales carries pierce the clouds but support all growth, supply all motion, and call the sword. Shall we ward the stroke with liturgies and prayers? forth from what would otherwise be a cold and inert mass all the Shall we avert the decrees of immutable law by raising churches when infinite diversities of being and beauty, so is liberty to mankind. It is hungry infants moan and weary mothers weep? not for an abstraction that men have toiled and died ; that in every age the witnesses of liberty have stood forth, and the martyrs of liberty "Though it may take the language of prayer, it is blasphemy that at­ have suffered. - tributes to the inscrutable decrees of Providence the suffering and brut­ · '' We speak of liberty as one thing, and of virtue, wealth, knowledge, ishness that come of poverty; that turns with folded hands to the All­ invention, national strength, and national independence as other things. Father and lays on Him the responsibility for the want and crime of our great cities. We degrade the Everlasting. We slander the Just One. But, of all these, liberty is the source, the mother, the necessary condi­ A merciful .man would have better ordered the world; a just man would tion. She is to virtue what light is to color; to wealth wha~ ~Un!:Jhine is to grain ; to knowledge what eyes are to sight. She is the genius crush with his foot such an ulcerous ant hill! It is not the Almighty, of invention, the brawn of national strength, the spirit of national inde­ but we who are responsible for the vice and misery that fester amid pendence. Where liberty rises there virtue grows, wealth increases, our civilization. The Creator showers upon us his gifts-more than knowledge expands, invention multiplies human powers, and in strength enough for all. But like swine scrambling for food, we tread them in j and spirit the freer nation rises among her neighbors as Saul amid his the mire-tread them in the mire, while we tear and rend each other ! brethren-taller and fairer. Where liberty sinks there virtue fades, " In the very centers of our civilization to-day are want and suffering wealth diminishes, knowledge is forgotten, invention ceases, and em­ enough to make sick at heart whoever does not close his eyes and steel pires once mighty in arms and arts become a helpless prey to freer his nerves. Dare we turn to the Creator and ask Him to relieve it? barbarians ! Supposing the prayer were heard, and at the behest with which the " Only in broken gleams and partial light has the 'sun of liberty yet universe sprang into being there shOuld glow in the sun a greater power; beamed among men, but an progress hath she called forth. new virtue fill the air ; fresh vigor the soil ; that for every blade of " Liberty came to a race of slaves crouching under Egyptian whips, grass that now grows two should spring up, and the seed that now and led them forth from the bouse of bondage. She hardened them in increases fiftyfo1d should increase a hundredfold! Would poverty be the desert and made of them a race of conquerors. The free spilit of abated or want relieved? Manifestly no! Whatever benefit would the Mosaic law took their thinkers up to heights where they beheld accrue would be but temporary. The new powers streaming through the the unity of God, and inspired their poets with strains that yet phrase material universe could be utilized onl hrough land. And land, being the highest exaltations of thought. Liberty dawned on the Phoenician private property, the classes that now monopolize the bounty of the coast, and ships passed the Pillars of Hercules to plow the unknown Creator would monopolize all the new bounty. Landowners would sea. She shed a partial light on Greece, and marble grew to shapes alone be benefited. Rents would increase, but wages would still tend of ideal beauty, words became the instruments of subtlest thought, and to the starvation point! against the scanty militia of free cities the counties hosts of the great " This is not merely a deduction of political economy; it i a fact of king broke like surges against a rock. She cast her beams on the experience. We know .it because we have seen .it. Within our own 4-acre farms of Italian husbandmen, and born of her strength a power times, under our very eyes, that Power which is above all, and in all, came forth that conquered the world. They glinted from shields of and through all· that Power of which the whole universe is but the German warriors, and Augustus wept his legions. Out of the night manifestation; that Power which maketh all things, and without which that followed her eclipse, her slanting rays fell again on free cities, is not anything made that is made, has increased the bounty which and a lost learning revived-modern civilization began, a new world men may enjoy, as truly as though the fertility of nature hart been was unveiled; and as liberty grew, so grew art, wealth, power, knowl­ increased. Into the mind of one came the thought that harne sed edge, and refinement. In the history of every nation we may read the steam for the service of mankind. To the inner ear of another was same truth. It was the strength born of Magna Charta that won whispered the secret that compels the lightning to bear a message round Crecy and Agincourt. It was the revival of liberty from the despotism the globe. In every direction have the laws of mattet· been revealed ; of the Tudors that glorifl.ed the Elizabethan age. It was the spirit in every departiDent of industry have arisen arms of iron and fingers that brought a crowned tyrant to the block that planted here the seed of steel, whose effect upon the production of wealth has been precisely of a mighty tree. It was the energy of ancient freedom that, the the same as an increase in the fertility of nature. What has been the .moment it had gained unity, made Spain the mightiest power of the result? Simply that landowners get all the gain. The wonderful dis­ world, only to fall to the lowest depth of weakness when tyranny suc­ covel·ies and inventions of our century have neither increased wages nor ceeded liberty. See in France all intellectual vigor dying under the lightened toil. The effect has simply been to make the few richer; the tyranny of the seventeenth century, to revive in splendor as liberty many more helpless ! awoke in the eighteenth, and on the enfranchisement of French peasants "Can it be that the gifts of the Creator may be thus misappropriated in the grea.t