CCover.inddover.indd 1 22/16/2011/16/2011 66:50:42:50:42 AAMM PPederson_bindex.inddederson_bindex.indd 776666 112/31/20102/31/2010 111:00:591:00:59 AAMM A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd i 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORY This series provides essential and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our present understanding of the American past. Edited by eminent historians, each volume tackles one of the major periods or themes of American history, with individual topics authored by key scholars who have spent considerable time in research on the questions and controversies that have sparked debate in their field of interest. The volumes are accessible for the non-specialist, while also engaging scholars seeking a reference to the historiography or future concerns. Published In preparation A Companion to the American Revolution A Companion to American Urban History Edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole Edited by David Quigley A Companion to 19th-Century America PRESIDENTIAL COMPANIONS Edited by William L. Barney Published A Companion to the American South A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt Edited by John B. Boles Edited by William Pederson A Companion to American Indian History In preparation Edited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury A Companion to Abraham Lincoln A Companion to American Women’s History Edited by Michael Green Edited by Nancy Hewitt A Companion to Thomas Jefferson A Companion to Post-1945 America Edited by Francis D. Cogliano Edited by Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy A Companion to Benjamin Franklin Rosenzweig Edited by David Waldstreicher A Companion to the Vietnam War A Companion to Richard M. Nixon Edited by Marilyn Young and Robert Buzzanco Edited by Melvin Small A Companion to Colonial America Edited by Daniel Vickers A Companion to George Washington Edited by Edward G. Lengel A Companion to 20th-Century America Edited by Stephen J. Whitfield A Companion to Harry S. Truman Edited by Daniel S. Margolies A Companion to the American West A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt Edited by William Deverell Edited by Serge Ricard A Companion to American Foreign Relations A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson Edited by Robert Schulzinger Edited by Mitchell Lerner A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction A Companion to Andrew Jackson Edited by Lacy K. Ford Edited by Sean Patrick Adams A Companion to American Technology A Companion to Woodrow Wilson Edited by Carroll Pursell Edited by Ross A. Kennedy A Companion to African-American History A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower Edited by Alton Hornsby Edited by Chester J. Pach A Companion to American Immigration A Companion to Ronald Reagan Edited by Reed Ueda Edited by Andrew L. Johns A Companion to American Cultural History A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe Edited by Karen Halttunen Edited by Stuart Leibiger A Companion to California History Edited by William Deverell and David Igler Planned A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy A Companion to American Military History Adams Edited by James Bradford A Companion to Alexander Hamilton A Companion Los Angeles Edited by William Deverell and Greg Hise A Companion to Gilded Age and Progressive Era Presidents A Companion to American Environmental History A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents Edited by Douglas Cazaux Sackman A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd iiii 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM A COMPANION TO FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Edited by William D. Pederson A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd iiiiii 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM This edition first published 2011 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell. The right of William D. Pederson to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt / edited by William D. Pederson. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to American history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4443-3016-8 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945. 2. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945–Political and social views. 3. United States–Politics and government–1933–1945. 4. United States–Foreign relations–1933–1945. 5. United States–Social conditions–1933–1945. 6. Presidents–United States–Biography. I. Pederson, William D., 1946– E807.C563 2011 973.917092–dc22 2010038988 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 11/13pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 01 2011 PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd iivv 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM MacGregor Burns PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd v 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM PPederson_ffirs.inddederson_ffirs.indd vvii 11/24/2011/24/2011 55:32:04:32:04 PPMM Contents List of Figures x Preface xi Notes on Contributors xiv 1 FDR Biographies 1 Kenneth E. Hendrickson, Jr 2 Eleanor Roosevelt Biographies 15 Norman W. Provizer 3 Pre-Presidential Career 34 Timothy W. Kneeland 4 Physical and Psychological Health 59 Robert P. Watson 5 The Election of 1932 77 Donald A. Ritchie 6 The 1936–1944 Campaigns 96 Sean J. Savage 7 Urban and Regional Interests 114 Stefano Luconi 8 Minorities 135 Cherisse Jones-Branch 9 Labor 155 Martin Halpern 10 Business 186 Patrick D. Reagan PPederson_ftoc.inddederson_ftoc.indd vviiii 112/31/20102/31/2010 11:40:13:40:13 AAMM viii CONTENTS 11 Opponents at Home and Abroad 206 Joseph Edward Lee 12 FDR as a Communicator 222 Betty Houchin Winfield 13 The New Deal 238 June Hopkins 14 The Banking Crisis 259 James S. Olson and Brian Domitrovic 15 FDR and Agriculture 279 Jean Choate 16 Conservation 298 Byron W. Daynes 17 Political Culture 318 Richard M. Fried 18 Human Rights 340 Wesley K. Mosier 19 The Institutional Presidency 362 Rodney A. Grunes 20 Political and Administrative Style 385 Margaret C. Rung 21 The Congress 405 John Thomas McGuire 22 The Supreme Court 427 Stephen K. Shaw 23 The American Military 443 Lance Janda 24 Science and Technology 459 Peter K. Parides 25 Intelligence 480 R. Blake Dunnavent 26 Relations with the British and French 493 Kevin E. Smith 27 Relations with Canada 517 Galen Roger Perras 28 The Good Neighbor Policy and the Americas 542 Michael R. Hall 29 Relations with the Soviet Union 564 William E. Kinsella, Jr PPederson_ftoc.inddederson_ftoc.indd vviiiiii 112/31/20102/31/2010 11:40:13:40:13 AAMM CONTENTS ix 30 Relations with China and India 590 William Ashbaugh 31 Relations with Japan 612 William Ashbaugh 32 Relations with Italy and Nazi Germany 636 Regina U. Gramer 33 Relations with Spain and European Neutrals 653 David A. Messenger 34 International Legacy 672 Mary Stockwell 35 Political Reputation 690 Patrick J. Maney Bibliography 710 Index 732 PPederson_ftoc.inddederson_ftoc.indd iixx 112/31/20102/31/2010 11:40:13:40:13 AAMM List of Figures 3.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt at Campobello, 1907. Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library website; version date 2009 35 4.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt golfing in Campobello, 1907. Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library website; version date 2009 60 6.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Fala, 1943. Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library website; version date 2009 97 19.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Grace Tully on the Inspection Train, 1942. Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library website; version date 2009 363 27.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Princess Alice, and the Earl of Athlone in Ottowa, Canada 1943. Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library website; version date 2009 518 30.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Churchill, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), and his wife, Soong Mai-ling, in Cairo, Egypt, 1943. Courtesy of the Franklin D.