Shropshire Deer Parks C.1500 - C.1914 Recreation, Status and Husbandry
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` Shropshire Deer Parks c.1500 - c.1914 Recreation, Status and Husbandry Sandra Morris A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of History University of East Anglia February 2015 This copy of the thesis has been submitted on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with the current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This study sets out to explore the spatial development, changing use and survival of the post-medieval deer park in Shropshire. In so doing, it is hoped to add to and complement a body of research that has been assembled for other parts of the country, in the belief that individual regional studies can throw light on the wider national picture. Previous research has largely neglected the post-medieval period; this thesis aims to fill that gap. Following the Norman Conquest, Shropshire was a semi-autonomous region governed by barons appointed by the king, and subsequently by the Council of the Marches. This study examines regional differences - physical, political, social and economic - but also highlights the impact of selected national events on local circumstances, and those points at which local circumstances achieved national significance. At the centre of the discussion lies the survival of the deer park, and the extent to which it was dependent on outside events or local conditions. The remit of the thesis covers the period c.1500 - c.1900. However, the opening chapter concerns the Middle Ages, providing the context essential to an understanding of the proliferation of deer parks following the Norman Conquest, which reached a peak in the thirteenth century. It serves to introduce topics that are pursued throughout subsequent chapters: the changing nature of hunting, the status conferred by the ownership of a deer park, the appearance of a non-aristocratic professional landowner, and a developing aesthetic awareness of the deer park through the centuries that led to spatial changes in its appreciation and location. Maps, supported by documentary evidence, are used as a tool in tracing the statistics of deer park survival and numbers are recorded and analysed, in order to compare trends that are local with those that are national. 1 List of Contents Abstract p. 1 List of Contents p. 2 List of Illustrations p. 3 Introduction p. 7 Chapter 1 The Medieval Deer Park in Shropshire - its distribution and context p.17 Chapter 2 Deer Parks in the Early Modern Period c.1500-1750 - survival, p.65 management and change Chapter 3 'Improvement' and its Impact on the Deer Park 1750-1830 p.144 Chapter 4 The Reinvention of the Deer Park 1830-1914 p.197 Conclusion p.225 Bibliography p.234 Tables Table 1: Medieval Deer Park Survival p.64 Table 2: Park Continuity 1500 - 1808 p.142 Table 3: Parks 1752 - 1892 p.224 2 List of Illustrations Fig 1. Physical map of Shropshire Fig 2. Geological map of Shropshire Figs 3 - 4. Images of the medieval hunt, Gaston Phébus, Livre de Chasse 1405-1410 Fig 5. The Natural Regions of Shropshire (Trevor Rowley, The Shropshire Landscape) Fig 6. Medieval Forests of Shropshire (Victoria County History Vol 4) Fig 7. Medieval Deer Parks (Cantor’s Gazetteer 1983) Fig 8. Plan of Norman England showing areas under special control (Trevor Rowley, The Welsh Border ) Fig 9. Medieval Castle Sites (Salter 1988) Fig 10. Hodnet park, OS 1:25000 Fig 11. Hodnet - section of surviving medieval park boundary wall Fig 12. Aerial View of Clun Castle and garden earthworks (Stamper 1996) Fig 13. Clun Castle & Clun Forest to west, Saxton 1577 Fig 14. Plan of Hopton Castle with presumed garden features (Mark Bowden 2005) Fig 15. Hopton Castle earthworks Fig 16. Hopton Park, (Tithe Award Map 1848, copied Foxall) Fig 17. Hopton ‘landscape’ and park, looking west from castle Fig 18. Whittington Castle, archaeological plan of presumed garden features (EH 2003) Fig 19. Whittington Castle, view to mound Fig 20. Rendering of C17th map of Babbinswood & Whittington (north and south reversed) (EH 2003 from map in National Library of Wales, Aston Hall Deeds 2777) Fig 21. Map showing settlements with uncultivated lands in1341 (Platt, Medieval England, p.98 ) Fig 22, Detail of .Saxton’s County Map Shropshire 1577, showing Shrewsbury & River Severn Fig 23. Saxton’s Map of Shropshire: cartouche & scale (Shropshire Archives) Fig 24. Speed’s Map of Shropshire 1611 (Shropshire Archives) Fig 25. Blome’s Map of Shropshire c.1673 (author's collection) Fig 26. Detail of Morden’s Map of Shropshire 1695 (Shropshire Archives) Fig 27. Detail of