Revolution, basing the wonderful strength that has in our with impunity? Is it a light thing that labor should be robbed of its time defied defeat. earnings while greed rolls in wealth-that the many should want while " Shall we not trust her? the few are surfeited? Turn to history, and on every page may be read "In our time, as in times before, creep on the insidious forces that, the lesson that such wrong never goes unpunished ; that the nemesis producing inequality, destroy liberty. On the horizon the clouds begin that follows injustice never falters nor sleeps. Look around to-day. to lower. Liberty calls to us again. We must follow her furthest; we Can this state of things co~Jtinue? May we even say, 'After us the del­ must trust her fully. Either we must wholly accept her or she will uge 1' Nay; the pillars of the State are trembling even now, and the not stay. It is not enough that men should vote ; it is not enough that very foundations of society begin to quiver with pent-JJp forces that 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8179 glow underneath. The struggle that must either revivify, or convulse "And they who ·fight with Ormuzd, though they may not know each in ruin, is near at hand, if it be not already begun. other-somewhere, sometime, will the muster roll be called. "The fiat has gone forth. With steam and electricity, and the new "Though truth and right seem often overborne, we may not see it powers born of progress, forces have entered the world that will either all. How can we see it all? All that is passing, even here, we can not compel us to a higher plane or overwhelm us, as nation after nation, as tell. The vibrations of matter which give the sensations of light alld civilization after civilization, have been overwhelmed before. It is the color become to us indistinguishable when they pass a certain point. It delusion which precedes destruction that sees in the popular unrest with is only within a like range that we have cognizance of sounds. Even which the civilized world is feverishly pulsing only the assing effect of animals have senses which we have not. And, here? Compared with ephemeral causes. Between democratic ideas and the aristocratic adjust­ the solar system our earth is but an indistinguishable speck, and the ments of society there is an irreconcilable conflict. Here in the United solar system itself shrivels into nothingness when gauged with the star States, as there in Europe, it may be seen arising. We can not go on depths. Shall we say that what passes from our sight passes into ob­ permitting men to vote and forcing them to tramp. We can not go on livion? No; not into oblivion. Far, far beyond our ken the eternal educating boys and girls in our public schools and then refusing them laws must bold their sway. the right to earn an honest living. We can not go on prating of the in­ "The hope that rises is the heart of all religions ! The poets have alienable rights of man and then denying the inalienable right to the sung it, the seers have told it, and in its deepest pulses the heart of bounty of the Creator. Even now, in old bottles the new wine begins man throbs responsive to its truth. This, that Plutarch said, is what to ferment, and elemental forces gather for the strife ! in all times and in all tongues has been said by the pure hearted and " But if, while there is yet time, we turn to justice and obey her, if we strong sighted, who standing, as it were, on the mountain tops of trust liberty and follow her, the dangers that now threaten must dis­ thought and looking over the shadowy ocean, have beheld the loom of appear, the forces that now menace will turn to agencies of elevation. land: · Think of the powers now wasted; of the infinite fields of knowledge yet "'Men's souls, encompassed here with bodies and passions, have no to be explored; of the possibilities of which the wondrous inventions of communication with God, except what they can reach to in conception this century give us but a hint. With want destroyed; with greed only, by means of philosophy, as by a kind of an obscure dream. But changed to noble passions; with the fraternity that is born of equality when they are loosed from the body, and removed into the unseen, taking the place of the jealousy and fear that now array men against invisible, impassable, and pure region, this God is then their leader and each other; with mental power loosed by conditions that give to the king; "they there, as it were, hanging on him wholly, and beholding humblest comfort and leisure ; and who shall ·measure the heights to without weariness and passionately affecting that beauty which can not which our civilization may soar? Words fail the thought! It is the be expressed or uttered by men.' " golden age of which poets have sung and high-raised seers have told in INDEX OF TARIFF ITEMS metaphor ! It is the glorious vision which has always haunted man with gleams of fitful splendor. It is what he saw whose eyes at As in legislative session, Patmos were closed in a trance. It is the culmination of Christianity­ Mr. NYE. 1\Ir. President, I ask unanimous consent to have the City of God on earth, with its walls of jasper and its gates of pearl! printed in the RECORD an index of tariff items as they will ·be It is the reign of the Prince of Peace I " found in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE The index is as follows : Behind the problem of social life lies the prablem of indiv-idual life. The tariff situation, especially as respects agrioultttre Properly understood, the laws which govern the production and distribu­ INDEX TO 17 TARIFF STUDIES OF THE FAIR TARIFir LEAGUE (FOR FAIR tion of wealth show that the want and injustice of the present social PROTECTION), INSERTED IN CONGRESSIONAL RECORD BY LEADING COALI­ state are not necessary, but that, on the contrary, a social state is pos­ TION SENATORS ; 200 EXPERTS ASSISTING . sible in which poverty will 'be unknown, and all the better qualities and The East robs the West and South. The tariff permits the six North- higher powers of human nature would have opportunity for full develop­ eastern States below, who dictate the tariff, to add the following sums to their sales prices : ment. Further than this, when we see that social development is governed Congressional Col­ neither by a special providence nor by a merciless fate, but by law, at Record Page umn once unchangeable and beneficent, a flood of light breaks in upon the problem of individual life. If we look pterely at individual life we can Connecticut, $386,000,000 ___ ------Oct. 26, 1929 4925 2 not see that the laws of the universe have the slightest relation to good Pennsylvania, $1,376,000,000 ______Nov. 7,1929 5298 2 or bad, to right or wrong, to just or unjust. By a fundamental law of Massachusetts, $814,000,000 ______do ______5300 1 New Jersey, $747,000,000 ______Nov. 11, 1929 our minds we can not conceive of a means without an end. But unless 5411 2 New York, $1,768,000,000 ______Dec. 10,1929 -1032 2 man himself may rise to, or bring forth something higher, his existence Rhode Island, $207,000,000 ______Feb. 25,1930 4197 1 is unintelligible. For it is as certain that the race must die as it is Wbat some collect others must pay-What the tariff that the individual must die. costs certain farm States annually: Nebraska, $66,000,000 ______Nov. 11,1929 5408 1 The following is quoted verbatim from Progress and Poverty: 1 "What, then, is the meaning of life-of life absolutely and inevitably 2 ~:x~.$it~7~~======Georgia, $109,800,000 ______~~;· do______~: ~~~g 4195~~ 2 bounded by death? To me it seems intelligible only as the avenue and Florida, $41,800,000. ___ ------_____ do ______"' 4195 1 vestibule to another life. And its facts seem explainable only upon a North Dakota, $21,800,000 ______Mar. 24,1930 6009 1 theory which can not be expressed but in myth and symbol, and which, South Dakota, $31,000,000 ______Nov. 22, 1929 5928 2 Southern States, $1,247,000,000 ______Feb. 25, 1930 4193 1 everywhere and at all times, the myths and symbols in which pleD have 14 farm States and farmers in Pennsylvania, tried to portray their deepest perceptions do in some form express. Indiana, and Illinois, $1,128,738,000 ______do______4197 "The scriptures of the men who have been and gone-the Bibles, the Farmers lose, net, in- Zend Avestas, the Vedas, the Dhammapadas, and the Korans; the Iowa,Nebraska, $.39, 218,000 $22, 133,000 ______------_ esoteric doctrines of old philosophies, the inner meaning of grotesque religions, the dogmatic constitutions of ecumenical councils, the preach­ ings of F~'xes, and Wesleys, and Savonarolas, the traditions of red North Dakota, $16,303,000 ______: ______A.s above _____ ------Indians, and beliefs of black savages, have a heart and core in which ~fir~it£7:~~~======1South Dakota, $13,000,000 ______they agree--a something which seems like the variously distorted appre­ Pennsylvania, $41,662,000------1 hensions of a primary truth. And out of the chain of thought we have been following there seems vaguely to rise a glimpse of what they ~~~~.~~5~~======1Total, 10 States, $321.770, ()()() ______vaguely saw-a shadowy gleam of ultimate relations, the endeavor to How it happens-A moral issue-Character of Sen- ate Finance Committee-Congress stalled ______Nov. 22,1929 5932 2 express which inevitably falls into type and allegory. A garden in The future of agriculture: which are set the trees of good and evil. A vineyard in which there is Findings Bureau of Agricultural Economics- }M 24, 193o{ 6008-} the Master's work to do. A passage-from life behind to life beyond. Outlook unfavorable._------ar. 6012 ------Production increasing amazingly, 50 per cent in A trial and a struggle, of which we can not see the end. 30 years, 22 per cent in 10 years_------_____ do ______------__ "Look aroond to-day. Milk and pork: Same food value from 2~ acres as from 15 acres in beef cattle ______do______6008 2 "Lo! here, now, in our civilized society, the old allegories yet have a 32 per cent more milk in 10 years: Only 2 per cent meaning, the .:>ld myths are still true. Into the Valley of the Shadow more cows-Creamery butter increased 93 per cent in 6 States ______do______roos of Death yet often leads the path of duty, through the streets of Vanity 2 National consumption and birth rate declining, Fair walk Christian and Faithful, a.nd on Greatbeart's armor ring the r<>Jative to production______do______6008 clanging blows. Ormuzd still fights with Ahriman-the Prince of Light Birth rate stationary in 1960 at 140,000,000, and with the Powers of Darkness. He who will hear, to him the clarions of never above 160,000,000. _------_____ do______6008 A consequent abandonment of large farm areas- the battle call. 500,000,000 additional acres still available for " How they call, and call, and call, till the heart swells that hears crops. Agriculture forever on an export basis ______do______6008 2 them! Strong soul and high endeavor, the world needs them now. Agricultural tariff of 1922-1929, amply high, but in­ effective; worth only 10 per cent of face value; face Beauty still lies imprisoned, and iron wheels go over the good and true value, $3,000,000,000; cash value, $300,000,000; no and beautiful that migh_t spring from human lives. value on most products------Feh. 25, 1930 4193 2 8180 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ~fAY 2 The tarif! situation, etc.-Continued of the channel without any action on the part of Congress for that purpose, and to impress upon the minds of Calcasieu and Lake Charles Congressional Col­ taxpayers that united action is necessary to secure from Congress an Page umn . Record assumption of the remaining indebtedness incurred locally for improve­ ment work, Mayor Leon Locke, special representative of the Calcasieu ' Effect on farm land values ______Feb. 25, 1930 4194 police jury for securing Government relief, made the following statement The tariff on agricultural products: Five-sixths of all to-day: products analyzed; miscalculation and misery; letter to Senator NORBECK ______Nov. 22,1929 5933 ".A misappr~hension of the status of the ship channel and its rela­ Speech of Senator BROOKliART ______June 18, 1929 3024 tionship to the Government seems to exist in Lake Charl.es, and is held The way out: Inform the public; stop grafting manu- facturers. Present tariff commissioners, dishonest in the minds of the Members of Congress.