Rocque’s Map of Shropshire 1752 (Shropshire Archives) Fig 28. Map of Kynnersley on the Weald Moors 1579 (SA972/7/3/1) Fig 29. Detail showing Lubstree Park 1579 (SA972/7/3/1) Fig 30. Map of Blakemere Park c.1600 , a fragment, (SA 212/466/4) Fig 31. Tilstock Park c.1600 and detail (SA212/466/7) Fig 32. Haughmond Abbey deer park, Speed 1611 Fig 33. Haughmond Abbey deer park, Morden 1695 Fig 34. Haughmond, boundary to Abbey Wood Fig 35. Buildwas Abbey & deer park with detail below, 1650 (SA 6344B) Fig 36. Lillleshall Abbey , Map of Weald Moors 1587 (SA972/7/3/3-4) Fig 37. Willey Old Park, G. Coke, c.1618 (SA 1224/1/12) Fig 38. Willey Park c.1625, (survey by P. Stamper) Fig 39. Extract from Weld’s Journal 1618 concerning a deer fence (SA1224/Box 163) Fig 40. Survey Pitchford deer park 1682 , detail (SA MI1275/1-2 ) Fig 41. Survey Pitchford deer park 1682 (SA MI1275/1-2) Fig 42. Pitchford Hall & gardens , drawing 1714 (Shropshire Archive) Fig 43. Plaish Hall c.1570 Fig 44. Surv ey of Plaish, Hall detail, 1670 ( SA6035/A) Fig 45. Survey of Plaish Park with lodge 1670 (SA6035/A) Fig 46. Condover Hall, built 1586-1600 Fig 47. Condover deer park , Rocque 1752 Fig 48. Moreton Corbet Hall , built c.1560-83 Fig 49. Upton Cressett Hall, gatehouse built 1580 Fig 50. Survey of Upton Cressett Park 1647 (SA 5460/5/1/1) Fig 51. Stone Carving of Tong Castle in Tong churchyard 3 Fig 52. Engraving of Tong Castle, Buck 1731 Fig 53. Survey of Tong Castle & park, Reynolds 1739 (SA6007/11) Fig 54. Survey of Willey New Park, with lodge and drainage details, 1674 (SA1224/1/11) Fig 55. Plan of Willey Hall 1674 (SA1234/1/11) Fig 56. Willey Park c.1757, (drawn P. Stamper) Fig 57. Survey of Aldenham Park, Burton 1722 (SA1093/Box160) Fig 58 Survey of Aldenham Park, detail of lodge & keeper’s yard. Burton 1722 (SA1093/Box160) Fig 59. Aldenham Hall, 1792 ,watercolour by Moses Griffin. Fig 60. Woodcut of Queen Elizabeth I at the hunt, Turberville 1576 Fig 61. Stokesay Manor, west facade with Tudor addition Fig 62. Stokesay Manor , view to deer course and Stokesay Woods Fig 63. Sherborne (Dorset) lodge/grandstand 1634 Fig 64. Swarkestone pavilion/grandstand C17th Fig 65. Frodesley Lodge, tower & viiewing platform, early C17th Fig 66 Lillleshall lodge & stables, Cartwright 1679 (SA972/7/2/1/2) Fig 67. Ditto, Cartwright 1679 (detail) Fig 68. Lilleshall lodge & kennels, Burton 1720 (SA972/7/2/3) Fig 69. Penkridge Hall, c.1590 Fig 70. Loton Park pavilion c.1675 Fig 71. Boscobel House built c.1600, seen today Fig 72. Boscobel House, engraving by Hollar 1660 Fig 73. Cound Hall, built 1704 Fig 74. Cound Hall & deer park, Rocque 1752 Fig 75. Longnor Hall and gardens drawing c.1668 (Shropshire Archive) Fig 76. Longnor Hall , c.1670 Fig 77. Grimsthorpe deer park, Switzer, Knyff & Kip engraving1708 Fig 78. Brand Hall, rebuilt c.1737 Fig 79. Ludford Park, Rocque 1752 Fig 80. Loton Park, Rocque 1752 Fig 81. Kinlet Park, Rocque 1752 Fig 82. Shavington Hall and park, Rocque 1752 Fig 83. Oakly Park, Rocque 1752 Fig 84. Oakly Park, 1760 (private collection) Fig 85. Dothill House garden plan, 1734. (SA1224/1/2) Fig 86. Dothill House wilderness detail (SA1224/1/2) Fig 87. Dothill estate, survey 1776 (SA1224/1/5) Fig 88. Hoards Park, rebuilt c.1650 Fig 89. Apley Hall , C18th north facade Fig 90. Apley Park, Baugh 1808 Fig 91. Upper Works Coalbrookdale, artist unknown, engraving 1758 Fig 92. Philippe de Loutherburg, Coalbrookdale at Night, c.1801 Fig 93. Aldenham Park, Baugh 1808 Fig 94. Aldenham Park, Greenwood 1827 Fig 95. Aldenham Park, OS drawing 1817 Fig 96. Aldenham Park OS 1833-35 Fig 97. Tong Park, designed by Capability Brown1760, destroyed 1954 Fig 98. Tong Castle & Park, Baugh 1808 Fig 99. Tong Castle & Park, OS 1833 Fig 100. Estate Plan of Walcot, 1730 SA875/2 (photocopy) Fig 101. Walcot estate buildings, William Chambers 1764-7 Fig 102. Walcot park, Baugh 1808 Fig 103. A Map of Walcot Demesne with Sundry Woodlands, Messuages.1822 (SA552/8/748) Fig 104. Walcot Park, Greenwood 1827 Fig 105. Map of Lythwood Hall & gardens, Wm Emes 1776, (SA4068/6) 4 Fig 106. Plan for Dudmaston Hall gardens, Wm Emes 1777, (hanging in house) Fig 107. Hawkstone Park, Baugh 1808 Fig 108. Hawkstone Park, Greenwood 1827 Fig 109. Halston Halll, designed by Robert Mylne 1776-77 Fig 110. Halston Park, Greenwood 1827 Fig 111. Halston Park, OS Surveyor’s drawing, 1827 (not numbered) Fig 112. Salvator Rosa, The Ruined Bridge Fig 113. Hawkstone Crags Fig 114. Downton Castle Fig 115. Downton Gorge Fig 116. Attingham Hall, built George Steuart 1784 Fig 117. Repton’s Cedars of Lebanon Fig 118. Attingham deer park, Estate plan 1842 (Shropshire Archives) Fig 119.