- or obsessed, costing American farmers three to five GOVERNMENT OWNS WATERWAY billion dollars in 7 years. Contemplated reorgani- zation must secure members absolutely known in " It should be understood that the Government now owns this canal advance to be best possible______Feb. 25, 1930 4194 2 and no formal action is necessary by Congress relative to its ownership Farmers in all nations that export farm products largely, except Denmark, suffer greatly from tariffs. or its maintenance beyond a mere recita l of the fact and a resolution They sell "Europe minus," at European prices less declaring governmenta l owner ship, thus r emoving all doubt or danger heavy freight. They buy "Europe plus," at Euro- of controversy. Official records contained in House Document No. 238, pean prices. plns freights, plus heavy tariff charges __ Nov. 22,1929 5929 1 A Farmor's Tariff Lesson.. ______Jan. 11,1930 1415 1 Sixty-eighth Congress, first session, is conclusive evidence of Government 12· 1929 5441- ownership. It reads as follows : The East robs the West and South. Manufacturing: ov { East, West, and South. A contrast: Iowa, Nebras- I- · ' 5443 }----­ - "'SEC. 5. Calcasieu River to Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas: ka, Kansas, Oregon, illinois, Indiana, etc., versus Mar 6011- Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and · 24 • 1930 { 6012 }----- The report on which the original authorization was based provided that Pennsylvania. Sectionalism of the worst sort. the rights of way for the waterway should be furnished free of cost to Distribution of tariff benefits to wage earners, the the United States. A strip of land 300 feet wide has been deeded to Government, and manufacturers; tables ______Nov. 19,1929 5779 High lights in tariff rates, tables: the United States by local owners. Local interests desired that the Connecticut______Nov. 12,1929 I 5443 location of the canal on this section be changed from that of the adopted Massachusetts------Nov. 7,1929 '5302 route, and consented to bear the difference in cost. In view of this, the New JerseY------_____ do______'5413 New York______Dec. 21,1929 '1033 route was changed, and they contributed $27,450, of which only $13,- / President Hubbard, Connecticut Manufacturers' 266.97 was used, the remainder reverting to the contributors. Association, "We got more than we ever bargained "' '.rhe acts of August 8, 1917, and July 18, 1918, require that local for" _____ ------______Oct. 26, 1929 4925 2 President GRUNDY, Pennsylvania Manufacturers' interests contribute $260,000; that they obtain consent from the land­ Association, "You have enjoyed much. You must owners for the necessary depositing on their land of the excavated contribute liberally"------Nov. 7,1929 5299 2 material in both the construction and maintenance of the canal; that The tariff and revenue: 23 metal products. For each dollar collected by the Government on competing they protect. the United States from any damages which may be claimed imports, 7 heavy steel products collect $59; 16 on the part of tlie riparian owners due to such dumping, and ·that they finished steel products are allowed $280; hard ware, assume the cost of removing the present bridges in advance of the $1,726; electrical machinery, $466; cash registers, $3,879, etc. The Government collects $9,502,000; dredging and that of providing any new bridges required. allowance to manufacturers, $1,190,000,000 ______Nov. 11,1929 5407 2 "' _Local interests have deposited with banks in Lake Charles, La., Consumers: Manufacturers' tariff rates doubled in . retail prices ______Nov. 22, 1929 5932 $260,000, the amount required by tbe acts of August 8, 1917, and July Profits of certain overprotected industries ______do______5. 32 18, 1918, guaranteed by satisfactory bonds to be available as u.eeded iu 26 metal industries: the progress of the work. These deposits were approved by the depart­ Marvelous efficiency; huge profits; minimnm}Jan 23 1930 { 2187- wage costs; price fixing; each industry analyzed_ · ' 2202 }----- ment January 30, 1918, and September 24, 1918. Privileges for deposit­ The trusts greater than the Government______do______2189 2 ing of excavated material were secured and a bond in the sum of $2,000 Tbe tariff bonus- for the removal of present bridges was furnished, all of which papers To 6 heavy steel products __ :___ $335,000,000 To 20 light steel products ______1, 0~, 000, 000 were approved by the department on July 12, 1918. "'Under date of January 5, 1922, a permit was granted by the As­ 13 RJv~t:~-e·iO-aovel:IiiDent-:~==== ' ~: ~:~ - _____ do ______a 2200 ______sistant Secretary of War to the police jury of Calcasieu Parish to en~ Imports and exports- large this waterway to a depth .of 30. feet with a bottom width of 125 Imports virtually prohibited, 0.8 of 1 per cent feet.'" of production-Exports 10 times greater than imports ______do______2199 2 THE ORIGINAL CANAL Duties carelessly granted, no proof required ______-_____ do______2199 1 "The language, as will be observed, shows that the original intra· Lx~:t:f~~~~-~~~~~~~~-~~~~~-~~-~~~~~-~-~~- }----do ______{ ~i }----- coastal canal, of which this section is a part, was constructed by the senator SMOOT assails Fair Tariff League, its methods Government right of way, consisting of a strip 300 feet wide, was and figures------~------Nov. 19,1929 5777 deeded by local owners to the United States. It can not, therefore, Chairman Miles replies to Senator SMOOT, letter to Senator NORBECK ______Nov. 22, 1929 5933 be argued that any construction or improvement contained in this orig· Wage earners and the tariff: ina l 300-foot strip could possibly belong to any other agency or au· 141 Tanffs. not wn"tten f or wage earners______J an. 11 , 1930 { 14174- } 2 thority than the owner of the land, which is the United StateS. The m.iiacle of American production ______do______1415 " Tbe amount of $13,266.97 was used by the Government, and the Efficiency of labor increased 58 per cent from 1914 language contained in the above quotation from the records confirms to 1925 ______------_____ do______1415 1 that, and specifically refers to it as a contribution. Likewise, the Labor less than one-hlllf the factory cost______do ______1415 2 Our wage costs-tho lowest in the world in stand- $260,000; composed of the bond issue of December 30, 1916, of $250,000 ardized industries ______------_____ do ______1416 1 plus an extra $10,000, raised outside the bond issue, are referred to as Labor leaders approve the league's findings ______Jan. 11,1930 1416 1 contl·ibutions and are so designated in the acts of August 8, ·1917, and Wages and tariff rates compared, table ______do ______1416 2 Why is American labor so cheap?- ______do ___ ---- 1417 1 July 18, 1918. A hbor tariff committee needed ______do ______1417 2 TO ENLARGE WATEliW AY Relation of wages to tariff rates and to production. Jan. 23, 1930 ! 2200 • 6010 "The enlargement of the ship-channel dimension enlisted govern­ ~ ::~~~~~======-~-a:do~~~~~- 6010 mental interest through an appeal to the Secretary of War by the police jm·y of Calcasien Parish to enlarge this waterway to a depth of 30 feet 1 Table. 2 Second table. a First table. • Last paragraph. with a bottom width of 125 feet. ' NOTE.-ln preparation: Analysis of $16,000,000,000 of general-store merchandise; " If the United States had not had title to this sec!3on, no appeal to !etail value, $30,000,000,000; tariff cost to consumers of, estimated $5, 000,000,000. the Government would have been necessary. In other words, by reason LAKE CHARLES DEEP WATERWAY of the United States owning this land and canal, it was necessary for As in legislative session, the police jury to obtain the consent of the Government .to improve it. Mr. RANSDELL. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con ent to By no stretch of law or imagination can it be held that the expenditure of even so vast a sum of $2;750,000, the amount of the bonds voted by have printed in the RECORD a very interesting statement by the Hon. Leon Locke, mayor of the city of St. Charles, La., in the parish for its improvement, could we claim ownership of the canal. regard to the Lake Charles deep waterway. Acting upon these facts, my argument before the Rivers and IIarbors Committee in February, 1928, was based upon the belief, entertained by The Without objection, it is so ordered. VICE PRESIDENT. me, that, by reason of the ownership and title being vested in the The statement is as follows: United States, our efforts must be directed toward petitioning Congress [From the Lake Charles (La.), Press, April 30, 1930] to reimburse us for the money we locally expended on the Government's LoCKE GIVES HIS VIEWS ON STATUS OF SHIP CHANNEL--SAYS FEDERAL waterway. GoVERNME NT OWNS WATERWAY-ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR 1'11AINTE­ A JUST CLAIM NANCE-UNITED ACTION Is NECESSARY TO SECURE RELIEF FROM .. The Government owns the ship channel, but, with the exception of CONGRESS approximately $700,000, our community-that is, Calcasieu navigation To make it clear to local citizens that the Federal Government owns district No. 1, consisting of wards 3 and 4 of the parish, and the parish the Calcasieu Ship Channel; that it is responsible for the maintenance · itself in its later bond issue-paid for tbe canal. Our claim, therefore', !930 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 8181 . to the restoration by the Government of the amount we locally ex­ The next is the important part- pended in the interests of the Government, totaling approximately by feeding them and furnishing them money and supplies, knowing that $3,000,000, is a just one. if they can keep pla:lntiff's houses occupied by members of the union who I have been, I think, unfairly criticised by various people for cham­ will not work, they can in this way prevent plaintiffs from filling their pioning, in the manner I have, this return of money through appropria- · places with men who are willing' to work, and can also harass plain­ tiou by Congress. The bill of 1928, that was not acted upon by tiff's nonunion employees, and by force, threats, intimidation, and Congress in that year by reason of the early adjournment of Congress, other unlawful means attempt to make them violate their said contracts due to the political conventions of that year, and the subsequent stand of employment. of President Coolidge against any river and harbor legislation when the Congress reconvened in December, 1928, contained the following lan­ I went to the original record in the Supreme Court to find guage which was incorporated in the bill through my presentation in out what the evidence was as to the uses to which this money February of that year: was put which was being spent for the miners and which this restrajning order would prevent, and I found this to be the fact PROIISIONS, 1928 BILL ·as to the money which was raised by special assessment paid by "'Lake Charles Deep Water Channel, La.: With a view to maln­ the employees themselves. tnlning said channel to its enlarged dimensions; also, with view to reporting the character and quantity of work done by local interests in The purpose of said assessment­ making the enlarged channel, and the cost of same; and as to the According to the ev~dence- advisability of the United States reimbursing said local interests for all was to take care of the men, women, and children in the strike dis­ or any of the funds so expensible construction could be considered as disrespectful of the report of the Senator from Montana that I have just read. liim as a citizen or as a publie official. I am proceeding on the The Senator from Delaware [Mr. HASTINGS] the other day, in theory, Mr. President, that he is moved by what to him seem a very eloquent speech in favor of the confirmation of Judge to be proper motives, and that he is performing what he believes Parker, said that he cared nothing for minority views; he to be his duty. In anything that I shall say about other judges looked to the majority; he cared nothing for the sentiments I concede that same thing. expressed by the judges in the minority. I conceive it to be the duty of a citizen constructively to crit­ Mr. President, if the leaders of our civilization had followed ici.ze any public official, whether he be on the bench or in the that doctrine, we would be slaves to-day. Every step that this legislature. Not only is it his duty to make such q-iticism but old world has e_ye£ taken in the advancement of civilizatirity. So, Judge Parker, who, it has been stated, always follows That is the coal company- precedent, had a precedent in the Supreme Court if he had had was then asked just how far the church and the lots in and upon the heart and the inclination to go in that direction. which the singing had been prohibited by the injunction we.re located Mr. President, I am not belittling the value of precedent; I from the company's property. Mr. Musser replied that the distance am not saying that a precedent should not have its weight; I was about 1,500 feet from where the men had to pass to go to and realize that it should have; but the judge who is only a case from the mine. lawyer and who never goes into the reasoning behind an opinion Mr. Musser further said: "The people are not restrained from con­ is not fulfilling my Mea of what a judge ought to be ; he is not gregating on that particular lot alone but on all other lots. It so complying with the definition of Roosevelt whicti I have read. happens that those are the only lots and the only surface which we do Justice Brandeis in that same case rendered a dissenting not own on which they could congregate, and from which point they opinion. could see the operation down here by means of field glasses. It is · Says Justice Brandeis: across this ravine here, and they can see men going in and out ; and by singing-whatever it was-it was intended to intimidate our men." If, on the undisputed facts of this case, refusal to work can be enjoined, Congress created by the Sherman law, and the Clayton Act an The injunction issued in that case restrained the miners from instrument for imposing re!ttraint upon labor which reminds of involun­ meeting on their own property and singing songs, because the tary servitude. judge thought such actions intimidated the men who were going to and coming from the mine. One can not reach any other conclusion, Mr. President, as I Let me read a little further: think I shall be able to show by referring to some of the injunc­ tions to which I am going to call attention. The committee found so much bitterness in its tour of inspection Mr. FESS. Mr. President, will the Senator from Nebraska through the coal fields of Pennsylvania against Judge Langham's in­ .yield to me? junction, especially that part prohibiting the singing on property owned Th~ PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. SHIPSTEAD in the chair). by the local union at Rossiter, that they decided to visit the church Does the Senator from Nebraska yield to the Senator from Ohio? and try to find out just what manner of hymns the miners had been Mr. NORRIS. I yield. enjoined from singing. 1\Ir. FESS. Is the Senator now speaking of the Hitchman The miners were not allowed to sing hymns. Let us see the case? kind of hymns they sung and which they were enjoined from Mr. NORRIS. No; I am not speaking of the Hitchman singing. case. The committee, accompanied by Vice President and General Mana­ Mr. FESS. The dissenting opinion by Mr. Justice Brandeis ger Musser; Superintendent Welsh, of the Clearfield Bituminous Coal to which the Senator has referred was rendered in what case? Co.; Messrs. Murray, Fagan, and Mark, of the United Mine Workers Mr. NORRIS. In the Bedford Cut Stone case. of America, proceeded to the church on the ground where the miners Mr. FESS. The Senator knows on what basis Mr. Justice had been enjoined from singing hymns. Brandeis wrote his dissenting opinion in the Hitchman case. Your committee found the church crowded with union miners, and ·It did not turn on the same question which is involved; in the proceeded at once to interview Rev. A. J. Phillips. Reverend Phillips .contest now before us. was asked to give the title of the hymns that were sung in the open Mr. NORRIS. It did not involve the question that I have by the miners and was asked to sing s~me of them. referred to, either. · The Senate appointed a committee under a The first hymn was No. 166, entitled "The Victory May Depend on resolution duly adopted which instructed the Interstate Com­ You." ~merce Committee to make an investigation of conditions in the The next hymn was No. 66, entitled "Sound the Battle Cry." coal mines where some of these injunctions were in force at the The next hymn was No. 268, entitled "Nearer, My God, to Thee." time. The head of that subcommittee was the then Senator from Idaho, now deceased, Mr. Gooding. Nobody ever charged I suppose when the miners ran up against United States him with belonging to the so-called progressive group, and yet marshals and the coal and iron police armed with clubs and ·every Senator ought to read what Senator Gooding said of the guns, that Nearer 1\Iy God to- Thee was a very appropriate conditions found by the subcommittee. hymn, because the truth is that some of them were beaten to There were several injunctions in force in that region into death ; some of them were murdered, I believe, in cold blood. which the subcommittee went. They went into West Virginia The committee then listened to the singing of hymn 44-Stand Up also. Some of those injtmctions had been issued by Federal for Jesus. judges; one in Pennsylvania had been issued by a State judge. Reverend Phillips admitted they had changed the title of hymn NQ. Let me read concerning the report of that subcommittee: 10 from I'm on the Winning Side to We Are on the Winning Side. Recently a subcommittee of the ·united States Senate Committee on This was the only hymn that was changed, the committee was advised. Interstate Commerce, after investigating conditions in the Pennsyl- Reverend Phillips said he was a regularly ordained minister of the ,Vania coal fields, reported as follows: Church of God, having its headquarters at Anderson, Ind. " We took the evidence of a number of witnesses assembled there, The committee then adjourned to the grounds back of the church, all of whom told the same story about the rough treatment of the coal where these hymns had been sung, from which point they could view the and iron police, and some of them exhibited ugly scars that they will offices of the coal company and the entrance to the mine, and it was carry to the grave. • • • considered very doubtful by the committee that the singing could be "Everywhere your committee made an investigation in the Pittsburgh·. heard so as to distinguish the words of the song in the company's office district we found coal and iron police and deputy sheriffs visible in great unless the winds were very favorable. numbers. In the Pittsburgh district your committee understands there I am wondering if the judge who issued that injunction would are employed at the present time between 500 and 600 cual and iron I not contemplate seriously amending his injunction, because of P<>lice and deputy sheriffs. They are all very large men, most of them the statement of the committee that the words of the hymn could 8186 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ~fAY 2 be beard if the wind was right, and issue an injunction against We have been talking here about the courts not legislating; God Almighty so that he could not change the direction of the and yet, I assert, without any fear of successful contradiction, ' wind. not only from the evidence that I have read but from other evi­ Mr. President, most of the judges who issue injunctions dences that I will refer to later, that the greatest legislative against labor say, "'Ve are in favor of union labor. We are in institution in the world is the Federal judiciary of the United favor of organization of the workmen. We want them to or­ States of America. They have not only legislated, but their ganize. They have a lawful right to organize." But if you will decrees have been unfair. I can fill a volume with the e injunc­ fol:ow their injunctions you will find that after they are organ­ tions that I have here. One of them up in Pennsylvania-} ized they will not permit them, under those injunctions, to do think I can give you the- title of it-was a model. They are all anything. very much alike. What is the use of an organization unless you have a right This injunction decree contained 10 or 12 pages, every para­ to meet and discuss things with each other? It makes me think graph setting up a new crime, not made a crime by the legis­ of the father who was importuned by his little boy, who wanted lature, not made a duty by any legislative tribunal, but made in the pring of the year to go swimming; and he said to the by the court. boy, "Yes, my child; you can go swimming, but if you get wet I Let me read from an injunction of a Federal court in the will thrash you when you come back." case of Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Corporation against the I want to read what President Taft said. In an address ac­ United ·Mine Workers of Ame1ica, and others. Among a large cepting the nomination for President on July 28, 1908, Mr. Taft number of other things, they were prohibited from doing this: thus expressed his sympathy with the early Federal practice in From hereafter detaining or occupying any mining bouse or houses the case of a lawful strike: of plaintiff by causing the same to be occupied against plaintiff's will In the case of a lawful strike the sending of a formidable document by persons not employed by plaintiff; excepting that this decree shall restraining a number of defendants from doing a great many ditierent not affect any cause now instituted and pending in the State courts of things which the plaintiff avers they are threatening to do, often so Pennsylvania at the time of the commencement of this action and discourages men always reluctant to go into a strike from continuing affecting the possession of such houses. what is their lawful right. This has made the laboring man feel that an injustice is done in the issuing

I agree v;ith a good deal the Senator says about the necessity To many it has easily seemed that the recent decisions of the Supreme of uniformity of judicial opinion. I do not believe _that an Court have tended to pnt property and property rights above citizenship, inferior-court judge should have held against him the fact that and above individual Tights. It has been found easy by the court, fot> he followed a superior court. instance, to hold that the Individual States could not legislaU! to tax This is the question I was going to ask the Senator: The interstate activities, or to control interstate utilities, although such fourth subdivision of the restraining order restrains any person activities, aud such utilities, 1n the very nature of th)ngs, could only or pei·sous from occupying without right any house or houses exist through the authority granted them by the individual States. or other property of the plaintiff or from sending money or Whiie on the otb.er hand, it bas been found equally easy for the So­ other as istance to be used by such person in the fuTtherance of preme Court to forbid State iegislation, or national legislation, such as that unlawful occupation. the child labor law, designed to elevate the character of American citi- The finding of facts showed that the only thing they were zenship, to protect American children, and. to limit their exploitation by seeking to restrain was the encouragement in the holding ·of industrial operation. those houses. The real question involved in the Red Jacket mine case and the The finding of fact was that they were doing that by feeding "yellow-dog" labor contracts is this: them and furnishing them money and supplies. The evidence Is it public policy in a democratic r~public to sustain and validate a in tile case, which I have found, showed that this money was contract by which an applicant for work is required to sell anu sur­ being Eent and usecl for the men, women, and children, to supply render individual rights and activities that have no direct relationship tllem with food, \vitb doctors, with necessary supplies of all either to the quality or the amOunt of work he does or to the wages kinds, and with undertakers in case of de.ath. he receives? The Supreme Court has not upheld any such injunction as If a contract forced upon a needy workingman, by which he is re­ tllat, and that has not been discussed. I simply was going to quired to waive his right to join a uniori is valid, and is in accordance call it to the attention of the Senator from Ohio a few moments with sound public policy, why may not a similar contract, by which the ago, with jhe idea that he might give his expression as to it. needy employee is forced to surrender or to contract away his right But I imagine he would not want to do it so late in the evening. to join a church, a political party, or to get married and maintain Mr. FESS. I would prefer not to go into a matter with the a fJlmily, be equally valid and in accord with sound public policy? details of which I am not familiar. How far in a state, in which equality of opportunity is loudly boasted .Mr. BLACK. Of course, it was a manifest effort to starve of, as the ideal before all our citizenship, may the temporary holder of the miners into leaving the houses. There is no question about a financial advantage over a fellow citizen compel him to relinquish that. his personal and his social rights as the price of employment? 1\fr. FESS. Quite naturally I do not see bow I can come These are the fundamental questions that are involved in the Parker to the conclusion that that would be a justifiable thing. discussion. 1\Ir~ BLACK. I felt sure the Senator could not. But it was It is well that this discussion has come up. It was inevitable that the object to keep them from getting food and money, and it it would come up sooner or later. It is well that this discussion is in restrained anyone from sending them food and money, the the hands of lawyers and statesmen who can speak freely and whose theory IJeing that if any persons could be kept from sending voices will be heard with respect. food and money they wouhl have to get out of the houses. Mr. FESS. I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed Mr. FESS. That would appear to me to be an inhuman with the balance of the Executive Calendar before we take a thing. recess. Mr. BLACK. I think so, too. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair Mr. FESS. I have no sympathy with it. hears none, and the clerk will repoTt the first nomination on the Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I was about to ask that an j Executive Calendar. editorial I bold in my banersy. the President of the United State making nominations, which The real question at issue; and the one in which the huge majority were referred to the appropriate committees. of intelligent Americans are concerned, is the character, the trend of W. B.A.TEMAN CULLEN thought, the-economic and the social views of the proposed new Supreme The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following Court justice, and finally whether or not the Supreme Court should message from the President of. the United States, which 'Was receive the addition to its membership of another member supposed to read and ordered to lie on the table: have ultra conservative leanings. These questions have been raised by Judge Parker's decision sustaining To the Senate: the so-called. " yellow-dog" labor contracts in the Red Jacket mine case In compliance with the request of the Senate of April 30, coming up from West Virginia. 1930, I return herewith the resolution of the Senate of April Several weeks ago, when Parker's nomination was made, and before 28, 1930, advising and consenting to the appointment of W. the present controversy developed, the Intelligencer pointed out the Bateman Cullen to be postmaster at Clayton, Del. questions involved in the Red Jacket mine case, and predicted that HERBERT HoovER. Judge Parker would find his path to the Supreme Bench a very thorny THE WHITE HousE, May ~. 1930. one. The Supreme Court of the United States is the most powerful kECESS judicial body in the world. It is perhaps not too much to say it is the most powerful body, judicial and legislative. in the world. In recent Mr. FESS. In compliance with the unanimous-consent agree­ years, in many important cases, the Supreme Court bas invaded the field ment entered into earlier in the day, I move that tlle Senate of legislation, and has developed interpretations gf the Federal Con­ stand in recess, the recess to be until 12 o'clock Monday. stitution far beyond the conception of the framers of that document and, The motion was agreed to ; and tlle Senate (at 4 o'clock p. m.), in many cases, utterly repugnant to the economic and social views of under the order previously entered, took a recess until Monday, large bodies of our citizens. l\fay 5, 1930, at 12 o'clock meridian. · 1930· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.SENATE 8197

NOMINATIONS HAWAU E:cooutive nominations received by the Senate May 2 (legisla­ Edward Akui Heu, Kaunakakai. tive day of .April 30), 1930 LOUISIANA CoAST GUARD Esthel' Boufueaux, Donne!'. The following-named officers in the Coast Guard of the United Harry J. MonToe, Elton. States, to rank as such from May 1, 1930: Dennis M. Foster, jl'., Lake Charles. To be lieutenants MASSACHUSETI'S Lieut. (Temporary) William L. Foley. William F. O'Toole, South Barre. Lieut. ('.remporary) Philip A. Short. Cleon F. Fobes, Stoughton. Lieut. (Temporal'y) Al'thur W. Davis. - James H. Jenks, jr., West Dennis. Lieut. (Temporal'y) George W. McKean. MICillG.AN Lieut. (TemporaTy) William J. Austermann. Martin S. Markham, Alanson. To be lieutenants (junior grade) Benton H. Miller, Cement City. Lieut. (Temporary) Glenn E. Trestel'. Selma O'Neill, Rockford. Lieut. (Junior Grade) (TempoTary) Julius F. Jacot. George K. Hoyt, Suttons Bay. Lieut. (Juniol' Grade) (Temporary) Chestel' A. A. Anderson. MONTANA Lieut. (Juniol' Grade) (Temporary) Edwal'd E. Hahn, jl'. Al'thul' T. Ruehl'Wein, Columbus. Ensign (Tempol'al'y) Emmanuel Desses. David Craig, Conmd. To be ensigns NEBRASKA. Lieut. (Juniol' Grade) (Temporary) GoTdon P. McGowan. James E. Schoonover, Aurora. Ensign (TemporaTy) Donald D. Heslel'. Harold Hjelmfelt, Holdrege. Ensign (Temporary) Marvin T. BTaswell. Isaac T. Samuelson, Polk. Ensign (Temporary) John W. Malen. • NEW HAMPBHIR!l Ensign (Temporary) Petros D. Mills.· HeTbert Perkins, Hampton. APPOINTMENT, BY TRANSFEB, IN THE ARMY NEW YORK TO FIELD ARTILLERY Donald M. Dickson, Andes~ First Lieut. Leslie Furness Young, Ail' Corps, with Tank from Edna Glezen, Blasdell. Novembel' 1, 1928. May L. McLaughlin, Blue Mountain Lake. PROMOTIONS IN THE ARMY C. Blaine Persons, Delevan. To be lieutenant colonel FTank D. Gardner, De Ruyter. Maj. John McClintock, Quartel'master Corps, fl'om April 28, Raymond H. Ferrand, Gardenville. 1930. Denton D. Lake, GloveTsvill~. To be major Joseph A. Colin, Johnstown. ·J ohn C. Jubin, ·Lake Placid Club. Capt. Edison Albert Lynn, Ordnance Department, from April Darwin E. Hibbard, North Collins. 28, 1930. Lewis L. Erhart, Pleasant Valley. To be captain Michael H. Mangini, Selkirk. FiTst Lieut. James Edward Dooley, Infantl'y, from ApTil 28, James McLusky, Syracu e. 1930. NORTH DAKOTA. To 1>e fi'rst lieutenants Cassie Stewart, Butte. Second Lieut. George Edward I saacs, InfantTy, from Ap·ru ·T. H. Hulbert Casement, Fordville. 25, 1930. Blanche Huffman, Oberon. Second Lieut. Harold Francis Chrisman, Infantry, from April Ovidia G. Black, WeFner. 26, 1930. omo Second Lieut. George Cooper Reinhardt, CoTPS of Engineers, from April 28, 1930. William S. BuTcher, Beallsville. MEDICAL CORPS HeTman W. Davis, Bedford. Harold A. Carson, Bergholz. To be lieutenant colonels Elizabeth P. CarSkaden, Castalia. Maj. Glenn Il'Ving Jones, Medical Corps, from April 25, 1930. OKLAHOMA. Maj. Chal'les Carroll Demmer, Medical Corps, fl'om April 27, 1930. , IDysses S. Markham, Caddo. Lincoln C. Mahanna, Headl'ick. Maj. William Herschel Allen, Medical CoTPs, from April 30, 1930. OREGON CHAPLAIN Ida M. Clayton, Rockaway. To be chaplain with the rank of lieutenant colonel PENNSYLVANIA Chaplain Louis Augustus Carter, from April 29, 1930. Sylvester D. R. Hill, Charleroi. Christian D. Doen, Colvel'. Margaret Patterson, Langeloth. CONFillMATIONS Charles W. Schlosser, Waterford. Executive n